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Author:
Thomas, J. R
Title:
The hydrodynamics of certain wave energy absorbers
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THE HYDRODYNAMICSOF
CERTAIN
by
J. R.
A dissertation
ill
1.114'tlrlurrt.
sulmitte<l
nuu-nt fit'
TI (OMAS
for
App] it-ti
OCTollm?
the
degree
? tttu"mnt
19131
icn,
of
Doctor
UniverMIty
of
Philosophy
of
11rIMtol.
Best copy
available
Poor print
quality
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I should
the
subject
guidance
for
thank
matter
of
this
for
also
its
like
many useful
in
operation
Council
to
throughout
I should
Srokonz
like
D. V. Evans
thesis
and for
for
his
his
of
suggestion
help
valuable
and
preparation.
to
thank
Dr.
discussions,
a common area
a maintenance
Dr.
of
research
grant.
M. J.
and the
Simon
for
Science
M. A.
his
co-
Research
MEMORANDUM
The work
ment
mitted
the
that
in
this
Mathematics,
of
for
work
any
acknowledged
University
degree
other
presented
dissertation
here
in
the
is
of
Bristol,
or
diploma
the
original
text.
out
was carried
and
of
any
work
has
in
not
examining
of
the
the
Depart-
been
body.
author,
subAll
except
ABSTRACT
In
this
thesis,
certain
wave
energy
studied
using
the
that
the
absorption
linearised
power
is
converters
water
extraction
from
energy
of
The
considered.
theory
wave
mechanism
by
waves
problems
it
and
the
of
sea
is
are
further
converters
assumed
have
linear
characteristics.
A brief
The
1.
majority
column
water
in
history
or
in
examined
The
the
by
to
theory
(1976).
of
by
in
Chapter
to
the
of
oscillating
study
also
described
device
which
are
cylinder
by
wave
two-dimensional
is
bodies
is
theory
energy
due
used
by
absorption
in
wave
a duct
draft
6 is
of
is
using
examined
problem
duct
is
or
(1976),
Evans
to
in
Chapter
an
oscillating
2 to
energy
by
absorption
is
used
of
rectangular
in
draft
of
device
waves
of
wave
with
an
with
a two-
a narrow
duct
energy
absorp-
upward
facing
fit.
Chapter
a shallow
waves.
device
interaction
three-dimensional
Ducts
using
Chapter
This
hydrodynamic
(1901b)
Evans
shallow
Bristol
absorption
axisymmetric
of
devices.
bodies
energy
duct
The
absorption
in
these
and
oscillating
Mei
considered
examined
the
wave
a vertical,
The
presented
Chapter.
horizontal
is
mouth
duct
the
3 the
approximation.
due
with
is
device.
Chapter
dimensional
tion
together
problem
column
In
devoted
devices
and
the
formulate
power
duct
of
(1976)
Newman
is
thesis
three-dimensional,
isolated,
water
on wave
submerged
final
theory
work
this
of
Chapter,
this
of
Chapter
and
5 to
partially
immersed
cross-section
are
study
circular
Finally,
approximation.
circular
distributions
pressure
cross-section
is
wave
considered
energy
without
restriction.
concerned
with
the
The
part
of
first
mean second-order
this
Chapter
is
force
devoted
on
to
a two-
dimensional
The
second
study
part
is
and
cross-section
abhorbing
of
power
is
the
mean
a study
of
an approximation
considered.
force:
the
on the
mean
of
force
this
Bristol
on cylinders
force
device.
cylinder
for
of
cylinders
arbitrary
not
de
CONTENTS
PAGE
I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 2
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Equations
12
of
13
motion
CHAPTER 3
BY A TWO-DIMENSIONAL
SUBMERGEDHORIZONTAL DUCT
3.1
Introduction
19
3.2
Formulation
21
3.3
Modifications
3.4
The
3.5
The inner
3.6
Wave
3.7
3.8
CHAPTER 4
outer
to
general
24
theory
26
solution
solution
power
30
and matching
31
absorption
Results
34
Discussion
36
BY A THREE DIMRNSIONAL
MOUTH-UPWARD DUCT
4.1
4.2
Introduction
38
Formulation
40
4.3
Solution
4.4
Calculation
43
of
and energy
4.5
Limitinii
added-mass
disc
methods
4.7
Results
discussion
4.8
Conclusion
and
45
6*8
of
Introduction
for
solution
the
disc
51
53
58
5.1
coefficients
case
Alternative
damping
extraction
4.6
CIIAPTEH
and
MOUTH-DOWNWARD DUCT
61
(a)
Pressure
5. a
Formulation
5.3
The
The
Simple
Examples
63
maximum
pressure
5"lt
Distributions
width
capture
a rectangular
of
67
patch
maximum
capture
pressure
a circular
of
width
71
patch
(b)
The
Mouth-Downward
Three-Dimensional
5.5
Formulation
and
5.6
Wave
absorption
5.7
The
5.8
Results
5.9
Conclusion
energy
scattering
Duct
78
solution
82
83
problem
87
discussion
and
91
CHAPTER 6
94
Introduction
6.1
(a)
Mean
6.2
Formulation
6.3
Equations
6.6
Solution
6.5
Evaluation
6.6
Results
(b)
Forces
the
on
Cylinder
Bristol
97
motion
of
of
the
of
and
Mean
the
of
linear
the
99
cylinder
103
problem
105
forces
111
discussion
on Cylinders
Forces
Arbitrary
of
Cross-
Section
The
0.8
Interpretation
6.9
Approximation
6.10
Conclusion
mean
115
forces
6.7
of
of
the
the
surface
mean
120
integral
vertical
force
122
125
APPENDIX
127
APPENDIX
II
130
APPENDIX
133
APPENDIX
136
REFERENCES
143
CRAFTER
INTRODUCTION
In
upsurge
the
wake
of
interest
to
addition
ible
as
is
utilization
evaluated.
however,
must,
bility
of
as
the
to
U. K.,
area
he one
in
of
197'i
and
reduced
a very
large
renource
average
power
of
providing
is
energy
of
its
of
fully
be
sources
via-
economic
determine
the
levels,
power
average
Hebrides
available
but
crest
(Crabby
1980).
although
wave
percentage
is
of
This
possible
other
energy
to
still
Dritain's
length
exploit
to
thought
are
Early
there
has
this
be?
coast
energy.
wave
length
wave
high
regarded
this
Why should
positioned
for
world
been
has
a relatively
Outer
scheme has
power
energy
energy.
well
the
to
SnkW/m
and,
it significant
has
sea,
tidal
wave
particularly
the
metre
figure
both
to
needs
ultimately
barrage
Severn
renewable
of
by
sites
that
SOkW per
their
overcome
and
will
attention,
approaches
to
lower
much
form
best
sugjested
of
order
the
the
surrounded
The
forms
feasibility
the
by
renewable
considerations
although
ratio
dwindling
impact
the
sources
energy
renewable
of
inexhaust-
energy.
receiving
being
energy.
wave
These
promising
most
land
against
renewable
U. K.,
The
be weighed
of
been
recently
qualities
tidal
the
caused
environmental
desirable
use.
In the
their
to
finite,
environment
The
problem.
their
future
the
our
In
wind,
Conventional
are
a great
energy.
of
refers
fuels
been
solar,
renewable
nuclear
of
forms
include
forms
term
pollution
although
The
renewable
has
there
1973
sources.
and
a major
handicaps
thgse
gas
the
and
resources
in
energy
coal,
oil,
in
The
these
of
crisis
these
energy,
energy.
nature
such
oil
worldwide
wave
geothermal
and
the
of
was
estimates
of
since
still
represents
sites
return
potentially
future
the
been
capable
energy
The
requirements.
is
coast
in
the
majority
form
of
Atlantic,
(the
remainder
developed
wind
waves).
'integrator'
effect
at
arriving
a site.
from
able
is
demand
and
of
mechanical
or
two
one
the
the
Outer
ions$
good
avail-
months
(Kenward,
in
upon
had
when
197G).
devices
receiver)
in
it
the
its
the
Japan
have
financial
meet
U. K. '.
current
Research
which
Salter
wave
programmes
iii
from
aid
been
the
government.
