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Author:
Thomas, J. R
Title:
The hydrodynamics of certain wave energy absorbers

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THE HYDRODYNAMICSOF
CERTAIN

WAVE ENERGY ABSORBERS

by

J. R.

A dissertation
ill

1.114'tlrlurrt.

sulmitte<l
nuu-nt fit'

TI (OMAS

for

App] it-ti

OCTollm?

the

degree

? tttu"mnt

19131

icn,

of

Doctor
UniverMIty

of

Philosophy
of

11rIMtol.

Best copy
available
Poor print
quality

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I should
the

subject

guidance

for

thank

matter

of

this

for

also

its
like

many useful
in

operation
Council

to

throughout

I should
Srokonz

like

D. V. Evans

thesis

and for

for
his

his

of

suggestion
help

valuable

and

preparation.
to

thank

Dr.

discussions,

a common area
a maintenance

Dr.

of

research

grant.

G. P. Thomas and Dr.

Dr.

M. J.

and the

Simon

for

Science

M. A.
his

co-

Research

MEMORANDUM

The work
ment
mitted

the
that

in

this

Mathematics,

of

for

work

any

acknowledged

University
degree

other

presented

dissertation

here
in

the

is

of

Bristol,

or

diploma

the

original

text.

out

was carried
and

of

any

work

has

in
not

examining

of

the

the

Depart-

been
body.

author,

subAll

except

ABSTRACT

In

this

thesis,

certain

wave

energy

studied

using
the

that

the

absorption

linearised

power

is

converters
water

extraction

from

energy

of

The

considered.
theory

wave

mechanism

by

waves

problems

it

and

the

of

sea

is

are

further

converters

assumed

have

linear

characteristics.
A brief
The

1.

majority

column

water
in

history

or

in

examined
The

the

by

to

theory

(1976).
of

by

in

Chapter

to

the

of

oscillating

study
also

described

device

which

are

cylinder

by

wave

two-dimensional
is

bodies
is

theory

energy

due

used
by

absorption

in
wave

a duct

draft
6 is

of

is

using

examined
problem

duct

is

or
(1976),

Evans

to

in

Chapter

an

oscillating

2 to

energy

by

absorption

is

used

of

rectangular

in

draft

of

device

waves

of

wave

with

an

with

a two-

a narrow

duct

energy

absorp-

upward

facing

fit.

Chapter

a shallow

waves.

device

interaction

three-dimensional

Ducts

using

Chapter

This

hydrodynamic

(1901b)

Evans

shallow

Bristol

absorption

axisymmetric

of

devices.

bodies

energy

duct

The

absorption

in

these

and

oscillating

Mei

considered

examined

the

wave

a vertical,

The

presented

Chapter.

horizontal

is

mouth

duct

the

3 the

approximation.

due

with

is

device.

Chapter

dimensional

tion

together

problem

column
In

devoted

devices

and

the

formulate

power

duct

of

(1976)

Newman

is

thesis

three-dimensional,

isolated,

water

on wave

submerged

final

theory

work

this

of

Chapter,

this

of

Chapter
and

5 to

partially

immersed

cross-section

are

study

circular

Finally,

approximation.

circular

distributions

pressure

cross-section

is

wave

considered

energy
without

restriction.
concerned

with

the

The

part

of

first

mean second-order
this

Chapter

is

force
devoted

on
to

a two-

dimensional
The

second

study
part

is
and

cross-section
abhorbing

of

power

is

the

mean

a study

of

an approximation
considered.

force:
the

on the
mean
of

force
this

Bristol

on cylinders
force

device.

cylinder

for

of

cylinders

arbitrary
not

de

CONTENTS
PAGE
I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 2
2.1

Introduction

2.2

Equations

12
of

13

motion

WAVE ENERGY ABSORPTION

CHAPTER 3

BY A TWO-DIMENSIONAL

SUBMERGEDHORIZONTAL DUCT
3.1

Introduction

19

3.2

Formulation

21

3.3

Modifications

3.4

The

3.5

The inner

3.6

Wave

3.7
3.8
CHAPTER 4

outer

to

general

24

theory

26

solution

solution

power

30

and matching

31

absorption

Results

34

Discussion

36

WAVE ENERGY ABSORPTION

BY A THREE DIMRNSIONAL

MOUTH-UPWARD DUCT
4.1
4.2

Introduction

38

Formulation

40

4.3

Solution

4.4

Calculation

43
of

and energy
4.5

Limitinii

added-mass

disc

methods

4.7

Results

discussion

4.8

Conclusion

and

45
6*8
of

Introduction

for

solution

the

disc

51
53
58

SURFACE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS

DIMENSIONAL

5.1

coefficients

case

Alternative

damping

extraction

4.6

CIIAPTEH

and

AND THE THREE-

MOUTH-DOWNWARD DUCT
61

(a)

Pressure

5. a

Formulation

5.3

The

The

Simple

Examples

63

maximum

pressure

5"lt

Distributions

width

capture

a rectangular

of

67

patch

maximum

capture

pressure

a circular

of

width

71

patch
(b)

The

Mouth-Downward

Three-Dimensional

5.5

Formulation

and

5.6

Wave

absorption

5.7

The

5.8

Results

5.9

Conclusion

energy
scattering

Duct

78

solution

82
83

problem

87

discussion

and

91

MEAN FORCES ON CYLINDERS

CHAPTER 6

94

Introduction

6.1

(a)

Mean

6.2

Formulation

6.3

Equations

6.6

Solution

6.5

Evaluation

6.6

Results
(b)

Forces

the

on

Cylinder

Bristol

97
motion

of
of

the
of

and

Mean

the

of

linear
the

99

cylinder

103

problem

105

forces

111

discussion
on Cylinders

Forces

Arbitrary

of

Cross-

Section
The

0.8

Interpretation

6.9

Approximation

6.10

Conclusion

mean

115

forces

6.7

of
of

the
the

surface
mean

120

integral

vertical

force

122
125

APPENDIX

127

APPENDIX

II

130

APPENDIX

133

APPENDIX

136

REFERENCES

143

CRAFTER

INTRODUCTION

In
upsurge

the

wake

of

interest

to

addition

ible

as

is

utilization

evaluated.
however,

must,
bility

of

as

the

to

U. K.,

area

he one
in

of

197'i

and

reduced
a very

large

renource

average

power

of

providing

is

energy

of

its

of

fully

be

sources
via-

economic

determine

the

levels,

power

average

Hebrides

available
but

crest

(Crabby

1980).

although
wave

percentage

is

of

This

possible

other
energy

to

still

Dritain's

length

exploit
to

thought

are

Early

there
has

this

be?

coast

energy.

wave

length

wave

high

regarded
this

Why should

positioned

for

world

been

has

a relatively

Outer

scheme has

power

energy

energy.

well

the

to

SnkW/m
and,

it significant

has

sea,

tidal

wave

particularly

the

metre

figure

both

to

needs

ultimately

barrage

Severn

renewable

of
by

sites
that

SOkW per

their

overcome

and

will

attention,

approaches

to

lower

much
form

best

sugjested

of

order

the

the

surrounded

The

forms

feasibility

the

by

renewable

considerations

although

ratio

dwindling

impact

the

sources

energy

renewable

of

inexhaust-

energy.

receiving

being

energy.

wave

These

promising

most

land

against

renewable

U. K.,

The

be weighed

of

been

recently

qualities

tidal

the

caused

environmental

desirable

use.

In the

their

to

finite,

environment

The

problem.

their

future

the

our

In

wind,

Conventional
are

a great

energy.

of

refers

fuels

been

solar,

renewable

nuclear
of

forms

include

forms

term

pollution

although

The

renewable

has

there

1973

sources.

and

a major

handicaps

thgse

gas

the

and

resources

in

energy

coal,

oil,

in

The

these

of

crisis

these

energy,

energy.

nature

such

oil

worldwide

wave

geothermal

and

the

of

was

estimates
of

since

still

represents

sites

return

potentially
future

the
been

capable
energy

The

requirements.
is

coast

in

the

majority

form

of

Atlantic,

(the

remainder

developed

wind

waves).

'integrator'

effect
at

arriving

a site.

from

able

is

demand

and

of

mechanical

or

two

one

the

the

Outer

ions$

good
avail-

months

(Kenward,
in

upon

had

when

197G).

devices
receiver)

in

it
the

its

the

Japan
have

financial

meet

U. K. '.

current

Research

which

Salter

wave

programmes
iii

from

aid

been
the

government.

(see
the

that

suggested
U. K.

'a

few

present
the

years

prog-

research
being

now also
with

1974).

predicted

two

energy

over

Salter,

total

Within

are

from

absorbing

suggest

collaboration

recently

the

of

the

for

designed

of

to

proposed

catalyst

by

value

floats

British

the

waves

of

mainly

granted

regular
high

discusses

currently

be capable

to

is

energy

(1892)

device,

duck'

could
of

begun

to

provided

prompted

requirement

Scnnrunnvia. and

have

with

provide

now coordinated

installation

of

eruaryy

Salter

proved

Hebrides

kilometres

numerous

a dozen

its

consisting

devices

'nodding

coupled

government

pursued

winter

devices

energy

programme

incident

efficiency

n1r"ctrical

gramme

is
energy

Stahl

a resemblance

Stephen

energy

energy

off

British

conditions

the

to

paper,

early

a hundred

roughly

considerat.

the

hundred

in

Atlantic;

energy.

the

waves

ocean

an

wave

now well-known

experimental

power

the

quite

in'1976,

Salter's

high

in

greatest

the
continually

prevailing

power,

solar

the

locally
is

the

wave

of

in

almost

over

our

storms
in

is

the

on

feature

In

bear

were

wave

current

Its

all

at

energy

swell

areas

unlike

wave

of

depend

by

contained

that

so

generally

however.

before,

8o% of

aspect

harnessing

of

There

patents

is

idea

types

devices.

the

energy

is

energy

power

demand;

a recent

vanes

produced

storm

to

concept

several

is

ocean

from

solar

waves

which

arriving

highest.

The
not

the

attractive

the

energy

the

A further

correlation

wave

A useful
of

and

swell
of

shores

wind

contrast,
at

our

the

of

the

U. K.

only

government.

Of

about

or

descriptions

Detailed
in

found

of
(1978),

Quarrell

the

all

(1980)

Count

can be

devices

more promising

& Stapleton

and Stephens

(1981).
the

Much of
on

the

performance

a high

of

lighting

problem
the

including

the

structural

work
in

estimates

as

different

flexible
5-lop

devices

(see

per

KWh was

the

Bristol

cylinder

be within

the

programme

begins

device

a particular
in

tested
Of

in

the

all

open
the

Interact

importance.

This
interaction.

the

Spring

to

he built

a reduction

costs

1982

of

devices
stage

next

the

with

most
(N. E. L. ),
to

now estimated
the

of

research

prototype

choosing

of

possibility

a full-scale

as

for

Laboratory

Engineering

The

to

teams

be

to

sea.

various

hydrdyiiamir

this

per

KWh range.

elect-

estimate

speculative

of

bag

KWh

Lancaster

the

efforts

flexible

Lancaster

20 - 4Op per

device

National

and

first

The

conventional
of

the

method

repair

by

1978,

resulted

for

3p

which

in

promising

and

ranged

exception

for

Since

made.

more

notable

from

assessment

system,

performance.

2-

with

1978)

has

5-lop

al.,

using

system

maintenance,

1978)

out

carried

anchoring

or

high-

at

electricity

overall

an

hydrodynamic

the

French,

systems

with

involves

governing

only

been

producing

of

pre-

essential

aimed

has

devices,

transmission,

et

the

Clearly

energy.

an

exercises,

and
as

is

no means

mooring

with

bag

the

improve

costing

(compared

systems

production)',

ricity

of

well

(Clark

1978

of

by

costs,

generation

replacement

is

This

systems.

of-electricity

it

kilowatt-hour

per

wave

conversion

different

of

cost

device

of

a series

the

absorbing

energy

but

areas

different

for

of

device

1978

Since

in

concentrated

converters

on wave energy

a device

of

any

factor.

estimate

work

efficiency

overall

requisite

to

early

aspects
ioit

thesis

between
is

Tho

wave

of

devices

concerned

majority

of

and

waves

with

the

this

thesis

is

clearly

theoretical
is

the

above,

mentioned

power

devoted

major

of

treatment
to

of

devices

of

number

or

water-column

in

oscillate

the

motion

hack

of

forther

and

Nasuda

in

In

U. K.

the

by

device

Japan

was

N. E. L.

(see

Elliot

enbisaged

in

cross-section.

is

a hollow
(see

waves

costs

maintenance
N. E. L.

have

the

nunjor

increased

marine

to

an niinular

1978).

The

are

duct

device

appeal

shaped
of

sea-bed

in

of

above

via

reduce

device,

the

structure.
20m of

15 -

incident

air

costs,

mooring

a bottom-standing

lower

wave

the

duct

by Vickers

proposed

However,

a dome stri. ucturr,

U-

the

atmosphere

a line

water

power

and

prob-

fouling.

device.

a bottom-standing
of

to

incoming
in

moored
the

which

of

the

faces

wave

35 X 35m

each

prospects

survival'
into

device

di$adventulJes

The submerged

cnnRiSting

the

the

the

and

module,

eliminate

in

to

length

devices
each

N. E. L.

operating

which

external

an effort

valves,

original

modules,

mouth

the

of

buoys.

parallel

six

of

Inside
to

be anchored

would

of

above

on a larger

structure

twenty-five

station.
connected

converted

device

order

and

and improve

The

12Dm in

a submerged

in

1981).

direction

consists

3),

More recently,

turbine.

able

is

surface

water

the

the

air

by Y.

light

developed

floating

in

long

with

a wave-power

constitute

and

the

been

has

The

developed

navigation

& Roxburgh,

device

Chapter

also

adopted

to

able

a turbine).

through

power

is

a system

using

all

of

pass.

waves

been successfully
to

feature

drives

turn

oscillating

which

water
as

in

: the

essential

of

(or,

flow

1974,

of

The
structure

a column

a turbine

is,

dimensions

with

The

a moored,

as

(that

devices.

column

had already

idea

principle

variations

air

the

mode

crests)

where

water

to

was

This

the

prior

terminator

the

pressure

through

Such a system

operating

of

to

a uni-directional

produces

scale

duct

presence

response

oscillatory
it

& common

submerged

is

devices

these

with

this

device

n large

with
inside

the

mouth
structure

bottom-standing

submerged,

I,

is

is

Limited
completely
at

the

top,

also
submerged,
leading

(Chester-Browne,
device

was

its

I$

for

'survivability'

which

is

which

These

costs.

develop

structure.
in

This

the

device

modified

N. E. L.

the

is

such

in'

'draw

is

energy

A further

as

the

ions

of

the

by

investigated
It

is

also

1978

(futtcrworth,

with

the

the
worth

turbine.

19711).

U. K., 11. S. A.

and

Canada,

iss

length

involves

it

(see

Drew,

a moored,
in

through

is

shape,

with

by

a constricted
reminiscent
being

currently
Board
which

project

the

19S1).

partly

caused

device,

project,

can

developed

of

appearance,

Japanese

when

being

passes

Knimei

moorings.

is

Generating

the

just

positioned

travel,

air-flow,

the

to

by

spherical

The

Electricity

direction.

situated
held

or

consists

which

appearance

A similar
in

turbine
air-flow

in

within

column

an air

the

its

column,

matchbox

This

by

device

bottom.

n Wells

mrntinnitill

upward-facing

typically

water

Central

an

that

along

This

i ntrrrul

drawn-out

am inverted,

travel

the

of

wave

of

structure,
at

a twin

submerged,

water-column

mouth

as

on piers

direction

waves

known

attenuator,

Belfast.

contaitittuj

opetring

the

oscillating

a downward-facing

of

in

axisymmetric

submerged,

osci

long

an

as

Ltd&

is

similar

fixed

costs

Vickers

of

completely

either

University,

Queen's

l lnt

again

considered

also-being
it

is

anchoring

maintenance

a Wells

independent

stiffness,

and

consists

through

passes

pneumatic

large

prompted

separated

a terminator,

surface

water

that

it

but

device

below

is

it

since

direction,

a collecting
The

high

device

column,

air-flow

device

structural

with

This

water

same

to

bandwidth,

version.

The

high

the

power,

into

avoid

together
response

a modified

To extract

a water-turbine.
to

needed

devices,

surface

overspill

considerably

water-column

rotates

by

add

a downward-facing

the

It

to

cause

through

dome,

narrow

oscillating
and

column

considerations,

a relatively

and
to

the

to

compared

be a problem.

discharged

found

however

was

water

then

inside

air-volume

storms

can

the

of

oscillations
duct

local

to

vulnerability

reduced

in

(C. E. G. B).
began

collaboration

development

and

full-

in

testing

of

anchored

off

the

chambers

in

scale

installed

with

its

The

first

the

Bristol
is

device

consists

a common

hydraulic

a 72m long

absorption
Evans
below;

a more

Evans'

article.

derived

water

on wave
important

of

at

pair

extra

used

results

A two

power.
two

of

is

into

a terminator
(more

recently
mid-way

positioned

to

the

waves,
by

power

absorbing

axis,

theory

in

and

the

work

survey

may be

Newmnn(1976)

and

wave

results

arrived

were

Wehausen

& Lnitone,

the

i ty

major

dimensional

accounts,

(i)

of

or
it

1960)

published

found

by

has

theoretical

subwork

body
as

two-

linearised

which

'infinitely-long'

in

independently

using

at

by

given

absorption

may be considered

is

(1976)

Mei

power

power
article

review

theoretical

complete

regarding

wave

of

a valuable

the

of

(1976),

iii

a number

When subjected

mathematical

outline

(see

feed

cylinder

cables

of

are

cables

12m in-diameter

and

two

which

sea-bed,

The

length

by

The

connecting..

system,

described

These

theory

on

the
is

Evans

y been

the

circular

of

pumps.

of

bodies.

wave

anchored

3)*

7,

this

The

above.

horizontal,

axis

Chapter

horizontal

comprehensive

a number

Kegtieintl

its

A brief

1976,

dimensional

an

its

devices

(1981a).

In

with

development
by

(see

concerned
of

cylinder

its

with

48m in

of

discussed

those

a water-turbine.

afout

action

resulting

from

in

principle

operating

has been suggested).

length
rotates

The

to

airmay be

thesis

this

of

The

transmission

cylinder

its

cylinder

pumps

of

units

positively-buoyant

ends

dimensions

of

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position,

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leading

and

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a hollow,
in

a number

sea.

device.

hydraulic

attached

houses

at

different

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to

device,

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of

held
cables

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tested

cylinder

cross-section

along

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ship,

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consists

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completely

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part

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devices

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narrow

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(see

a cylinder

orbit

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on

solely

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contninee

power
A

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only,

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the

all

to

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the

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damping

efficiency

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from

may be derived

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efficiency
of

coefficients

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Chapter

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for

2).

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extended

axis

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of

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wave

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F.

equal
tAIZ.!
I

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to
T

shown

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,

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surprisingly

(1975),

& Falnes

it

case

length

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body.

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udal

crest

to three-dimensional

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absorb

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wave

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work

symmetry.

incident
of

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is

simple

independent

of

(1it0( I%SIctit8.

Evans
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discovered

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result,
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for

(1963),

wavelength

E"2

calm

cross-section

arbitrary

of

power
Ill

is

body

otherwise

led

since

expressions

of

and

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maximum

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the

absorbing

of

capable

deduced

Ogilvie

direction

one

power

of

device.

bodies

Evans and Newman also

that

to

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result

derived

(see

in

rotating

was

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freedom.

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in

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by

problem

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prediction

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when

mode

cross-section

characteristics

radiation

bodies

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tank

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waves,

1).

cylinder

added-mass

hydrodynamic
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the

efficiency

cross-section

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Bristol

degree

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was

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maximum

radiated

wave.

absorption

power

the

waves

Newman and

Evans,

confirmation

energy
3,

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pgqwer in

of

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propagating
show

of

enabled

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circular

of

to

opment

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arbitrary

Chapter

Evans

by

devices

far-field

in

also

that

of

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of

oscillate

fluid

theory

work

experimental

results.

and

absorption

early

with

two-dimensional

Evans

from

tanks

wave

experimental

of

the

of

(198Ua, b) and Falnee

to

include

systems

(1978)
or

arrays

independently
of

generalised

three-dimensional

bodies.

(1981b)

Evans
of

by

(see

interface

applied

merged

devices

there

isolated

and

have

been

in

with

arrays

wave
it

due

is

to

b)

maximuun
front

isolated

Thomas

A Evans

at ," rnstraiised
witfrom
Simon
when
the
Mitlas

ca1ptitude;
physical
(19131b)
the

is

isolated

terminator

devices,

when

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buoy

important

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device

to

of

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clearly

to

understand
the

considering

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was

per

device

to

ho

Huch

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arrays

1055

thaII

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Simon

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on

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waves

device
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bodies

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linear

arrays

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power

mean

maximum

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q-factor

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of

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motions

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devices

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when

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divided

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v" Darts

determine

diffracted

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wave

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power

wave

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incident
to

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leas analysed

theory

y neglecting

the

of

Evans

(19131)

the

examples,

devices.

l, rulrcr+yi

Iticiclent,

simple

device)

thist-ship

heaving

it

arrays,

interaction

the

mean lower

an

analyses

sub-

or

introductions

the

devices

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1981a).

Evans,

three-dimensional

of

illustrated

some

fixed,

held

air-water

water-column

in

cited

Although

an

(see

two-dimensional

studies

in

(1900a,

Evans

oscillating

baa been extensively

oscillating

are

to

arrays.

of

absor-

problem.

array

complex

by

addition

hydrodynamics

the

these

and

be positioned

cospld

concerning

In

3-5.

Chapters

power

to

internal

absorption

devices

proposed

of

devices

duct

wave

of
relevant

an

exists

wave power

of

papers

several

directly

arrays

5).

theory

a number

been

have

there

where

Chapter

The general
to

is

distributions

devices

theory

The

for

theory

an analogous

distributions.

pressure

water-column

developed

recently

pressure

surface

ption

has

he valid.

submerged
are

retained

approximated
q-factor

results,

ducts,
and
by

."

between

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using

has

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buoy

presents

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to

the

forces

second-order

on

Experimental

the

duck
There

agreement.
duct

devices

from

Knott

(Knott

theory

between

and

1979)
s

and

linearised

in

presented

wave

Chapter

an oscillating
to

:ttnchel

it

the

the

2.

linear

Prior

theory

has

been

;vans'
the

has
Bristol

majority

of

hydrodynamic

duct

to

applied

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The
wave
is

formulation
device

which
Mystem

(19111, ) surface
usual

method

of

to

been

submerged

encloses
model
pressure

results

a comparison
(Evans

device
found.

was

thesis

concerns

of

oscillating

equations

goveriiinng
energy

good

theoretical

the

this

treating

found

Experimental

given

to

ex-

results

and

performance

devices.

theoretical

published

cylinder

agreement

the

with
of

with
also

effect

1981).

theoretical

b).

compared

mean

the

of

relating

good

Mpri. iigl-damper
to

1980a,

the

the

results

and

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for

theory

water-column

mechanism.
this

of

along

his

papers

little

al.,

et

amount

of

been

reasonably

submerge(I

water

compared

(1979).

again

study

imn or

water-col

have

mentioned,

theoretical

has

1979

experiment

As previously

a small

a series

(1979)

Lighthill

of

predictions

been

been

a study

experimental

& Flower,

& Flower

only

Salter's

with

has

been

(1978b)

Count

Salter

been

have been continuing

has

with

(Longuet-Higgins,

(Drevig

cylinders

dynamics

air

although

attention
has

Masuda

systems

forces

there

the

internal

likewise

has

some

and

submerged

there

work.

perimental

6)

studies

but

developments

the

above,

power

of

take-off

There

received

study

its

of

hydrodynamic

Chapter

waves

of'breaking

duck.

have

also

see

and

Salter

his

non-linear

non-linear

of

in

formulation

considers

on non-linear

work

(1974)

McCormick

(1978a)

consideration

al.

mentioned

simplification

theoretical

a non-linear

application

et

little

systems.

extraction

for

Evans'

and

small.

surprisingly

1977

method

absorbers

of
are

specifically

for

a weightless

float

the

power

extraction

distribution
such

problems.

This

Chapter
the

duct

the

efficiency

An axisymmetric,

the

more

the

added-mass

in

found

for

using

an analysis

be solved
facing

using

duct

io"s
"imat.

provide

finite

disc

on

the

who has

waves.
It.

fluid
the

depth,
to

sea-bed
for

in

help

the

understanding

A comparison

problem.
for

effect

Chapter

expressions
which

duct

coefficients

in

for

analytic

length

the

is

duct

of

made

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model

a similar

considered

Simple

an

the

formulated

two

method

fit.

The

in

employed

interestinq

the

draft

shallow
limiting

are

are

followed

duct

mouth-downward

which

narrow
with

cases

can

the

upward-

duct

approx-

of

study

and

pressure

theory

These

approximation.

axisymmetric,
same

Evans'

of

ducts
(1981b)

Evans'

using

illustrations

draft

a shallow

intersecting

free-surface

with

which

the

exact

may be comixred.

results

Chapter
the

yields

may be

Chapter

of

oscillating

a maximum

incoming

the

examined

quantities

concerned

of

is

has

that

fluid.

theory.

presented

an

(1901a)

Simon

faces

using

known

analyses

study

duct

is

device

formulated

case

problems

distribution

by

by

5 is

the

which

of

damping

deep

Chapter

mouth

non-zero

and

infinitely

its

hydrodynamic

complicated

those

with

case

important

various

that

analysis,

limiting

This

betaken.

this

mouth-upward

limiting

the

enables

and

duct

It

1978).

water-column

197G)
so

three-dimensional

This

horizontal

Evans,

oscillating

a duct

such

rotating

(see

50% (Evans,

of

incorporate

519 2 to

two-dimensional,

approximation

vertical

a symmetric,

Chpater

models.

3 examines

narrow

in

modified

distribution

pressure

of

is

formulation

mean

6 examines

force.

Floating

pOwor

or

not,

force

in

addition

Fortunately,

a different
or

experience

solution

to

submerged

a mean
the
of

aspect

bodies,

whether

time-independent,

or

first-order

oscillatory,
the

in

bodies

of

linear

problem

10

is

waveel

namely,

extracting
second-order

linear
sufficient

force.
to

determine

the

mean

force.

on the

forces

Bristol

for

expression
not

is

the

current

design

and

over
The

problems,

wave,

duct

on

cylinders

the

mean
of

an approximate

discussed

tuned

chosen

and

body

the

when

wave

for

that

iss

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to
be

be a

high

the

wave
is

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The

that

wave-

of

of

band.

so

occurs

waves

majority

period

devices

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spectrum

absorbers.

energy

a device

majority

a particular
'good'

absorber
frequency

this

at

frequencies.
this

thesis

certain

wavelength
depth,

wave

should

the

of
(that

sec.

second

throughout

the

fluid

of

peak

(the

Uilst

South

42m), and

is

absorption

so

as

13.5

resonant

range

possible

1en! jtl,

depth

for
The

of

for

used

such

(1980).

spectrum

immediate

as

spectrum

period

power

notation

consistent

is

power

0-16

are

of

the

study

problem

force

the

in

is

frequency
efficiency

latter

6 to

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vertical

water

absorbers

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of

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as

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Crabb

a wave

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by

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-1230m

energy

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average

approximately

length

device

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mean

Chapter

power.

absorbing

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in

exploited

cylinder

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The annual

at

is

cross-section.

arbitrary

is

This

is

are

etc.

wavenumber
always

denoted

to

a number

incident

the

of

be as

to

common

quantities,
and

intended

by

the

same

symbol.

The work
in

Thomas

distribution

presented

(191)

while

theory

in

in
the

4 has previously

Chapter
examples

Chapter

11

the

illustrating

5 have

appeared

been published

in

surface

Evans

pressure

(19811)).

,0

CHAPTER 2

THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Introduction

2.1

All

the

mathematical

out

under

the

assumptions

for

example,

Wehausen

adopted

in

most

haviour

of

wave-power
motion

of

equations

good

reasonably
the

fluid

of

the

mathematical

many
for

the

important

in

and

anti

i4111aI

condi
tllt'fry
Loon

"t$MIInW

comlr, +rf 41 to

the

1 i. tlM bury
ill

the

the

t i zcuMMO11

are

field

much

tttliform

4 he

I itrari:

nf'ft.

by

ofn
Garri

of
vein

similarity

this

theory

IV potent

the
Tito

wrlr,
(19711)

incomi

fluid
to

attd

body

ntl

lulu

1977)

played

i)(

an

wave-power
of

the

wave-power
to

inviscid,

its

assumed

41o4ittod.

tt

motions
so

of

clnssicnl

f. u offshore
( 1980).

that

techn-

problems.

be

waves

Stauding

Newman,

many

motion

II

valid iflity
forcov

in

and
theory

between

fluid

the

or
has

and

in

the

Evans,

1971

be used

t. tle

y;

amps i Hille

wave
of

ovriIiu

The

assumes

()( it

wavolewlth
he

hydrodynamics

to

flottsit.

al lfwi11411 1% vol
I that

ship

development

equations

by

As noted
Wehausen.

of

imposed

described

governing

(see

hydrodynamics
theory

the

given.

of

eu. thles

absorption

which

development.

ship

of

in

enabling

The
is

the

of

still

theory.

be-

the

restrictions

linear

wave-power

bodies

water-wave

compressible

h er.