(see
the
that
suggested
U. K.
'a
few
present
the
years
prog-
research
being
now also
with
1974).
predicted
two
energy
over
Salter,
total
Within
are
from
absorbing
suggest
collaboration
recently
the
of
the
for
designed
of
to
proposed
catalyst
by
value
floats
British
the
waves
of
mainly
granted
regular
high
discusses
currently
be capable
to
is
energy
(1892)
device,
duck'
could
of
begun
to
provided
prompted
requirement
Scnnrunnvia. and
have
with
provide
now coordinated
installation
of
eruaryy
Salter
proved
Hebrides
kilometres
numerous
a dozen
its
consisting
devices
'nodding
coupled
government
pursued
winter
devices
energy
programme
incident
efficiency
n1r"ctrical
gramme
is
energy
Stahl
a resemblance
Stephen
energy
energy
off
British
conditions
the
to
paper,
early
a hundred
roughly
considerat.
the
hundred
in
Atlantic;
energy.
the
waves
ocean
an
wave
now well-known
experimental
power
the
quite
in'1976,
Salter's
high
in
greatest
the
continually
prevailing
power,
solar
the
locally
is
the
wave
of
in
almost
over
our
storms
in
is
the
on
feature
In
bear
were
wave
current
Its
all
at
energy
swell
areas
unlike
wave
of
depend
by
contained
that
so
generally
however.
before,
8o% of
aspect
harnessing
of
There
patents
is
idea
types
devices.
the
energy
is
energy
power
demand;
a recent
vanes
produced
storm
to
concept
several
is
ocean
from
solar
waves
which
arriving
highest.
The
not
the
attractive
the
energy
the
A further
correlation
wave
A useful
of
and
swell
of
shores
wind
contrast,
at
our
the
of
the
U. K.
only
government.
Of
about
or
descriptions
Detailed
in
found
of
(1978),
Quarrell
the
all
(1980)
Count
can be
devices
more promising
& Stapleton
and Stephens
(1981).
the
Much of
on
the
performance
a high
of
lighting
problem
the
including
the
structural
work
in
estimates
as
different
flexible
5-lop
devices
(see
per
KWh was
the
Bristol
cylinder
be within
the
programme
begins
device
a particular
in
tested
Of
in
the
all
open
the
Interact
importance.
This
interaction.
the
Spring
to
he built
a reduction
costs
1982
of
devices
stage
next
the
with
most
(N. E. L. ),
to
now estimated
the
of
research
prototype
choosing
of
possibility
a full-scale
as
for
Laboratory
Engineering
The
to
teams
be
to
sea.
various
hydrdyiiamir
this
per
KWh range.
elect-
estimate
speculative
of
bag
KWh
Lancaster
the
efforts
flexible
Lancaster
20 - 4Op per
device
National
and
first
The
conventional
of
the
method
repair
by
1978,
resulted
for
3p
which
in
promising
and
ranged
exception
for
Since
made.
more
notable
from
assessment
system,
performance.
2-
with
1978)
has
5-lop
al.,
using
system
maintenance,
1978)
out
carried
anchoring
or
high-
at
electricity
overall
an
hydrodynamic
the
French,
systems
with
involves
governing
only
been
producing
of
pre-
essential
aimed
has
devices,
transmission,
et
the
Clearly
energy.
an
exercises,
and
as
is
no means
mooring
with
bag
the
improve
costing
(compared
systems
production)',
ricity
of
well
(Clark
1978
of
by
costs,
generation
replacement
is
This
systems.
of-electricity
it
kilowatt-hour
per
wave
conversion
different
of
cost
device
of
a series
the
absorbing
energy
but
areas
different
for
of
device
1978
Since
in
concentrated
converters
on wave energy
a device
of
any
factor.
estimate
work
efficiency
overall
requisite
to
early
aspects
ioit
thesis
between
is
Tho
wave
of
devices
concerned
majority
of
and
waves
with
the
this
thesis
is
clearly
theoretical
is
the
above,
mentioned
power
devoted
major
of
treatment
to
of
devices
of
number
or
water-column
in
oscillate
the
motion
hack
of
forther
and
Nasuda
in
In
U. K.
the
by
device
Japan
was
N. E. L.
(see
Elliot
enbisaged
in
cross-section.
is
a hollow
(see
waves
costs
maintenance
N. E. L.
have
the
nunjor
increased
marine
to
an niinular
1978).
The
are
duct
device
appeal
shaped
of
sea-bed
in
of
above
via
reduce
device,
the
structure.
20m of
15 -
incident
air
costs,
mooring
a bottom-standing
lower
wave
the
duct
by Vickers
proposed
However,
the
atmosphere
a line
water
power
and
prob-
fouling.
device.
a bottom-standing
of
to
incoming
in
moored
the
which
of
the
faces
wave
35 X 35m
each
prospects
survival'
into
device
di$adventulJes
The submerged
cnnRiSting
the
the
the
and
module,
eliminate
in
to
length
devices
each
N. E. L.
operating
which
external
an effort
valves,
original
modules,
mouth
the
of
buoys.
parallel
six
of
Inside
to
be anchored
would
of
above
on a larger
structure
twenty-five
station.
connected
converted
device
order
and
and improve
The
12Dm in
a submerged
in
1981).
direction
consists
3),
More recently,
turbine.
able
is
surface
water
the
the
air
by Y.
light
developed
floating
in
long
with
a wave-power
constitute
and
the
been
has
The
developed
navigation
& Roxburgh,
device
Chapter
also
adopted
to
able
a turbine).
through
power
is
a system
using
all
of
pass.
waves
been successfully
to
feature
drives
turn
oscillating
which
water
as
in
: the
essential
of
(or,
flow
1974,
of
The
structure
a column
a turbine
is,
dimensions
with
The
a moored,
as
(that
devices.
column
had already
idea
principle
variations
air
the
mode
crests)
where
water
to
was
This
the
prior
terminator
the
pressure
through
Such a system
operating
of
to
a uni-directional
produces
scale
duct
presence
response
oscillatory
it
& common
submerged
is
devices
these
with
this
device
n large
with
inside
the
mouth
structure
bottom-standing
submerged,
I,
is
is
Limited
completely
at
the
top,
also
submerged,
leading
(Chester-Browne,
device
was
its
I$
for
'survivability'
which
is
which
These
costs.
develop
structure.
in
This
the
device
modified
N. E. L.
the
is
such
in'
'draw
is
energy
A further
as
the
ions
of
the
by
investigated
It
is
also
1978
(futtcrworth,
with
the
the
worth
turbine.
19711).
U. K., 11. S. A.
and
Canada,
iss
length
involves
it
(see
Drew,
a moored,
in
through
is
shape,
with
by
a constricted
reminiscent
being
currently
Board
which
project
the
19S1).
partly
caused
device,
project,
can
developed
of
appearance,
Japanese
when
being
passes
Knimei
moorings.
is
Generating
the
just
positioned
travel,
air-flow,
the
to
by
spherical
The
Electricity
direction.
situated
held
or
consists
which
appearance
A similar
in
turbine
air-flow
in
within
column
an air
the
its
column,
matchbox
This
by
device
bottom.
n Wells
mrntinnitill
upward-facing
typically
water
Central
an
that
along
This
i ntrrrul
drawn-out
am inverted,
travel
the
of
wave
of
structure,
at
a twin
submerged,
water-column
mouth
as
on piers
direction
waves
known
attenuator,
Belfast.
contaitittuj
opetring
the
oscillating
a downward-facing
of
in
axisymmetric
submerged,
osci
long
an
as
Ltd&
is
similar
fixed
costs
Vickers
of
completely
either
University,
Queen's
l lnt
again
considered
also-being
it
is
anchoring
maintenance
a Wells
independent
stiffness,
and
consists
through
passes
pneumatic
large
prompted
separated
a terminator,
surface
water
that
it
but
device
below
is
it
since
direction,
a collecting
The
high
device
column,
air-flow
device
structural
with
This
water
same
to
bandwidth,
version.