0981a)

this

in

Cla9sica1

ftlrt

Evans

ship',

employed

IiFUilit

of

while

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the

by

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in

tractable

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work

part

structures

to

of

simplification

resulting

problems

results

of

from

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iques

by

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make

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The

prediction

(see,

been

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assumptions

the

on

carried

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water-wave

These

work

is

thesis

this

linearised

1960).

theoretical

device

and

article

of

& Laitone,

devices.

in

presented

classical

predictions

on

a review

of

the

of

analysis

inbe

to
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are

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boundary

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structures
In

has
general

the

forces

predicted

to

approximation

good

or

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is

invalid.

ducts

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particular,

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et

to

flow

volume
Linear

theory
in

(Rainey,

which

semi-submersibles

the

first-order

can

he significantr

forces

the

2.2

can

iuu-ve"tlilc'ss

Fgililt

1i "ar-

is

thought

to

Although

(see
be

of

r .-tIriur+r"
Wave

i hf"ory

forces

forces

G).

using

wave
has

theory

useful

as

wave-energy

it

first

its

time-

they

upon

the

second-order
for

limitntious
in

to

theory,

(see,

step

of

compared

these

theory

similar

and

effect

Fortuunately,

linear

lineal-

their

being

platforms

instability

linear

by

found

been

1979),

small

are

1980).

al.,

second-order

predicted

Chapter

extremely

iorrs

these

example

found

of

caused

a pressureet

The

devices.

be

would

have

& Kuo,

by

practice.

buoyant

tethered

be

further

Clercrly

hydrodynamics

Tlit

wave-power

1063).

Ouilvie,
is

certain

oscillatory

cylinder

mean

in

forces.

independent

(Fry
which

(Martin

semi-suhmersibles

as

obeys

usually

as

in

such

quadratic

such

mechanism

unlikely

instabilities

the

good

show

theory.

a turbine

approximately

submerged

on

take-off

is

devices

platforms,

and

(1979)

power

which

through

air

predict

offshore

may occur

effects

is

cannot

1977)

of

system,

work

experimental

linear

the

restrict

severe
theory

cylinder

from

water-column

law

flux

Bristol

does

be a linear

the

Bristol

results

#normal

linear

& Flower

the

be a

are

conditions

published

Knott

on

predicted

analysis

little

to

under

motion

displacements,

of

(1979)

al.

oscillating

occur

been

results

the

device

for

used

wave

has

A linear
the

when

There

with

of

and

large

thought

are

forces

undergoing

Evans

agreement

true

although,

experimental

and

motion

is

device

the

but

resulting

the

conditions'

operating

to

and

example,
but

it

understanding

absorbers.

Motiu

it

hotly

0ri: hl em

I..c t'o
t 1w

iiiat'
spcnse

13

wvt"! t (Illy
to

i rregitlar

is

ccnaidere1
wnves

to

n8
be

,0

linear

by

found

C) incident

frequency

Suppose

fluid.

upon

the

(x, y, z)

ordinates

that

such

chosen

Consider

superposition.

vertically

governed

by

or

cylindrical
is

zr

dimensional

polar

the

The

fluid

theory

water-wave

(r,

free

undisturbed

and

6, z)
and

surface
is

motion

coarez is

to

assumed

may be

hence

in

Cartesian

and

co-ordinates

of

immersed

body

absorbing

three

upwards.

linear

by a velocity

is

problem

z-

measured

a wave-power

train

wave

a sinusoidal

be

described

potential

(2.2.1)
where

dependence

time

the

4 satisfies

The potential

x2

has been removed.

? j-

Laplace's

a=s

in

equation

fluid

the

(2.2.2)

or
ff

l(2.2.3)

tt+

ex

free-surface

The linearised

1
Z
-6,
is

condition

by

given

0-t00,
a't
where

K= W%g.

fluid

is

fluid

on the

zero

considered

In

here,

where

the

V
is

also

appropriate

of

finite

depth
Only

bottom.

the

velocity

normal

uniform

of
is

depth

finite

the

thus

(2.2.5)

z=zF-d
water

depth.

If

the

fluid

is

deep

infinitely

the

is

requirement

It

z=ZF

rigid

p
d is

(2.2.4)

01
--s
necessary
condition

Z _..b, _ op

a5
to

will

impose

(2.2.6)
.

n radiation

be stated

11,

for

condition
each

problem

an r moo;
examined.

the

body,

On the
its
fluid
to

is

surface

be an

for

The analysis

to

the

be

equal

to

For

simplicity

water

column

point.

oscillating

of

component

required

that

at

the

the

the

to

similar

the

body

following

the

considered

a piston.

with

rigid

of

henceforth

fitted

shaped

velocity

normal
is

to

normal

velocity

body

device

an arbitrarily

one or more modes is

body

in

oscillating
(see

analysis

Evans,

Thus

1976).

4=d

rt
where

fixed

the
on
9

piston,

J(t)

and n is

the
on
,

is
the

the
unit

from

normal

the

'-W,

where

The

axis

position

equilibrium

the

i. e.

fluid,

on the

fixed

on the

piston,

structure,

(2.2.7a)

(2.2.7b)

j,

Se
*o

potential
in

travelling

into

body

4o

5=i

its

from

displacement

piston

structure,

of

a wave

a direction

of

making

frequency

A and

amplitude
d

an angle

the

with

positive

to
x-

can be written
A

NCO59+

k(z+d-za)e

cc6k

3ime)
(202.8)

co5k W
when the
real

root

is

water
of

the

of

depth

dispersion

K=k tankkd
obtained

upon substitution

boundary

condition

roots
where

=k
the

and also
kn

are

d.

The wavenumber

the

positive

relation

(2.2.9)

,
from

(2.2.8)

Note
complex
real

k is

positive

roots

that
t

ikn,

solutions
i')

into
this

the

relation

(n=1,2,3,
of

free-surface
in

""""41)"

fact

has real

0< kn < kn+1,

U=0

K+ k
The

following

notation

(2.2.10)

,
be used

will

((
i
No'
f

k
SUA 2-612

t11}

kA
2
SVrti

in

chapters

subsequent

kA )

(2.2.11)

/zlcdO

Yar (o)

(2.2.12)

and
(2.2.13)

ko--LIB.
In'infinitely

deep

the

incident

corresponding

wave

is

potential

Xt

JW

When waves

in

scattering

decomposed

incident

are

the

upon

directions,

all

not

also

The

waves.

they

body

and will

further

generating

motion

fluid

will

be

the

piston

potential

diffracted,

in

hence

can

be

as

(2.2.15)
The

complex

incoming

the

which

in

amplitude

linear
of

af

of

the

s+
Ato
where0f,
mans
piston.

of

are
the
This

fixed
4r

potential
the

is

piston

incoming

of

on
is

mechanism

springy-damper

motiOtL

held

absence

take-off

power

of

solution

the

scattering

in

the

presence

of

is

the

solution

of

to

forced

with

oscillate
The

waves.

the

boundary

becomes

s=d
The

is

which

the

(2.2.7b)

condition

the

complex

in

problem

is

piston

The

waves.

radiation
unit

potential

in

problem

4s

system
piston

assumed
to

nttnched

im then

the

the

(2.2.16)

piston.
to

piston.

The

piston
force,

spring

Rt)=
'e

equation

(2.2.17)
damper

and

rankt F(t)
finny

by

'liven

0+(XI=pt)

the

by

be modelled

be

is
written

the

constants
total
its

x2`iwt

16

Kleie

respectively,

hydrodynamic

force

on

the
the

to

and corresponding
be

X can

The

X.

ter.

term

the

on the

side

right-hand

known

the

as

the

of

force

exciting

into

Xr may be decomposed

and velocity

of

(2.2.18)

x1 " xr
is

(2.2.15),

an

expressed

x.

two terms

on

in

components

the

piston.

phase

with

The

the

acceleration

thus

pistons

xr=-M-z3
iwl)t
u(OK+
N and B are

where

,
and are

the

called

and daspinq

added-mass

respectively.

cpefficients

over

real

(2.2.19)

The forces

may be obtained

the

surface

piston

KS

fluid

the

by integrating

giving

( 5
ds
w

=-i.

pressure

(2.2.2D)

1s

and

ujLK+6w-S = -pOL

`rr

p is given

where the pressure

p is the density

equation;

The two-dimensional
4(x,

with
are

y, z)

chosen.

depending

(iii)

respectively,
and

width
over

the
The

the

body

the

the

hence

4(x,

if

z)

waves

(ii)

forces

in

(2.2.20),

x-

-Qo

(2.2.21)

power

the

C -?
reducing

to

per

become

00

x"+
unit

integrals

cross-section.

mean

c,, is

or

forces,

become

corres-

IT
or
,

"0
from

per

unit

width

of

incident

wave

the

group

velocity.

In

kdN,
simpler

finite

depth

is

d its

given

by

(2.2.22

value

(2.2.23)

form

above

(x, s)
the

3C
-LP
2

Where

the

coordinates

$ satisfies

(i)

incident

are

to

identical

Cartesian

equation,

hydrodynamic

integrals

almost

ares

Laplace

on whether

I.

differences

only

Bernoulli's

from

of the fluid.

by

two-dimensional

ponding

by p", .p blc)t

formulation

replaced
The

(2.2.21)

ctS'

is

of

C, = j/zm>

in

infinitely

(2.2.24)

deep

fluid.

In two-dimensions,
to

defined
by

the

to

body

the

ratio

the

by

absorbed

the

per

is

to

defined

as

swan

power

the

device

of

the

the

total

width

unit

In

wave.

is

performance

of

ratio

per

absorbed

incident

of

width

measure

width

unit

per

power

unit

is

power absorption

of

mean

appropriate

body

the

the

power

which

width

capture

efficiency

of

mean

dimensions,

three
the

be

the

power

incident

of

wave.
The mean power
on the

fluid

by the

body and,,

J3X
e
efficiency

The

(or

capture

by (2.2.22),

given

quantities

for

is

body

the

the

mean rate

(2.2.25)

the

and is

has

of

given

by

(1976).

In

these

width

capture

In the
to

modified

(such

is

case

it

only

on the

displacements

damping

added-mass

to

the

solve
simpler

have

Newman relations)
the

Newman

and

radiation

depend

which

and

efficiency,
upon

solely

the

coefficients.

for

that

the

for

expressions

two chapters

is

and

(1976)

Mai

between

Naskind

body

account

to

unnecessary

as

the

(1976),

Evans

bodies

by oscillating

absorption

relations

general

following

found

by

derive

procedure

of

confined

and

and

added-mass

the

papers

to

exploited

method

derived

problems

scattering

(2.2.26)

wave power

independently

been

been

theory

two

the

ratio

(orQ = w_ 1als
for
A general

working

(2.2.25)
is

width)

of

is

piston,

't
Ott =z w'B

Tm
..

by the

absorbed

finite

these

depth

essentially
the

as

damping

fi*11y

of

change
in

given
(or

efficiency

and
the

and

capture

corresponding

ill

problem
radiation

but

depth,

Evans

coefficients;

interactive

are

expressions

general

(1976).

hence
and
problem.

Zn each
depends

still

width)
it

the

is

attention

is

0.

CHAPTER 3
MANE ENERGY ABSORPTION
SUBMERGED

Two-dimensional
devices,

than

three-dimensional

standing

the

relevant

to

DUCT

in

terminator

consists
the

tions

at

into

water
the

of

ducts

papers

by

duct.
50%.

mouth

used
detail

the

as

underare

also

National
version

uniform

of

are

of

the

wave crests,

that

oscillating

water

cross-section
is,

lie

either
This

form

by

to

case

of

float

the
from

the

mappings

the

power
in
ducts

both

with

the

maximum

type

to

n simple

14)

a spring

the

water

column.

of

two-dimensional
was

mechanism
duct.

of

the

plates

of

equal

of

by

of

depths

for

converted

consisted

and

mouth-upward

result

then

have been studied

analyse

efficiency

fluctua-

mechanise.

surface

extraction
the

is

extraction

this

within

pressure

motion

mechanism
on

'impedance'
vertical

power

take-off

conformal

examined

follows

some

ducts

power

This

pass.

the

to

response

column

a duct

forming

length

equal
in

waves

where

only

of

as

downward
the

Lighthill
In

to

in

They

modified

two-dimensional

oscillates

a complex

consider

the

column

attached

some

although

absorbers
parallel

plates

useable

(1979)

modelled

these

form

where

system

in

such
the

submerged
analysis

step

interactions.

and

or

mathematical

a first

as

absorbers

direction

mouth

(1978)

Lighthill

useful

duct-wave

of

parallel

duct

Vertical

damper

are

Both

the

two

energy

Evans

models,

to

amenable

(N. E. L. ) device

simplest

of

which

more

columns

water

mode.

its

In

oscillating

wave-energy

device.

long

of

general

hydrodynamics

Laboratory

Vickers

and are

in

proposed

Engineering

the

models

being

duct

is

HORIZONTAL

Introduction

3.1

in

BY A TWO-DIMENSIONAL

such
the

These

length

mouth-downward
a configuration

maximum

efficiency,

to

Emax due

( 1976) :

Evans

(I
E,
Ii)
KI'+
IA
All/
=I
&
where

A+,

x=+eo,

-. e,

forced

to

is

in.

to

be

1981)

are

facing
In

greater

chapter

than

50% is

above

to

iota

solid
Evans

ducts

to

close
1978

both

in

have

&

water

of

columns

pointing
to

preference

This

100%).

experimental

forward

have

max-

Robinson

and

development

the

waves

mouths

upward

or

down-

of

approximate

sotution

This

""e; tripl
y

exami

the

i1ict'
o,

problem

water-(lehtli
it
the

r"xirrtiir,

is

this
wave

chanllce
to

w"c. e: +sary

Nf"whuui

Of

rttul

in
a

be derived

using

originally

used
with

determining

source

which

occurs

nut i fy

cortrtin

( 197(

1K1

rO;
).

as

This

is

Newman

outer
derived

the

done

by

the

and

matched

closely-spaced

by
is

shelf,

waves

pass

resultst

tir"nerrtl

tt i cats)

closely-

two

potential,
over

system.

are

plates

transmission

II. k.,4l: i tt4l

.

Ev; ui4

a spring-damper

interaction

1 ies

for

me water

was

wave

Ali rricitlty
lind

to

incoming

the

closely-spaced

the

that

approach
of

to

attached

assumption

probitm,

toi

piston

horizontal

two

of

models

simple
faces

duct

the

of

the

The

the

mouth

consists

the

rotating

of

efficiencies

achieving

of
by

the

cu light

the

plates.

(1972)

- t hi'

r>tticirni

device

nit

study

Duo to

(for

that

expansions.

asymptotic

i c:1

The

possibility

(1978),

anahles

(197Fr)

to

Vickers,

and
to

investigated

with

Evans

Following

the

such

the

fitted

sliced

desirable

(Meire

led

incoming

the

of

this

Thus

plates

verl

asymmetric.

case

it

duct
the

which

is

efficiency

N. E. L.

has

is

is

piston

the

to

at

mouths.

suggested
waves.

by

(numerical),

direction

the

(it

50%.

experimentally

research

strongly

in

waves

the

when

asymmetry

19I11AI>I

than

radiated

problem
some

maximum

case

the

of

radiation

ensure

the

the
and

the

greater

that

so

analytical

ward

-".

is

(At

Murray,

which

to

amplitudes

introducing

By

possible

found

and

in

oscillate.

efficiency

JA+I>)

(complex)

the

are

respectively

clearly

imum

is

A-

t'etler
in

l vC

3.

ihtr

used..

These

depend

expressions
In k% 4,5

problem.
described

and

3.2

properties
for

solution

in 66

to

the

the

examine

the

of

radiation
Or

potential

wave

energy

is

absorption

device,

Formulation
a wave-power

enclosing

from

the

centre

surface
extracted

absorbing

horizontal,

closely-spaced,

the

used

the

of

Consider

is

the

upon

an approximate

this

characteristics

solely

light

of

the

and the

semi-infinite

piston

in

situated

The system

mouth.

duct

duct

by means of

system

the

a depth

facing

the

a linear

depths

a distance

h below
incoming

spring-damper

the

2a apart,

duct

the

of

in water

submerged

at

mouth
mouth

is

plates

two

of

consisting

of

a distance

depth

undisturbed

with
free-

The power

waves.
attached

d,

to

the

piston.

incident wove
14 -

2a

1---.

--s

FIGURE

(9.1)

21

is

..

When a plane
upon the
by the

system

some portion

of

the

m. due to

the

related

incident

the
is

remainder

incident

the

as

over
but

in

by the

dispersion

depth.

the

and partly

duct

be of

will

The frequency

wave

the

where

c.7 and wavenumbers

shown in

(2.2.5)
and
(2.2.7a,

itions

Paz

the

satisfy

(x, z)

are

origin

at

The velocity

on the

of

the

centre

the
of

$(x, z)
- f,

and d-zf

=h

duct

with

chosen

potential

positive
duct

the

s-axis
mouth as
(2.2.2),

satisfies
the

while

boundary

cond-

become

tx,

'p{i,

(3.2.3)
O
-d0

(3.2.4)

74=-1-a, <.r<a

-LOST
the

Finally,

and the

where

b)

-60/x:
to

&44 h has been used.

(3.1).

Figure

(2.2.4)

. t)
(3.2.2)

coordinates

upwards

vertically

k and

relations

Ranh.OKL

assumption

Cartesian

the

umber

kd
tong,
W2 k
,c3.
w sM

absorbed

reflected

different

of

incident

is

wave energy

partly

wave

change

k is

4) and wavepumber

The wave transmitted

frequency

m are

frequency

while

system

transmitted.
same

wave of

radiation

following

and scattering
radiation

are

potentials

required

conditions

4s_3w(e-64xf-Zetk) coakk(z+f)*6X-+466
C651%
,
,
(3.2.5)
as X--4

k
cos_km

4
A-.
z6k
-06S

and
A

QLKXLOsk

& (Z4
AS
)

)c -p

oo

(3.2.6)

co&kkd

where

R and

ficients
of

Q in

T are

respectively
the

far-field

the

(complex)
for

the

in

given

reflection
scattering
by

22

and
problem.

transmission
Thus

coefthe

behaviour

,.

0
1
3Z5
^.

(P

'kx)

as
x.-s
I

kdkd

+ oo,
(3.2.7)

4)-'

Mx

Gc* r47-

J"W
-

'1

as

k)

pA<z

oo

co-it IYtit,

the

where

and transmission

reflection
are

potential

duct

the

there

Q4

and a 4A

while

duct,

when the

depth

of

the

mouth,

area

and

thus

waves

the

O(1).

the

approp-

small

outer

inner

region

mouth

and the

the

using
and its

(Kx,

of

Ka)

to a narrow

the
far

< 0

length,
to

problem
the

from

of

consisting

the

in

in

Theme

duct.

expansions.

asymptotic

described

a 4C4h

column

O(i)

fluid

of

is

:
"t(x,

matched

justification

the

enables

O(i),

column

method

to

This

a/a

that

corresponds

compared

region

(3.2.9)

assumptions

This

and wavelengths.
an

the

near

is

width

4z<-0..

-00 ,-

kd and roh are

an

detail

greater

Newman (1974).
The method

of

the

determine

general

expressions

reciprocal

relations

difference

derived

in

by
of

which
(see

relations

outlined

water

above

Newman,
depth

(1976)

Evans

in
1975),
in

need

the

23

for

theory

linear

far

to

in S495

applied

together

absorbers,

exist

is

However,

potential.

efficiency

and

-Newman

solution

radiation

efficiency

the

(3.2.8)

progressive

under

into

The technique

to

no

now proceeds

duct

can be matched

in

be

, as x---,

submergence

be decomposed
duct

TT -KQl/A

can

)O

The analysis
I

total

is

condition

riate

the

of

by

given

+s/A
Beneath

coefficients

to

prior
the

the

maximum

with
such

be modified

field.

this,

certain
as
in

the
view

of

Modifications

3.3

derivation

The

theorem

Green's

(x, z)
C,

to

then

General
the

of
in

as

the

harmonic

are

modified

to

limit

the

the

is

approximation

of
only

depth

below

used
(3.3.1)

4o.
and

4159 "r

c99

cg

are

In

group

above

the

duct

h and

as

used

a similar

to

now applied
the

linear

various

combinations
and result

combination

particular

(3.3.2)
in

velocities
wave

water
flux

energy

of

d and

depth
is

conserved,

h
as

expect.

might

the

modified

++AT,

is

the

co.

of

the

Haskind

corresponding

force

exciting

form

(3.3.3)

Newman relation.

AK(zwo/g
XS=P,

j0)
(iii)
This

is

ah

duct.

"

to

the

radiated

(1957)

(3.3.6)
result,

the

relating

far-field.

(3.3.5)

(iv)
This

planes

vertical

assumption

that

states

(94

the

with

the

each case,

the

This

respectively.

is

curve

be the

k*)TT

This

the

given,

are

where

and

yields

to

taken

that

the

is

(i)

one

C is

boundary

Note

water

The equation

(x, z)

Xs: x=-)c, o<Z<L

Xo-i eo .

approximate

of

(3.3.1)

together

present,

c2
L'
X, : x: )(0
,-

taking

the

problem

boundaries

physical

and

-s

formulated

the

For

940

)d5=C).

(q) A.
C

to

use

by

bounded

a region

theorem

the

If

derivations.
in

Green's

involves

results

original
functions

of

application

Theory

final

coefficient

equation
and

the

demonstrates
radiated

t he relation
far-field.
/I
L:

between

the

damping

The efficiency

the

of

in

system

is

wave energy

absorbing

simply

(c(c)1;;

E. I-,

,(1976),

Evans

and, following

the

is

Bmx

maximum efficiency

found

E =cjLkt1/(clk{ +clals)
to

reduces

clearly

which

throughout.

uniform

depth

equation

of

(2.2.19)

(3.3.4)-(3.3.6)
and

the

of

motion

't

2
in

the

while

the

The efficiency
the

of

in

result

piston
to

by (2.2.17),

first

case

particular

can be obtained

given

determine

together

the

of
the

using

(2.2.18),

with

amplitude

incident

the

wave (per
by the

absorbed

power

(from(2.2.25)).

01
the

definition,

power

)
EMax
/Ja
'

/to )(2&-)

unit

ratio

(3-3-7)

The efficiency
by

absorbed

the

of

the

is,

system

by

incident

the

by

divided

piston

is

length)

device

unit

vqA

is

length)

crest
(per

piston

(3.3.7)
hence
uwing
power,
wave

(3.3.8)

{K_(N+K)616
&4
wL %%
This

expression

All

and,

thereupon
As stated

(3.3.8)

for

given

in

throughout

letting

d-4

the

the

determine
derived

derived

depth

at

that

the

end

solution

system

the

to

that

O,

in

the

deep

of

Chapter

of

the

potential

when
water
it

2.

reduce

radiation

2.

2 1-)

under

the

is

this

the

e.

cg+"o9

obtained.
(3.3.6),

from

be seen

problem

in

to

are

results

An approximate
+r

(i.

h"d

can

for

form

a different

section

results

efficiency.

radiation

this

(1976)

by Evans

given

Emax has

although

expressions

finite

uniform

identical

fluid,

deep

infinitely
case.

is

be

(3.3.6)

motion

piston

The power

Evans$

to

to

sufficient

solution
assumptions

is

now

to

The

3.4

Outer

In the

outer

the

flow

at

This

flow

to

the

mouth

outgoing

uces

horizontal

mouth

at

away from

region

a single

as

entially

Solution

waves

only

for
to

at

xa

(2.2.4),

with

i. e.

only,

waves

(090)

at

source

Then the

in

outer

the

the

is

horizontal
by It

denoted

Evans

source

of

condition
(x, z)

at

transmission
in

Gi

potential

outgoing

of

to, a pulsating

due

horizontal

a semi-infinite

plate.

of a submerged seni-

has been derived

The Y- dependence

a shelf.

(3.4.2)

(3.463)

the

study

prod-

(3.4.1)

radiation

in the presence

plate

to

piston

satisfying

xO Z).

region.

simply

The source potential

infinite

the

potential

presence

solution

the

o,X-do
,
and

is

G(x, z)

inner

the
of

potential
5Cz',

S(x)

=ice

(2.2.5)

*as-

00.

IGIAZ-301Z.
together

appears

a source-type

with

oscillations

a source

+`/a=')GrCx,

duct

q into

flux

mass

forced

the

mouth

z=0, -op<x<O,

the

the

Suppose G(x, z) represents

(yax=

duct

plate

account
due

the

the

of

waves over
the

and thus

was removed
(3.4.

not

here-after

incident

obliquely

problem

satisfies

(1972),

by Evans

but

i)t

1)
a.(X,
aaax>+aiaZs--k
some ki >0

for
To

determine
depth

finite
ition

on

strip
Fourier

of

the

decomposed

in

terms

(see

method
of

4in

transform

transform

and

plane.
it

is

at

unknown

x-

in

that

order

letting

20

method
it

and

4 is

Finally
shown

This

direction,

part

and

potential

1958).

The

x"-oo.

that

must
the

determined
4pL(ki)

is

involves

condis

problem

using

solved
taking

be assumed
transform

in

potential

boundary

the

satisfy

4,

the

the

a line-source

sum of
to

point

arbitrary

condition

Noble,

imniinary

nenative

the
4)c

radiation

of

now at

into

potential

the

and

plate

transform

a small

is

is

source

correction

and

Wiener-Hopf

Fourier
has

it

G,
1,

formulated

thus
the

the

the

and where

the

that

in

exists

as an inverse
O
recovers
-

ki

the

required

result.
is

derivation

This

and results

assumptions

may be decomposed

Gd(s, s)

fluid

of

is

1953).

Thorne,

only,

is

for
given

6(x, a) and an outline

of

below.

G(z, s)

The potential

as

the

d in

depth

valid

k(x,

" Gd(x, z)

G(x, z)
where

also

The

potential
the

(3.4.4)

z),
a line-source

of

absence

the

of

Gd(x,

potential

at
(see,

plate

in

the

origin

for

example,

may be written

$)

j1
I,,
x.
Gd(x,z) =4 Jl
(z-2

"}
i - skkfL(z4f)kx
(I+ sfnk2kx!12 kd

_
f
where

sua,s,si

l dx 2"

IT

s(k =- cdskr-66(Z+0

(Krasd-ssf
w6 sd
sd

scosii.
sd
the

denotes

principal

s)' ( 9.4.5 )

integral,

value

has the

and this

limiting

forte

)e
kd

k4
d2d
(x,Z) -N;Cah
as
hUZ4ctLk(xl
4_
N0 is

where

by (2.2.

given

(j is

The potential
and its
near

first

too

(3.4.6)

ii).

and second

be bounded

to

required

bounded

derivatives

partial

in

everywhere

fluid

the

except

everywhere

(OHO) where
04 4
In order

the

the

that

Fourier

k and m have

vavenuabers

transform
small

exists,

positive

it

is

imaginary

assumed that
parts

auch

that

d ro.

.nmm.
This

that

ensures

&(,
is

regular

for

The method
(i.

equations

of

the

Fourier

(3.4.7)
transform

c(x.,
zeLxdx
z) = {OU
1_oe
ii (a 6+i, t

) in

the

solution

is

(3.41)

(3.43))that

strip

identical

to

"%/

(3.4.8)
d4t
D:
I (with

<'d of
kImO)

the

complex

and it

is

plane.

found

#0

i,xc=

(z Z

(3.4.9)

c
C is

where

in

some path

D from

to
eO
eo , and
-

(3.4. lOa

s h 0(- KCS '3,

cL_c
ii)
1
_

k cos.-

sw",
CosWZ+O

34 0. (3.4. iob )

in D- (t c a) and are given

N-qL- are regular

The functions

in

Appendix A by (A. 2) and (A. l4),

(a)

The Amplitudes
The amplitude

is

redult

the

by 9,

given

the

with

the

G as x-+oo

of

as z--a.

Gas

waves due to
forms

asymptotic

This

result

corresponding

the

i"

minor errors.

conteintseverel

amplitudes

using

Waves

Radiated
wave due to

radiated

together

rederived

following,

the

are

the

of

Far-Field

in I but the expression

given

In

the

of

Z-+!

00

by (3.5.6).

given

(s) x -f+oo
the

closing
in

the

i. e.

can be seen

from

come from
zeros

simple

when

. -k,

complex

roots

at

will

-ikn

C by a large

path

integral

the
to

it

D-,

of

the

of

the

by

only

The

residue

i, N

simple

c"'
and hence

JSC

the

L.. -+

(3.2.1

relation

terms

of
-

-k,

k4

4)

and

_-i
ZdL-

of

o's__
(-k)

is

+w
given

regular
to

the

corresponding
closed

contour,

kh< Ish4.1 are

0<
"
).

The simple
decay

Is

the

poles

exponentially

determined

by

yielding

CC05k
6t)QiCx
as x--i+

Cuskd

amplitude

which

an x--*

L- are

integrand

by

contributions

within
...

(3.4.9)

As N-"

only

the

ikn (n. 1,2,3,

be found,

may easily

the
of

from

D-.

d-K. coshd)

contribute

at

C)Ne'Sw,h, tca
-

poles

behaviour

pole

that

simple

dispersion

clearly

the

(3.4.1Oa)

where:
.

-ik

in

semicircle

( Binh)(

as x - + 00 9 Hence the
solely

i)
of
can be found
c

behaviour

The asymptotic

the

radiated

__c___ol

00

wave due to

(3.4.11)
is

given

by

(3.4.12)

This

may be

rewritten

zc

an
2Um%.kdcos,

kt

_Lo

L_(k)

T(.

iGjCa6`

76 Wl

L+-dL- (-)
using

(A. 14) and where

regular
(A. 5)

where

d),
(T-'>,
D+

in

(A. 7)

to

2kol

, a arg

by (A. 3).