The
high
the
power,
into
avoid
together
response
a modified
To extract
a water-turbine.
to
needed
devices,
surface
overspill
considerably
water-column
rotates
by
add
a downward-facing
the
It
to
cause
through
dome,
narrow
oscillating
and
column
considerations,
a relatively
and
to
the
to
compared
be a problem.
discharged
found
however
was
water
then
inside
air-volume
storms
can
the
of
oscillations
duct
local
to
vulnerability
reduced
in
(C. E. G. B).
began
collaboration
development
and
full-
in
testing
of
anchored
off
the
chambers
in
scale
installed
with
its
The
first
the
Bristol
is
device
consists
a common
hydraulic
a 72m long
absorption
Evans
below;
a more
Evans'
article.
derived
water
on wave
important
of
at
pair
extra
used
results
A two
power.
two
of
is
into
a terminator
(more
recently
mid-way
positioned
to
the
waves,
by
power
absorbing
axis,
theory
in
and
the
work
survey
may be
Newmnn(1976)
and
wave
results
arrived
were
Wehausen
& Lnitone,
the
i ty
major
dimensional
accounts,
(i)
of
or
it
1960)
published
found
by
has
theoretical
subwork
body
as
two-
linearised
which
'infinitely-long'
in
independently
using
at
by
given
absorption
may be considered
is
(1976)
Mei
power
power
article
review
theoretical
complete
regarding
wave
of
a valuable
the
of
(1976),
iii
a number
When subjected
mathematical
outline
(see
feed
cylinder
cables
of
are
cables
12m in-diameter
and
two
which
sea-bed,
The
length
by
The
connecting..
system,
described
These
theory
on
the
is
Evans
y been
the
circular
of
pumps.
of
bodies.
wave
anchored
3)*
7,
this
The
above.
horizontal,
axis
Chapter
horizontal
comprehensive
a number
Kegtieintl
its
A brief
1976,
dimensional
an
its
devices
(1981a).
In
with
development
by
(see
concerned
of
cylinder
its
with
48m in
of
discussed
those
a water-turbine.
afout
action
resulting
from
in
principle
operating
length
rotates
The
to
airmay be
thesis
this
of
The
transmission
cylinder
its
cylinder
pumps
of
units
positively-buoyant
ends
dimensions
of
Chapter
position,
the
leading
and
final
a hollow,
in
a number
sea.
device.
hydraulic
attached
houses
at
different
at
to
device,
the
of
held
cables
which
turbine-generator
tested
cylinder
cross-section
along
been
of
of
Japan,
ship,
a converted
consists
Different
completely
of
It
of
hull.
part
device
devices
coast
have
and
pairs
a device.
is
a model
for
(ii)
a terminator,
in
Out
narrow
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that
much
Newman showed
by
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knowledge
forcedto
(see
a cylinder
orbit
produces
an
incident
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the
on
solely
A result
the
contninee
power
A
is
buoy,
the
body
theory
in
a circular
only,
was
used
the
all
to
devel-
the
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damping
efficiency
body
depends
body,
the
from
may be derived
which
in
moving
efficiency
of
coefficients
the
Chapter
the
that
found
was
the
for
2).
a rolling
extended
axis
of
such
a body
by
of
incident
or
In
wave
and
is
F.
equal
tAIZ.!
I
for
was
to
T
shown
the
,
where
a heaving
surprisingly
(1975),
& Falnes
it
case
length
This
body.
swaying
udal
crest
to three-dimensional
this
absorb
could
wave
this
work
symmetry.
incident
of
their
is
simple
independent
of
(1it0( I%SIctit8.
Evans
the
an
discovered
also
result,
the
for
(1963),
wavelength
E"2
calm
cross-section
arbitrary
of
power
Ill
is
body
otherwise
led
since
expressions
of
and
a vertical
maximum
has
the
absorbing
of
capable
deduced
Ogilvie
direction
one
power
of
device.
bodies
that
to
due
result
derived
(see
in
rotating
was
This
freedom.
of
in
a body
bei
by
problem
with
so
prediction
be
when
mode
cross-section
characteristics
radiation
bodies
carried
tank
and
could
waves,
1).
cylinder
added-mass
hydrodynamic
the
the
efficiency
cross-section
absorbing
such
Bristol
degree
a single
was
spanned
maximum
radiated
wave.
absorption
power
the
waves
Newman and
Evans,
confirmation
energy
3,
that
pgqwer in
of
its
propagating
show
of
enabled
that
circular
of
to
opment
which
arbitrary
Chapter
Evans
by
devices
far-field
in
also
that
of
the
of
oscillate
fluid
theory
work
experimental
results.
and
absorption
early
with
two-dimensional
Evans
from
tanks
wave
experimental
of
the
of
include
systems
(1978)
or
arrays
independently
of
generalised
three-dimensional
bodies.
(1981b)
Evans
of
by
(see
interface
applied
merged
devices
there
isolated
and
have
been
in
with
arrays
wave
it
due
is
to
b)
maximuun
front
isolated
Thomas
A Evans
at ," rnstraiised
witfrom
Simon
when
the
Mitlas
ca1ptitude;
physical
(19131b)
the
is
isolated
terminator
devices,
when
Belfast
buoy
important
before
device
to
of
the
as
such
clearly
to
understand
the
considering
WOVOS.
was
per
device
to
ho
Huch
more
arrays
1055
thaII
diffracted
Simon
is
an array
wavos
the
on
buoys
for
individual
of
each
fcmuncl t ho difference
waves
device
in
of
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incident
both
necessary
to
theory
month-upward
iii. ffractrd
bodies
multiple
and
of
by
examined
the
linear
arrays
and
also
upproprinte
power
mean
maximum
when
(the
q-factor
are
cc, u: 'ztart
vnme
and
of
of
motions
a constt-nit
considerations
of
body
the
and
the
heaving
devices
These
when
the
by
divided
the
v" Darts
determine
diffracted
the
wave
absorption
power
wave
of
incident
to
able
for
leas analysed
theory
y neglecting
the
of
Evans
(19131)
the
examples,
devices.
l, rulrcr+yi
Iticiclent,
simple
device)
thist-ship
heaving
it
arrays,
interaction
the
mean lower
an
analyses
sub-
or
introductions
the
devices
There
1981a).
Evans,
three-dimensional
of
illustrated
some
fixed,
held
air-water
water-column
in
cited
Although
an
(see
two-dimensional
studies
in
(1900a,
Evans
oscillating
oscillating
are
to
arrays.
of
absor-
problem.
array
complex
by
addition
hydrodynamics
the
these
and
be positioned
cospld
concerning
In
3-5.
Chapters
power
to
internal
absorption
devices
proposed
of
devices
duct
wave
of
relevant
an
exists
wave power
of
papers
several
directly
arrays
5).
theory
a number
been
have
there
where
Chapter
The general
to
is
distributions
devices
theory
The
for
theory
an analogous
distributions.
pressure
water-column
developed
recently
pressure
surface
ption
has
he valid.
submerged
are
retained
approximated
q-factor
results,
ducts,
and
by
."
between
this
using
has
There
been
buoy
presents
while
Count
to
the
forces
second-order
on
Experimental
the
duck
There
agreement.
duct
devices
from
Knott
(Knott
theory
between
and
1979)
s
and
linearised
in
presented
wave
Chapter
an oscillating
to
:ttnchel
it
the
the
2.
linear
Prior
theory
has
been
;vans'
the
has
Bristol
majority
of
hydrodynamic
duct
to
applied
The
The
wave
is
formulation
device
which
Mystem
(19111, ) surface
usual
method
of
to
been
submerged
encloses
model
pressure
results
a comparison
(Evans
device
found.
was
thesis
concerns
of
oscillating
equations
goveriiinng
energy
good
theoretical
the
this
treating
found
Experimental
given
to
ex-
results
and
performance
devices.
theoretical
published
cylinder
agreement
the
with
of
with
also
effect
1981).
theoretical
b).
compared
mean
the
of
relating
good
Mpri. iigl-damper
to
1980a,
the
the
results
and
There
for
theory
water-column
mechanism.
this
of
along
his
papers
little
al.,
et
amount
of
been
reasonably
submerge(I
water
compared
(1979).
again
study
imn or
water-col
have
mentioned,
theoretical
has
1979
experiment
As previously
a small
a series
(1979)
Lighthill
of
predictions
been
been
a study
experimental
& Flower,
& Flower
only
Salter's
with
has
been
(1978b)
Count
Salter
been
with
(Longuet-Higgins,
(Drevig
cylinders
dynamics
air
although
attention
has
Masuda
systems
forces
there
the
internal
likewise
has
some
and
submerged
there
work.
perimental
6)
studies
but
developments
the
above,
power
of
take-off
There
received
study
its
of
hydrodynamic
Chapter
waves
of'breaking
duck.
have
also
see
and
Salter
his
non-linear
non-linear
of
in
formulation
considers
on non-linear
work
(1974)
McCormick
(1978a)
consideration
al.
mentioned
simplification
theoretical
a non-linear
application
et
little
systems.
extraction
for
Evans'
and
small.
surprisingly
1977
method
absorbers
of
are
specifically
for
a weightless
float
the
power
extraction
distribution
such
problems.