(3.4.13)

wtFrom (3.4.4

L+(k).

)'

(3.4.6)

N- has simple
occur
complex

ff.
is

roots

of

at

the

in

Dfq
ikn

"k,

limn

residues

dispersion

may easily
i

by a large
.

0 is

(see

(A. 14))

relation
c.

and the
)s 0<

(3.2.2

).

only

In this

giving

dcs
4(z+rI
Not,
cockdo
Ccrs

waalm

29

D.:

other

mit < mit+1 are

()Z)j
)L

be calculated

in

singularity,

N_(M)(.
S_Mk
%x
wA
Q-mx
.
L

(3.4.15)

semicircle

a removable

(n-1,2,3,...

)
t.,
+IL.
v%
These

as

-Kcobkl

now closed

regular

poles

may be rewritten

(h-Z) i:. c,,

k.
(-Z)1
a<
,

Y -m, imn where

when

(3.4.10a)

equation

(3.4.9)
L+ is

The function

thr

14)
(3.4

k,,d L+CLk>

4Sd

L+(Y) s'
C in

H; of

amplitude

ia,

ATT

kbCk)

(A. 1),

the

G may be obtained

W
The path

using

give

-k

a function,

may be simplified

This

U
(Ce
co,

Using

and L+ is

by

given

L(6Kni

SWF

k,
Lk
Kot
(2.2.12)

Nn is
given

wave due to

radiated

L+( k)

$kd.l
1p151naW

+l

kt
Z
siMil,

U11+MY

case

poles
the

fe

Cl+si2MhZwI.
Mo=
whom
.
the amplitude
In determining
13
the

term

second

from

(3.4.16)

of

will

by (3.4.6),

Gd given

the

of

clearly

wave due to

radiated

the

with

cancel

G,

contribution

thus

LCOSkwht4
2 ol
L4 Cwt)
Using

and (A. 15)

(A. li)

this

may be written

'
L
t4;
cskwk

2M
k L+(w)
4-wiz

as

2k L+r)
K+I

FMK
Mn.

M,Ci,rir

Ksi_kw%k
- mcos6wLk
where INn

Z Mn'r,
lnn

2 Mn

LI+

where

(b)

ei

the

To match
limit

outer

(3.4.5)

_iNe
where

3.5

flow

Z
(O,

O)

The

Inner

Near

the

between

O is

and is

fl
cl)r("' L) *f
zw

Outer

the

inner

c(o,

Solution

Matching

two semi-infinite

it"

inner
from

ds
(3.4.19)

(A. 16).

from

the

),

(
i) (f/0

0> +

can be found

mouth

(A. 9).

by

given

and

and

can be determined

This

required.

solution,

jscoshsd
sd_S_
cgn6l
rae
d cksd
_ s6
ir
sd

Wain''t +

duct

(3.2.2)

Solution
to

solution

(z2+22)k-,

as ra

(3.4.3)

the

of

motion

simply

plates,

30

appears

z=a,

to

(3.4. i8)

(3.2.1),

and use has been made of

Limit

The Inner

can be reduced

K L-(-i.
Nv)
9-4
21ti R. Mn(M; i,hn

= argL+(m)

This

)
L-(-:!

(t4; CoJAMk( m-kez`

2-rK41.

).

to

-aWO.

be an oscillatory

The solution
the

to

this

appropriate

is

motion

forms

asymptotic

Newman (1974).

In

the

given

depths

of

of

the

in

an implicit

this

solution

duct

the

by Loamb (1932);

form
be

can

is

motion

found

in

by

given

Trx
where e, and es are
the

using

e,

unknown

constants.

boundary

(3.5.3)

by (3.4.19),

in

that

%- -Zn/e,
and, using

this

result

licit

--L 14

Upon matching

thus

(3.5.2)

The outer

4L-

by (Z. 8.16)

given

/a,

solutions.

given

piston

e= and $ may now be determined

Thee unknowns,

B, may be evaluated

The constant

on the

condition

ei "--Ir

outer

e, o.

the

of

the

by matching
inner

et
0r
4.
4
el
with

region

za.
=

the
of

inner

solution

the

inner

and

is

given

by

(3.5.3)
1a l
limit

overlap

of

a <

the

r<<

solution

outer

h,

it

is

found

(3.5.4)

and matching

the 0(1)

tears

(2-Ir )4.200
edsi_sk,
cos
ds
6:7_SF
c,
* 6
cdsksd(K sdl-ss sd)\
o

et.

go'cv
'kt
LTf
LI
With

CQ,, aand

q,

given

as

above,

the

solution

to

the

problem

is

complete.

3.6

Wave Power Absorption

The maximum efficiency

found
involve

using
the

(3.4.14),
source

of

(3.4.18)
strength

the
and

system
(3.4.3).

given

by (3.3.6)

Clearly

it

can be

does not

q, and may be written

EIRax=((+ C31?
--,

4151Z)'
31

(3' I)

For

value

each

limit

finite

is

indeed

the

(see

Kd -sO

as

this

that

h/d

of

the

maximum

efficiency

(3.2)).

Figure

It

As Kd-tiO,

case.

appears
be shown

analytically

from

(3.2.1),

(3.2.2)

then

(3.6.2)

Kk, -I (tAk'

is

behaviour

the

the

of

tend

can

Kd ti (kdl,
while

to

s
complex

roots

of

the

dispersion

relations

by

given

k. N nn + OCud
,
Mnhti
From (A. 3),

(Kk.
n*vC+0

(A. 8) and

(A. 10)

it

(3.6.3)

can be seen

L+(m)l (Mk)',

and

/z
Q=
Bl =
it
ti
Thus,

(3.4.18)

(3.4.14),

using

O.
YC
d
as
---0
it

is

found

I+Mk+o
z-i

((KS')

(3.6.4)

(3.6.5)

and,

using

(2.2.23)

IC3
C'
Thus,

from

(1

(3.6.1),

+ O(Kd)) .k
limit

the

)I I,

C
"[I (`
To determine
find
are

the
given

the

added-mass
by

(2.2.21)

'(t4

is

given

it

by

Ka-.
&s
of

damping

and

(3.6.6)

efficiency
and

C)(Kd)

can

the

(J. 6-7)

o,
system

coefficients,

it

is

to

necessary

(see(3.3.8)).

These

he shown

{2all+ (2a2/n)(1+e,.
)},
c62M+awl=fc.
3

(3.6.8)

to

I.

-4

'U
Y

"

1
C)

C7

U1

1
1

ll

N
O

11

Lfl
O

u')
L-

1
1
1

q1
1

1
1

(0
cD
E
W

U)
OO

-4

M and B are

where

the

(3.5.

and use has been made of

frt f[

and damping

added-mess

respectively,

Thus

I,
74
(14
cet>)
tr)

(Ze

2a14

(3.5.2).

i)

coefficients

0w2
or

t--

Rot[

4.

(G/l(J)(l+RC(P,
We,

-6s900(G/10
where

Thus the
the

in

the

Apart
h/d

Curves
of

Kd are

of

tend

fluid

in

duct.

coefficients

parameter

a/h

COL, which

affects

this

the

logarithm

appears

in

only
the

only

tera,

both

are

linear

the

in

logarithm

added-man

edipends

only

upon the

and Kd (see(3.5"S))"
the

the

to a finite

may be found

added-mass

and damping

(3.3)

Figures

non-dimensional
value

and

(3.4).

damping

as Kd--r O.

As for

as functions

coefficients
Fron

(3.4)

Figur.
curves

coefficient
Fmax, the

it

do not

limiting

behaviour

(3.3.5)

together

with

(3.6.4),

(3.6.5)

can be used

give

MomC {'
2aI
and q is

given

Kd
Q,
as
-

-- ,+n)

by (3.5.4),

(3.6. ii)

thus

IoW
2/lo(k
N
Aow
='
Hence the
behaves

can

analytically.

The relation
to

for
from

shown in

be seen that

(3.6. io)

and damping

expression

(3.6.9)

))

mass of

and the

a/L,

coefficient.
parameters

the

added-mass

parameter

term

) is

No ("242

))

2c,

non-dimensional
-I
(Kd)
as

(kdyl-

(I

(%idas
+

damping

coefficient

as Kd --r O.

33

Ka
Ag

0
given

(3.6.12)
by H*

MBA

for

The results
in

now be

used

piston

notion

by

(3.3.8)

the

efficiency

the
9
the

choosing

system
spring

as

and damping

added-mass

(3.3.7),
and

(1976)

Evans

the

to

determine

be tuned

may

damper

and

the

of

oc =

(*

to

may

amplitude

the

of

As explained

system.

in

frequency,

a particular

0
We'

the

b( and fr

constants,

M()oi)

coefficients

(0

respectively,

(3.3.8)
from
whence,
2=

Curves

is

duct

the

being

the

In

the
near

the

sea-bed,

and
for

0.5
it

decreased

as one might

expect,

better

duct

to

closer

this

all
would
from

would

In

this
the

expect
(if

of

Kd

be 0.5

by

symmetry).

limit

of

It

0.5063

as

smoothly

provided

duct

is

very

be

coincident

were

Kd-'O

close
to

efficiency

was

one check

efficiency

maxims

the

50%

artificial

tend

curves

duct

below

somewhat

maximum

the

when Rd 'P.,3

falls

This

case

values

its

the

the

check,

are

surface*

the

by (3.6.7).

maximum

results

actually

as. Kd-* O

case,

0#95.

free

may be due to

predicted

one

the

that

assumption
the

affects

each

h/d

the

which

and, as a further

for

Under

maximum efficiency

value

sere-bed

(3.2)"

Figure

non-dimensional

of

parameter

the

computation

very

found
to

that

a value

with
its
of

0.4990

Kd=4.

Figure
The

and,

used.

calculated

value

only

amount;

limiting

their

on the

the

that

by a small

model

given

h/d

can be seen

albeit

at

as a function

efficiency
in

by bringing

achieved

was

assiaun

narrow,
is

efficiency

to

of

Kd are

wavenumber

to

W a00

at

Results

3.7

it

16ax

solid

(g. ))
curves

illustrates
correspond

the
to

behaviour

varying

.s,I

the

of

the

depth

added
of

mass coeficient"

submergence

of

the

duct.

I.

Near

the

the
in

free
is

duct
the

dotted

more deeply
value

curve

the

gives

I is
a/

in

decrease

the

(-2a

to

similar

the

Note

solid

be the

to

width

and increasing

water

to

6,

2.6.
from

(3.6.12),

closer

to

width

alters

greater

the

the

the

a/d

constant;

remains

the

length

column

width
length

displays

are

Changing

as Kd

damping, coefficient

when

Away from

the

but, when
between

constant

when the
length

column

a simple

hid

Kd-1. O and

a$ Kd-+ O and,

anKd-*O

water
in

behaviour

as O((Kd)-1)

attained

6.9)).

equation($.

increases

fairly

behave

the

(3.4).

on
way in

simple

(see

different

Figure

duct

effects

the

from

parameters

was also

(decreasing

similar

produce

very

This

0,1*

arises

is

curve

was varied

remains
curves

the

of

in

added-mass

actual

I.
/
a,

0.59

this

and results

(the

shape

decrease

values

sea-bed.

- O. 5 but

aa shown in

coefficient

As shown in

h/d

on these

a monotonic

damping

the

. 0.25,

for

This

also

surface,

is

there

surface,

duct

added-sass).

free

the

coefficient

the

column

coefficient

The

h/d

when the

added mass depends

The damping
close

curve

case

non-dimensional
the

for

variation

small.

range

added-mass
that

each case, the

fairly

water

non-dimensional

found

which

the

in

when

is

whole

while

from

different

quite

although,

added-mass

decreased

44 ) increases).

is

the

over

increasing

to

corresponds

behaviour

submerged

coefficient

parameter

the

the

surface

is

duct

the'duct

or

manner

(see

the

system

equation

0.6.10)).
begin

To

lie

the

on

maximum

examination
is

tuning

of

effect

the

value

of

the

Kod

(=Wd/3

) increases,

for

example,

corresponds

water

of

depth

maximum

efficiency

to

The

bandwidth
tuning

to

40a).

3 7)

as

the

increases.
waves

of

maxima

and

curve

decreases

efficiency
the

of

efficiency

(Figure(3.5)).

considered

appropriate

the

of

the

of

wavenumber

(Choosing
wavelength

curves

the

although

tuning

the

%d

. #147a

a 1.69
in

op

ufi
N
C

tI

"
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V
t D:
t0 ;
tC"

11 '

Ln

LM
Y"C

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OOOO

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r"

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Y

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N

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7
O

LA
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t
IN,

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to
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Y

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ch
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VO

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nun
C7

tp

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to

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LL

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t
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er)
n

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fh

o
N

''

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C)

0
X11

C7

LL

As one might

amplitude

as K od increases

decrease
from

both

the

expect

and for,

considerations

physical

Figure(3.7)illustrates

the

both

which

bandwidth.

The corresponding

together

even at

although

the

the

tuned

is

duct

undergo

efficiency

curves

when the

water

is

both

cases

the

the

ratio
(see

the

it

is

quite

oscillations.

column

length

is

the

duct

width

less

near

the

energy

in

shown

are

curves

is

case,

The

varied

narrows

close

this

capturing

larger

of

the

1; in

auch

!apply.

depth

are

curves

Figure(3.8)

length

to

and narrows

efficiency

increases

ratio

theory

linear

increasing

of

when the

considerably
in

narrowed);

tuning

wavenuaber

).

The maximum efficiency

waves have

incoming

has proceeded
practice

will
the

(il)

examined,

linear

The maximus
achieve

efficiencies

incident

waves.

and

if,

the

duct

the

watet-wave

as

is

which

duct
in

Better
for

is

is

does

the

enable
to

efficiency

In

narrow;

be easily

an artificial

semi-infinite,

and (iii)

method,

mathematical

applicable.
indicate

greater

than

results

might

such

devices,
the

it

analysis
is

duct

the
here

but

the

applying

results

above

that

on the

length

theory

of

extends

be so,

not

efficiency

common

(i)

parameters

assumption

necessary

that

probably

The sathematical

facing

duct

a submerged

of

estimated.

assumptions:

various

that

and efficiency

been

the

under

this
of

effects

but

and for

Discussion

3.8

the

large

column

identical

amplitude

(3.10)

Kdd (Figure

the

almost

excessively

submerged,

need not

effect

Kdcf, ars

wavenuaber

piston

(the

smaller

amplitude

more deeply

Increasing

also

the

and so the

Figure(3.9).

Figure(3.6)

given

effect

decreases

submergence

in

ratios

free

30

that

50%i when
be

the

expected

a barrier
surface.

is

it

faces

duct
if
is

the

to

possible

duct

incorporated

the
is

wider
above

I.

The

has

length
Bringing

the

does

affect

curve

not

the

on

a broader

the

.
duct
above

the

of

maximum value

The preceding

is

how the
coefficients

unrealistic
various

the
but

provides

the

parameters

and hence,

the

efficiency.

37

than

width

the

bandwidth.
both

the

bandwidth.

added-aus

of

model

Clearly

do provide

results

affect
the

waves.

duct

decreases

duct

but

mass

efficiency
the

a wider

a simple

incoming

the

more

the

of

column
ratios.

added

increasing

in

and its

efficiency

face

the

proportionaly

results

water

amplitude

hence

and

submergence

analysis

to

oriented

of

and

the

reduces

while

coefficient

width

and

coefficient

and again

depth

duct

mouth

bandwidth,

added mass coefficient

Increasing

to the

damping

damping

that

bandwidths

closer

the

the

effect

efficiency

piston

displays

increases

the

show

results

a submerged

assumption
some insibht
and

damping

(ii)
into

of

CHAPTER 4

MANE ENERGY ABSORPTION BY A THREE-DIMENSIONAL

MOUTH-UPWARDDUCT

4.1

Introduction
Unlike

Limited

in

could

which

damage

models

behaviour

can

in

fitted

is

energy.
from

knowledge

the

solution

of

of the
width

the

wavelength

of

body

with

deep

Although

only.
fluid

the

the

same

sea-bed

added-mass
radiation
for

the

of

Evans'
results

It

the

as

above

is

38

system.

simplicity,

which

is

that

A /Z IT
is

derived

true

in

finite

for

is

that

from

the

A is
, where

true

constrained

were

extracting

way be determined

further,

result

and is

sea-bed

coefficients,
and,

clearly

cross-section

width

simply

This

are

the

as a means of

alone

expressions

is

on the

capture

device

mathematical

and damping

symmetry

indications

circular

stands

system

waves.

of

of

for

device

incident

axis

duct

level

problem

this

Vickers

points

two-

Nevertheless,

hydrodynamics

model.

that

reliable

original

storm

(2979)

ducts,

systems.

the

of

local

Lighthill

giving

the

on

from

extent,

Vickers

upwards.

be situated

submerged

informative,

has shown that

the

a vertical

of

a spring-damper

(1976)

maximum capture

heave

be

to

some

by

vertically

device.

a surface

original

investigated

facing

to

study

at

to

attached
Evans

designed

an upward-facing

a piston,

with

which

to

as an idealised

considered

was

understanding

Chapter,

In this

mouth

the

device,

and

the

shielded,

analysis

relevant

proposed

three-dimensional

of

three-dimensional

is

be

two-dimensional

dimensional
the

it

1,

would

cause

his

in

out,

it

where

sea-bed

with

Chapter

Vickers

modified

system

was axisysretric

As, explained

more

and

water-column

oscillating

of

N. B. L.

the

for
to

any
move

infinitely
depth.

in

N,

The maximum capture

for

expressions
4.

the
in

Hence,

and is

by Simon

to

together

of

and

than

the

mass
it

increases,
decreases
as

the

appears
amplitude

narrow
the

over

variation

at
mouth
that
of

the

is

shown

first
the

ducts

the

case

of

problem
(Kotik

from

Simon's

the
for

results
found

results

the

capture

of

diameters

the

in

in

as

the
the

an oscillating

39

and

the

the

is

that

it

length

disc

duct

larger
length

actually

increasing
of

duct

little

slightly

surface
duct

of'sub.

shows

bandwidth

a minimum

of

As

duct.

r are

depths

and

general

width

the

wavenumb

coefficient

being
in

notion

of

functions

as

column

approaches

piston

technique

relations

corresponding

considered,

advantage

His

duct.

coefficient

added-mass

duct

the

Kraners-Kronip

duct

reaching

main

coefficient

the

of

and

79

curves

that

been used
case

scattering

added-mass

before

the

The limiting

the

hu

here

variational

the

solve

the

with

various

fluid

depths

A comparison

for

range

of

of

to

the

damping

7,

in

For

b)

in

given

the

(1971).

dock

extraction

an approximate

of

made

is

and

presented

in

coefficient.
is

depth,

mergence.

(1972a,

determine

coefficients

Added-sass
also

use

application

damping

by an energy

depth

bottomless

of

infinite-depth

the

con-

water

problems

one considered

treats

system

the

to

the

is

finite

on a circular

the

he only

applied

1962)

calculated

finite

to

in

in

given

problem

applicable

wave forces

are

ratio

radiation

who examined

a damper)

the

with

Mengulis,

Garrett,

& Morris

Evans

to

in

is

wavelength

finite-depth

corresponding

the

only

the

, where

and amplitude

solution

take-off

involves

the

width

configuration

power

(equivalent
solution

of

(1981a)although

the

mo4els

again

chapter,

and the

A similar

these

this

X f2 fl

depth;

capture

due to

(1970)

harbour.

due

fluid

The method

sidered.
only,

width

on the

now dependent

is

again

fluid.

It

reduces

the

increases.

on the

sea-bed

is

de

in S5,6.

considered

These

give

expressions

check

a useful

provide

added-mass
insight

into
is

length
the

is

stands

fitted

with

be'considered,
unit

chosen
the

the

on

centre

solved,

yielding

and

damping

coefficients.

the

behaviour

non-zero

and

the

of

they

also

for

necessary

computation

the

upwards
piston,

in

and,

water
the

as

forced

Cylindrical

to

polar
the

and
(see

Figure

FL

FTr, URR (I..

length

of

sea-bed

is

piston

z positive
of

the

a piston

amplitude.
with

duct

vertical

a,

radius

duct

of

on

easily

this

came.

Formulation
A submerged

and

the

duct

is

problem

some

the

when

coefficients

of

for

expressions

analytic

4.2

This

1)

4U

circular

and

Q
).
d 014

depth

of

radiation

problem
with

oscillate

(r,

coordinates
origin
(4.1)).

at

cross-section

the

only

frequency
9
mean

z)

are

position

The
will
O)

of

9no

is

there

Since

potential

radiation
(2.2.4)

(2.2.5)

and

(2.2.16)

4r(r,

with

zfad,

in

the

a).

This

while

the

by symmetry,

problem

potential
boundary

(2.2.3),

satisfies
conditions

rie o

Ort

radition

appropriate

(4.2.1)

'Oz

(4.2.2)

t4a

on, zO,

Is

condition

by

given

4)%l.
Ar iss

e (coeplex)

dispersion

the

may be omitted

potential

Laplace'.
(r

y a)

"

4"

subscript

by

given
r of

the

of

in

to

variables
{

(r

inner

the

4 a)

and outer

give

1}

(s-d)+K

(r::

a),

and,

using

(4.2.4)

(4.2.3)

R"o
unknown

constants

the

notation

of

Miles

(1968),
Zo(z)

- Nom} cosh

Zn(z)

- Nn-}
kn,

quantities

(n > 0)

Note

separation

the

Mavenuaber

ambiguity.

enKo(knr)Zn(s),

& Gilbert

square

without

a
jr
An Io(knr)Zn(s)+
:
RO

An, Bn are

where

The

by

the

Hereafter

may be solved

equation

regions

and k is

constant
(2.2.9).

relation

(4. a. )

f --- 06
,

a5

%fI4(Icr)co6kka.
cosk d
where

the

become
0

The

dependence

form

values

of

Not

(4.2.6)

kz,
(n y i).

coa knz,
Nn are

a complete

by

given

orthorgonal

1.

that
't[ i%(1)(kr),

K0(-ikr)

"

Io(-ikr)

" J0(kr),

il 1

(4.2.7)
(2.2.10)

set

in

(2.2.13).

[Old]

with

The

wean.

[Zn(s)g

is

J.

where

and %(I)

functions

Beseel

Bessel

an ordinary

is

function,
the

1. and 96 are

zero

function

Henkel

order

modified
of

the

kind.

first

(4.2.2)

To satisfy

the

satisfies

also

such

region;

free

solutions

surface
are

solution,,

to

for

which

harmonic
in

and

inner

the

and can be found

construct

various

is

included

is

condition,

simple

(1971)

Nei and Bray

Black,

a particular

in

and modes of

configurations

oscillation.
is

The potential
in, terms

the

of

radial

in

now expressed
"

velocity

at

inner

the
the

and outer

regions

interface,

cylindrical

r-s.
Suppose

f (2)
j

ar
from (4.2.1),

and,

ate:

0>

p< LSd

ct

r=

it

is given

at

rsCL

may be expanded

Hence
4

.o

r
fra

(4. a. 8)

that

oSiz
0sd

over

as

{ z=

(4.2.9 )

R0

where

c(=)Zf(z)dz
,

The representations

of

1, in

the

(492b
inner

and outer

now become

regions

},
3R
ro(k^r)
d)_b

(_d)+r.
<_
Z(z)

+
kr0ckma

(4.2.11)

.o

4.,

zn(Z)

't
lisp

(4.2.12)

A n0'

The pressure,

and hence

the

in

06,{

a%

10)

solutions

Ko w_r

the

49 is

inner

(ka

and

continuous
outer

at

raa,

regions

Zn(z) w (z-d) 4K''

rAl.,

14

al

d,

so watching

yields

(4.2.13)

z 4d.

forlr<

valid

(Abramowitz

This

_'Iaka)1

and

simplified

p. 375,

r0 (k

L,

k0l

9.6.15)

equation

)
=

na)

formula

the

using

(ka)

For

A0

defining

In_

JO(LC, )KO(k,

ct

-[k

(4.2.13)

The equation

then

4.3

n7i0

'ror

(4.2.14)

"

becomes

}
0.
(a-z)
k'',
ZnC==
n:,

no

Q<zsd.
,

(4.2.5)

Solution
Miles

& Gilbert

(1968),

dock

proceeded

by a circular
the

1970,

& Stegun
(a)

may be

of

system

to

up an integral

set

adopted
for

equations

the

scattering
however,

equation;
here

and

infinite

an
*n

linear

simultaneous

is

of

problem

a similar

(1970,1971)

Garrett

of

approach

studying

unknown

is

constructed.
From

(4.2.9)

(4.2.1),

it

Zn(z)U
(4.2.15)

and

validity,
4
nnKK-

(4.3.1)

(4.3.1)
integrate

by m(z),

by d and add.

divide

seen

51.
!

,O
Multiply

be

can

over

the

region

of

Thus

CM

(4.3.2)

where
"`n

4s

fd
z

owl%

(4-3-3)

(: )dz

(4.3.4)

and

{(d-z)-k''1Zk(z)dz

CM(See Appendix

B for

The

in

two real

above

matrix

901,

(4.3.5)

,
expressions
a complex

equations

6rL
= a,, +

Dom, Cm).

for

matrix

equation

which

can

be reduced

by writing

(v *o)
'

'

lo

(4.3.6)

to

Note

bn are

an and

where

that

the
(

(ka)H0i)

real,

are

(ka)}

and

real

).

E, _, i"4i,.
n+ ,(see
and qfi are real

P.

then,

from

(4.3.2),

od
-p,

If

8Mn6K-

4'

hbc

the

t" o+

Appendix

B for

equations

for

pa9q,

)9

obtained

are

(4-3-8)

1
of

(4.3.10)

'

ns

M 0)i

OV
M

nil

"-

expressions

CM

Eansh. -

jITik2a2

(4.3.9)

solutions

CMn '

-W'S +

R.

ba c
n

-04%f

so

(since

n=O

equation.

(4.3.7)

following

mist
an are

rnI

the

tnn A,
CM
a

jK as +

for

except

resulting

Writing

where

the

uncoupling

2,.
(4.3.11)

then

r,. +

aw

6,,

5,

(4.3.12)

CkOSp.

(4.3.13)
and, in

particular

C#.
o'

0o:

rs- beye

- OLOSe

thus

/(I
6o
/(1
)
ros0
ao= r,
+Sb)
=+ S. ,
.
4.

Consequently

is

given

frsoS'i

by

+L

t'eSti

-'

l}s
Hence,

upon
(the

(4.3.11)
and,

from

solving
method

(4.2.11),

the

two

employed
(4.2.12)a

real

(r1,z'0i.

D.

systems

is

given

full

/I /i

of
in

solution

equations.
7),
for

the3
4

(4.3.10),
may be evaluated
obtained.

4.4

Calculation

of

added-woran

damping

and.

coefficients

and energy

extraction
(a)

Added-mass
These

Using

the

and damping

coefficients

defined

coefficiente,

representation

of

4 in

in

Chapter

the

inner

2, are

by (2.2.21).

given
(equation

region

(4.2.11))

gives

'n 1
K=d)
f
codrdt-dA

`J
t
w'$
rtM
.w

N3

+p

Ks

[(K-:

-2irp

(4.4.1)

10l SOP
s'

Ld)

zITp4(K

wo`

Rt

tkr)r

NR
.

d 4. a

(4..

a)

Thus

(K. i d1

(b)

ta

m.

j=

-2Zip W0.
1

Capture

width

tto
and,

in

results
in

finite
2,

Chapter

depth

3.

(4.4.3)
(4.4.4)

K"

the

by Evans (1976) are derived

,.

ti

amplitude

for

The expressions

k=-

Ilan

ratio

capture

for

deep fluid.

following

relation

ratio

and amplitude

infinitely

can be found

The Kaikind

width

the

The corz'esponding
method

(Haakind,

given

1957)

outlined
is

now given

by

i(s=
(c. f.

i. wp

(3.3.4))

equation

force

and

4,

ds

where

by r-R

given

cylindrical,
exciting

06
(4--a1

in

19a is

(excluding
the

incident

an

__
L

coshkd

ikx
e
11r,

a control

(4.4.5)
surface

base and top

wave potential

),

which

is

Xs is

the

given

by (2.2.8)

es

where,
is

direction

since

This

taken.

of

may be

4S.
W, =

(4.4.5),

the

and using
that

found

(At > I),

the

of

consequence,

(k
8
cos
r)
rA
M

first

and

He(1)1

and second
behaviour

asymptotic

Ha(2)

kinds

(4.4.6)

m-the

are

order
Soy from

respectively.
4 given

of

by (4.2.3)

it

as R--; o(

fCosa'
CAAr
Iu R{
kzdz
_LZt
t
.
o
the8-independent

as only

no

of

Q=O

)(kr)Gosm6
M4kr)}I6.

katnn+o r

functions

is

an

y
"`
Eh%i,

zva

Eo= I and E., = 2,

Hankel

is

expanded

Z
U.-C

"

where

incidence

(lu){'YIcr}-a(kr)W

(m-O)

term

in

(4.4.6)

(4-4-7)

a non-zero

gives

contribution.
This

to

reduces

WoaAr
d
''
X=
}

cask' col

where

use has been made of

large

for

This

& Stegun

be written

may also

4-pc)SL1

X=

asymptotic

(Abramowitz

arguments

9.2.4).

the

forms
1970,

the

of

p. 364,

Henkel

functions

equations

9.2.1

as

QAr

(4.4.8)

s
is

cg

where

the

Applying

Green's

conjugate),

complex

2L-6

equation

find

piston

(2.2.17)

result

(4.4.8)

given

theorem

to

by

(2.2.23).