This
Chapter
the
duct
the
efficiency
An axisymmetric,
the
more
the
added-mass
in
found
for
using
an analysis
be solved
facing
using
duct
io"s
"imat.
provide
finite
disc
on
the
who has
waves.
It.
fluid
the
depth,
to
sea-bed
for
in
help
the
understanding
A comparison
problem.
for
effect
Chapter
expressions
which
duct
coefficients
in
for
analytic
length
the
is
duct
of
made
also
model
a similar
considered
Simple
an
the
formulated
two
method
fit.
The
in
employed
interestinq
the
draft
shallow
limiting
are
are
followed
duct
mouth-downward
which
narrow
with
cases
can
the
upward-
duct
approx-
of
study
and
pressure
theory
These
approximation.
axisymmetric,
same
Evans'
of
ducts
(1981b)
Evans'
using
illustrations
draft
a shallow
intersecting
free-surface
with
which
the
exact
may be comixred.
results
Chapter
the
yields
may be
Chapter
of
oscillating
a maximum
incoming
the
examined
quantities
concerned
of
is
has
that
fluid.
theory.
presented
an
(1901a)
Simon
faces
using
known
analyses
study
duct
is
device
formulated
case
problems
distribution
by
by
5 is
the
which
of
damping
deep
Chapter
mouth
non-zero
and
infinitely
its
hydrodynamic
complicated
those
with
case
important
various
that
analysis,
limiting
This
betaken.
this
mouth-upward
limiting
the
enables
and
duct
It
1978).
water-column
197G)
so
three-dimensional
This
horizontal
Evans,
oscillating
a duct
such
rotating
(see
50% (Evans,
of
incorporate
519 2 to
two-dimensional,
approximation
vertical
a symmetric,
Chpater
models.
3 examines
narrow
in
modified
distribution
pressure
of
is
formulation
mean
6 examines
force.
Floating
pOwor
or
not,
force
in
addition
Fortunately,
a different
or
experience
solution
to
submerged
a mean
the
of
aspect
bodies,
whether
time-independent,
or
first-order
oscillatory,
the
in
bodies
of
linear
problem
10
is
waveel
namely,
extracting
second-order
linear
sufficient
force.
to
determine
the
mean
force.
on the
forces
Bristol
for
expression
not
is
the
current
design
and
over
The
problems,
wave,
duct
on
cylinders
the
mean
of
an approximate
discussed
tuned
chosen
and
body
the
when
wave
for
that
iss
the
to
be
be a
high
the
wave
is
This
The
that
wave-
of
of
band.
so
occurs
waves
majority
period
devices
Outer
spectrum
absorbers.
energy
a device
majority
a particular
'good'
absorber
frequency
this
at
frequencies.
this
thesis
certain
wavelength
depth,
wave
should
the
of
(that
sec.
second
throughout
the
fluid
of
peak
(the
Uilst
South
42m), and
is
absorption
so
as
13.5
resonant
range
possible
1en! jtl,
depth
for
The
of
for
used
such
(1980).
spectrum
immediate
as
spectrum
period
power
notation
consistent
is
power
0-16
are
of
the
study
problem
force
the
in
is
frequency
efficiency
latter
6 to
also
and
vertical
water
absorbers
the
of
the
as
contained
tuning
the
Crabb
a wave
is
these
by
given
-1230m
energy
of
average
approximately
length
device
In
mean
Chapter
power.
absorbing
Hebrides)
in
exploited
cylinder
the
The annual
at
is
cross-section.
arbitrary
is
This
is
are
etc.
wavenumber
always
denoted
to
a number
incident
the
of
be as
to
common
quantities,
and
intended
by
the
same
symbol.
The work
in
Thomas
distribution
presented
(191)
while
theory
in
in
the
4 has previously
Chapter
examples
Chapter
11
the
illustrating
5 have
appeared
been published
in
surface
Evans
pressure
(19811)).
,0
CHAPTER 2
Introduction
2.1
All
the
mathematical
out
under
the
assumptions
for
example,
Wehausen
adopted
in
most
haviour
of
wave-power
motion
of
equations
good
reasonably
the
fluid
of
the
mathematical
many
for
the
important
in
and
anti
i4111aI
condi
tllt'fry
Loon
"t$MIInW
comlr, +rf 41 to
the
1 i. tlM bury
ill
the
the
t i zcuMMO11
are
field
much
tttliform
4 he
I itrari:
nf'ft.
by
ofn
Garri
of
vein
similarity
this
theory
IV potent
the
Tito
wrlr,
(19711)
incomi
fluid
to
attd
body
ntl
lulu
1977)
played
i)(
an
wave-power
of
the
wave-power
to
inviscid,
its
assumed
41o4ittod.
tt
motions
so
of
clnssicnl
f. u offshore
( 1980).
that
techn-
problems.
be
waves
Stauding
Newman,
many
motion
II
valid iflity
forcov
in
and
theory
between
fluid
the
or
has
and
in
the
Evans,
1971
be used
t. tle
y;
amps i Hille
wave
of
ovriIiu
The
assumes
()( it
wavolewlth
he
hydrodynamics
to
flottsit.
al lfwi11411 1% vol
I that
ship
development
equations
by
As noted
Wehausen.
of
imposed
described
governing
(see
hydrodynamics
theory
the
given.
of
eu. thles
absorption
which
development.
ship
of
in
enabling
The
is
the
of
still
theory.
be-
the
restrictions
linear
wave-power
bodies
water-wave
compressible
h er.
0981a)
this
in
Cla9sica1
ftlrt
Evans
ship',
employed
IiFUilit
of
while
under'the
the
by
theory
in
tractable
be made
motions
floating
work
part
structures
to
of
simplification
resulting
problems
results
of
from
arisingq
iques
by
motion
the
make
important
the
The
prediction
(see,
been
have
assumptions
the
on
carried
theory
water-wave
These
work
is
thesis
this
linearised
1960).
theoretical
device
and
article
of
& Laitone,
devices.
in
presented
classical
predictions
on
a review
of
the
of
analysis
inbe
to
is
are
small
the
boundary
water-wave
structures
In
has
general
the
forces
predicted
to
approximation
good
or
the
is
invalid.
ducts
In
particular,
very
et
to
flow
volume
Linear
theory
in
(Rainey,
which
semi-submersibles
the
first-order
can
he significantr
forces
the
2.2
can
iuu-ve"tlilc'ss
Fgililt
1i "ar-
is
thought
to
Although
(see
be
of
r .-tIriur+r"
Wave
i hf"ory
forces
forces
G).
using
wave
has
theory
useful
as
wave-energy
it
first
its
time-
they
upon
the
second-order
for
limitntious
in
to
theory,
(see,
step
of
compared
these
theory
similar
and
effect
Fortuunately,
linear
lineal-
their
being
platforms
instability
linear
by
found
been
1979),
small
are
1980).
al.,
second-order
predicted
Chapter
extremely
iorrs
these
example
found
of
caused
a pressureet
The
devices.
be
would
have
& Kuo,
by
practice.
buoyant
tethered
be
further
Clercrly
hydrodynamics
Tlit
wave-power
1063).