0 and 4, (the

denotes

overbar

cis
(4.2.3),

and, using

letting

R-wogiven

('. 4.9)

IX.
cla,
:5
the

may be used
to

VA A, =[[
4-Pwc3

the

ratio,

amplitude

above,

the

can be shown

'0 (3.3.5))

g2
To

it

velocity

=[(-;!?

P
(c. f.

group

together

show

equation

with

of

(2.2.18),

motion

(2.2.19)

1
(w+M')wl}
oe-iWf S4$;
II6

of

the

and the

(4.4.9)lit

and. ueing

-r- fcx.

the

capture

Z0

is

C.

width,

then

given

as

-! +Zj i
2+
'J
a-(MO4,10
W'

is

CI
K7'

(2.2.9))

(4.4.11)

The expression

obtained.

C"'=

(4.4.11)

t0a . gk (from

deep water

for

that

a-(MQMW1sf W'{b-L"

-l

(1976)

and Evans'
may be written

as

} w={pesf-tj

a maximum value

giving

(4.4.10)

k"4-6

4ws

Ca
W

result

[F 43
ei

(2.2.26)

From

Note

found

tA
k4-p

in

Cw, = k-'. >%/2

ur

( 4.4.12 )

at W"W4 when
M

oc =

M CWi

Wo

(4.4.13)
(4.4. i4 )

A is
where

the

same as for

wavelength

the

the

of

deep water

case

incident
although

This

wave.
A

is

result

the

upon the

now depends

water

depth.

Before
they

computing

values

of

non-dimensionalised

are

the

added-mass

and damping

as

M,K+

=Mow
,T
.,
mass of fluid
above

Mo "

where

Mo
a,

radius

This

in

to

Mo is

zero

If
Lc

the

duct,

may be

the

(4.4.1,
)
piston

in

contained

a cylinder

of

TtCi Pd
-

particular

column

coefficients

no that

on

the

of

limiting

the
came

usual
as

mass
the

duct

the

of

length

fluid
tends

taken.

wavenumber V=

non-dimensional

v'_
-.

instead

chosen,

zL

-Re '6
A%O

N"i

/9
WZG is

r,
f
nknN

' 1'

66
. 9

lot

introduced,

then

Nurtherg

the

satisfied,
CW/2

capture

for

and

_ l
,

systems
evaluate

with

V is
(4.4.19)

amplitude

ratio.

% 7,

examined

equations

may be used
The results
the

of

probler

An interesting

disc

oscillating

r"a

is

the

over

the

curves

into

the

duct

Jn

two

(4.3.11)

may be

Once the

variation

of

c4 is

chosen,

equations

capture

width

f.,

and

and discussed

presented

disc

an oscillating

whole

to

znZ

of
giving

duct,

the

the

the

[(d-Z)

[O, d]

damping

disc

duct

to

the

these
duct

and

is

duct

the
fact

produces

be

will

of

is

problew

$ is

that

as
now

provides
(the

indicate

that

this

problem).
is

instead

3 /G,
e-,
-

n=o

'a

clearly
of

identical

with

that

(4.2.15)

for Oz<d.
valid
'

an

analytic

coefficients,
cases

that

This

coefficients.

of

problem

now,

resonant

but

interval

behaviour
in

relevant

case,

and

the

One approach

length

the

produced

of

sea-bed.

added-mss

The formulation
of

case

a non-zero

insight

behaviour

of

the

V,

and solution

limiting

on the

for

above

similar

are

piston.

some detail.

Statemnt

a better

obtained

a light

wsvenymber

the

study

case

O, i. e.

on

frequency

to

limiting

(a)

for

(4.4.19)

by (4.3.10),

given

and a tuning

Came

results

and

p>'
p
of thhe. non-dimensional

Dis

at

by

given

v11:

^ W

Limiting

matched

are

be

can

(4.4. i8)

v)=
vvl1
`o
N

4.5

given

ratio

JK and hence p and `1.

first

but
in

of

known,

(4.4.18),

in

and amplitude

(4.4.14)

cvo-
+vR &A64=n

to

solved

(4.4.13),

criterion

(Zl/IfUd/a)i(tan.kd}kd.'kd)

each value

linear

real

width

i/bv

to= Wdlg
So,

tuning

'

(2k4)

Azwhere

the

assuming

(4.5.1)

As before

by (I /d ) Zjv, (z)

both aides

multiply

obtain

and integrate

to

(d-z) k_, zMzdz

-

Ot k% 4[

C1,

, Witt

Thus

Co

49-co
f

I=o

no

=-

(4.5.2)

(See Appendix

8)

(Son Appendix

8).

cad

M `''

k,` ad

Hence
'

'
-O

.
kcu(t

'(L
o
l'ca

{
zoo (a,

(4.5.3)""

(4.5.4)

S2(ka1

(4.5.3)

1
and

3:

ZA-d
(

(b)

(4.4.3),

Using
m >i

and dasping

Added-man

is

it
,

(4.4.4)

found

this
iated
infinite

fact

the

that

are

for

real

od

" k1
NI

ap
k=d

(4.5.8)

One important
equal

and the

5.,

that

-ICI)-

coefficients

to

a ssro

wave
set

no propagating

of

J1,

is

coefficient

amplitude
of

to

point
the

note
damping

frequencies,

that

the

frequencies

square
q)), it

equation(4.4.
forced

for

coefficient
to

proportional
(see

is

oscillation

waves.

I. y

is

is

sero

of

the

clear
of

the

where

ks

is

and, sinc"
far-field
that,
piston

radfor

an
produces

Similar
(1971)

have

effects
they

when

considered

the

However,

bodies.

for

diameter

the

of

of

interest

for

is

contained
After

J1 (ka)

waves of

rigid

then

example,
the

to

is

as

between
4,

as in

zero
the

will
region

source

energy

80 and 250m.
the

coefficients

N,I, (ka)K4)

zn"*i (1-_0

are

(4.5.9)

'Cka

- 7t

A-N.

(4. s. lo)

NZT

& Stegun

1970,

as u-O

is

J1,

of

Y1 for

arguments,
the

9.1.7,9d1.9),

equations

behaviour

(nlia/d)Kiwa/d)
rizr,

(a/d)''
has

(4.5.12)

been
as

values

made

(3.6.2).

of

(3.6.3).

the

series

since

rapidly
to

zero

as U-*O but
As v--)O
,

non-zero

/A(-

the

limiting

tuning

Fl,-V0)

frequency

the

from

oO

ratio

The

converging

a finite,

(4.4.19)

'.

value
and

width

capture
to

tends

to

endAtend
in

appearing

amplitude

then

Both

x--*

as

value.

of tcand

(4.5.11)

h=

use

tends

small

(Abramowitz

by

given

A--0,4

finite

p. 360,

(- 41T-2

ft--

where

forms

limiting

the

Usin

that

first

outside

important

the

the

when

the

depth,

water

wavelengths

non-dimensionslisation

even

30m which

devices

oCS,
l_v-I_
r
(kd)`

the

i. e.

by

given

Thus,

oscillating

ka-308317,

at

occurs

Hei A Bray

zi(i)

approximately

energy

by

radiation

of

for

equal

of

wave

in

40m,

is

disc

zero

by Black,

numerically

or \.
of

a wavelength

at

occur

depth

a water

found

water-wave

first

z1td _ 4(d)
A"T.
So,

been

(4-5-13)
of
the

the

amplitude

value

of

frequency.

r, (

the

ratio

-depends

added-mass

only

coefficient

upon
at

4.6

Alternative
In

this

the

damping

Both

will

(a)

methods
two

section

Use of

in

use

the

the

is

are

given

following

for

the

the

damping

force.

the

disc

it

to

determine
disc.

oscillating

Chapter.

In

straightforward

methods

has shown that

(4.4.9)

From (4.4.8),

disc

problem

exciting

force

exciting

the

coefficients

scattering

Newman (1962)
to

further

the

for

solution

and added-mass

be of

related

of

as there

coefficient

is

case, evaluwtion

of

no diffracted

are

the

wares.

can be seen

I
(4.6.1)

Aa there

is

just

incident

the

using

the

waves,

scattering

potential

i. e.

wave potential,

kZelx
cod,.

S.
and,

no diffracted

are

(2.2.20)

to

deter*ine

the

exciting

force

krcose0
e'

C dr

lo
kd
sk
Q
-zTria
k
cock
for

Substituting

X.

in

T( fW

(4.6.1)

it

(4.6.2)
is

found

that

a2CCl

(4.6.3)

kd
c c05k=
Using

(4.6.3)

(b)

the

expression

agrees with

Use of

Hankel

The radiation

for

cg given

by (2.2.23),

it

can be seen

that

(4.5.8).

transformation
problem

for

the

il

disc

can alternatively

be solved

by

the

applying

(p
the

For

transform

to

integrable
(ki

the

i. e.

> O),

limit

The governing

ki-*

O is

i. e.

zero,

"

(4.6.4)

is

required

along

the

to

be piecewise
line,

real

k has a small

$4,

=O,

NG

(3.2.5)

(4.2.2)

and

becoas

(4.6.5)
vh.

zd,

(4.6.6)

io

a=

rSoC r)df
(4.6.5)

the

with

(6.6.7)

on z=0.
boundary

(4.6.6),

conditions

(4.6.7)

yields

(a)
c
Cd-z)-KsinLGd-z)
a31
Z..
=J
.
inverse

the

and applying

1.-

(C 7tI
)z

(
(S
g -Y. f)

( 4.6.9)
'Cd Zi 3

The added-mass and damping coefficients

interchanging

of

of

(n=1,2,...

).

If

axis,

integrand
ki-*O

then

by (2.2.21),

are given

the

integration

eR+(w_t=
-2T1pol Ira=
,
the

thus

het)

eo
order

the

The poles

(4.6. io)

SGrdrGYo(Sr3,

wM+i, w= 2lTPc.'

real

(4.6.8)

transform

((r t =a(rSciCd-z)-ksw,

the

is

imaginary

positive

(%,Z)= C)

K)-

and

it

thus

taken.

(2.2.3)

equations

order

0%.
p

(a

Solving

exist

kskr+iki

that

of

4 (P2)
('i

and absolutely

and later

part,

transformation

(
3-o(;
kr
rz)
_0 r
Sr)
1

(S)Z)

continuous
assumed

Henkel

are

simple

and occur

so that

the

path

integration

of

is

it

ai
(kam'
simple

aT- s.
that
found

at

poles
is

! kq! ikn,
.

at
as

9 s=k approach

shown

in

Figure

(4.2).

Thus

p
o

S=ks

(K-sw.
ray

di

(4.6.11)

.0

II 1

E_plane

ImE

t =i
E=i

tie g ---
(1) Path

of

integration

Irr

tie

(2) Closed

contour

FIG(4-2)

The residue

may be easily

to

calculated

give

No'
w
Yt2a2
32(La)
k=d

(4.6.12)

and
2- 2(5
-T

21T
pce

kcasL'a
(4.6.12)

The result
(4.5.8),

while

the expression

agrees with

(4.6.13)

may be rewritten

r4S
K-z-21Pa=4
T,kc.
0
f

the

denotes

where
introduced
contour

at

shown in

double

gs,

(4.6.13)
"kd)

for

B given

by

as

(Scosl. d-Ks.
ltid)

prinipal

O.

BY closing

Figure

(4.2)

value

the
it

path

integral
of

(4.6.4)

due to

integration

the

with

singularity
the

can be seen that

45.
[-IrLRe
i,
..
'
].
+rrrR
K.zrr
rr
s.
f
.f
i.

upon evaluation

whichq

n=

11 1 3s

3K
of the

caml,%ttresidues,

T,

-2rpaTt

t.

becomes

K3, ( i, kh4)
LZd

i. e.

d-k -No(a)Y(Ia)(_T['2P
Nnt, k,
z
1
l
kad.
y
a)K(k.
ai
with

agreeing

the

for

expression

the

added-.

lass

coefficient

(a.6.i7)
given

by (4.5.7)"

4.7

Results

and Discussion

The results
by the

duct

for

the

disc

case

results.

r"}

will

first

be given,

followed

(a)

The disc
In

of
so

a/d

i,

the

is

almost

curves

the

cefficient

from

first

which

its

reaches
Ji(ka).

that,
range

of

constant

over

the

whole

(4.4)

illustrate

occur

at

the

value

values

a/d

as

the

asymptotic

will

for

plotted

indicates
over

Figure
its

are

for

and,
range.

decrease

att1.0

of
it

until

of V>z

a value

decreases,

9 when

0.
is

The disc

of

turing

values
the

all

U.

of

to

For

the

should

Physically

this

a wave of

disc

to

hold

length

and the

be a 'good'

over

means that

crest

S 4,

in

as explained

Cw /2a >I

in

energy

V0 =1.0

(4.5).

Figure

inequality

the

absorber

now tuned

shown in

are

results

range

shown in

sere

disc

decreases

variation

added-mass

the

(4.3)

Figure

The damping
damping

for

results

0.1,0.25,0.5.

added-mass

a/d=O.

sea-bed

the

each case

the

on the

some appreciable

the

is

disc
than

greater

cap-

the

CW
/Zaz(Z ka)'
Now
disc diameter.
the tuned
so it would sees that,
at
OW
kd <1 (d/a)
be satisfied.
wavenumber,
However, as explained
should
IZa
CW
(1979)
in Srokoss
does
its mr-imum value at
but
not attain
"
,
at

v< 1), .

a value

(4-5),

still

and

to

can most

because,

occurs

able

This

rise

above

be seen when a/d"O. 5 in

easily

CW /2&14(2611 for

although

its

value

a/d

" 0.25

and lie

at'V0

u# vo 9

below

CW /20.

the

Figure
is

curvi

given

',
Cvj0,00
/2o
(z
ko
by
While
the
disc

the

amplitude

ratio

oscillations

amplitude

for

curve

curves
are

motion

large

can be reduced

wavenumbers)

or

while
So,

ensuring
as expected,

to

the

combine

these

motion

the

disc

remains
is

not

seem

(4.6)

indicate

the

satisfy

linear

disc
to

particular,

Figure

by tuning

increasing

the

to

by the

required

oscillations

seem possible

in

shown

too

in

diameter.

within
a 'good*

, r,

small

disc

a 'good$

bounds

absorber

of
and,

it

of

these

(larger

wavelengths
However,

the

of

the

The magnitude

smaller

make the

that

assumption

theory.
to

promising,

does not
absorber

linear
indeed,

theory.
the

0
N

'0
Y
Is )

LC)

C5
(Y)

13
INI

C)

r- LL

Lrl
6

-4
OOO

(N

r'

LO

1
..
O
lL

LA

1I1
O

11

O
Lf
6

N
O

r-

0
N

'U
Y

LA
I:-

r-

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in

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the

for

having

those

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moron

were

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more

downward

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disc

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for

larger

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given

in

Figure
larger

before
found

are

the

following

ofV

the

surfaces

case

here

apply

due
formula

no simple
0.5

larger

are

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(4.8)

show some difference

occur

t%GL
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at

case;
chapter

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the

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'

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that

values

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for

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the

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jft.

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disc,

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in

sass

sea-bed;

for

lines)

larger

of

L does not

mass curves

for

column
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be seen

as

of

with

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mouth-

discussed).

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curves

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coefficient

value

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as dashed

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be expected,

value

a maximum

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are

approach

surface

case

damping

is

duct

this

the

over

move the

fluid

free

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easily

to

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(4.7).

to

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curves

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is

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to

similarly

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constant

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the

Figure

added-mass

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curves

added-mass

an infinite

of

The damping
from

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exists).

apparently
also

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However,

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L"O. 6133a.

where

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duct.

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duct.

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values

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6,0.8.
0.4,
o.
-

effectively

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gives

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a check

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added-mass

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provide
expressions

in

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j/4
O.
l
when
a/d".

fixed

for

can

analytic

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Figure

of

provide

coefficients

corresponding

(b)

was to

study

for

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At

fixed
each
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cases
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55

. 0.5

are

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Figure
to

approach

does

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energy
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defined

plotting

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radiates

radiates

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the

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radiation

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as

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by Simon.

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and

functions

should

effective

variation

studied

w h/g

t? a/g"

relate

ratio
is

coefficients

as

radiation
His

in

1981a).

to

Dr used

in

t OZL
Re

the

(1981a)

Simon

of

respective

displacement

and amplitude

coefficients

here

a piston

width

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coefficient,

the

examining

increases.

asV

of

necessary

defined

coefficient

behaviour

damping

and

disc

capture

increases.

depth

the

the

the

examining

wavenurber,

the

of

a volum
kDrl

a rate

depth

that

such

they

t
Dr,
defined

to

correspond

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some algebra

is

in

infinite

(4.10)

w'a/g
to

the

infinite

not

to

possible
that

for

tai d/g < O. 8,

as

values

with

tuning

wavenumber

duct

diameter

disc

applies

as a guide

the

capture

V, = 1.0.
the

determining

kd C *(d/a)

its

curve.

the

whether

i(

> 2.5

from

below

depth

be seen

converge
of

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0.2,

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that

device

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at

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fixed

l/4.0.8.
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widening
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value.
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criterion

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should

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to

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infinite

can

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for

value

width
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seem

when

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than

greater

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broadens

infinite

values

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results

W=d/O,

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(19814.

Simon

about

its

the

cases,

increases

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D. is
r

(4.11)

in

of

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a

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of

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be confident

Figure

i. e.

variation

Dr approaches

Note

after

-`a

" 0.2.

depth

decreases

results

than

0(t)

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gives

!W' h/g

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by Simon,

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Figure

depth

'good'

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for

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duct

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say,

Figure

(4.12)
in

large

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be better

could

indicates

that

that

order

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in

tuned,

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duct

the

case

diameter

assumptions

should

linear

of

0.1

a/d

perhaps

theory

be

satisfied.
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the

the

capture

results

Figure

(4.13)

rather

than
L/cL

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0.6,

the

curve

shown in

IS /El'

Ila

as

is

attention

does

focused

(4.16)

Figure

at

rapidly

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to

advantage
but

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from

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Figure

(4.17).

CW_

(2

shown

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I,

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ka)

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free-surface

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the

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(4.15)).

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(Figure

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value

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fixed

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Figure

surprisingly,
capture

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curve
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7(a),

r,

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solutions

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the

zero,

the

is

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dependent
in

10,

Ns
his

to

accurate
well

compared
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6.8

V,

up

N=
by

1% and

a smooth

in

80

The

chapter

a simplified

larger

regarding
is

oo

to

and extrapolating

40,

the

Garrett

extrapolation

was

to

to

found

values

smaller

for

of

of

three

N.

or
and

a/d,

40

N"
40.50

N"

values

all

for

found

solution
using

through

almost

solved

were

Although

Na

is

noted,

equations

terms.

15% for

For

to

be

N.

agreement

N needs

coefficients

of

as N -

limit

(1970)

as Garrett

extrapolation

general.

matrix

may be studied.

a linear

extrapolation,

procedure,

Then,

el

against

large

to

so the

N terns

after

system
numerical

N, the

of

is

equations

four
larger

accuracy.

maintain

Conclusion
In this

water
of

with

greatly

and the

numerically.

once

and,

for

the

sides

solutions

inaccurate

figures
of

k-1

within

linear

significant
values

be

to

is

ratio

real

a standard

results

slow

10,

of

steps

results

was

on

that

required

valid,

of

truncating
using

the

of

convergence

linearly

by

as functions

By plotting

theory

bandwidth.

same left-hand

obtained

is

systems

be inverted

an need only

is

amplitude

theory

infinite

system

the

have

systems

i. 5, the

linear

obtained

finite

the

and solving

of

is

it

linear

where

methods

two

of

apply,

and the

narrow

very

values

a broad

on num. rical

This

required.

VO -

exhibits

The solution

to

is

the

above

theory

but,

A not.

Both

markedly

curve

bandwidth

width

= O(I)q,

width

capture

capture

rises

ratio

amplitude
is

the

'Vo - 0.6

when

tits-

column

wave-energy

ndidrd-mnRm

and

model

coefficients
r, It

oscillating

a mouth-upward

has been used

absorber
dnmpinq1

of

nnd,

to

study

hence,

the
the

behaviour

capture

width.

for

Expressions
to

those

for

the

on the

disc
not

perhaps
behaviour
being

the

coefficient
the

The variation
fixed

for

to

reduced

and

h/a

that

the

the

am

duct

problem.

added-mass
the

the

disc

the

curves.

problem,

increasing

with

the

depth

infinite

t/d.

An unexpected

values

to

L/d

be

and 2a/d

the

amplitude

= 0.8,

less

bandwidth'of
the

than

a/d
I

in

is

to

wavik.
for

necessary

J /d

Sisson (1981a).

" 0.4 , say;

order

theory

may be

tuning

it

the

linear

ratio

more appropriate

be a '1good$ absorber

large,
to

I/d

illustrated

was that

result
the

narrow

of

by choosing

has been

wavenumber

achieve

reasonable

widths.

capture

Thus,

better

needs

in

approach

with

and, although

device

be quite

2a/d to

noted

have

the

coefficients

is

into

the

modify

behaviour

width

moderate

some extent

for

numbers,

can greatly

can actually

applicable

really

not

capture

length

For

this

of 'V 9 while

found

zeros

in

large,

range

coefficient

and fixed

duct

width.

capture
is

of

a/d

the

increasing

duct

an oscil-

(1981a).

Simon

of

the

how these

showing

values

both

the

of

is

a/d

the

of

as well

used

hold

and these

case

coefficients

unless

retains

and damping

presented,

depth

still

depth,

some insight

methods

over

corresponding

and while

provided

numerical

change

presence

The added-mass

it

that,

little

shows relatively

although

on the

finite

analysed,

and damping

added-mass

ratio

The limiting

was also

indicate

The results

for

body.

device,

check

a useful

damping

sea-bed

and amplitude

derived

were

a practical

of

width

heaving

any axisynimetric

lating

is

(1976)

Evans

of

capture

euch

a device
good

particularly

can

occur

wave-energy

However,

free-surface.
not

be

on

may be obtained

results

will

situated

isolated

which

but

may result

it
will

bringing

be

appear
in

an

sea-bed

absorbing

by

must

the

pointed
in

increase
)9

does

not

seem

characteristics
the

device

out

that

arrays
in

where
capture

closer
devices
interaction
width.

to

and
to
of

the
this

type

effects

An approximate

The work

in

study

this
to

should

like

Hankel

transform

in

this

chapter.

of

such

has been published

chapter
acknowledge
method

can be found

effects

of

a referee
6

(b)

of
which

6o

in
that

in

Simon

Thomas (1981).
paper

for

(1981b).

suggesting

has been more fully

the

described

CHAPTER 5

SURFACE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS

AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL

MOUTH-DtiNWARD DUCT

Introduction

5.1

is

This
devices

it

and

water

column

This,

in

a volume

through

air-turbine

is

Systems
of

in

which

columns

of

A brief
tions
In

3,4

(see

wave-power

to

above

the

in

the

structure

With

free

the

incident

free

waves.
back

surface
in

structure

down-

the

surface,

the

Chapter

which

an

21

in

the

theory

is

surrounding

structure

has also

Japan

to

of

for

to

maximum
only

61

the

developed
the

corresponding

theory

results

and
capture

shape

are

pressure

found

rectangular

their

determines

be

buoys.

on

general

may

been

distributions

three-dimensional

details

applied

the

water.

navigation

operate

has recently

the

the

and also

Such a system

and

in

Evans

the

the
free
for
same.

distribu.
(1981b).

circular

pressure

widths.

The

size

of

which

the

portion,

oscillating

with

many

rear

incorporating

pressure

analogy

further

investigate

to

by

theory

the

given

1).

C. B. G. B. device

axisyssktric

Evans (1981b)

system.

and

is

a ship

by Masuda in

bodies

distributions

is

the

are

and a rigid

buoy which

a close

of

principle
duct

absorption

is

outline
is

response

opening

which

these

oscillating

rigid

in

on this

Belfast

hull,

There

surface.

the

rectangular

device

To analyse
theory

below

air

a device

free-surface.

situated

enclosed

operate

developed

successfully

immersed

the

above

water-column

Such

duct.

partially

oscillates

a forward

its

oscillating

housed.

Kaimei

Japanese

air

duct

the

on

mouth-downward

a constricted

University,

Queen's

the

forces

and forth

consists

of

so forissd

turn,

chapter

a hollow,

of

mouth of

ward-facing

the

examines

encloses

final

and

consists

essentially

which

third

the

the

pressure

distribution
are

plays

and
to

assumed

be of

of

this

Chapter.

(1978)
is

This

for

A spring-damper

to

extended

the

(1981)

the

but,

as

by

replaced
may be

in

a weightless

piston

its

or

than

introducing
The

given.

in

in

Chapter

2.

the

float

or

the

float

models

a similar

(1979)

manner

has been

work

which
devices.

water. -column

out

by Count

internal

free

that

a rigid

so

that

assumption

oscillating

been carried

work,

by Evans

the

Evans'

by Srokoss

row of

is

solved

the

is

at

al.

surface

is

body

problem

given

of

can

the
be

found

width

to

compare

limiting
while

are

which

a narrow

pressure
Appendix

1v'2

(1978).
distribution
C..

presented

these

cases.

Evans

in

the

of

rather

formulation

method

same

draft

is

was applied

4.

Chapter

following

ineorporating

fluid,

in

two

the

theory

appropriate

the

using

possible
in

derived

be constructed
model,

a more

maximum capture

it

system

is

in

about

pressure-distribution

that

so

duct

for

results

Evans$

a piston,

problem

approximation

depth

be constructed

makes no assumptions

and uses

mouth-upward

particular

duct

analysis

width

Results

easily

to

of

formulated.

duct

imate

to
duct

have

part

assumed

narrow

an infinite

previous

is

attached

the

a channel

all

The present

the

in

second

been examined

system

duct

duct

ducts

mouth-downward
the

and it

while

C. E. G. B. device

of

Studies

horizontal

represents

equivalently

to

mechanism

a narrow

in

studied

a float

an approximate-solution

that

a vertical,

has previously

encloses

extraction

power

of
is

system

duct

narrow.

enables
to

performance

cross-section

when the

duct
the

circular

the

since

draft.

shallow

The hydrodynamic
duct

in the hydrodynamics

no part

The
duct
The

8.

in

results

with

shallow

draft

approximation
modified
theory

For
approx-

may
narrow

and

finite

this

(a)
5.2

Pressure

- Simple

Examples

Formulation

Consider
its

with

submerged

mouth
This

a turbine

which

The turbine

air

characteristics

through

it)

time

average

of

the

the

this

is

the

free

free

internal

the

surface

2,

Chapter

while

the

(2.2.4)

Sint

distributed
body

condition

is

the

to

of

for

pressure
-

free-surface

condition

(2.2.7b).

of

the

system.

is,

the

the

pressure
over

the

and

becomes

turbine

velocity

of

distributions

the

comthe

at
the

is

just

the

Sint'

This
the

external

Si1N.

and P(t)

problem

is

In
the

replaces

linear,

free-surface

(5.2.1)
the

uniformly

corresponding
the

pressure

(5.2.2)

pq
,

("'1

free-

by

given

it-

fl5

as given

linearised

the

where

is

are

I.
Lw,
Tw,Pa{
rr

k4-b4/

is

system

be written

(5.2.1)

flow

volume

pressure

on the

free-surface

As

the

through

oti

over

via

Assuming

vertical

(2.2.7a)

now applied

pressure

atmosphere

area.

is

internal

free

by the

flux.

flux

the

the

(that
the

absorbed

position

above

be linear,

distributed

average

in

mechanism

be neglibible,

volume.

(2.2.1)

KI
where

to

the

equations

internal

mean power

air

external

take-off
to

of

proportional

uniformly

and its

equations

condition

surface

is

the

drop and volume

while

spatial

The governing

assumed

air

same as the

of

product

are

the

the

of

to

power

fixed

surface,

a volume

the

pressure

surface,

free

connected

turbine

and hence

effects

pressibility

internal

is

constitutes

rate

the

and enclosing

volume

drop across

pressure

turbine

intersecting

a duct

surface.

in

Distributions

rigid
P may

in

As
,
scattering

the

rigid

and

a radiation

body

i. W

1=

is

dition
the

of

is

which

P(t)

applied

to

in

problem

the

solution

i. e.

a 0,
Sint"

problem

radiation

the

when

constant
Thus

boundary

the

Ksr

is

to

applied

,p6

Us/d2

3iet

in

flow

rate

across

solution

absence

of

of

incoming

waves.

becomes

(,
a

o4z

rK

the

con-

i. e. a pressure

'

the

boundary

'P is

potential

"Da

(5.2.2)

condition

The volume

is

scattering

free-surface

usual

The complex
J1(t)

the

of

"J

magnitude

into

(5.2.3)

P,
9
4s

potential

complex

4 may be decomposed

potential

potential

The

the

case,

int'

iht ".

ors

denoted

(5.2.4)

by

by

given

V.

Vs

rr

(5.2.5)

where

-boo"

'i

05

S;At

to

Corresponding
the

flow

volume
in

body

rigid

with

phase

the
into

problem
(r,

rate
the

decomposition

pressure

tit
of

'wt}

and in

the

(5. a* 6)

is
phase

into

the

rate

of

in
the

components,

decomposed
with

force

radiation

and damping

added-mass

qQ

q)4z 45.
.

components
change

of

pressure

(5.2.7)
where A and 8 are real,
9r=

-Z?