Ouilvie,
is
certain
oscillatory
cylinder
mean
in
forces.
independent
(Fry
which
(Martin
semi-suhmersibles
as
obeys
usually
as
in
such
quadratic
such
mechanism
unlikely
instabilities
the
good
show
theory.
a turbine
approximately
submerged
on
take-off
is
devices
platforms,
and
(1979)
power
which
through
air
predict
offshore
may occur
effects
is
cannot
1977)
of
system,
work
experimental
linear
the
restrict
severe
theory
cylinder
from
water-column
law
flux
Bristol
does
be a linear
the
Bristol
results
#normal
linear
& Flower
the
be a
are
conditions
published
Knott
on
predicted
analysis
little
to
under
motion
displacements,
of
(1979)
al.
oscillating
occur
been
results
the
device
for
used
wave
has
A linear
the
when
There
with
of
and
large
thought
are
forces
undergoing
Evans
agreement
true
although,
experimental
and
motion
is
device
the
but
resulting
the
conditions'
operating
to
and
example,
but
it
understanding
absorbers.
Motiu
it
hotly
0ri: hl em
I..c t'o
t 1w
iiiat'
spcnse
13
wvt"! t (Illy
to
i rregitlar
is
ccnaidere1
wnves
to
n8
be
,0
linear
by
found
C) incident
frequency
Suppose
fluid.
upon
the
(x, y, z)
ordinates
that
such
chosen
Consider
superposition.
vertically
governed
by
or
cylindrical
is
zr
dimensional
polar
the
The
fluid
theory
water-wave
(r,
free
undisturbed
and
6, z)
and
surface
is
motion
coarez is
to
assumed
may be
hence
in
Cartesian
and
co-ordinates
of
immersed
body
absorbing
three
upwards.
linear
by a velocity
is
problem
z-
measured
a wave-power
train
wave
a sinusoidal
be
described
potential
(2.2.1)
where
dependence
time
the
4 satisfies
The potential
x2
? j-
Laplace's
a=s
in
equation
fluid
the
(2.2.2)
or
ff
l(2.2.3)
tt+
ex
free-surface
The linearised
1
Z
-6,
is
condition
by
given
0-t00,
a't
where
K= W%g.
fluid
is
fluid
on the
zero
considered
In
here,
where
the
V
is
also
appropriate
of
finite
depth
Only
bottom.
the
velocity
normal
uniform
of
is
depth
finite
the
thus
(2.2.5)
z=zF-d
water
depth.
If
the
fluid
is
deep
infinitely
the
is
requirement
It
z=ZF
rigid
p
d is
(2.2.4)
01
--s
necessary
condition
Z _..b, _ op
a5
to
will
impose
(2.2.6)
.
n radiation
be stated
11,
for
condition
each
problem
an r moo;
examined.
the
body,
On the
its
fluid
to
is
surface
be an
for
The analysis
to
the
be
equal
to
For
simplicity
water
column
point.
oscillating
of
component
required
that
at
the
the
the
to
similar
the
body
following
the
considered
a piston.
with
rigid
of
henceforth
fitted
shaped
velocity
normal
is
to
normal
velocity
body
device
an arbitrarily
body
in
oscillating
(see
analysis
Evans,
Thus
1976).
4=d
rt
where
fixed
the
on
9
piston,
J(t)
and n is
the
on
,
is
the
the
unit
from
normal
the
'-W,
where
The
axis
position
equilibrium
the
i. e.
fluid,
on the
fixed
on the
piston,
structure,
(2.2.7a)
(2.2.7b)
j,
Se
*o
potential
in
travelling
into
body
4o
5=i
its
from
displacement
piston
structure,
of
a wave
a direction
of
making
frequency
A and
amplitude
d
an angle
the
with
positive
to
x-
can be written
A
NCO59+
k(z+d-za)e
cc6k
3ime)
(202.8)
co5k W
when the
real
root
is
water
of
the
of
depth
dispersion
K=k tankkd
obtained
upon substitution
boundary
condition
roots
where
=k
the
and also
kn
are
d.
The wavenumber
the
positive
relation
(2.2.9)
,
from
(2.2.8)
Note
complex
real
k is
positive
roots
that
t
ikn,
solutions
i')
into
this
the
relation
(n=1,2,3,
of
free-surface
in
""""41)"
fact
has real
U=0
K+ k
The
following
notation
(2.2.10)
,
be used
will
((
i
No'
f
k
SUA 2-612
t11}
kA
2
SVrti
in
chapters
subsequent
kA )
(2.2.11)
/zlcdO
Yar (o)
(2.2.12)
and
(2.2.13)
ko--LIB.
In'infinitely
deep
the
incident
corresponding
wave
is
potential
Xt
JW
When waves
in
scattering
decomposed
incident
are
the
upon
directions,
all
not
also
The
waves.
they
body
and will
further
generating
motion
fluid
will
be
the
piston
potential
diffracted,
in
hence
can
be
as
(2.2.15)
The
complex
incoming
the
which
in
amplitude
linear
of
af
of
the
s+
Ato
where0f,
mans
piston.
of
are
the
This
fixed
4r
potential
the
is
piston
incoming
of
on
is
mechanism
springy-damper
motiOtL
held
absence
take-off
power
of
solution
the
scattering
in
the
presence
of
is
the
solution
of
to
forced
with
oscillate
The
waves.
the
boundary
becomes
s=d
The
is
which
the
(2.2.7b)
condition
the
complex
in
problem
is
piston
The
waves.
radiation
unit
potential
in
problem
4s
system
piston
assumed
to
nttnched
im then
the
the
(2.2.16)
piston.
to
piston.
The
piston
force,
spring
Rt)=
'e
equation
(2.2.17)
damper
and
rankt F(t)
finny
by
'liven
0+(XI=pt)
the
by
be modelled
be
is
written
the
constants
total
its
x2`iwt
16
Kleie
respectively,
hydrodynamic
force
on
the
the
to
and corresponding
be
X can
The
X.
ter.
term
the
on the
side
right-hand
known
the
as
the
of
force
exciting
into
Xr may be decomposed
and velocity
of
(2.2.18)
x1 " xr
is
(2.2.15),
an
expressed
x.
two terms
on
in
components
the
piston.
phase
with
The
the
acceleration
thus
pistons
xr=-M-z3
iwl)t
u(OK+
N and B are
where
,
and are
the
called
and daspinq
added-mass
respectively.
cpefficients
over
real
(2.2.19)
The forces
may be obtained
the
surface
piston
KS
fluid
the
by integrating
giving
( 5
ds
w
=-i.
pressure
(2.2.2D)
1s
and
ujLK+6w-S = -pOL
`rr
p is given
p is the density
equation;
The two-dimensional
4(x,
with
are
y, z)
chosen.
depending
(iii)
respectively,
and
width
over
the
The
the
body
the
the
hence
4(x,
if
z)
waves
(ii)
forces
in
(2.2.20),
x-
-Qo
(2.2.21)
power
the
C -?
reducing
to
per
become
00
x"+
unit
integrals
cross-section.
mean
c,, is
or
forces,
become
corres-
IT
or
,
"0
from
per
unit
width
of
incident
wave
the
group
velocity.
In
kdN,
simpler
finite
depth
is
d its
given
by
(2.2.22
value
(2.2.23)
form
above
(x, s)
the
3C
-LP
2
Where
the
coordinates
$ satisfies
(i)
incident
are
to
identical
Cartesian
equation,
hydrodynamic
integrals
almost
ares
Laplace
on whether
I.
differences
only
Bernoulli's
from
of the fluid.
by
two-dimensional
ponding
by p", .p blc)t
formulation
replaced
The
(2.2.21)
ctS'
is
of
C, = j/zm>
in
infinitely
(2.2.24)
deep
fluid.
In two-dimensions,
to
defined
by
the
to
body
the
ratio
the
by
absorbed
the
per
is
to
defined
as
swan
power
the
device
of
the
the
total
width
unit
In
wave.
is
performance
of
ratio
per
absorbed
incident
of
width
measure
width
unit
per
power
unit
is
power absorption
of
mean
appropriate
body
the
the
power
which
width
capture
efficiency
of
mean
dimensions,
three
the
be
the
power
incident
of
wave.
The mean power
on the
fluid
by the
body and,,
J3X
e
efficiency
The
(or
capture
by (2.2.22),
given
quantities
for
is
body
the
the
mean rate
(2.2.25)
the
and is
has
of
given
by
(1976).
In
these
width
capture
In the
to
modified
(such
is
case
it
only
on the
displacements
damping
added-mass
to
the
solve
simpler
have
Newman relations)
the
Newman
and
radiation
depend
which
and
efficiency,
upon
solely
the
coefficients.
for
that
the
for
expressions
two chapters
is
and
(1976)
Mai
between
Naskind
body
account
to
unnecessary
as
the
(1976),
Evans
bodies
by oscillating
absorption
relations
general
following
found
by
derive
procedure
of
confined
and
and
added-mass
the
papers
to
exploited
method
derived
problems
scattering
(2.2.26)
wave power
independently
been
been
theory
two
the
ratio
(orQ = w_ 1als
for
A general
working
(2.2.25)
is
width)
of
is
piston,
't
Ott =z w'B
Tm
..
by the
absorbed
finite
these
depth
essentially
the
as
damping
fi*11y
of
change
in
given
(or
efficiency
and
the
and
capture
corresponding
ill
problem
radiation
but
depth,
Evans
coefficients;
interactive
are
expressions
general
(1976).
hence
and
problem.
Zn each
depends
still
width)
it
the
is
attention
is
0.
CHAPTER 3
MANE ENERGY ABSORPTION
SUBMERGED
Two-dimensional
devices,
than
three-dimensional
standing
the
relevant
to
DUCT
in
terminator
consists
the
tions
at
into
water
the
of
ducts
papers
by
duct.
50%.
mouth
used
detail
the
as
underare
also
National
version
uniform
of
are
of
the
wave crests,
that
oscillating
water
cross-section
is,
lie
either
This
form
by
to
case
of
float
the
from
the
mappings
the
power
in
ducts
both
with
the
maximum
type
to
n simple
14)
a spring
the
water
column.
of
two-dimensional
was
mechanism
duct.
of
the
plates
of
equal
of
by
of
depths
for
converted
consisted
and
mouth-upward
result
then
analyse
efficiency
fluctua-
mechanise.
surface
extraction
the
is
extraction
this
within
pressure
motion
mechanism
on
'impedance'
vertical
power
take-off
conformal
examined
follows
some
ducts
power
This
pass.
the
to
response
column
a duct
forming
length
equal
in
waves
where
only
of
as
downward
the
Lighthill
In
to
in
They
modified
two-dimensional
oscillates
a complex
consider
the
column
attached
some
although
absorbers
parallel
plates
useable
(1979)
modelled
these
form
where
system
in
such
the
submerged
analysis
step
interactions.
and
or
mathematical
a first
as
absorbers
direction
mouth
(1978)
Lighthill
useful
duct-wave
of
parallel
duct
Vertical
damper
are
Both
the
two
energy
Evans
models,
to
amenable
(N. E. L. ) device
simplest
of
which
more
columns
water
mode.
its
In
oscillating
wave-energy
device.
long
of
general
hydrodynamics
Laboratory
Vickers
and are
in
proposed
Engineering
the
models
being
duct
is
HORIZONTAL
Introduction
3.1
in
BY A TWO-DIMENSIONAL
such
the
These
length
mouth-downward
a configuration
maximum
efficiency,
to
Emax due
( 1976) :
Evans
(I
E,
Ii)
KI'+
IA
All/
=I
&
where
A+,
x=+eo,
-. e,
forced
to
is
in.
to
be
1981)
are
facing
In
greater
chapter
than
50% is
above
to
iota
solid
Evans
ducts
to
close
1978
both
in
have
&
water
of
columns
pointing
to
preference
This
100%).
experimental
forward
have
max-
Robinson
and
development
the
waves
mouths
upward
or
down-
of
approximate
sotution
This
""e; tripl
y
exami
the
i1ict'
o,
problem
water-(lehtli
it
the
r"xirrtiir,
is
this
wave
chanllce
to
w"c. e: +sary
Nf"whuui
Of
rttul
in
a
be derived
using
originally
used
with
determining
source
which
occurs
nut i fy
cortrtin
( 197(
1K1
rO;
).
as
This
is
Newman
outer
derived
the
done
by
the
and
matched
closely-spaced
by
is
shelf,
waves
pass
resultst
tir"nerrtl
tt i cats)
closely-
two
potential,
over
system.
are
plates
transmission
Ev; ui4
a spring-damper
interaction
1 ies
for
me water
was
wave
Ali rricitlty
lind
to
incoming
the
closely-spaced
the
that
approach
of
to
attached
assumption
probitm,
toi
piston
horizontal
two
of
models
simple
faces
duct
the
of
the
The
the
mouth
consists
the
rotating
of
efficiencies
achieving
of
by
the
cu light
the
plates.
(1972)
- t hi'
r>tticirni
device
nit
study
Duo to
(for
that
expansions.
asymptotic
i c:1
The
possibility
(1978),
anahles
(197Fr)
to
Vickers,
and
to
investigated
with
Evans
Following
the
such
the
fitted
sliced
desirable
(Meire
led
incoming
the
of
this
Thus
plates
verl
asymmetric.
case
it
duct
the
which
is
efficiency
N. E. L.
has
is
is
piston
the
to
at
mouths.
suggested
waves.
by
(numerical),
direction
the
(it
50%.
experimentally
research
strongly
in
waves
the
when
asymmetry
19I11AI>I
than
radiated
problem
some
maximum
case
the
of
radiation
ensure
the
the
and
the
greater
that
so
analytical
ward
-".
is
(At
Murray,
which
to
amplitudes
introducing
By
possible
found
and
in
oscillate.
efficiency
JA+I>)
(complex)
the
are
respectively
clearly
imum
is
A-
t'etler
in
l vC
3.
ihtr
used..
These
depend
expressions
In k% 4,5
problem.
described
and
3.2
properties
for
solution
in 66
to
the
the
examine
the
of
radiation
Or
potential
wave
energy
is
absorption
device,
Formulation
a wave-power
enclosing
from
the
centre
surface
extracted
absorbing
horizontal,
closely-spaced,
the
used
the
of
Consider
is
the
upon
an approximate
this
characteristics
solely
light
of
the
and the
semi-infinite
piston
in
situated
The system
mouth.
duct
duct
by means of
system
the
a depth
facing
the
a linear
depths
a distance
h below
incoming
spring-damper
the
2a apart,
duct
the
of
in water
submerged
at
mouth
mouth
is
plates
two
of
consisting
of
a distance
depth
undisturbed
with
free-
The power
waves.
attached
d,
to
the
piston.
incident wove
14 -
2a
1---.
--s
FIGURE
(9.1)
21
is
..
When a plane
upon the
by the
system
some portion
of
the
m. due to
the
related
incident
the
is
remainder
incident
the
as
over
but
in
by the
dispersion
depth.
the
and partly
duct
be of
will
The frequency
wave
the
where
shown in
(2.2.5)
and
(2.2.7a,
itions
Paz
the
satisfy
(x, z)
are
origin
at
The velocity
on the
of
the
centre
the
of
$(x, z)
- f,
and d-zf
=h
duct
with
chosen
potential
positive
duct
the
s-axis
mouth as
(2.2.2),
satisfies
the
while
boundary
cond-
become
tx,
'p{i,
(3.2.3)
O
-d0
(3.2.4)
74=-1-a, <.r<a
-LOST
the
Finally,
and the
where
b)
-60/x:
to
(3.1).
Figure
(2.2.4)
. t)
(3.2.2)
coordinates
upwards
vertically
k and
relations
Ranh.OKL
assumption
Cartesian
the
umber
kd
tong,
W2 k
,c3.
w sM
absorbed
reflected
different
of
incident
is
wave energy
partly
wave
change
k is
4) and wavepumber
frequency
m are
frequency
while
system
transmitted.
same
wave of
radiation
following
and scattering
radiation
are
potentials
required
conditions
4s_3w(e-64xf-Zetk) coakk(z+f)*6X-+466
C651%
,
,
(3.2.5)
as X--4
k
cos_km
4
A-.
z6k
-06S
and
A
QLKXLOsk
& (Z4
AS
)
)c -p
oo
(3.2.6)
co&kkd
where
R and
ficients
of
Q in
T are
respectively
the
far-field
the
(complex)
for
the
in
given
reflection
scattering
by
22
and
problem.
transmission
Thus
coefthe
behaviour
,.
0
1
3Z5
^.