The mean power,

average
Q(t).

over

so that

a period

Z =B-

where
W absorbed
of

the

by the

pressure

thus

04

l4)

turbine
P(t)

(5.2.8)

and

is

equal

the

volume

to

the

flow

time
rate

00

(5.2.9)
the

where

denotes

overbar

may be rewritten

This

the

in

complex

the

conjugate.

form

WI
`%

fs

`Z

(5.2.10)
)&+0,

yielding
t

%
W'

1I

1 51

IS. Z. ii)

when

Of$-

(5.2.12)

three-dimensional

In

Evans (1981b) has shown that

wo
where
incident
the

is

qa(()

the

upon

waves

maximum

induced

duct

x-axis,

positive

incident

the

by

in

is

the

(2.2.22).

width

capture

travelling
and

given

flux

volume

4'
+O..

across

aint

a direction

mean

power

Thus

the

due

making
per

unit

to

waves

an angle
width

VM4, / Pw
is given
x
M(5.2.14)

of

B with
the

by

Note

that

for

device,

an axieymmetric

there

where

is

no angular

dependence

/21T
X

CMfmooL ,
which

in

rigid

body

if
and

B=0
hence,

the

at

result

(Evans,

1976).

some frequency
from

for

obtained

(5.2.9),

(5.2.15)
a single

Further,

then,
W-0i.

for

from
e.

Ori

heaving,

sxisymmetric,
device,

an axisymmetric

(5.2.13),

CM a0

when

this

implies

8=O.

qs "0

the

To achieve

maximum

(5.2.12)

must

be

in

with

and some real

phase

the

practice

it

through

the

is

turbine

than

rather

Pis

the
drop

flux

of
and in

artificial
flow

volume
it.

across

be

must

volume

somewhat

pressure

I"t may than

some constant.

rate
it

Thus

be shown (Evans,

191b)

that

becomes

and hence

the

zls. }

tuning

the

the

(5.2. i8 )

turbine

characteristics

flux

volume

(5.2.17)

in

condition

r-2.

Unless

in

induced

control

Sint

over

(5.2.16)

w $I;

between

condition

rte

vp

( 5.2.10)

is

to

the

pressure
the

condition

turning

that

assumed

where

the
of,

be easier

probably

will

is,

multiple

This

the

width

that

satisfied,

problem.

scattering

capture

enable
drop,

and pressure

lag

a phase

l will

be real

to

exist

and positive,

case

which

This

w1

s1-

bf

(5.2.19 )

____

an optimal

yields

QL

WMIkxIt
v

value
get

s,

(5.2.20)

P4 +I

where

vuetu
(-94citi)
In
examined
the

fixed

the

only

internal

the

two

next

for

immersed
effect

of

free-surface.

part
the

(5.2.21)

the

expressions

configurations

under

sections

different

Z.

of

the

structure

system
is

Alternatively

to

is

the
of

Cox

above

are
that

simplification

the

configurations

iss

that

draft,

shallow

determine
the

00

for

boundary
may be

of

the

thought

5.3

of

The

Maximum

The

theoretical

the

assuming

'patches',

pressure

as

Capture

maximum

tuning

determined

by integrating

to

be used

shallow

the

internal

incident
is

qs

free

incident

of

consider

flux

of

be easily

over
This

% which

and shape

The

qs to

wave potential

for

size

(5.2.14)

by

given

volume

as the

provides
in

can,

Sint,

pressure

a'

turn,
distribu-

width.
a rectangular

is
is

is

Patch

can be satisfied.
the

expressions

surface

Pressure

wave may be neglected.

effect

wave potential
given

width

maximum capture

As an exaniple,
the

the

simple

examine

upon the

tions

capture

enables

incident

the

deriving

of

method

a Rectangular

(5.2.18)

draft

of

to

of

condition

assumption

disturbance

Width

pressure

by Sint

given

by (2.2.8)

given

patch

such
.

and thus,

from

that
The

(5.2.6),

by

kW
gA
=

bd
dx

0..

where

(Ic.
LSY,
G)/AAOC,
(L
c(U)=s1
cosV
ote
and use has been made of

(2.2.9).

Thus

the

maximum capture

width

(593.3)

0
that

(5.3.4)
and

is

by

given

Note

(5.3.2)

in

particular

Cwo,,
(o)' c5 1L/b15c1L.,
e(w/2)/C",.
O"'

(5.3.5)

the

reveals

which

head

beam and

with

(5.1),

indicate

lines

(5.2)

different

for

the

and the

G=O.

in

The fluctuations
able

behaviour
e)

present

is

0a

out

the

The dashed
pressure

the

axisy

Of 1.6

the

not

is

case

approximately.,

the

of

in

resulting

for

the

app-

axisyametric
curves

case

This

maxim

appear

ka "2

and is

on the

visible

consider-

Q.

small

when secondary

although

in

shorter

become sharper.

'crests$

shown for

on the

metric

appearance

width

for

greater

sinusoidal

than
the

while

is

and, 3R/}

'R/4

efficient

clearly

1.6

almost

become much larger

ka

is

This

CNM&x

over

less

varies

etric

has more influence

patch

in

until

an axisyer.

the

maximum capture

when ka -

at

due to

graph

scale.

(for

the

b/Q,
came
the

of

wavelength
seems

to

occur

cases

it

was

length

of
the

became

as ka

and

further

the

incident

is

shorter

increased
maxima

At

were
than
first

further

of
the
the

the

Oll

large

the
ka,

In

in

the
as

curves
the

all

than

greater

shown

is

the
resonance

WMAX

length

behaviour
of

was

shape

patch

peaks
For

appeared.

of

wavelength
the

to

equal

a secondary

maximum

the

curves

complicated.

local

local

is

patch

Consequently

provided

the

the

of

waves.

that,

wavelength

was

length

produces

patch,

/Z
It
ka
so
when
and
"
1

(b/a)
flt
ka
"

= 2)

which
found

the

more

but

/)
26

that

Notice

Once

the

continues

1T%2,3'V/Z.
=

also
the

in

increases

2.

in

Cw

CW%WX

width

variation

variation

fill

b/a

case

for

As ka increases

'troughs$

the

in

patch

(5.2.15)).

the

is

however.

dfstribution

of

the

result

Between

distribution

regular

change;

small

increase

10% for

about

the

shape

When ka is

earance

pressure

maximum capture

for

(equation

b,

expect
the

kau since

ka,

of

corresponding

radius

of

An one might

waves.

the

of

show how the

values

the

distribution

larger

effectiveness

seas.

Figures
9

relative

Figure

the
(5.1).

situation
in

Figure

became
maximum

(5.2)
sharper

capture

U
N

Ei
X

v
I
I

K
N

I
I

1
1

1
1
1

I
1
i

I
I

Co

I
1

1
I

1
I
I

1
I
I

It)

I
1

1
1
I

1
I
I

I
1

'
1
1
1

1
I
I

1
I
1

1
1
1

I
I
I

1
1

r __
-4

.a

cy
v
U

fV

O
a
V
N

E
U)
.X

a
N
L()

ONp

.pN
v

E
v3

u
a

V-

CD

M
I)
V

I:!

L1
VO
m

v3

er
t

u
v
CL
J

4J

E
E
a
'x

0
N

O
.Y
to
I-

U-,
O

lf1

-0
NXO
F
v

In

1.0
1

0.8
Jo
O

,76
E
U'
.

0.6

ka=0.4
1.2

0.4

2.0

"

0.2

10
FIG (5.5)

b/a

15

width

is

when

6/0,

2b

very
10,

ka

Cwka

gives

/2b

is

(O)

({; ), CW

the
to

in

to

(see

as

the

of

waves can be seen

ka

when

cos

values

for

the

Note
0"

width

kw.

of

. trio

axisyi

of ka.
pressure

sensitivity

the
or

nlt

above

explained

as a function

increasing

the

normal

at

maximum capture

wMax

result

is confirmed

maximum capture
in

(5.5).

Figure

Evans(1981b)

50% and hence

in

of

18

of

been

becomes an infinitely

patch

distribution,

pressure

This

occur

of

value

has

different

confirms

direction

variation

the

as ka increases.

width

rectangular

iency

how sensitive

clearly

The dependence

the

the

behaviour

length

decrease.

its

to

behaviour

for

of

side

wave

example,

seros
kb

sin

of
0.

of
the
n'R(R"1,2*...

(5.3.2)).

equation

incident

The

for

a dramatic

illustrates

corresponding

wave direction

capture

maximum

the

This

distribution.
CWx

compared

shows the

is

included

Also

changes

V.

With

in

a change
quite

(5.3)

the

upon

X 10-6,

wave direction

(5.4)

Figure

but

demonstrate

results

changes

max

Figure

wave incidence,

but

wave direction,

incidence

0.47

8.3

as

in

changes

normal

as

how

To study

CW

2,

Cwa601 /2b

gives

to

sensitive

it

is

by Figure

width
In

the

long

has shown that

expected

(5.5)

bto.
upon

that

limit

strip.
the

b/a,
as
-4ao

and may also

for

normally

6/0.
9
as
00
V,
-.
P+or such

maximum efficCwm
x4b"'a
9

be shown analytically

follows.

From (5.3.3)

it

is

clear

that

C, (t)
(5.3.6)

26j
where

H11.11
c
ae
\c(
0
.

(5.3.7)

Now

1-4
by

x-

sine

I
(b
ly. sY,,;

(ax)

and substituting

this

becomes

((c,(I
-AA) dx
srw'

(5.3.9)

(Ca
l-a'tl
Swl[
Ges2b,
ax.
EiXl

,2-

l-x.
sL

ox

is

l;
s ,

`f
",

}1

C is

where
at

xt

tx
Lbx

from

to

x"-1

)x
-e

1
L7Ci
C
dX
SUwi

}1

-Q

a contour

kaxl
eL,
,
E
ko.
t
5z
)C)kld
`_
C'

dx

x"+1

passing

above

the

singularity

Thus

x"O.

(t

rC4S.

e1
-

1c%x)
sw,,= [6

K.
1-x'
xz
s

XISO

(I-e)}l

ZIT
x
The
Hence,

an

integrand
6 /a--'

in

bounded

except

near

and

Czb

(5.3.6)

--"

t-x
x=

I where

it

is

00

L. +o(t",
I-zn Lt sWLL
from

(59'3910)

it

1
z)

can

be

seen

(5.3.11)
that

b/a,
as
----1000.
70

(3.3.12)

The
angular

plate

derived

the

by

the

ing

force

result

The

The theoretical
is

patch

when there

between
From

the

volume

(5.2.20)

it

where

is

can

result

may be written

capture

energy

this

for

width

in

the

excit-

no diffracted
I.

width
to

again

given

be a simple
has

which

been

sug-

this

patch

a circular
which

is

drop

pressure
valid

provided

maximum capture

introducing

and pressure
that

now replaced

6(a)

again

the

for

no mechanism

is

has

absorber.

section

be seen

a CirculaPressure

of

rect-

(198ob)

qs

4,

sea-bed

In

across

a phase

through

width
difference

a turbine.

case

f1

(5.2.21).

by

given

theoretical

the

with

maximum

by (5.2.15),

WWICAACt"1
; rW
lo*

are

as given

is

flux

where

Chapter

the

a heaving

Evans

as there

maximum capture

can be satisfied.

examined

in

on

wave

Width

simply

(5.2.18)
is

of

bodies,

may be considered

a membrane

The Maximum Capture

5.4

the

plate

type

a possible

as

for

for

valid

(5.2.14),

to
As noted

expression

to

also
rigid

be evaluated

approximation

gested

For

X.

(5.3.3).

(5.3.2),

are

corresponding
force,

the

above

sea-bed.

may easily

and

first

the

on

exciting

waves,
by

presented

results

P't

Alternatively,

maximum

capture

to

result,

width

this

compare

(3.4.

'1)

as

Cw.=r2

MM1

(5.4.2)

where

QMaut

(5-4-3)
C

To evaluate

%,

radiation

problem

only,

(5.2.8).

The solution

it

ND
as

of

A and

the

in
0 can

radiation

sufficient

to

be determined

problem

the

consider
from

(5.2.6),

can be found

using

transformation

a Hankel
the

Cylindrical

polar

to

corresponds

the

`(4)

on the

centre

of

a is

the

..

-0

radius

transform

Hankel

of
)

of

potential

(iZ

z
f5')

i+

symmetry,

l4

and

potential

sea-bed

in

... (g,
cp

by

(4.2.3).

The

solution

in

although

thus

found

the

(5.6.6)

to

he

npplyinq

this

inverme

r"

09

patch.

by

r>c,

zado

(5.4.5)
distribution.

pressure

by (4.6.4),

with

The

replaced

it),:

(5.4.6)

z=d
on
,

ah.

in

E)-dependence

no

are

the

in

(4.6.4)

governing
+r,

from

condition

the

the

for

boundary

problem

(4.6.7),

required

different

with

(5.4.7)

Z VO"

and, from

z)

W.
by

satisfies

radiation

of

with

(5.4.4)

C)

there

that

auch

pressure

given

S (la)

chosen

zsd,

then

(5.4.8)

is

91 Kd
Hence,

for

rG.,

given

4)(r,

Y,

potential

(5.4.8)

4,

Chapter

(5.4.6)

that

given

the

) are

circular

circular

aZ

i. e.

the

ti
4%

`ti',
by4z

As in

is

transformed

The

as

manner

on

sea-bed

the

condition

l4z

1t

origin

boundary

free-surface

clear

disc

(r,

coordinates

iC1%"14)/az

The

a similar

an oscillating

and the

upwards

positive

where

in

zero

49 6(b).

Chapter

The

order

for

problem

radiation

z=d

of

is
4)

it

of

a radiation
the

?2
V

form

conditions

(5.4.9)

"%a)
transform

is

equations.

still
is

by

an

defined

by

(4.6.9)

de

A is

and

found

to

be

YjQYINt)
Z-210

P9

The

2 kA
(5.4.16).

(5.4.15),

from

r,

water-depth

As d -jopp

then
,

5.4.16)

OL.
`

infinite

corresponding

V,
4r.

may be deduced

results

from

(2.2.9)

k.. IK and hence

B -- ZTatw "Y.'(Ka) as
.0
P5
Similarly

(L)

W
5Xf
N
1
siw.
Zd,
The n th. term

of

the

infinite

S
(Kr-)y1(Ka
TC
0
sum in

d-.
ve.
as

A may be rewritten

,
Ca)
IBC
d
NSWi
aK1C
a2K,
Kd
d C=+k = kid)
where

be seen

can

Thus,
all

(2.2.12)

(2.2.10),

if

have

been

used.

All

"A2

L_L: 1/d* a(t/d=)

A2 (A1< A2) are
Akn<

that

A2

two positive

and,

numbers,

kid
; rk"6 Lic.
\ zKI,
4C
K4

it

O and

A2--s

op

then

the

sum over

CLr
Ck,a1(k,
L4
),
a)
a(ifds
X- K/d

^
AA,

Al
Al

given

d
kG)k,
C
(a>
l,
usw
s

dakrk
from

(2.2.10)

can be written

2K
Aj_

from

that

kn such

Letting

Also,

I(ua)K,CKa)d,
+Ks

't, ) (i)du

(5.4.16)

7h

d--*soo
as

d-i00,

[a

Pg

ou

The expressions

for

by solving

be found

the

transform.

Hankel

if

unity

is

for

the

just
large

zeros

the

radius

of

of

value

The
of

about

three-tenths

J1.

depth

it

but

the

for

2.05

ka

A/c(

just

as

B is
efficient

is

for

with

for

2.12

t3 shown

there

A as a function

a/d

some change

in

the

been

numerically

found

may

possibly
finite

(5.4.18)

which

is

ka

large

for
= 1.96

the

forc.

fd 41;

Ot(d

= 1.

for

Figure
disc

the

frequencies
The

in

the

two

behaves

as

cases.
O(ka)

7r

for

of

positive

infinite
a disc

waves.

at

a greater
is

zero

the

(see
at

L/d

to

at

at

zeros

equation

which

no

behaviour

asymptotic

An ka-+O,
while,

always

first

sea-bed

particular
produced.

if

incident

vanishes

number

In

occurs
the

(5.7)
on

that

ka.

the

zero

of
small

corresponding

of

first

value

exist

The

Y1 term

deep

surprisingly

pursued).

in

the

with

I and infinitely

has

are

disc

},

is

small

oscillating
exist

of

wavelength

in

down-

The computation

waves

different
the

ka

flux

volume

difference

that

},

induced

maximum value

phase

at

the

is

the

propagating
however

J1

found

the

its

the

term

change

term

damping

no again
outward

agree

in

been

A occurs

of

attains

number

not

oscillatory
zero

ka

greater

has

first

finite

It

integral

the

the

value,

(a

this

to

due

depth

For

the

exactly

produces

case).

-I

zeros,

dominates

and

can also
using

method

Q...

is

for

depth

depth

although

is

(5.6),

finite

Old

seven

surface.

Figure

infinite

that

free-surface

on the
in

given

its

A from

has

fluid

directly

by this

(5.2.7),

from

internal

the

Although

fluid.

(even

deep

problem

obtained

can be seen

when,

pressure

ka is

it

S0

across

applied
of

depth

The results

From ($. 4.5),

wards

infinite

infinitely

(5.4.18).

(5.4.17),

of

L1 and 11 in

the

damping

the

pressure

of
co-

D. O((ka)3),

distribution,

the
9

Aa ka --, eO

decays

disc

modulation

while

infinite

the

of

the

because

exponentially

) in

O((ka)q

amplitude

0 ((ka)-I)

is

term

damping

(or

is

distribution

pressure

damping

it

death).

coefficient
beneath

submerged

the

of

free

the

surface.

that

Note
to

tends
(5.4.4)

as ka ---i
the

zero;
it

can b*

and,

value

lrcp

first

P5

(5.8)

to
It

zero.

as

the

at

width

directly

the

at

0.4

is

the

maximum

reached

CW

it

value

(from

equation

of

%a=

ka.

(5.6.2)),

0.7

of

in

slightly
The

power
that

the

smaller

also

8 is

first

maximum

and

diminishing

of

QMX once ka is

of

accompahied

A occurs.
in

The

capable

occurs

at

in

gives

of

maximum
fluid;

of

about

finite

a marginally

capture

shown as a long-dashed

greater

maximum

(5.9),

Figure
is

device

maximum

70

before

repeated,

deep
and

attains

is

an absolute

infinitely

theoretical

is

zero

It

depth)

5 before

illustrated

be seen

can

(A=

maximum value
seventh

fluid

a second

behaviour

/20.1

amount

is

value

the
the

which

at

this

ka.

with

to

until

i7).

coefficient

rising

value

(9.4.

on the
the

when

rapidly,.

in

maximum

larger

3.8

t5.4. i9)

Q.

of

(depending

high

ratio,

Here

absorbing.

variation

increases,

ka

value

capture

From (5.2.6),

L-O

(5.4.16),

from

,Z

increases

o+s

6=

decrease

by a gradual
than

k0

a relatively

more;

once

zero

then

maintains

whereas

kc-O,

%-*o

the

shows

maximum at

decreasing

value

A can be found.

of

as
:

may be deduced

behaviour
Figure

a finite

that

seen

r_ \
-21Cc
75T \1 2)

This

to

(5.2.8)

from

its

A tends

limiting

qf --
thus

0,

width

curve.

depth

de

r
c
.

t
4a
0

ao

Ln

a,
:2

ei

ei

._

to
U)

L,

(0
O

...m
O.
0
N

N
a

iv

N
O

tp
O

t7
LL

p1

0.

I3
CO
N

po

.t

Opp

000
.
doo

0
Y
M

"I

o
11

co
ttl

-q,
.

C_7
LL

V. `

I-

sn
0

11

I,
/

'

L0
r. N

t
...
CL
a)
V

a,
c
c

-4

4J o
U,

"N

E2

r0

orn
U Z:
yo

1.

Y0

*
l
fv)

1
i
i

/i,

-4/,
1
-'
.'

U--

44

i`

NO
0

E
ff'

(5.8),

Figures

the

when

results

by

surface

As

(see

piston
to

has

a piston

the

In this

method

two

capture

may be written

treating

of
to

study

approaches.

for

width
in

the

rigid
form

an analogous
the

for

coefficient

free-

interest

of

the

of

light

internal

the

is

/20,

Aax

a rigid,

previous
it

the

thelA

case

the

results

(4.4.11))

by

replaced

and

(1981b),

by Evans

equation

(5.4.1).

been

CW

corresponding

Replacing

duct

between

given

is

fluid.

intersecting

difference

the

patch

deep

such

a free-surface
the

include

pressure

infinitely

in

piston

(5.9)

is

piston

given

by

the

m09M are

where

C Wepg

and

is

force

restoring

mass and added

the

on the

The. corresponding`B

for

icients
McCamy
of

his

the

present.
shallow
method

(1961)

buoyancy

is

piston

spring

the

8 and

only).
damping

usual

B are

by

given

}
/
ka.
'IC

These

although

transform

2i1 appearing
Subsequent
spheroid

an
It

coefficients.

(Ilulme,

by the

piston,

non-dimensionalised

respectively.

extra

(the

Aare

Hankel

using

the

respectively,

),
cQt(c
pi:
.

,$(w)

where stand

for

piston

coefficient

provided

a weightless

(M U-

a (w) pe

restoring
is

piston

coefficients

Thue,

coefficient.

buoyancy

the

mass of

of
1981),

can

in

his

work

by

be shown
and

that

these

the
ty

been

Ilulme,
0.05
this

77

and
view.

using

by

non-dimensionalisation
4A

asK&, *pej p-+%/S

asymptotics

approximating

coeff-

determined

not

should
the
a ring

disc

that

suggest

non-dimensionalisation

ratio

supports

in

appears

methods

aspect

have

coefficients

error

and damping

added-mass

by

s4lurce

be

..

McCamy's

Using

zero

one

only

ka

is

disc

rigid

disc.

rigid

and

in

(5.8)9

Figure

with

(b)

is

and

to

the

at
The

free

The
totiti:

is

ie(Iiiir,

con(lit.
the

by

is

atinin

'd

to

satiml'y

ict on

boundary

the

fluid

of

pressure

patch

difference.
(see
ka -

A
(5.9)).

Figure
O may be

to

his

(compare

scale
ka

due

in

errors

small

appears

slight).

Downward Duct

depth

d(d

to

distribution

The

method

of

in

Chapter

duct

(;.

of

as

l,. 6),

fr

shown

by

side

of

,,n

the

In

oquntion
Zcz
the

duct

while,
is

Figure

{liven

as

section.
radiation

addition,

and
.

in

circular

polare

previous

1.5)"

Ii.

of

cylindrical
the

solution

land

a depth

be satisfied

(2.; . ,) with
Lilo

in

patch

U'Place's

nn

a pressure

)'

>j

cl, os'ti

con4Iitioti
by

to

submerged

pressure

uiv(I

by

mouth-upward

system

qet-lrd

condition

the

duct.

the

duct

circular

surface

by

for

for

absorption

for

usod

in

ka

small

patch

extended

Mouth

patch

pressure

numerical

difference

for

the

as

the

that,

pressure

for

width

or

always

Solution

co-ordinate
the

for

(Irfine(I

the

the

has

over

curves

results

magnified

a vertical

cross-section
1).

two

is

be seen

can

expected

capture

A( EA)

(w

appreciable

a surface-pierciuo

method

Consider

(i.

the

wave-power

of

now applied

follows

the

The Three-Dimensional

theory

The

then

of

when

Formulation

5.5

there

that

between
is

when

for

are

it

conditions

depicted

which

computations,

holds

McCamy's

ax.

found

while

(3.8)

kn >z

is

divergence

apparent

errors

for

zero

conclusion

similar
The

to

2.1,

This

boundary

Only

falling

begins

the

of

is

difference
%

of

Figure

little

values

consideration

ka

at

From

very

it

results

occurs

ka > O.

there

162,

and

which

for

positive

corrected

boundary

the
from
by

(2.2.7a),

ii

h'
r

FIGURE (x. 10)

/r
the

As

for

for

4) is
fly

henc"

th

0
pressure

circular

of

the

symmetry,
solution

ov,- rma

form

defined

there'

is

of

L"I'McfOR

patch

in

QZ,! 5d

4,

the

t5 .
radiation

condition

by
Q
no
-dopendennce

equation

7"

by

in

the

problem

separation

of

and

variables

de

in

( r<

inner

the

Y'

q)

A,.

and

(r>,.

outer

p,

) regions

K-'
+

lo(Lr)Zn(z)

Cru)

'

yields

(5.5.2)

Cbo
n=o

is

An,

the

where

in

given
inner

the

are

the

As in

to

2.

The

particular

(5.4.4)

boundary

4,

Chapter

is

radial

in

terms

definition

of

solution

included

harmonic

clearly

the

Zn
in

and

also

(2.2.5).

condition

the

expanded

the

constants;

satisfy

sea-bed

r: a is

interface,

unknown
4,

Chapter

region

satisfies

n(Z),

velocity
of

the

at

the

vertical

cylindrical
sigenfunctions,

i. e.

ay_
Ic&"),
G.,
Z<t,,
Gt
fir
k4zt
p
r=
c,,
ot
Gt.

(5.5.4)

and

Al

(. )
+G,

Kzn

n"o

where

fo4
tl=K(z)Z

An,

(5.5.5)

After

has

been

An,
of

In

the

the

as the

in

unknown

inner

and outer

pressure

is

employed
(5.5.2),

regions

continuous

(5.5.6)

to

for

substitute

(5.5.3)"

the

Ito

this

Bn in
for

expressions

can be matched
over

An$

interval.

at

r-a,

0SZ

Hence

terms
w

k.
44

wo
and,

Rn defined

with

Z lz

(4.2.14),

in

as

this

0z1

(Z=-

U<_Zzk.

wLZ,

it.-6

The boundary

becomes

(5.5.7)

condition

(5.5.1)

gives

(5.5.7)

(5.5.0)

by (I/d)

Z
Kb
and,

by multiplying

over

the

region

of

validity

it

and adding,

ZM
is

(Z

),

found

integrating

that

Cam

rMnvK

(5-5-9)

tkib
in
CASs
where

C
(Expressions
The

equations

(4.3.7)

mouth-upward

duct

the

follows

solution

identical
defined
(5.5.12)

the

and

by

the
that

term

'? Nt" wL by

of

can

Appendix

IMO
in
for

(B. 12),

(8.13)
a1

13)
given

Chapter

(4.3.10),

to

(4.3.6),

now

the

B).

be reduced

(B. 11)-(B.

given

(4.3.14)

solution

in

decompositions

given

with

expression
as

the

(5.5.12)

given

(5.5.9)

equation

performing

decomposition

are

matrix
by

CK

D..,

for

complex

dz
Z,
4(z) ,

is
by

matrix

same

The
as

(B. 17)9

and

This

yields

with

the

is

defined

4, 3.
&,

unknown

respectively.

real

(4.3.7).
the

(4.3.11)when

two

C,,

for

the

thus
an
f13$,,
by

The
by

Absorption

Energy

Wave

5.6

flux

volume

(5.4.11)

q, r
in

where,

this

use

and

been

(5.4.11)

from

Thus,

made

(k

is

given

Al

(5,. 5.2),

of

it

free-surface

case

Ksp

has

internal

the

across

is

(5.5.5)

found

(4.2.6),

with

(4.2.7).

that

P3 Ot'-o,L (kota)
0

lo

a%1
Kksi.,
z21T
A and 1 are

The coefficients

by (5.2.8)

given

in

and substitution

) gives

(5.6.1

2=
P3

ib .

=o

2'mc -

Re(AK) Awisiw
kna

%J

(5.6.2)

l^" (9. ) N ;k
5"'K^d
ka

(5.6.3 )

n: o
The maximum capture
(5.4.3)
in

may now be examined

width

once. A and Q are

and the

evaluated,

using

(5.4.2),

are

presented

results

8.
is

It
A and

p3 for

clearly
the

pressure

circular

Chapter

found

in

those

found

using

to

possible
limiting
patch,
4.
the

The

use the

case

of

a zero

just

as

the
in

results

Ilankel

transform

Ou

methods
length

of

duct,

limiting
method

that

disc

oscillating
this

S 5,6

case
in

4.

to

determine

ia, a

results
agree

were
with

5.7

The

Scattering

The

complementary

scattering

by

(1970).

investigated

Garrett

in

duct

the

upon

free-surface,

absence

thus

The

internal

the

the

and

harbour'.

less

Problem

the

In
of

duct

relation
to

this

the

case,

duct

waves

has

the

applied

is

equivalent

to

Garrett's

induced

volume

flux

the

pressure

on

is

coefficient

been

incident

are

an

the

of

free-surface

for

problem

internal
'bottom.

$ across
(5.2.13)

by

given

as

ZTG

Qsls.

(5.7.1)

Ix)
hence (5.7.1)

may be used to derive

and this

provide

will

problem,

radiation

free-surface

free-surface

usual

now

must

the

for

to

radiation

condition

this

is

potential

written

given

the

and
the
by

(f

by

the

via

radiation

incident

some governing
for

(1970)

condition

and

is

that

this

the

which

The

wavetrain.

Garrett

internal

the

(5.2.4),

is

solution
applied

problem.
0
,

included
as in

in

[x

Chapter

displacement,
8,2

potential,

except

given

wave expansion

free-surface

the

B calculated

the

4)

now

wave potential

i
ment

for

as a cylindrical

Similarly

is

distribution

pressure

of

satisfies

potential,
which

account

The incident
written

$,

condition,

also

value

problem

by (5.6.3).

potential,

the

as

equations

on the

a check

given

The scattering

8 from the scattering

and

i /-LW)

(s

be
may
"
4, J 4(b),
the

displace-

1
can

be

as
00
x

(r

9)

'

E,, L"> /

=A

(r
M

Gv3 w,

ei

f,. ()
4 KZ

00
e. LM

GuSwe

Mso

11

(5.7.2)

t5 7 3)

00

A is

where
The

incident

the
flux

volume

wave

and

internal

the

across

r0

amplitude

(p4
is

free-surface

I).
by

g4ven

X(r
e)
de
00
A

-21iwA

(5.7.4)

(5.7.3)

(5.7.2).

and from

%o(c')rdr,

xo

Zsd

Hence

Only
induced
of

-z1[; wQ

the

flux

variables

as an expansion
for

the

the

terms

is

[(kr)
V (r, z) =

vertical

in 5.

If
it

j
are

is

found

n>
n

kp

p
=w
Z
vr,

and

matching

potential

1970,
the
Q%
,

at r"a

exactly
w
by 9

as

that

+
(s. 7. G)
a)

>

na)

ro CL

(5.7.? )
(r

zi(Z)

'

Mo

Garrett

replaced

I
'
ZCi.
`(L)
ka
4;
3
>
No ka.
r'

by separation

due to

eigenfunctions,
t,

the

determine

can be found

Kzn`Z)

(see

to

displacement

radial

(5.5.5)

in

necessary

potential

the

of

problem

radiation

respectively

This

and writing

(5.7.5)

bz
6
2'

Is.

in

rd

4?
z)
0(r,

potential

volume

a0

(2.2o),

equations
pressure

at

AtG,

given

811

G),

(2.22))
pL

zSk

as

for

the

radiation

"N

(z)

1l{KKZ

EZ0(z)

'00

and

zn(z)

(Garrett

1970,

(4.2.14)

and F0 is

=0

(2.29),

equations

(5.7.9)

kZ<d
(3.1)),

where

is

as defined

in

by

given

''''(LZca)r-;
Fa.z6Eit Lzos
(5.7.8),

Multiplying

(5.7.9)

Zy(a),

by (I/d)

integrating

and

yields

adding

. +

gom

K. ()
where

is

(equation

(5.5.10))

the

came

as

for

the

corresponding

radiation

problem

while

'
"-Doh%
Cw,
S
,
\c
in

Q,

where

given

by

}LCi, JMI.

(n. 13)

(5.7.11)

'

and

r
(L
cr -Y,
The

to

the

decomposition

complex

matrix

(5.7.12)
process

in

used

(5.7.10).

equation

Chapter
The

4,

coefficients

is

now applied
may be

written

sm

d,
i
Cw+
=
t

(c,,
,

d,
,

Br,

)
read.

.(5.7.13

and,

decomposed

with

e0

Co'w.{'

dorm

in

as

tMnCh,

3.7)

/
1.

(5.7.10)

equation

becomes

rw

(5.7.14a)

'

(. -codq
Vn"'

a_
r
tv,,, "`'

(I.

(5.7.14b)

n"1
where

both

systems
5

in

defined

are

then

clearly

c(

Jo)

cK

Sri

If

real.

Sw

is

`C

(5.7.13),

using

which,

%,zj

1Gj
()

No

given

(5.7.15b)
yields

CL)+L(CrSoG)
s

(5.7.5)

by (5.7.7),

for

evaluated.
this

agrees

As noted
wave

in

In

boundary

with

00

(5.7.17)

wo

scattered

flux,

Q Zr (d)
_A

method

the induced

(5.7.16)

is

Substituting

for

),

0,1, i"..

I(n-

las,

to the expression

Returning

as

.. "

Sw

finally

(c

(4-3-11)

of

(5.7.15s)

(y.
c0

solution

I
s0,

arb=

the

all

by
or

conditions

(5.7.1)

that

found

(1970),

when

local

transient

field

and

the

via

f! 6

value

radiation

of

be

B found

by

problem.
no

is
for

matching

B to

coefficient
the

computations,

Garrett

the

the

enables

subsequent
with

required
'o

(see

to

satisfy

equations

the
(5.7.6),

'

..

(5.7.7);

inside

hence

the

Z0(r)=

duct

(r')

(rG,
,

(5.7.4),

from

and

(5.7.1),

from

the

infinite

an

coefficient

is

equations

(4.4.8),

will

at

is

duct
the

of

square

0.

when

the

damping

Chapter

4,

the

of

term

Thus,

B vanishes

force

for

the

is

that

zero

by the

damping

force

(see

given

duct

above
5(6)"0

whenever

mouth-upward

as confirmed

the

since

exciting

to

argument

exciting

*a

in

A and

coefficients

A.

the

results

presented

not

zero

patch,

a similar

the

following

In the
duct

SIGKO)-

must

numerical

also

results.

and Discussion

Results

9.8

to

coefficient

.1 I

Consequently,

zero.

frequencies.

(4.4.9)),

C
vanish

pressure

proportional

damping

the

Hence

is

also

mouth-upward

show that

to

B is

of

the

for

flux

volume

circular

number

Clearly

hold

induced

coefficient

the

as for

exactly
at

the

8 are

limit

presented

in

'

-21Ta'

factor,

performance

to

order

the

number

the

of

Figures.

of

The

form

as

duct

using

proceeding

with

non-diaensionalised

2acJ$
w

Pg
It

is

a 'narrow-duct'
the
the

the

variation

of

patch

occurs

monotonically
A for

crence

from

the

zero.

C) before

p/,

with

4.

In this
for

and,

infinite

dopth

and

infinite

depth

value

87

cannot

1;

illustrates

19 a/d

"

k1

>1

when

of

is

there

case

0A

he detected

-}

A for

just

one

decreases

between
Pot

in-

and

-I

behaviour

difference

a slight
Qf

the

sharply

is

(5.11x)

Figure

KJG for

kjmi

There

mouth-downward

Appendix

of

of

near

the

6.

of

A an a function

pressure

to

of

(see

results

oontrasts

A which

values

by examining

This

depth.

zero

the

of
of

circular

begin

approximation

computation

finite

to

useful

the

the

on the

diff-

scale

in

used

(5.11a).

Figure

reaches

which

resonance

is

it

here.

to

Figure

(5. l1b)

aIf

J.

agrees

float

weightless

the

modelling
oring
imation
both

is

force

To examine

the

for

solutions
%6 are

the

predicts

of

the

the

the

maximum capture

agreement
is
the

less
duct

agreement
approximate

the

two

length

even
solution

are

the

solution
is

results

value
is

in

at

only
better.
will

For
not

its

duct
the

is

It
A agrees

two

solutions

rs

the

The

very

be so

good

0t

that

and

to

shown in

be

must
for

the
with

coefficient
this
over

40% at

k('2

is

when

the

of

(5.12).

Figure

bandwidth,

the

when

remembered

that

ducts

the

narrower

it

in

solution

good especially

diameter;

full

A comparison

a larger

it

case

closely

rising

indicates

larger

which

given

approximate

is

and

approx-

The

similar.

reasonably

duct

the

very

2].

rest-

same results.

found

[0)

spring

in

quantities

two cases

resonance,

twice

the

(: 0L
a 0.8,

7% at

curves

widths

the

its

than

is

(by

lit

narrow

absorption

increases.

approximate

between

of

as a means of

solution,

Kd

between

as
of

but

Although

values

system

approximate

(5.11b)

Figure
enclosing

produce

coefficient

discrepancy

value

shapes

/fa

the

all

increases

must

of

found

Q
/,
decr"
q,

width

the

Al.

with

are

external

since

of

a duct

the

depths

the

of

A/f*i4,1

for

the

wave-power

for

a greater

discrepancy

in

accuracy

for

expected

extraction

various

solution

is

value

which

shown in

(when

shown

variation

duct

a spring-damper

not

larger

bandwidths

for

sharp

coefficient

width

fluid

is

and

a slightly

results

system,

flow

power

solution

full

B shows

the

computed

approximate
the

take-off

uniform
of

deep

to

This

at

extremely

depth

non-dimensional

(1978)

attached

mechanisms

finite

narrow

infinitely

zero).

assumes

have

Evans'

power

the

an

A"Oq

when

maximum capture

an the

for

with

exactly

the

B has

value

that

curves

narrower

The curve

term

maximum value

shows

Both

become even

eases.

a maximum

smaller

damping

however,

noted,

has a slightly

when

The

expected
wavelength

that
of

the
the

)'

U)
N
O

II

C
U,

C7
LL

r-

fV

-41

du

2
a

v3
1

FIG (5.11b)

a/d-1/8;

kl

t/d=1/2.

------

exact

approximate

v
N

U
1

t
t

FIG (5.12)

Kd

of

waves is

incident
For

is

duct

Kcl

of
ing

its

given

in

between

be

coefficient

first

zero

in

(5.14c)
is
The

very

for
little

theoretical

(5.14c)

as

maxima

at
in

from

various

id
C.

LA

variation
maximum
a dashed

line,

are

value
will

width

bandwidth

It

t /d

of

It

(when

results

that
in

factor

/Zo,
over

"
width
with.

34.)

of

)l /Z1T
the

A is

are

the

patch

the
is

results

similarly
in

also
for

Figure

t1d

small
range

curves
pressure

given

for

the

determining

corresponding

that

noticeable

as
A"O).

appears

pressure

zero

together

closer

1
Idwhen &/at . g,

first

KS

of

Ut

of

its

the

11 increases

Important

width

CW,

together

value

+4 and

the

is

capture

I& move

corresponding

capture

in

an

instance,

-1,

of

upon

increases

values

(5.14b).

is

length

duct

length

value

Figure

of

minima

the

position
.

some

the

of
duct

maximum

/I
6t

appearance

The

width

capture

smaller

a smaller

curves.

&/1

As the

and
The

width

The

upon

. t.

effect

progressively

be seen

as

when

occurs

a better

although

the

For

wo great

maximum

damp-

bandwidth

capture

than

the

illustrates

for

maximum

greater

the

diameter

a/Ct

at

is

value

value

of

the

the

of

the

value

while

maximum

coef-

radius

and

maximum

the

of

that

seen

duct

attained

the

in

dependent

the

duct

results.

patch

be

can

can

of

difference

Curves

magnitude.

is

The

When aid.

first

the

behaviour

not

its

larger

non-dimensional

is

case

than

and

shape

each

of $ occurs

increase

the

increases

A, when Q/d

addition,

Its

a/0S

(5.14a)

the

increases

it

for

achieved

and

less

Figure

In

as

in

the

is

the

affects

A decrease

of

decreases

(5.13c).

Figure

values

diameter.
when

As

zero.

decreases.

(5. igb)).

Figure

} and

peak

/d,
0.

zero

increases;

curve

always

A is

similarly

(see

the

first

duct

k9=1

parameter

its

the

near

occurs

of

to

compared

how the

position
so

which

at

A. O

is

the

large

resonance

shows

increased,

term

of

(5.13a)

A and

ficient

duct

a narrow

Figure

zero;

no longer

there

KAICO-3j1'53.

shown
the

on Figure
circular

pressure

(which

patch,
the

(shown

patch

assertion

as

are

also

that

it

shown
is

1979)

it

while

the

depth

40-50m.,

The

a
its

has

value

the

width

capture

rises
than

(shown

The narrow-duct
(indicated

range

approximation

is

to

width

reaches

its

values

of

all

of

the

of

(Ala

in

shown

brings

the

this

range.
/d+ct

for,

overpredicts
is

as expected,

for

width

the

QIC
'e

fixed

(5.16).

Figure

within
the

shown,

yy-i

theoretical

(5.1$)

and,

e%

"

.3

maximum capture

maximum value
Ci/0(

noted,

1f

i. e.

is

the

Q/Gt

for

for

within

Figure

of

for

that

' The approximation

as previously
duct,

narrower

be reached

water

duct

enabling

shown in

in

' whereas
A longer

koLE Co)2)

20-29th.

order

(9.15)

Figure

can be seen

attained.

line),

values

and various

a/d

For

>, j

Ktf i C4&1

range

maximum capture

width

but,
is

ratio

less

0.4.
The

maximum

possible

the

turbine

in

constant

of
curves

width

contained

capture

width

results

width

capture

the

are

are

al/G(

Kot 2

when

as a dashed

The behaviour

than

It

of

Thus,

in

(Long,

buoy

value.

shown

116.

by x and o respectively).

for-the

CNMU/1a,

unity

the

maximum capture

better

above

more realistic

is

typically

are
is

of
0.4

using

diameter

this

of

variation

justify

clearly

Belfast

duct

values

values

A into

of

zero

a quarter

parameter

greater

maximum,

for

is

the

pressure

approximation.

University

that

the

b)),

now examined

Queen's

suggested

length

never

of

values

the

the

and different

.I

first

been

duct

maximum

/d

For

values.

(5.14a,

draft

is

width

for

results

Figures

on

a shallow

The maximum capture

parameter

The

crosses).

capture

proportionality

in

the
the

curve.

the

is

real

envelope

in

presented

when

to

is

system

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far

width

proportional

when

so

the

'tuned'

defined

drop

Fort
' given

rho

flow

rate

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a particular

the

it

through

positive.
to

by

section

volume

pressure
and

this

across
the

and

actual

capture

wavenumber
maximum

appropriate

by (5.2.21),

indicate

is

chosen

to

0
N
'O
cD

"..
.-

0-

Ln
f4

m
r

Lt.

11

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LL

"
L1

0,

C)

Ln

Uo

..

fV

0
N

0
Y
to
r-

N
1
r-Lf,

oU)

I-

11

10

O
Lt,
C

r,
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NIN

P
N

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Y

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r-

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i
1

n
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ov
WL

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E
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I,

0
N

x
X

d
L
I
X

a
X

11
X
X
X
X

in
o

LP

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x
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Y
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ow
LL

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N

r-.

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x

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co
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6

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)
11

19

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0

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x
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n

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i

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a maximum capture

give
the

the

trates

capture

actual

K6d=t

Chapter

4,

defined

in J5.

equations,

these

duct
the
It

coefficients

in

region
for

I/N

in

the

when the

tuned

infinite

systems

and the
4, 6

Chapter

when the
are
in

illus-

wavenumber,

the

in

capture

widths

this-case
the

linear

also.

values

of

and the

resonance

be larger

to

needs

in

extrapolation

of

produced

better

40,50

than

real

made concerning

narrow,

near

systems

rather

comments

is

of

and mouth-downward

apply

duct

accuracy;

T 80j90

(c)

large

very

the

computing

mouth-upward

similar

maintain

using

zero

(5.17)

Figure

this
results

Conclusion

5.9

theory

The

ducts

by

different

of

maximum

capture

example

of

the

,, hallow

been
In

has

disc
the

the
of

when
volume
As

air-turbine.

understanding

for

width

capture

between

oscillating

has

been

The

for

problem,
behaviour

of
it

is
flow

the

not
rate

this

through

of

simplified

and
duct
model

a mouth-downward

draft.
4) 1

of

to

possible

mouth-upward

study

is

this

of

analyse

upon
duct

a circular

part

duct

direction

mouth-downward

to

used

distri-

pressure

to

first

the

rectangular

wave

surface

applied

cross-section.

influence

situation

realistic
erence

circular
width

the

maximum

Evans(1981b)

approximation

and

rectangular

by

absorption

configurations.

draft

shallow

wave-power

of

derived

butions

the

to

then

wavenumber

here.

results

The

For

that

two

of

required

N retained

order
to

is

A and

terms,

of

number

the

however,

was found

behaviour

solution

very
in

duct

mouth-upward

the

the

are

systems

a particular

(5.2.19).

from

width

A and Be

and coefficients,

at

1&x
CA

and.
As in

value

may be found

width

capture

width

Chapter

ducts

of

theoretical

the

provides

a useful

device

performance.
in

examined
introduce

is
duct

more

a phase
drop

pressure
and

the

diff-

across

corresponding
very

helpful

which

is

in
not

of

The second
duct

downward

draft.

maximum

A/211

For

The

duct,

whereas

maximum

of

near

is

For

maximum is

when
width

ducts

achieved

when

of

at

mouth.
is

no restriction
its

a local

maximum

1fq,

is

placed

theoretical
value.

near

occurs

sI

it

small,

intermediate

an

the

with

attains

this

small,

draft,

shallow

theoretical

concerned

Q reaches

and

a/9

L=2

happens

is

capture

zero

when

a duct

for

Chapter

crone-section

A is

when

a narrow

this

of

circular

of

its

upon

part

initially
the

configuration

between

a wavenumber

these

two

extremes.

The high
related

are

to

the

12cL

) of

W
bandwidth

the

A wide

but

their

A better

by
ducts

a duct

with

21C_' *
depth

/d+
p
of
in

in

possible

width

does produce

maximum capture

width
this

is

curves
curves

width

40m.

ducts

which

might

have

The

but

case

narrow,

much better

are

ratios

ratios

very

with

invariably

almost

Ild

3i(.

K d., z1.7

large

is

performance

when

determining

and

Bhow

wavenumbere

For

ration.

9 any.
in

narrow

it good
This

example,

the

' u

20m

which

the

it

pointless

is

the

of
duct

required
with
duct.

but

in

water

duct

of

Gld"'c

parameters

choice

is

draft

be

An example

one with
of

can

shallow

the

together
of

of

length

performance

shape

bandwidth)

structures.

that
over

factor,
the

nor

high

a reasonably

of

a broad

neither

clearly
of

sense

with

have a diameter

range

width

the

coupled

excessively

reRulte

capture

important

are

a reasonable

the

ratio

width

would

(in

performance

overall

which

influences

high

are

open tubes,

capture

achieved
these

unity

duct

a narrow
in

occurs

which

Maximum capture

maximum capture
duct

for

a half.

than

maximum

(1949).

than

draft

near

resonance

& Wiegel

the

of

obtainable

manometric

greater

or shallow

bandwidths
lese

widths

by Isaacs

discussed
(C

capture

k tat

of

parameters

can

achieve

to

choose

in

structural

the

region
costs,

has been

It
duct

can

found

plate,

of

distance

below

the

may

be other

different

ways

duct
of

favourable
improved

'I
concerning

duct.

interaction

better

achieving
shape
Finally,
of

diameter

(Whittaker

mouth

devices

the

the

& Murray,

or,

as

Lighthill

as

noted

in

arrays

of

a flat

than

results,

in

performance

introducing

by

larger

slightly

cross-sectional
a tapered

using

improved

be significantly

circular

that

experimentally

such

could

horizontal

duct,

a short

1981).

There

as

(1979)
Chapter

the

4,
result

choosing

suggests,
the

possible
in

an

performance.

should
the

like
limit

to

thank
analysis

Dr.

W. G.
in

Boyd

6 3.

93

for

his

helpful

suggestions

CHAPTER 6

MEAN FORCES ON CYLINDERS

6.1

Introduction
The

three

previous

characteristics

absorbing
column

devices.

bodies

in

is

waves

the

understand

the

problems.

To study

in

terms

of

oscillating

energy
water-

hydrodynamic

force',

is

it

aspect

in

first

linearised

of

the

velocity

potential

problem

are

expanded

as

parameter

to

necessary
water-wave

problems

the

the

with

force.

mean

involved

dimensionless

some

of

types

'mean

approximations

inherent

functions

: the

term

such

concerned

a different

chapter

examined

defining

Before

in

this

been

different

of

In

have

chapters

and

other

perturbation

(usually

series

taken

to

be

the

i
These

slope).

wave
fluid

motion
to

according
conditions

is

E is

known

of

in

described

and

the

the

power

problem

ly

as

is

accurate

known

also

the

vxplnnntion

of

Wehausetn

& Laitone

(1960).

When waves
Ilea

in

To

waves.
same

it

fluid,

a cycle

incident

the

body

as

to

the

tnk,, nn, there

al

is

upon

force

and

not

orders

-o p

which

F.

eon

mean

first-order

increasing.

this

reason

A more
be

force

when

The'

becomes
for

is

higher-

of

floating

in

this

and

can

is

oscillatory

g)f

coefficient

of

and

a hydrodynamic

or

boundary

a sequence

procedure

and

are

approximation.

a body

is

the

which
E

wave

wave
no

equations

higher

perturbation

incident

grouped

this,

parameter

experiences

the

first-order

frrgUjPncy
is

are

terms

approximation

infinitpaim

drtailed

When the

problem

to

perturbation
the

an

of

linearised

corresponding
an

equations

to

or

hence

of

the

corresponding

Tn addition

2.

is

the

system

first-order

exists

first-order

a sequence

The

Chapter

into

substituted
conditions.

of

the

as

are

boundary

created.

problems

order

series

time,

found

in

or

submer-

due
having

a time-average
force.

to

the
the
over

Although

the

second-order

or

in

have

general

is

Chapter

than

magnitude

the

time-averaged

a non-zero

concerned

this

with

first-order

mean second-

force.
The

This

weak.

izontal

or

ship

unanchored

on ships

moment

elender
momentm

waves

has

been

examined

are

also

thought

submersible

and
by

application

first

part

Bristol

on the

force

force

behaviour

is

clearly

standing

its

The analysis
(1963)

found

proceeded

that

who noted
of

the

mean
either

fixed,
oscillation.

forces

on

forces

also

and
semi-

of

bodies

been

with
by

studied

in

significance

for

wave

power

with

the

mean

devices.
vertical

Preliminary

power.

absorbing

and an under-

of

neutrally
solution

method

force

second-order

circular

1)1-

the

of

problem

submerged

of

are

desirable.

mean

and

which

can he appreciable

first-order

method

has

a generalisation
the

freely-floatillg
The

is

investigation

on a comprehensive

second-order

forced

in

presented

knowledge

from

when it

Cylinder
this

experiments

Ogqilvie

concerned

that

suggest
of

is

submerged,

instability

practical

problems

of

Mean

devices

mooring

Chapter

this

(1967).

submerged

or

has

problem

Newman

and

1979)"

& Kuo,

power

wave

of

force

bodies

the

of

cause

hor-

mean

drift

motions

(1971).

on floating

This

present

can
of

& Newman

the

by

on such

(Martin

and

(1977).

force

the

that

bars

sand

Longuet-Higgins

Lee

force

The mean horizontal

to

effect

be

to

The

vertical

its

platforms

offshore

large

can cause

restoring

displacement

investigated

been

the

when

time.

of

the

where

a significant

period

has

bodies

buoyant

in

result

situations

hydrodynamics

ship

a large

force

The mean vertical

neutrally

can

over
in

in

arises

force

drift

in

important

be

can

mean-force

is

force

The

in

smaller

does

and this

mean value

order

an

it

force,

oscillatory

is

force

the

first-order

cylinders
buoyant,
presented

in

then
and

which
or

be

could

Ogilvie

only.

of

are

undergoing
this

Chapter

iN

Ogilvie's

enables

buoyant

neutrally

force

is

cross-section

Newman (1967)
to

used

express

(1977)
the

due to

to

illustrate
of

the

mean

is

force

fixed

and

force

on the

on

made

is

forces

with

depth

A comparison

in

on

submerged

of

freely

float-

Bristol

examined

the

second

cylinders
part

of

and Lee & Newman (1971)tmomentum

the

force

mean vertical
mean horizontal

force

of

and

arbitrary

Chapter.

this

As

is

force

integral

examined

deeply

submerged

is

made between

(1963)

Ogilvie

and the

it

and

this

fixed

or

for

results

that

expression
freely-

approximation,

exact

free

appears

by a simple

and either

the

over

Longuet-Higgins'

to

reduces

is

may be

arguments

as an integral

can be approximated

A comparison

imation

agrees

is

cylinder

floating.

force

wavenumber,

first-order

force

undertaken

mean vertical

when the

with

It

cases.

presented

mean horizontal

the

The surface

result.

special

depth.

mean

the

while

surface,

the

of

the
of

fluid

of

are
force

vertical

with

as

freely-floating

horizontal

mean

corresponding

behaviour

effect,

A study

in

the

frequency.
the

with

The

the

also

tuning

the

and

recovered

Results

mean

together

cylinders

cylinder.

the

fixed

be

for

expression

and

submergence

ing

to

cylinder

of

variation

vertical

the

Longuet-Higgins.

to

due

that
the

the

that

shown

for

results

an approxcircular

cylinders.

in

The formulation
in

given
of

(x, z)

in

the

and

analysis

velocity

of

formulation

he used
the

(1963)
is

potential
in

Chapter

Cartesian

2.

z will

Ogilvie's

with

the

Chapter

this

order

the
this

of

Secondly,

notation.
not

immediately
that

(x, y)

represent

part

the

the

96

average

are

complex

Chapter{

removed
time

different

slightly

co-ordinates
to

first

in

from

chosen
number

this

is

time-dependence
but

is

may be

retained
taken.

that

instead
z-x+iy
consistent
of
during

the

(a)
6.2

Mean Forces

on the

Bristol

Cylinder

Formulation
Consider
fluid

deep

that

is

the

cylinder
centre

the

of

cylinder

k*

Cartesian
free

undisturbed
centre,

as

radius

a depth

at

M/,

that

y-O
of

position

its

with
such

surface,
such

a circular

below

the

shown

and

in

infinitely

undisturbed

free

(x, y)

coordinates
surface

in

submerged

y.

-h

are

is

chosen

the

(6.1).

Figure

FIGURE((. i)

When a regular
cyl

inderrthe,

take-off
of

its

sway

cylinder

mechanism.
motions
and

heave

wavetrain

of

remporuirz
Its

parallel

resultant
to

the

frequency
the

under

motion
x and

respectively.

"7

is

incident

constraints
is

y axes,

of

upon
the

power

a linear

combination

i. e.

motion

its

the

in

11
first-order

linearized

The

Laplace

two-dimensional

the

/a

Zi'

and,

the

(D
Z

fluid

to

V(

(2.2.6)

in

but,

been

95(E)1

directions

x, y
at

0.5 5 --,
to

correspond
the

case,

(0

f (E))

X=

(6.2.3)

o _oo,
(2.2.2),

equations

time-dependence

the

cylinder

normal

to

the

surface
is

given

the

the

of

iss

that
to

equal

the

the

the

of

time

at

Then

"

surface,
is

displacements

that

q(t)

= -h+

on

poiinto

be

respectively,

dition

that

deep,

(2.2.4)

velocity

and
potential

retained.

Let

is

this

infinitely

be

'---r

(6.2.1)-(6.2.3)

Equations

has

condition

/b

assuming

satisfies

=v

surface

potential

equation

i/as
7IG24,

free

linearimed

the

velocity

tj

the

cylinder

in

the

cylinder

centre

boundary

con-

linearized

component

normal

of

velocity

the

body
the

of

velocity

fluid

at

by

rcc1c6.2.4

where
fluid

')
n, s (VI%
)rt:
at

the

-our fact-,

cylinder
The

defined

first-order

by

integrating

in

Chapter

the
2,

in
(x, z)

point

the

linear
fluid

the
and
by

normal
S,

is

slt

the

undisturbed

cylinder
position

into
of

the

the

s 7iGz-+t-1
force

oscillatory
pressure

from

vector
the

over

thus

911

the

on

surface

the

cylinder
s as

is

found

explained

aC/ n.450
i,
where

the

time-average,

upon

the

the

linearised

mean

the

on

his

did

Yt

6.3

In

on

its

of

effect

of

in

length

by

a pair

to

the

via

sea-bed

of

characteristics
be

replaced

proportional

by
to

power

motion.

of

at

mean

nods

cacti

mechanism

To begin

with,

of

length

the

are

extension

direction,

time-averaged

quantity.

to

undertaken
of

the

consider

Bristol

detercylinder

a cylinder

(L
L
5>a)
to

attached

pumps,

and

of

depth.

end

pumps

the

is

analysis

take-off

finite
is

the

+..
1.

(6.2.6

Cylinder

hydraulic

sprinuus
the

the

of

cylinder

cables

of

the

fluid

the

Suppose

indicates

a non-rigorous

section,

equations

finite

by at

in

force

mean second-order

Motion

of

this

the

mine

the
followed

Equations

the

can

--t

K41

2()

denotes
overbar

depend

details

here;

given

cxt

and the

the

can be expressed'as-

it

where

an

upon taking

not

Further

is

result

obtained

be determined

could

problem.

corres-

and,,

force

it

i1,2

(1963)

cylinder

second-order

first-order
only

Here

Ogilvie

potential;

(1963),

force

second-order

force

velocity

in Ogilvie

be found

direction,

respectively.

that

second-order
the

4-t

the

second-order

noted

from

solely

in

x, y directions
for

expression

force

the

the

to

ponds

is

(6.2.5)

dampers
and

as

to

respectively.

41'.
)

be

have

which
of

cylinder

in

shown

assumed

rate

the

is

and

and
(6.2).