(P
'kx)
as
x.-s
I
kdkd
+ oo,
(3.2.7)
4)-'
Mx
Gc* r47-
J"W
-
'1
as
k)
pA<z
oo
co-it IYtit,
the
where
and transmission
reflection
are
potential
duct
the
there
Q4
and a 4A
while
duct,
when the
depth
of
the
mouth,
area
and
thus
waves
the
O(1).
the
approp-
small
outer
inner
region
mouth
and the
the
using
and its
(Kx,
of
Ka)
to a narrow
the
far
< 0
length,
to
problem
the
from
of
consisting
the
in
in
Theme
duct.
expansions.
asymptotic
described
a 4C4h
column
O(i)
fluid
of
is
:
"t(x,
matched
justification
the
enables
O(i),
column
method
to
This
a/a
that
corresponds
compared
region
(3.2.9)
assumptions
This
and wavelengths.
an
the
near
is
width
4z<-0..
-00 ,-
an
detail
greater
Newman (1974).
The method
of
the
determine
general
expressions
reciprocal
relations
difference
derived
in
by
of
which
(see
relations
outlined
water
above
Newman,
depth
(1976)
Evans
in
1975),
in
need
the
23
for
theory
linear
far
to
in S495
applied
together
absorbers,
exist
is
However,
potential.
efficiency
and
-Newman
solution
radiation
efficiency
the
(3.2.8)
progressive
under
into
The technique
to
no
now proceeds
duct
can be matched
in
be
, as x---,
submergence
be decomposed
duct
TT -KQl/A
can
)O
The analysis
I
total
is
condition
riate
the
of
by
given
+s/A
Beneath
coefficients
to
prior
the
the
maximum
with
such
be modified
field.
this,
certain
as
in
the
view
of
Modifications
3.3
derivation
The
theorem
Green's
(x, z)
C,
to
then
General
the
of
in
as
the
harmonic
are
modified
to
limit
the
the
is
approximation
of
only
depth
below
used
(3.3.1)
4o.
and
4159 "r
c99
cg
are
In
group
above
the
duct
h and
as
used
a similar
to
now applied
the
linear
various
combinations
and result
combination
particular
(3.3.2)
in
velocities
wave
water
flux
energy
of
d and
depth
is
conserved,
h
as
expect.
might
the
modified
++AT,
is
the
co.
of
the
Haskind
corresponding
force
exciting
form
(3.3.3)
Newman relation.
AK(zwo/g
XS=P,
j0)
(iii)
This
is
ah
duct.
"
to
the
radiated
(1957)
(3.3.6)
result,
the
relating
far-field.
(3.3.5)
(iv)
This
planes
vertical
assumption
that
states
(94
the
with
the
each case,
the
This
respectively.
is
curve
be the
k*)TT
This
the
given,
are
where
and
yields
to
taken
that
the
is
(i)
one
C is
boundary
Note
water
The equation
(x, z)
Xo-i eo .
approximate
of
(3.3.1)
together
present,
c2
L'
X, : x: )(0
,-
taking
the
problem
boundaries
physical
and
-s
formulated
the
For
940
)d5=C).
(q) A.
C
to
use
by
bounded
a region
theorem
the
If
derivations.
in
Green's
involves
results
original
functions
of
application
Theory
final
coefficient
equation
and
the
demonstrates
radiated
t he relation
far-field.
/I
L:
between
the
damping
The efficiency
the
of
in
system
is
wave energy
absorbing
simply
(c(c)1;;
E. I-,
,(1976),
Evans
and, following
the
is
Bmx
maximum efficiency
found
E =cjLkt1/(clk{ +clals)
to
reduces
clearly
which
throughout.
uniform
depth
equation
of
(2.2.19)
(3.3.4)-(3.3.6)
and
the
of
motion
't
2
in
the
while
the
The efficiency
the
of
in
result
piston
to
by (2.2.17),
first
case
particular
can be obtained
given
determine
together
the
of
the
using
(2.2.18),
with
amplitude
incident
the
wave (per
by the
absorbed
power
(from(2.2.25)).
01
the
definition,
power
)
EMax
/Ja
'
/to )(2&-)
unit
ratio
(3-3-7)
The efficiency
by
absorbed
the
of
the
is,
system
by
incident
the
by
divided
piston
is
length)
device
unit
vqA
is
length)
crest
(per
piston
(3.3.7)
hence
uwing
power,
wave
(3.3.8)
{K_(N+K)616
&4
wL %%
This
expression
All
and,
thereupon
As stated
(3.3.8)
for
given
in
throughout
letting
d-4
the
the
determine
derived
derived
depth
at
that
the
end
solution
system
the
to
that
O,
in
the
deep
of
Chapter
of
the
potential
when
water
it
2.
reduce
radiation
2.
2 1-)
under
the
is
this
the
e.
cg+"o9
obtained.
(3.3.6),
from
be seen
problem
in
to
are
results
An approximate
+r
(i.
h"d
can
for
form
a different
section
results
efficiency.
radiation
this
(1976)
by Evans
given
Emax has
although
expressions
finite
uniform
identical
fluid,
deep
infinitely
case.
is
be
(3.3.6)
motion
piston
The power
Evans$
to
to
sufficient
solution
assumptions
is
now
to
The
3.4
Outer
In the
outer
the
flow
at
This
flow
to
the
mouth
outgoing
uces
horizontal
mouth
at
away from
region
a single
as
entially
Solution
waves
only
for
to
at
xa
(2.2.4),
with
i. e.
only,
waves
(090)
at
source
Then the
in
outer
the
the
is
horizontal
by It
denoted
Evans
source
of
condition
(x, z)
at
transmission
in
Gi
potential
outgoing
of
to, a pulsating
due
horizontal
a semi-infinite
plate.
of a submerged seni-
The Y- dependence
a shelf.
(3.4.2)
(3.463)
the
study
prod-
(3.4.1)
radiation
in the presence
plate
to
piston
satisfying
xO Z).
region.
simply
the
potential
presence
solution
the
o,X-do
,
and
is
G(x, z)
inner
the
of
potential
5Cz',
S(x)
=ice
(2.2.5)
*as-
00.
IGIAZ-301Z.
together
appears
a source-type
with
oscillations
a source
+`/a=')GrCx,
duct
q into
flux
mass
forced
the
mouth
z=0, -op<x<O,
the
the
duct
plate
account
due
the
the
of
waves over
the
and thus
was removed
(3.4.
not
here-after
incident
obliquely
problem
satisfies
(1972),
by Evans
but
i)t
1)
a.(X,
aaax>+aiaZs--k
some ki >0
for
To
determine
depth
finite
ition
on
strip
Fourier
of
the
decomposed
in
terms
(see
method
of
4in
transform
transform
and
plane.
it
is
at
unknown
x-
in
that
order
letting
20
method
it
and
4 is
Finally
shown
This
direction,
part
and
potential
1958).
The
x"-oo.
that
must
the
determined
4pL(ki)
is
involves
condis
problem
using
solved
taking
be assumed
transform
in
potential
boundary
the
satisfy
4,
the
the
a line-source
sum of
to
point
arbitrary
condition
Noble,
imniinary
nenative
the
4)c
radiation
of
now at
into
potential
the
and
plate
transform
a small
is
is
source
correction
and
Wiener-Hopf
Fourier
has
it
G,
1,
formulated
thus
the
the
the
and where
the
that
in
exists
as an inverse
O
recovers
-
ki
the
required
result.
is
derivation
This
and results
assumptions
may be decomposed
Gd(s, s)
fluid
of
is
1953).
Thorne,
only,
is
for
given
of
below.
G(z, s)
The potential
as
the
d in
depth
valid
k(x,
" Gd(x, z)
G(x, z)
where
also
The
potential
the
(3.4.4)
z),
a line-source
of
absence
the
of
Gd(x,
potential
at
(see,
plate
in
the
origin
for
example,
may be written
$)
j1
I,,
x.