Figure
linear

so

extension

of

the

down

anchored
The

that
to

a resistance

held

they
motion

cables

can

(G. 2)

FIGURE

Let
the

the

when

the

is

fluid
70

tenoiou,

CAI)1P

length
in

The cylinder

vertical.

that,

be of

cables

I
designed

uttdisturbed

>0

is

inclined

and

to

and

the

at

be positively
cylinder

to

buoyant

so

an angle

is

at

rest,

by

given

,
4r, cast CND-M,
RO)VC)
niul

Where
mo,as nrfff
meaeured
if

MI

the

relative

per

unit

the

cylinder

are

the

m8RM of

cylinder
cylinder
centre

mass

fluid

displaced,

('

the

respectively,

./)

length.
is

displaced

I(K)

by

then,

cylinder
all

the

0
the

under

linear

of

assumptions

the

easily

be shown

OA, OB,

of

extensions

it

is

that

required

(v/JII,

f(4)/Lk<'
and

theory,

e.v
%Ikj
by
On

denoted

respectively,

can

be

to

(6.3.2)
SSW'L I'M

cbb ='

When the
mined

cylinder

is

in

'C

the

motion

(6.3.3)
in

tensions

cable

OA, OB are

deter.

by
A

sik)
w"

T4
where
cable.
cables

/2
(

hence

the

are

)&

The force
is

on the
found

in

cylinder

to

and damper

spring

the

x-

constants

direction

of

each

due to

all

in

following

the

be

i=''-

This

has

result

analysis

mathematical
f lui(l,

been

thins

Cl

tho

Limit

asp

ZPssr'e
jam'r,
co53
-2

derived

for

the

cylinder

9---O

Op

-2,

finite

length
in

gsi"^. Zt

10 1

to

considered

)n

should

cables;

tnkcu

for

the

be in

consisteuucy,

infinitely

deep
Wince

.
(6.3.5)

9
A comparison

the

of

terms

the

comprising

coefficent

in

(6.3.4)

parameters,

so

of

gives

(2ro
k
using

0-05;
values

realistic
(6.3.5)

that

represents

he

can
to

due

direction

y-

tliat,

in

the

cables

cables

the

force

on the

be written

can

are

depend

forces

L and

by

the

when

These

(6.3.4)

of

without

in

cylinder

be

can
C,

writing

only

"

splayed

written

the

displacement

forces

as

C2=CZ

per
and

2 oes6'r &-

(6. g. 6)

symmetrically,

the

upon

5kr

the

a#

2 coer ql

direction

each

approximation

that

shown

Cz
Note

design

cylinder

argument.

it

Similarly

Bristol

a reasonable

a limit

considering

the

of

in

that

length

unit

forces

cable

direction.
by

dividing

thus

j)

Cs-- -2 ticC4 t j _. 2g C't

l1
be :

where

These

g,

when
forces

implicitly
lible

upon
the

idealised

length

assumed

Nonce
ryI

unit

effect

i'iilrr

is

cylinder

per

length

finite

of

the

give

equati'on`s

on a cylinder
the

are

throuUhout
the

equations

may he wr i tten

fluid

hydrodynamic

cable

in

deep

fluid.

as

being

of

assumed
that

to
the

In

forces

per

the

following

infinite

be acting.
cables

length,
It

has

themselves

analysis,
the

same

also

been

have

neg-

motion.
of

motion

of

as

of

uoL,

the

idealised

length

unit

two-dimensional

AV

[4.2
o
M
Gc t
4Zacdtrf
1,
1,1,
(1976)

Evans
100% in
tuning

power

has shown that

aborption

2 oes

t4
141,
)B 1t 'l

in

(heave)

sway

the

depth,
identical
Hence

from

(6.3.8)

Ku)
4

(m.

(Ogilvie,

1963),

(6.3.9),

(6.3.10)

2ps4i

an efficiency
W.

the

of

following

For

added-mass
the

added-mass
i. e.
it

(6.3.9)
,

and
in

cylinder
damping

and

141141,.
is,

t --

S1.

2 p(. e -r
s *tas

GJo

the

are

,1)

heave

and

attain

frequency,

1'ltiwo

respectively.

sway

to

order

a particular

(mo;

-c "

cost Z-

,c,

in

(6.3.8)

be satisfied

must

conditions

where

at

= i' a

()

-=

(6.3.

3
damping
fluid

to)

coefficients
of

infinite

coefficients

are

K)
say.
that

required

V-

45

and

(6.3.7),

become

S 4 OC&= (f,

MIo;S

(6.3. ii)

(t)
,

the

while

tuning

(6.3.9),

conditions

(6.3.12

(6.3.10)

to

reduce

(6.3.13)

giving
G. /1

total

Solution

wave power

of

the

absorption

Linear

fi. rgt-order
and

an exciting

force,

it
force.

W =(,Jo.

Problem

force

The mean R cold-order

at

cannot
{Irnce

is

lion-linear

be written
the

as

and thus,
the

decomposition

1O

sum of
of

the

unlike

radiation
velocity

the
forces

into

potential

(2.2.15))

equation

is
E

total

(1950).

following

The

detailed

more

The

The

of

(see

potentials
in

a solution

in

has

problem
the

method
in

necessary

found

terms

the

of

Ogilvie

been

determined

later

the

is

solution

of

(1963),

analysis.
who

gives

method.
(x, y, t)

may be written

an

Z"X+i. t,.

wtre
,

incident

a wavetrain

of

potential

outline

' (zt)

(x, , t

'

linear

potential

velocity

the

be

radiation

sought.

Ursell's

of

and

results

can

precis

is

an

with

results

and

performed

of

Only

together

here,

given

not

solution

general

Ursell

potential

(x, y, t)

potential
The

by

a scattering

from

(6.4. i)
in

00
t+
.

then

by

given

(2.2.14))

(see_equation

A
(6.4.2)

total

the

and

t(Z., t)

potential

cc f'+o(Z, t
,
where
(see

n,

)c)

D),

Apperrdix

out joins

waves

in

of

The

terms

unknown

boundary
mrnt s

which

Iq

'g(E) =

are

which

na Y-*

00

the

normal

cylinder

docomImmo

l ntt

s Wtt

as

singularity

form

also
of

$,

(6.4.3)

(6.2.1)-(G.

; they

and

*=

of

satisfies

on the

91

a set

velocity

0(h

constants

are

qh1

expressed

(z,E niz,

plft

each of

only

condition

K.

and

may be

are

given

the

potentials
2.3)

and represents

a complete

fluid

determined

by (6.2.4).

not

on

r-a

be expanded.

can
by

If

applying

the

the

displace-

Go-sWt,

(6.4.4a)

V)aq, 5w-of -t r !,casWE,

lull

(6.4.4b)

becomes

then

`Czti

wEtcsN+
ar.
cwwE- sr.wf,
:

cow-

= wcosI,

(6.4.5)

&A r -z rA,

Cr, B)

where

that

such

centre

polar

coordinates

(9= 0

corresponds

are

with

origin

the

to

the

at

positive

cylinder

i. e.

y-axis,

x-rsin

6,

rcas9.
-k4
Substitution
the

involving

of
unknown

expressions

fK,

solutions

6.5

Evaluation
The velocity

first-order

and

by

(Ogilvie,

-wad,

(6.4.4a,

equations
h)

it

is

of
found

of

displaceto

give

displacements

and

(see

equations

use the

be

found

from

terms

equations

which,
to

in

in

of

of

the

motion

turn,

enables

unknown
of

the

the

be evaluated.
(6.2.5)

and

are

given

(37))

1 1s

- _[ Ka
the

to

forces

can

1963, equation

V. (f)-1rp

Using

undetermined

the

of

systems

displacements

forces

F.t)=W

is

second-order

first-order

The

terms

equations

le)).

atop

the

mean

of

may be uncoupled

may now be expressed

potential

determine

to

seta

Forcea

The next

displacements.
cylinder

the

of

in

infinite

(D. 3)-(D.

as yet

equations

and

two

r of

D, equations

Appendix

these

four

yields

and the

coefficients

0(,, ) gti A

for

(6.4.5)

into

As shown by Ursell,

ments.

the

(6.4.3)

H,,wt- K'twa)w{
\2

(LCe1-t4Ar,,

+waw

motion

(6.5"a)

ko,
(6.3.11),

that

1/ i

(6,3.12)

(6.5* lb)

aswE
together

with

de

`3

"

L) +

Sig.rst+ 2a

ylS'`rah+Itsc*

-moW

(Z if
k -i&

sw.
wt
1,

-Wu.

Me

gat+
wwt
sn,

r4)GS
*C

(6.5.

Za)

(r1IWewt-YJ15h. ,
t
FTSw1.. +1=CrtWt
ll
Ply
(6.5.2b)

(Ic"

yalp

where

s".uE

Mo,

o
2S,

l3ceswt-

VZ
is

the

fluid

mass of

displaced

by the

cylinder

per

length.

unit

Substituting
the

for

four

unknowns
by

simplified

(D. 3)

from

$,

and

(4-1)2)

t`

and

_gL

be#f

for

These

four

yields

equations
may be

equations

writing

L.
A

r(
00

(6.5.3)

N^

(6.5.4)

w
after

and,

(see

some algebra

Appendix

D), it

Kk

-s.

zr
From

(,
aek',
Y1
t~/z--c/)
1wza Ka
('1st

cylinder

is

also

freely

F,. ne'
follows

possible
floating

it

can be shown that

can

(SSF,

i-/z)'4

bei seen
path

to

Ogilvie's

recover

cylinder

and for

Vi24
I5t;

3(f)sk(E+Jr/

that

a circular

-Si

(6.5.51))

as

expected

results

a fixed

1(1O

and

(see

for

cylinder.

Evans,

1976).

a neutrally
From

so

the
It

buoyant,

O
term

first

the

since

dependent

the

whereas

the

on

to

a neutrally

buoyant,

is

essentially

an 'infinitely

rn0=t'`o,

and

of

(6.5.3)

Thus

9 "r

right-hand-side
is

term

second
freely

(6.5.6)

not.

floating

cylinder

-O
The

cylinder.

damped'

is

frequency

corresponds
fixed

cylinder

and so taking

the

results.

These

limit

P 00

indeed

to

form

cases

special

found

that

Now that

the

the

determine

the

should

mean force

the

recover

useful

b)

cylinder

on the

checks

(6.5.5a,

fixed

to

reduce

Ogilvie's

displacement

cylinder

may be rewritten

has

force.

mean second-order
in

throughout

analysis

terms

and

found,

it

it

the

complex

Using

and

(see

can be shown

(6.5.5a,

b)

Appendix

2Tf
_

D)

mean

force

potential

Cm-tt)

Note
c"cc,

that

may be evaluated,

EN%+%

M4/zi

is

zerr.

=0
Thin

6.5.9)

TCL

for

it

2k{

m(m+1)

and

4,
)

(-

3 !1e

(6.5.7)

that

S,
x

for

Zkk
g

A
211P9

the

possible

(6.2.6)

The expression

ds
rL".
(6.4.3)

is

results.

been

of

it

and

for

Ii.

ntul

pp

the

vnlUian

107

mean
of

the

horizontal
mean

vertical

I,

F.

force

Ogilvie's

with

agree

(1977)

Longuet-Higgins
floating
calculated

once

amplitudes

are

has

bodies

submerged

or

the

incident,

known,

and

in

both

that

for

results
shown

the

force

may be written

be

may

transmitted

and

force

cases.

tiro-dimensional

horizontal

mean

reflected
this

limiting

wave
as

-IT
Tare

Rand

where

and

respectively,

incident
there

the

reflection

and transmission

for

the

force

in

of

For

waves.

the

no reflected

are

acts

the

it

cylinder

direction

is

known

the

body

travel

of

(Ogilvie,

the

1963). that

thus

waveal

is

is

where

the

efficiency

IR, [2, IT (2

because

transmitted

wave

the

of

measures

are

respectively,

in

system
the

of

power

power

This

absorption.

in

the

reflected

and

hence

and

" I- I, I:-IT, 12,

l- IT, 11

(197G)

Evans
cylinder;

has

oru.

Cidt,

derived

substitution

an
his

of

for

expression
expression

the
in

efficiency

(6.5.11)

of
yields

(6.5.12)

M)w`J`+w'[ 4jL

iow

introducing
1 isi'ul

sf

F` _2

ors

such

the

a non-dimensional
added-mass

nncl

wavenumber,
dampiriq

coefficients

4vCvosnv=
iU

(w
u)U,-(v,4iV

OIUN

LG,

L'VoJio4D 1Z

whore

f of l

an

and non-dimensM.

Mou3-VO
JA

(6.5. i) )

so

that,

Ao 1(vo>
jvo,
vo w
No=
(6.3.13)
>
the
is
from
tuned
cylinder
s
it

Clearly

(6.5.12).
of

forced

A_2

first

in

that

noted

oscillations

into

the

Evans etaL.

a cylinder,

of

form

a rederivation

(6.5.14)

1+5

'5 "
lks

(6.5.15)
in

the

the

terms

together

with

(6.5.14),

{gp'

SS
X(

kk

(6.5.8)

for

is

$)

1
2535,
EF,J
1+

I'"

Rearranging

(6.5.

rearrange

that

have shown

Hence,

it

this,

for

results

to

possible

To accomplish

Ogilvie's

( 1979)

he

must

to

to

Ov,i

denominator

of

(G. 5.15)

be correct,

it'can

n")
(ko M#
the

(6.5.8)

be shown that

MrN
wij

(6.5.3),

and using

\
J

(6.5.1G)

identity

following

be

must

satisfied

54

co

2r
(D. 5)

where

The

ne(tutive

((,. 5.16)
so

the

has

been

used.

exactly

for

force

is

Returning

in

a form

similar

directed
to

the

to

E"_

144

'tos,

A numerical

preceding
the

reflects

M,

ks,

siUta

IJ.

WA

holds

identity

WO

SW%+,

( P,

fact

all

values

the

expression

that
in

mean

check

the

waves

force,

In

this

loo)

shown
k/a.

and

for

are

neUUative

vertical

(6.7). 13).

of

KG,

has

the

incident

that

this

considered.

mean

force

from

)$4$c)

in
and

x. - direction.
this

case,

can

(6,5.9)

also

be rewritten

becomes

4v, 2 zLk,

(t+VU

VkA,
4
0

where

S=(zv)-'tCM
'+)v- (01'41L
)V + s=vAI.
the

Unlike

i3

of

this

to

(6.5.1a,

reach

b),

placements

that

denominator

some peak

The first-order

found

the

however,

noticeable,

'resonant-type'

force

for

simplification

obvious
It

expression

using
given

value

the

together

by (6.5.5a,

b).

force,
for

expression

the

so

the

near

tuning

the
the

mean

no
force.

vertical

the

include

mean

vertical

the

system.

be calculated

from

point

of

for

expressions

notation

is

does

expect

may also

with
In

might

one

there

(6.5.18)

expression

forces

oscillatory
(D. 6)

horizontal

mean

and

(6.5.19)

of

Ogilvie,

the

disit

is

that

x{i'(3; 4-/zY4 (SsF, 3,

/)j
li
+sPA4
-

(6.5.20)

where

NCB
-Z) C
%z++
~_
N
)53IE,
+SZ4)
'yr= = (
-SEA,
/z+Ss,-SF,5/2)-(-i)(,

and

this

V (()-c (t)

may be rewritten

=-2

EQ

-oe/z)

(6.5.21)

as

zkk (e4

V/ono

\i

(i+5r)1
(EO-Nv)
i
"
4li
where
I to)

(,,
f-yJ)
-i

c.,.22)

tz'

Y_

A0

SE1vu.

Ei

1)3+1j[A

EO(EO -E4
fU

vvO#A E+

Evf

(AE

-ssv

'111

4 1'

0'

(6.5.23

o+Ao)

and

Eo=("'N,
vo- k'v
6.6

The behaviour

auch
to

a cylinder

that

k/oh-= 2.0

These

of

the

mean vertical

is

completely

rises

become

oting
value

is

almost

and

increases

approximately

larger
k 1o,

over

rancle
however

The

1.5)

and

which

these
mean

case
irrcrenses

Increasing

a slight

shift

mean

vertical

the

changes
horizontal

become
force

it

(at

the

relative

force

less
on

mass

the
is

origin

negative.

6m).

values
behaviour
power

the
decreases

finally

asympt-

Its

maxirhum

mean

force

that

this

T 1.5,

increase

a 5.6%
towards

the

k /0.

radius

neutrally

then

and

found

is

tuned

absorbing

curves.
of

La,

the

and

before

value

and

a depth

increases,

_C_2 0,2

cylinder

cylinder
k /O.

Ka

As

at

maximum

is

Figure

design

that

fixed

wavenumbers

(approximately

value

maximum

of

the

it

when

of

current

be seen

shown.

freely-floating

as

1.9).

also

a range

fixed

the

corresponding

a maximum

times

three

corresponding
ratio

the

reaching

fixed

a cylinder

to

cylinder

to
(that

150m for

the

on

in

submerged

a"0.25

can immediately

from

over

0.6

correspond

cases

negative
the

at

force

rapidly

kOa=!, g

illustrated

is

M'

manag
to

It

different

to

is

tuned

freely-floating

buoyant,

value

relative

roughly

cylinder.

force

mean vertical

approximately

values

Bristol

the

and

parameter

the

to

of

wavelength

of

of

force

the

of

for

waves

and Discussion

Results

(6.3)

E, s vilo+vf n.

this

of

maximum
ratio

in

results
when

for

IMr

Q 0.7,

the

wavenumber

As k/a

increases

noticeable.
the

111

power-absorbing

cylinder

is

also

"1

as

shown

(Cc

at

value

the

is,

is

(and

hence

the
to

It

the

near

The
in

(6.5).

force

effect',

There

is

very

curve

gives

dotted

the

if

wavenumber
all

force

some
for
Tue

is

ahSorhin1

the

and

indication

tuned

tuned

were
therefore
of

the

of
likely

is,

force
The max-

h /a.

is

sufficiently

remains

always

of

1.5

"

positive

is

force

illustrated

a O. 3 instead
and

curve

the

two

the

at

cases

behaviour

the

of

iss

a particular

here

value

Kq>(.

that

It

is

not

but

it

does

wavenumber.

limited

origin.
for

results,

have

that

'negative

from

away

0.25

of

smaller

cylinder

would
to

energy

submergence

from

cylinder

between

force

not.

wave

- 0.25.

going

9a,

the

difference

is

the

all

upon the

value

of

optionally

force

from

minimum.

to

a shift

(and,

mean vertical

vertical

maximum

vertical

is

mean

cylinder

little

mean

mean

vertical

tunings.
of

nmplitude

tuning

with

cylinder

various

freely-floating
the

the
curve

evel. ope

provide

the

which

value

the

the

that

horizontal

mean

submergence

of

force

local

the

a smaller

however,

when the

than

submergence

Koo.
and

mean vertical

upon

together

of

(see

a=1

smaller

absorb

by 40% in

a prominent

tuning

with

a curve

produces

the

Tuning

to

maximum

the

of

of

dependent

that,

much

value

depth

behaviour

decreases

still

of

effect

Figure

The

is

there

is

its

mean vertical

its

clearly

be seen

surface,

a maximum,

, when M1-0.6

is

value

can also

free

although

force

this

cylinder;

h/a

is

tuned

what

the

reaches

depth

the
be

can

no matter

of

the

of

2.0.

cylinder

displays

values

the

of

It

value

maximum

) whereas

the

(6.4)

imum'value

maximum
The

}Q

momentum)

various

efficiency

independent

because

Figure

the

force.

equals

This

(6.3).

Figure

this

and

however,

(6.5.11),

in
when

vertical

mean

force

for

= 0.25

(6.5.11)),

equation
of

line

a dashed

firmt-order

tuned

and
wavenumber
power

the

but,

the
for

forces

oscill+itory

cylinders

is

shown

in

amplitude

is

much

larger

larger

%p, it

11.11

falls

fixed,

(6.6).

Figure

below

for

when
both

the

Near
cylinder

the

fixed

LO
cD
11

11
0

N
C7

11
0

mac
.

M
to
0

0
d
N

In
N

OO

EY
N

v
ttl
N

U
"-

Q
N

to

tC
U-

"

O
l

p
0.
K
N

e-

cD

Oj

Z
5N

IC

t0

"o

CD
I.L

~Q

L()
N

to

11

II

Y
Q
N

O
Y

Ln
V7-

t0
tO
0

It)
O

LLN

N
ON
11

=1

11

EY
O
N

'C7 t

4!:

a
Y
L)

17-

o:

t0

te

vn
c
S

n
D

OO
O
e-

LC)

h/a=2.

FIXED CYLINDER

II

OV4

'

------

d/a=7

0.4

02

FIG (6.8)

"',
,.
*

", '

U-2
FIG (6.9)

infinite depth

'

---

infinite depth IFI=IFI

.............

d /a=7, IF

------

d/a=7, Iil

0.4

and

freely-floating
(see

forces

the

corresponding

has

difference

freely-floating

in

phase-lag

been

also

(Figure

calculated

between

value

the

these

of

tuned

(6.7)),

fixed

and

or

cases.

is

It

(6.5.22))

equation

a marked

showing

The

results.

tuned

interest

of

to

For

cylinder.

rot'-0-6

140CL.
C).2S'

the

compare

this

magnitudes

the

purpose

cylinder
j

radius,

of

forces

various

parameters

are

on

as follows:

set

6m.

a=

Fz/IF
/a-2"v

values

kia,,
t5
k1c 2a

N. B.

Maximum

above

amplitude

of

A of

It

force

is'a

1 itude
must

he

take"

break

the

free

4 "7A

Fs /

the

of
vertical

to

ensure

heue

if

in

1 that
of

force,

force

small
linear

so

theory

Ii"

the

0'
The amplitude

force.

However,

wave
that
is

more

the

mean

for

larger

to

and

The

the

vertical
amp.
care

the

cylinder

does

cylinder

apply.

in

nIguificant;

amplitude
the

force

upward

im say,

1ecomes

the

the

with

force

largest

the

force.

that

frs

metres.

amplitude

this

sufficiently
surface

eG "

vertical

measure(]

waves

fraction

N+oX

mean horizontal

Table

for

Fj

oscillatory

is

4- 0/.

mean vertical

and the

from

TABLE
2

I. he moan

are

c1isplnceneut

KC. "O -V7

and,

small

waves

6"7A Y.

seen

force

buoyancy

ka"o 2

waves

be

can

%
Z7

first-order

incident

the

Kr,`o"zs,

Vg

force,

buoyancy

17 '/.

compares

the

30

KC=O.1, 10.6A%

value

The table

l. gA '

mean

not
vertical

force

be quite

can

force

vertical

oscillatory

fraction

a substantial

this

although

the

of

amplitude

decreases

ratio

the

of

k/c.

as

increases.
Returning
force

vertical
of

Figure

is

negative,

this

so

and

the

iss only

force

very

that*Ogilvie's

in

1979)
by

the

value

the
to

buoyancy

the

so

has

a range

downward

mean
k/A.

for

= 2.0

for

derived

Bristol

be generalised

and so
by con-

analysis

been

also

the

of

model

on the

theory

results

mean

over

force

to

checks

model

the

important.

be

work

provide

that

the

of

fluid

mathematical

the

and

downwards

of

This

cases.

cylinder

acts

Ogilvie's

could

developing

it

maximum

enable

results

limiting

sidering

noted

infinitely-deep

to

was chosen

been

unlikely

The two-dimensional,
cylinder

has
is,

0.36A`%

is

effect

it

that

however,

wavenumbers.

vertical

(6.3),

to

by

used

(1976,

Evans

energy-absorption

here

to

relevant

are

Evans'

model.

can be argued

It
is

envisaged

of

wavelengths

as

the

perhaps

on a fixed

next

of

fluid.

Note

that

in

the

provides
The
pr,

finite

depth
forces

G. P.

necessary

are

are
force

approximation

finite-depth

forces

to

(private

calculate

for

fixed

the

results

1 1',

horizontal

the
Clearly,
Ka.,

the

cylinder
The
given

the

the

deep

in

finite

were
numerical
in

this

forces
finite

atld

with

forces

mean

(G. 8)(6.9).

Figures

of

small

commiunicatiotn).
all

and when in

in

are

the

compare

deep. fluid.

equal.

of

(HI n

to

cylinder
range

models

oscillatory

shown

not

the

first-order

amplitudes

a reasonable

Thomas

the

the

for

water

possible

infinitely

the

deep

and finite-depth

of

comparisons

42m in which

of

not

however,

amplitude

oscillatory

vertical

is,

when in
The

certainly

interest,

of
It

and the

oscillatory

vertical
of

are

depth

water

is

step.

cylinder

depth

the

operating,

which

force

vertical

that

derived

exception

water

model

depth.
by

computation
Chapter

was

carried

G. P.

to

Thomas,

determine

for

a two-dimensional

the

infinite

(b)

6.7

fluid

(x, y)

defined

coefficients
found

was

(D. 4a, b)

by

them after

six-figure

accuracy

on Cylinders

and

now a cylinder

be Cartesian

a boundary

the

fluid

except

that

have

excellent

20 terms

only
for

h/a

very

(2.2.1)

while

4-

complex
(6.2.2),

wbl

submerged

frequency
in

(6.2.1)-(6.2.3)

velocity

and

a radiation

condition.

is

as

y)

removed

satisfies

also

in

Laplace#s

become

(6-7-1)

c>v%
- 0,

(6.7.2)

o.s, --soa

condition

of

together

potential
((x,

S 6.2

(a),

part

Let

CO .

potential

cylinder

potential

-0,

(2.2.1k),

boundnry

the

of

velocity

satisfies
the

cross-section

defined

as

(6.2.3)

7)'-U

The

waves

on
of

li

equations

incident

linearised

condition

the

then

equation

Cross-Section

Arbitrary

arbitrary

motion

time-dependence

the

of

of

co-ordinates

Then
the

describing

to

subjected

Chapter.

Cr"

It

water.

Dr.

Mean Forces

Consider

If

deep

and truncating

Mean Forces

The

with

in

damping.

and

by

written

to. unity.

close

this

originally

added-mass

equations

least

at

of

the

of

properties

gave results

a programme

cylinder

systems

convergence

in

of

an adaptation

using

out

(2.2.6).

on

the

cylinder

ie

given

by

(6.7.3)

wI ere

'i

'

is

the

normal

11

velocity

component

of

the

cylinder

surface.

directed

into

(As

the

in

(a),

part

fluid).

The

the

is

normal

radiation

taken
to

condition

being

as

be satisfied

is

A et
tA
W-'

(. e

where

the

taken

are

amplitude

The linear
by

enclosed

incident

waves$

coefficients

incident

being

as

GS aG---

,e

the

of

and transmission

reflection

kxl

(6-7-4)

Kx4k-n

TQi,
A is

i. kx

from

wave-induced
s

a surface

Tare

the

and waves

respectively,

acs + oo.

momentuni

is

Rand

in

fluid

of

a volume

by

given

dv,
where

is

the

fluid

(6.7.e)

velocity,

dL

Y
a

dV

ti

"L

where

%4n is

Using

Euler's

can

volume
and

the

normal

velocity
of

equation

be shown

(Newman,

integral

cnn

r1 .

(hi

1-

WE

to

be

of

change

motion

reduced

to

found

Lee

second

V 4

order,

& Newman

surface
of

1971)

integral.

Un) ds

*(i-u n)

where

s.

'

continuity,
that
If

the
,M2

that

cpn,
JT-

the

equation

a surface

a6
(4
.n
*

(6"7"7)

of

the

and

and

is

(findSd!.
component

1967

it

p2)

dMz
=d
correct

of

rate

as

momentum

it

the

giving

P i4

the

I lb

c6.7.)

hydrodynamic

(6.7.9)
pressure

,.

by

given

the

is

X. =+

-X0,

introduced

error

of

position

than

higher

Ljr,.

`,

is

cylinder

the
(6.7.8),

free

surface

order

rJ

and

are

is

the

Further,

taking

at

closure

(yaO).
the

The

undisturbed
is

position

actual

of

neglected.
sc

surface,
fluid

normal

the

horizontal

the

of

planes

surface

in

instead

and

to

free

(6.7.9)

where

vertical

the

gis

cylinder

equal

t$4{4#5

undisturbed

into

on the

is

surface

be

Sy

is

second
that

Note

Q 'on

the

to

The

respectively,

0)
j
,

and

oO
__
ju

the

j0>

as

taken

surface,

cylinder
(

at

equation

surface,

closed
is

Bernoulli's

the

normal

velocity

hydrodynamic

velocity

(O

force

"-

hence,

and

of

the

on

by

given

(6.7.10)

force

The horizontal
time
there

cycle.

average
is

of

no net

Thus

(6.7.8)

to

increase
t

dNildt

is

component

in

=0

taken

then,

momentum

fit+

as
in

the

iOfl

it

this

becomes

I1",

the

periodic,

over

a wave

can be seen

vt

PS_P
(qrtl

IT

volume

_un11

d5 -P

sF

is

motion

dS

sGf`

Uni. (ICl IN-1-1 otillj's

the

i (

If

considered.

(6.7.10)

and using

tt

first

(ads

that

(6.7. ii)

de

2/1

*
14 ',
, P/4
54,
(2.2.1).

using
(6.7.1)

Letting
is

it

found

I d5

I ds

)(4--ioo

and

/j

for

substituting

from

that

L
-2)X

[
'P-

x-iop

taa06
1

-/0

Ks

(6.7.12)

-00
the

Applying

radiation

conditions

(6,7.4),

r,C)t-4 A (I+ az,NT, (2)

Pg

An expo

this

t. 0d,

order

horizontal

force

is
if

Ct-

in
tue

the
time

negative
average

The

minus

of

(6.7.9)

(6-7-13)
for

result
sign

%-direction

yields

im Lcniuc"t-Iiitiinsr
force.

(6.7.5)

as
is

reflects
waves
taken,

are

the

mean

second-

the

fact

that

incident

then

iwt. ait
s4 a x

v+
5P

isIt-

1ift

it

IS

from
found

the
x: +00.
that

.N

in

and

the

exactly

same

way

before

as

Using

free

the

surface

(6.7.1)

condition

fa
Ct=
C
p/

tc.

gives

k2c ds

-2_

V4
This

may be rewritten

as

4K2ds+la

F
82S,
)ia-s

By letting
(6.7.5)

it

two

int(UiUls

and

hence

o0

and
be

may easily
cancel

with

(ac'ds

$4

the

applying
that

shown
the

conditions

radiation

the

from

contributions
the

from

contribution

the

last

integral

second

d-S
4
Thw

mean

nt itit''gral

secoIul-order

al">n(l

1.he

t
iriI;
1-4
-sill
t1
slit
-:
"II.
,fi
((,.

; trc"

7.1';

with

force

vertical

fr"ee-Sillface.
.

The

r11111141
11), la, " roil

Y/x`

c.': r t c"s i: i c c-ear liuit

repiilco,,

c' 4i

can

(1')71)

(bs47G"4

11 I. 1I ! 1irrtu!

114)

be

of

a2/d2=

the

free

expressed

its

three-

corresponding

Nowu,, ii
by

thus

in

xt mi l nr

)
il

surface.

to

(x,?

_.,
..

6.8

Interpretation

mean

Equation

(6.7.15)

vertical

force

transmission

and

the

does
in

it

not

terms

is

for

expression
The

Suface

mean

a simple

the

wave

to

gain

and

the

mean

the

reflection
horizontal

insight

further

into

force.

vertical

may be decomposed

potential

for

some

for

expression

amplitude

found

was

as

possible

the

Integral
yield

of

coefficients

However,

force.

the

of

as

()
is

where

the

due to

potential
the

incident

the

(io

potential

and

wave potential

presence

of

the

may be written

is

a 'disturbance'

From (6.4.1),

cylinder.

as

(6.0.2)

w
which

(6,4.2)

satisfies

clearly

(r&,

e0
4

(6.8.3)
t

Thus,
he

(6.7.15),

from

in

expressed

the

the

mean

Q2

force

vertical

can

form

Z\

=11

.
where

the

real

Consider
$0
alst)

part
the

of
first

satisfies

the

1"iuht-kinnil

integral
(6.8.3),

in
the

is

side
(G. 8.4)
integral

understood.
denoted

becomes

21111j

S4

U-10

by

j.

Since

00

II

{6_&&/:

-e1:

)
C:.

C
Y4
Td

VX

CoI,

(6.8.5

xa-oo

(6.8.1)

From

(6.7.4),

and

(6.7.5)

the

radiation

for

condition

the

is

potential

YYYc
N
as

Application

(6.8.2)

The

first

and

the

and,

the

radiation

integral

depends
and

using

integral,

second

(b,

for

condition

together

with

(T
Wt

rJ,5a

amplitude

(6.8.7)

yields
2

=2

(6.8.6.

r-eo

asx

in (6.8.5)

The

0+00

0e`

of

(6.7.1),

it

upon

only

phase

the

of
Is

the

incident

transmitted

involves

may he written

only

Sc
! t

amplitude

wave.
the

disturbance

as

'

ax

wave

s0

potential

as

the

part

real

is

only

Clearly

understood.

k,

cylinder

which

decays

due

orbits

6.9

to

the

(1963)

force

vertical

by

imations

were

floating

cylinders;
in

terms

'circle
for

an expansion

second
to

Dower.

At

;, hqrlii<<t
is

hut,

the

of

fluid

surface

particle

for

surface

and

using

He found

that

the

2kk

exact

>I

for

fixed

results

are

just

in

results

powers

the

mean

Milneapproxfreely-

and
the

first
Ko.

of

The

are

i (cxed)"z, r/q2
'J

t1(2
zkk
Kae
&),

L{ree)_

KaeZkkr

2'A'

the

that,

(6.9.2)

disturl,

potential,

the

presence

the

ttinpcI

the

tuned

order

the

he i nnn of
will

the

wave, lower

to

out

cutirol

the

of

Inci(IPlit

is

cylinder

waveuumber

w:dveiiiunlu-i-

buoyant

neutrally

ahove,

nuce

near

the

when
fei von

to

in

V2

I2

due

all

H2

(6.9. i)

or a freely-floating,

i lit ourrn 1

disturbance

1 ! (1 igihle

0'r

con-

be thought

solution

free

approximate

of

may be anticipated

respect

it

KQ4C1

will

Force.

approximate

the

above

04

can

the

Vertical

an

not

cylinder.

theorem'.

the

For a fixed

The

derived

valid

approximations

the

Mean

neglecting

(1960)

Thomson's

the

of

the

of

lyc(---i

(6.8.9)
of

do

disturbance

as

distortion

presence

Approximation
Ogilvie

it

local

progressive

(6.8.7),

local

integral

the

the

of

a measure

the

only

exponentially

Alternatively

tribute.
as

integral;

(6.8.6.,

by

given

this

to

contribute
the

of

components

wave

the

the

L"!

deeply

cylinder
submerged,
with

second-order

be small

compared

cylinder

will

if

the

cyl

i1ider

cylinder
is

is

to

not

JET,

be

absorbing

capable

of

no matter

how deeply

transmitted

wave,

it

submerged
undergoes

00

large

extremely

decays

field

exponentially

The transmission

their

of

stitution

deeply

with

depth.

be

in

found

(6.8.8),

the

as

pressure

and freely-floating

fixed

Ogilvie

in

expressions

I, txe z1r z
[g
.

submerged

for

coefficients
can

cylinders

circular

if

oscillations

(1963)

and,

is

found

it

upon

Ise

sub-

(6-9-3)

2tt(I+Si)
(6.9.4)

TZ

Pi

ii

where

use

values

of

(6.11)

for

included

of

the

mean

Ogilvie's
In

freely-floating
the

free-surface.

to

between

the

two

the

proceeds

to

the

waves

Ogilvie's

approximations

case

of

under

are
cylinders
the

that

the
than

(1980)

the

hence

and

incre

of

constraint

es,

as

approximation
for

good

radius

the

away

from

the

will

approximation
a fixed

for

even

it

one since
due

contribution
not

as

good

to
as

difference

the

decreases.
have

produced

submerged
arbitrary

and

circular

suggested

23

for

the

the

or

approximations
Their

cross-sections.

K(k-GA

for

approximations

when fixed

coeeficiente

deeply

(shown

the

that

is

approximation

as h/a

also

Indeed,

one

(6.10),

Figures

extremely

only

cylinder

although,

cylinders

is

be expected

arid reflection

transmission

in

might

& Siew

Leppington

elliptic

cylinder

is

exact

respectively;

increases.

h/a

the

(It

(6.8.8)

using

as

the

(6.9.2),

be seen

can

approximation

of

respond

cases

the

top

be smaller).

will

that

accurate

in

(6.9.1),

it

to

illustrated

freely-floating

cases

D.

Appendix

approximations

is

force

a freely-floating

for

be better

Ix

both

case,

when

as

approximations

increasingly

able

(6.9.4)

and

in

defined

are

vertical

fixed

the
are

becomes

is

Sg

(6.9.3),

curves).

h/a-2

2n

and

The

dotted

circular

analysis
cylinder

C)
N

x
0;
d:

4-'

n
c,

"

x
0

v
Y

us
>
"D

ua
x

."

tn

O
"1

ir
W
O
Z
J

In

V
o

'LL.

1i

U
O
W
X

I
f
1
1/

LL
'1O

N
"

II

17

14

!
`.

.
"
",,
<` i"
`

'%x

Cj
kw

1
N

(D

0
N

v
Y

e=

crW
O
Z
J
>U

(0

(D
z

'

0
J

W
w
Ir
LA
6

CL..

1L

which

necessarily

cases

: (i)

K&t

to

included

then

done

as

satisfied

and it

ributions

to

by

the

that

approximations.

the

by

the

of

found

smaller
that

JJjj
the

neglecting
potentials

conditions

above,

the

contfrom

coefficients
than

are

are

constraint

order

for

three
(iii)

Correction
boundary

under

the

a fixed),

and transmission

are
is

K and

approximated

all

reflection

It

includes

and

(1963).

that,

shown

potentials

correction

then

Ogilvie

ensure

is

large
(with

is

potential

free-surface

is

k-seo

(ii)

diffraction

The

Kk

implies

that

the

from

and substitution

t(,

is

which
circular

Ogilvie's

and
it

Ogilvie's

appears

in

constraint

ti

k(k-a

(6.9.6)

(6.9.1).

9>(

approximation

the

are
is

that(6.8.8)

yields

approximation

when

cylinders

(6.9.5)

kc. 2 Z"
it

2irpq
cedt=
J

exactly

(6.8.8)

in

this

the
'

same

Thus,

for

the
(6.8.8)

approximation
from

although

better

approximation

Leppington

& Siew

a much

first

cylinder

circular

Tti I+ 4-TrL
Ka,
t-26, (zkc-)
of

these

(6.10)

Figure
this

when

relaxed.

For an elliptic

cylinder,

have shown

(ka1
1I
zkj
04
TN1+4ne
r,
do1+
(Kc
z
11
n( Vo
1
1al,
n, i

(6.9.7)

when

K(h- LA
as

shown

minor

axes

where
atd

ellipse
the

r> I)
in

(6.12),

above

d0is
its

the

2a, 2b are

h is

respectively,

centre,

ellipse

Figure

depth

distance

vertical

centre,

the

is

I ;; /i

the

the
of
of

lengths

of

of

submergence
the

inclination

highest
of

the

major
the

point
the

major-

of

I
--

1,

qL

lf)
C")
u

O
iI

.0

---IJ

0
N

Y
n

N
to

l.L

"<
lN
N

axis

horizontal

the

to

and

(a+b)

`, 351

,.

Substitution

Z (Gt--b)
,G=

(6.9.7)

of

(at-

(6.8.8)

into

11X. zupA:4 24%

1,
1
Thus
the
by

(6.9.8).

is

major-axis

to

Bristol

the

force

in

variation

is

KcI

for

approximated

of

this

approx.
q,

+3

when

cylinder

force

vertical

that

this

of

is

It

fixed

tuning

the

when

greatest

".

the

inclination

is

mean forces

on the

of

force.

mean

The

the

tuning

a small
wave

when the

cylinder

mean

vertical

fraction
slope

the
of

of

is

the

force
in

buoyancy
and

the

is

for

the

of

corresponding

much larger

the

it

that

absorbing

power.

force

its

effect

extra

upward

force

wave-

of

against

agree

with

cylinder,

it

can

be appreciable

Although
does
due

first-

the

of

is

Com-

device.

amplitude

indicates

1'`i

to

Bristol

the

with

the

downwards

shown

efficiency

absorbing

a range

exist

acting

force

force

cylinder

increases

force

and,

vertical

the

even

is

It

cases.

there

is

from

different

quite

horizontal
result

mean

when

is

and

oscillatory

vertical

order

shown that

multiple

a constant
of

the

force

1,onguet-11iggina'(1977)

parison

examines

wavenumber

buoyancy.

simply

Chapter

and freely-floating

this

when

numbers

the

the

of

mean vertical

mean vertical
the

the

near

part

cylinder.

power

near

the

is

Conclusion
The first

the

and

the

cylinder

illustrates

mean

vertical

no consequence

6.10

the

when

elliptic

inclinations

that

more

once

on a fixed

different

be seen

I,C29cQ4

negligible

(6.12)

Figure
for

can

be

force

mean vertical

imation
It

to

assuming

gives

it

increase
to

this

is
as
mean

force

vertical
The

in

merged

the

from

top

submergence

of

this

for

the

with

circular

cylinders.

also

sections
be

found

examined
estimates
either

Lee

as

that,

the

when

the

of
the

cylinder

cylinder

the

using
of

cylinder
for

mean

the

analytically

the

-pd

with

is

fixed

vertical

above
mean
or

empirically.

12.6

free

deeply

the

sub-

vertical
ii

and

force

mean vertical
: i
T
w

It

(1963)

is

approx-

approximations

are

and freely-floating

force

approximation*
vertical

the

surface

llvvie's
Ogi1059

and both

the
is

free

the

quantity

results

The

over

cylinder

centre;

agrees

circular
exact

to

(1971),

& Newman

integral

an

is

cross-section

where

approximation

compared

is

expressed

by a simple

a fixed

arbitrary

when

the

shown that

of

Following

conjectured

may be approximated

imation

is

more exactly

or

distance
is

(b).

part

is

It

surface.

cylinders

on

force

vertical

be neglected.

not

forces

mean

investigated
mean

should

force

on an

elliptic

For

cylinder

other

may be made

crossif

T can

APPENDIX

The following
can

in

found

be

into

two

L+

(')

functions
and
Heins

by

found

Evans

9)
L(

function

The

results

L-

(1972)
in

regular

and

(')

in

required

and

arising

are

the

Chapter

Wiener-Hopf

This

respectively.

The majority
completeness.

problem
D+ (tr-

in

non-zero

for

here

given

3.

decomposition

is

decomposed

d)

and

was

D-

'C4

originally

(1950).

Sy T

L(t)-

are

CSVi

"

)
COS L

^L

(A. 1)

-W

and

/a,
_()_(k
L4
I

e+

f(S

ti
-g
'

i r+a (C+

(i t ((- L/ eid/n[

(A-3)

x)

where

F
Q,
and
tTYLIT
L=
The functions

(Y)

M25)%
(2i.
L4(9) in

D+,

D-

have

the

i/2)

for

propertiest

-+oo,
9 a.

(a.4)

respectively,

cI
C-I)L+C6'
-and

following

(A.5)

real

I
1.-

I
+)ii%tc
1''7

(A.6)

d)j

(A. 5)

(A. 1),

Using

L+(k)
(k)
L-

(A. 6)

and

it

be

can

shown

4-d
Aso
M-k
ezLe,
a
. swh:kd

(A.? )

where

0,- a4qL}(k))

(A. 8)

and
L

(A. 9)

where

(A. 10)

zj
Application

the

of

Wiener-Hopf

"L1C

method

the

requires

also

decomposition

0)

(A. 11)

bz
N= (' ) are

where
the

of

in

regular

G.d (x, a)

potential

source

D=q and Pd (, z)

is

the

by (3.4.5).

given

Fourier

transform

The transform

is

by

given

k5
swnk(k-z)
c
,h
(,=)=(sw -z)Fd
t,
d-Kc d
Ksr.
h - c.
slk

(Z>o),

(z<0),
cubk(z+c)

Thus

sw,
1.

1d- Kc,sl.

aZ

(A.13)

s l.d kcsl,,
ZSd
-

EZ
For

G"sl,.

b1< 'C <b2<d

-d<

it

can

be

shown

that

(see

Noble,

19589P-.

13)

"0" Lb

O)

14(3)
6L
i
Cwt

NJa)= zt
As

in

Evans

semicircles
residues.

(1972),
in

Thus

(Sb)
d
L.+(S)
(3-)

a+Llpaths
-0,
the

D+, D-

respectively

of

integration
and
1; 2tS

the

may be
integrals

closed

by

large

reduce

to

sums

of

I.

N_C:

Ck)

kt
SN1%CfC45L
2d
to

(A. 12)9

(A. 14),

(A13)

is

potential

(x, z)

for

expression

N+ (6

(A. ig)
to

Evans
is

it

does

not

matter

which

of

equation

(4.1),

the

by

given

fz.
00
i4
AP(

'f

10
1

Ml

where

AsZ

zkd4s"zkd
%f L*(i

n zkd 5 20

expressions

correction

ckt-ik)f

4l 1 Ms 1k

the

fd/bZ.

represent
(1972),

),

*() Z)
W2+c)hkc
-__i4EZkXC6S
.
so A
kx

sip

(A. 14)

(A. 13)

(M2b
L)
M^
n,'

used

from

Finally,

the

Nn'

+i

2G{
in

')

_______

M(wi+)

at

L+ (J)

replace

t
L-(-
zh
To arrive

2,

ni

-'

(A. i)

and using

Nel.

cLLi1

or nyil

t'11)

(A. 16)

APPENDIX

In

5 are

this

decomposition

ducts

(a)

are

Emo and

of

(. ii)

(equations

expressions

for

The expressions

evaluated.

and mouth-downward
The

various

appendix

(B. ig))are

in

given
resulting

identical

in

required

Cm for

D...
parts

(a)

expressions
in

both

the

Chapters

mouth-upward

(b)

and

for

4 and

respectively.
pm and

qm

cases.

Duct

The Mouth-Upward

Dinn,

(0.1)

dj
gives

krQCoSL(-LaSu. LQ4 Lc)I(

(NMh s(L, dSi#s.

TMl
for

n,

DMA=24
for

and

M, n>

for

(e. a)

L, kCo6LMCbdi
swv,
kjk

(E63)

IclawI
CQSin
L/(.
kj+
CMw
kQco
ISo
112

1iId

boo =2

() Ne+

C
(+d

sr
Gish k

CrA,
=ad

dZ
(d-z)-K'zM(=

(0.6)

veR

Ica
for

.d

M(;

o,,
=''
M

Oi

Iid*),

{c(

k,
sin d

(B-7)

ld /

')
-I

1,10

of

kk
(k\sk
SIV'k ,
q
k0. kdsikkd
d
the disc
for

No te:

0 and

case,

(. 8)

hence

(B. 9)

'

ad
for

NO
Co="
In

,
(4.3.7)

equation

Emo
is

(B. 10)

the

(m

pM*iqm

"

from

(4.3.3)

and,

performed

decomposition

(R0-1)

E-

Dmo

O)

'

+8

(8.11)

no 0

Thus

Y,Cka'
(3fka)+Y2CL))'
4:qklet

(5.12)

`
Cka))D,
Ko
j--wk=as

Q(3'lY,
IK

(b)

Eke
+

The Mouth-Downward

Drot
nd

(8.13)

Duct

L'
0

ZM(z)Zn(zzz

(n. 14)

! lives
i
IMV

g")

(t

for

m4n,

awt

Srv,

LCS

K. - K,O(,C, SwicwnJ/CRndi-Kw

M 7,

(Be 15)

iflyi

2LL
Lgymz(`)M(I*Sw,
2L, k
for

d'),

(13.16)

kZk
s,

ioo=Z(alI1o'(+

1"

ca. is)

2kk

C,= -

ZM(Atz

(B.19)

gives

C-for

k
t4kis
Al>iI

Kc,kd)

(B.21)

APPENDIX

Analysis

solution

in

5(b),

is,

that

Chapter

a<<
to

to

attached

may be used

elated

in

terms
only

are
boundary

or

in

the
In

duct

alterations

changes;

the

on

is

of

the

for-field,
as

an

the

the

power
system
same
is

problem

form 5.

Chapter

5,

is

considered,

in

now

in

given

in

into

and

source.

(1978)

Evans

studied

point

used

depth.

found

(rZ)

Chapter
out

3.

of

Hence

the

the

outer

'J Z)
source

im

the

(C. 1)

4114

is

whrrsr-RZW

point

in

finite

flow

oscillatory

was

The

problem

be of

narrow,

is

solution

(
C,

is

when

the

as

problem

oscillatory

duct

duct.

when

may be

two-dimensional

problem,

free-surface

to

method

duct

spring-damper

radiation

taken

the

duct

by

internal

Approximation

method

approximate

distribution

the

fluid

appears

mouth

minor

three

details

the

enclosed

the

when

a linear

float

a pressure

similar

mouth-downward
derived

of

of

Narrow-Duct

mouth-downward

consisted

with

the

and

Further

the

study

condition

(5.1E. 4)

by

be

can

a weightless

method

There

the

of

This

mechanism

extraction

the

using

(1978)

Evans

the

Duct

An approximate
described

by

Muth-Downward

the

of

tlv(

I)OtUint ial

of

IUIkH Twit source

a three-dimensiotwl
This

at

Htrrnllt1%

potential

'
55

oscillatory
may be written

isri
sk
SZws

d.

and

ds

KCsl. sd
-

kdc,.
3&r')
CK{k
-rL
)e
+
-JLdctELkk&-4tkZ

as

(rZ)-f+GCr, z')
L)2
(Z
(-2 4.
4

"

where

is

solution

inner

The

limit

the

of

outer

then

V'i

G', (O)ki

4C

raf,

-lk

(C. 2)

and
00

-id
ZCKs sly:k As
ss Sd- cb sd +
.,

CUk+2i

the

using

expression

the

In

(2.2.11)

flow

oscillatory

out

N0,

for

duct

(c. 3)

_____
I- No ____

the

mouth

flow

a semi-infinite

of

inner

the

expansionsof

the

of

region

)e

solution

are

appears
The

pipe.
given

an

appropriate
(1958)

Noble

by

as

as

(c. 4)
J,.

43,

n
- {Q

(z

J+

z-l)/a

T,

(c. 5)

a2

I
where

limit

outer

", i Icy

is

0.

inner

cj the

T'tritchii,

, jiv,

=0.613'6

of
a r

the

the

'end

limit

of

inrl('r

solution,

<X

the

for

corrections
outer

(C. 2)

solution,
(C.!

in

the

pipe.

open

an

region

the

with
of

overlap

Yields

OJ
cti

(c. 6)

"

Thi
c;odit
i is tlii'

source st. remith

iOr
(l('lpt

(5.4.11)
las

Of

to
t lt'

cl can
(ht
duct

he

i'. xl: uision

.

fcuiul
(C. ')

Thus

I 14

by applying
which

the

describes

boundary
the

flow

')+ kT-

kkO
aa
or

k)44(
i+kLI)
=
ka20Co,
= 1.

(c. 7)

(C. 6).

using

The

is

it

hence

from

Ll may be determined

A and

coefficients,

and

that

found

(C. 8)

4-Ir T4
q"
751
In

form

non-dimensional

these

quantities

'

Ga.

given

are

by

(c. 9)

'

a2

where

(C.10)
fluid

When the
(C. lo)

hold

Os

rereel

tlerivetl

by

1 the

e1vnOt.
in

the

('C
Z;2
Fgllal
I , jpf

(.

ioiw

111 4" WI 'It'll

of

ZT K elks,
iiitr.

tjrn1.
and

added-moss
r. C)efficiottt.

ke)

same expressions

st

damping

and

coefficiettta
are

by

given

L+=

.: '_), (
tIw

the

(C. 9),

as

2kQ

of

(1078),

Evans

given

exponential

terms

the

deep,

flow

-zke

that

Note

infinitely

&J0,0

with

GCo)
E. (x)

is

Ellin

'. '3)
.
11.4ifoi

in>w

may
111iit

I'1 'i

iu1

III-

iR"41. to

, 'W-(lu4"I

the

""xnmine
. 1155%

jhitil

soft.

tnaXimtlm

APPENDIX D

the

Only
(a)

The
the

n,

and

here;

given

are

of

results

expressions

further

details
is

potential

velocity

following

sets

basic

of

ZA-

as

)!

V i)

found
a

Chapter
in

linear

combination

sVh wG

rr

.0

(D,la)

ob

00

1,,

`K

i)^
n8

,5

+ t,

(k rt

! k

wt

(Kr

fw,
+n
Z.-.

rYI:

in8

r-

w4-c-

Kvo

A=f
(-Z.,
n-z

*m

(*"*
(k

i),
KM

Mn

gn, (zti=

(1963).

Ogilvie

(_

61 part

potentials

singularity

`tn

(Y,r

may be

expanded

Nin

in

required

1).

*L

t,M9

i,M93
Q
y

Gus w

t%% li,
`

mloo

w)ier

110

(D. lb)

swwE

(D. lc )

(D.2a)
e2 'E(2Kk)
'

2ne2Kk

(D. 2b)

M>V%
`

(D. 2c)

w
and

tL(x)

Application
finally

is

the

exponential

of

the

boundary

the

following

yields

integral.

(6.4.5)

condition
sets

of, equations

on the
for

cylinder

the

unknown

constants

JWJ
-IX

J1

erk

(KGr)WG

I*=

Oem,

(D. )A)
J.

+SE
iqA

-kk

I- Se

-ga)e
wGSCkXz
1+i
=

M
where

16,+n acid

Are

fined
(1E?

by

My

A_

,!
117

)WA
k.
s
-

(D. 3d)

(KC3 bw 04

sw,
-t

Sw,
--

(D. 4b)

and

11

Sh-2i

e'

%-')!

p%.1

wuti

CYtih A
!H
- t

(D. 5)

+n,

to
)

y
" =

V.
s

((,

4)

K+ n

fw%
0(p,
I
3YO, GSM

Thus

The

if

and

the

displacements
Equatina

are

coefficients

of

found
of

from
(,A.%

s, -? SIX= Z, /wa (ka')

gg_-2,

p rJ

terms

&

f.,

solutions
may be

in

expressed

the

displacements

(D. Ika, b).

(6.5.2a,

Is

of

b)

and

(4
n. 6a)

co.6h,

/CJGI(k&)

-2A

(6.5.3).

yields

wt

/wa (e

using

(n. 6c)

I
v
+
:
of ,,
Suet i ttit

i ng

for

!,

/wu
C
kc,
o,
.
S,

61
)Pl

from

(u.61)
(D. 3)

and

rearranging

{0/z4 53E,
/CI+Z)j+z{
t,
/Z

kG,
)Cl+Stz
w.
/(j45c2)=z+53 F,

1'W.

ekk Sf F,

%z+ /( t-45i)3
k xi /2+S
F/1-

.L

1SE
Ae-, i

l
w=a(KaC1+5s

two

These

may be

(see

j)qs

that

noted

tX-

(G. 5.5a,

be'rewritten

It

b),

to

may be solved

equations

(6.5.5a,

equations

J%_

Using

e'

S,

for

expressions

simultaneous

of

pairs

give
b)).

it

j,

1k

(D. 3)

equations

D(p,,

for

and

Sk

may

as

{ [c,

V(;

j- k)
E(

,
`J-,
+5i
r-f,

r/1

]
(D. 7a)

wC5, +5tZ-g/4(SS

42-

(lo 420
f s3 Ei0V7
4
4-

(D. 7b)

Cc
/2)
3,
s,
w s z4sEatii
-s,
the

To evaluate
seen

-L

that

(6.5.7)

can

mean

i9

the

on

be written

IIZ -_

force

it

cylinder

+i

d(9

Jar

utina

for

be

(D. )

-a

complex

first

as

The

can

poteutin1.
end

f (xjt)
SA

from

is

L)ivett

(D. 3)

139

it

by
can

(6.4.3)
be shown

and
that

substit-

S.

196),

(Ogilvie,

equation(19'))

i, oC

PA-

+siML,

(ol,

tKB

)/
I

eiw6
i .

Col
M

-i.

i8
Xkr'
11'

a(D.

Ksl

(D. 7a, b)

where
been

and

of

have

between

relations

derivative

The

used.

the

t1

11

5I%#I
k

GG.

GJ

-i

2t

becomes

FM

ka
gM
ti
C,,.
n+(

*NA

1,
W(-'g141'Ss)

tC+
CkA

b.,
-p_

5 tom.t, at

>

to

respect

with

9)

%CA WL

+'2s4%

wt

(D.lo)

Thus

_t

-,(

(D. 11)

Vl(I
L

(2

4t

`z
I1d)

(D. 12)

,.

where

(G. 4.4a,

(D. 8)

From
Jr.

in

b)
it

used.

be

that

seen
to

contribute
(D. 11),

using

and

been

can

will

this

has

(D. 12),

is

of

coefficient

integral

the
it

the

only

and

nog

e g

picking

out

that

found

--t

cl

`r
.

2Z[kw(cet

iQ,

)(
(D.

13)

f+iZ

-6
(Do 14)

2-Ir

Thus,

from

(D. 8)

{_= -2Tr
i"e.

ir r

-4
oe

-f1)
MG,

K
21r
=
OKMI

for

Suhgtitutinci
for

Z
A

(G. ^. j)

shown
can

(k
all

p(M) *- from
by

Uivc'il
by

also

(cX oC +

((.

5.

Oc ilvie
be

frnd.

),

(. 7n, h)

finally

expressions

yields

(6.5.9)

(1%)),

thc"

Lxpresgivus

I'll

first-order
(G. 5.1a,

force
b)

may

defined
be

derived

by

n,

using

and,

(D. 6),

these

may be

rewritten

an

F(t)

or
(w

Irp
Is

4f CcR
_1)4

21

'A

:teI

where

(-1)C,
the

Substituting

for

the

results,

required

-+

displacements
(6.5.20)

and

19,

defined

(6.5.21).

III'-,

by (6.5.5a,

b)

gives

REFERENCES

M. & Stegun,

Abramowitz,
9th

Mei,

J. L.,

Black,

C. C.

Nature

power.

1975

Chester-Browne,

Extreme

46,

1981,

143-166.

ocean-wave

p 626).

2579

1978,

See Quareell

device.

The Vickers

on

pp

of

absorber

(corrigendum

151-164.

pp
forces

wave

& Stapleton
point

scattering

and

Mech.

Fluid

A resonant

1978

Radiation

1981

Stephens

pp 478-9

256,

C. V.

J.

T.

See

J.

& Falnes,

K.

Budal,

rigid

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submerged

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of

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P., Greenhow,

Brevig,

M. C. G.

& Bray,

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water

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Handbook

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edn.

1970

I.

pp 55-57.

See

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power

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1978a

B. M.

Count,

with

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Rep.

No.

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Edinburgh,
Count;

On the

1980

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I. M. A.

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Press.
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& Jackson,

J.

of

s Academic

The

1981

C. E. G. B.

Marchwood

a directional

wave

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Synthesis

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devices.

wave-power

Sea Waves

from

Haskell,

water
1980

of

London/NY

R.,

oscillating
J. A.

Marchwood

pp 559-579.

Power

1979.
Fry,

dynamics

A 9

Ser.

ed.

B. M.,

C. E. G. B.

conditioning.

devices

power

wave

of

analysis

R/M/N1008.

London,

B. M.,

wave-

pp 65-77-

1978,

theoretical

Full-scale

1978

H. B.

Quarrell

mechanical

1978b

B. M.
Soc.

Count,

J. M. & Stanfield,

Dawson,

P. J.,

Clark,

M. E. L.

No.

Rep.

RD/M/1157N81
See Count

climate.

1980.
Drew,

S. D.

See

device.
Elliot,

D. V.
problem

towards

Stephens
G.

G. & Rokl-urgh,

1972
of

The
the

a submerged

& Stapleton
1981

Laboratory.

Engineering
Evans,

Progress

1981

application

transmission

Wave
See

of
of

14'l

at

studies

energy
t

Stapleton

a new source
water

column

pp 385-396.

1981,

Stephens

water

oscillating

waves

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