Gd(x,z) =4 Jl
(z-2
"}
i - skkfL(z4f)kx
(I+ sfnk2kx!12 kd
_
f
where
sua,s,si
l dx 2"
IT
s(k =- cdskr-66(Z+0
(Krasd-ssf
w6 sd
sd
scosii.
sd
the
denotes
principal
s)' ( 9.4.5 )
integral,
value
has the
and this
limiting
forte
)e
kd
k4
d2d
(x,Z) -N;Cah
as
hUZ4ctLk(xl
4_
N0 is
where
by (2.2.
given
(j is
The potential
and its
near
first
too
(3.4.6)
ii).
and second
be bounded
to
required
bounded
derivatives
partial
in
everywhere
fluid
the
except
everywhere
(OHO) where
04 4
In order
the
the
that
Fourier
k and m have
vavenuabers
transform
small
exists,
positive
it
is
imaginary
assumed that
parts
auch
that
d ro.
.nmm.
This
that
ensures
&(,
is
regular
for
The method
(i.
equations
of
the
Fourier
(3.4.7)
transform
c(x.,
zeLxdx
z) = {OU
1_oe
ii (a 6+i, t
) in
the
solution
is
(3.41)
(3.43))that
strip
identical
to
"%/
(3.4.8)
d4t
D:
I (with
<'d of
kImO)
the
complex
and it
is
plane.
found
#0
i,xc=
(z Z
(3.4.9)
c
C is
where
in
some path
D from
to
eO
eo , and
-
(3.4. lOa
cL_c
ii)
1
_
k cos.-
sw",
CosWZ+O
34 0. (3.4. iob )
The functions
in
The Amplitudes
The amplitude
is
redult
the
by 9,
given
the
with
the
G as x-+oo
of
as z--a.
Gas
waves due to
forms
asymptotic
This
result
corresponding
the
i"
minor errors.
conteintseverel
amplitudes
using
Waves
Radiated
wave due to
radiated
together
rederived
following,
the
are
the
of
Far-Field
given
In
the
of
Z-+!
00
by (3.5.6).
given
(s) x -f+oo
the
closing
in
the
i. e.
can be seen
from
come from
zeros
simple
when
. -k,
complex
roots
at
will
-ikn
C by a large
path
integral
the
to
it
D-,
of
the
of
the
by
only
The
residue
i, N
simple
c"'
and hence
JSC
the
L.. -+
(3.2.1
relation
terms
of
-
-k,
k4
4)
and
_-i
ZdL-
of
o's__
(-k)
is
+w
given
regular
to
the
corresponding
closed
contour,
The simple
decay
Is
the
poles
exponentially
determined
by
yielding
CC05k
6t)QiCx
as x--i+
Cuskd
amplitude
which
an x--*
L- are
integrand
by
contributions
within
...
(3.4.9)
As N-"
only
the
be found,
may easily
the
of
from
D-.
d-K. coshd)
contribute
at
C)Ne'Sw,h, tca
-
poles
behaviour
pole
that
simple
dispersion
clearly
the
(3.4.1Oa)
where:
.
-ik
in
semicircle
( Binh)(
as x - + 00 9 Hence the
solely
i)
of
can be found
c
behaviour
The asymptotic
the
radiated
__c___ol
00
wave due to
(3.4.11)
is
given
by
(3.4.12)
This
may be
rewritten
zc
an
2Um%.kdcos,
kt
_Lo
L_(k)
T(.
iGjCa6`
76 Wl
L+-dL- (-)
using
regular
(A. 5)
where
d),
(T-'>,
D+
in
(A. 7)
to
2kol
, a arg
by (A. 3).
(3.4.13)
wtFrom (3.4.4
L+(k).
)'
(3.4.6)
N- has simple
occur
complex
ff.
is
roots
of
at
the
in
Dfq
ikn
"k,
limn
residues
dispersion
may easily
i
by a large
.
0 is
(see
(A. 14))
relation
c.
and the
)s 0<
(3.2.2
).
only
In this
giving
dcs
4(z+rI
Not,
cockdo
Ccrs
waalm
29
D.:
other
()Z)j
)L
be calculated
in
singularity,
N_(M)(.
S_Mk
%x
wA
Q-mx
.
L
(3.4.15)
semicircle
a removable
(n-1,2,3,...
)
t.,
+IL.
v%
These
as
-Kcobkl
now closed
regular
poles
may be rewritten
when
(3.4.10a)
equation
(3.4.9)
L+ is
The function
thr
14)
(3.4
k,,d L+CLk>
4Sd
L+(Y) s'
C in
H; of
amplitude
ia,
ATT
kbCk)
(A. 1),
the
G may be obtained
W
The path
using
give
-k
a function,
may be simplified
This
U
(Ce
co,
Using
and L+ is
by
given
L(6Kni
SWF
k,
Lk
Kot
(2.2.12)
Nn is
given
wave due to
radiated
L+( k)
$kd.l
1p151naW
+l
kt
Z
siMil,
U11+MY
case
poles
the
fe
Cl+si2MhZwI.
Mo=
whom
.
the amplitude
In determining
13
the
term
second
from
(3.4.16)
of
will
by (3.4.6),
Gd given
the
of
clearly
wave due to
radiated
the
with
cancel
G,
contribution
thus
LCOSkwht4
2 ol
L4 Cwt)
Using
(A. li)
this
may be written
'
L
t4;
cskwk
2M
k L+(w)
4-wiz
as
2k L+r)
K+I
FMK
Mn.
M,Ci,rir
Ksi_kw%k
- mcos6wLk
where INn
Z Mn'r,
lnn
2 Mn
LI+
where
(b)
ei
the
To match
limit
outer
(3.4.5)
_iNe
where
3.5
flow
Z
(O,
O)
The
Inner
Near
the
between
O is
and is
fl
cl)r("' L) *f
zw
Outer
the
inner
c(o,
Solution
Matching
two semi-infinite
it"
inner
from
ds
(3.4.19)
(A. 16).
from
the
),
(
i) (f/0
0> +
can be found
mouth
(A. 9).
by
given
and
and
can be determined
This
required.
solution,
jscoshsd
sd_S_
cgn6l
rae
d cksd
_ s6
ir
sd
Wain''t +
duct
(3.2.2)
Solution
to
solution
(z2+22)k-,
as ra
(3.4.3)
the
of
motion
simply
plates,
30
appears
z=a,
to
(3.4. i8)
(3.2.1),
Limit
The Inner
can be reduced
K L-(-i.
Nv)
9-4
21ti R. Mn(M; i,hn
= argL+(m)
This
)
L-(-:!
).
to
-aWO.
be an oscillatory
The solution
the
to
this
appropriate
is
motion
forms
asymptotic
Newman (1974).
In
the
given
depths
of
of
the
in
an implicit
this
solution
duct
the
by Loamb (1932);
form
be
can
is
motion
found
in
by
given
Trx
where e, and es are
the
using
e,
unknown
constants.
boundary
(3.5.3)
by (3.4.19),
in
that
%- -Zn/e,
and, using
this
result
licit
--L 14
Upon matching
thus
(3.5.2)
The outer
4L-
by (Z. 8.16)
given
/a,
solutions.
given
piston
Thee unknowns,
B, may be evaluated
The constant
on the
condition
ei "--Ir
outer
e, o.
the
of
the
by matching
inner
et
0r
4.
4
el
with
region
za.
=
the
of
inner
solution
the
inner
and
is
given
by
(3.5.3)
1a l
limit
overlap
of
a <
the
r<<
solution
outer
h,
it
is
found
(3.5.4)
and matching
the 0(1)
tears
(2-Ir )4.200
edsi_sk,
cos
ds
6:7_SF
c,
* 6
cdsksd(K sdl-ss sd)\
o
et.
go'cv
'kt
LTf
LI
With
CQ,, aand
q,
given
as
above,
the
solution
to
the
problem
is
complete.
3.6
found
involve
using
the
(3.4.14),
source
of
(3.4.18)
strength
the
and
system
(3.4.3).
given
by (3.3.6)
Clearly
it
can be
does not
EIRax=((+ C31?
--,
4151Z)'
31
(3' I)
For
value
each
limit
finite
is
indeed
the
(see
Kd -sO
as
this
that
h/d
of
the
maximum
efficiency
(3.2)).
Figure
It
As Kd-tiO,
case.
appears
be shown
analytically
from
(3.2.1),
(3.2.2)
then
(3.6.2)
Kk, -I (tAk'
is
behaviour
the
the
of
tend
can
Kd ti (kdl,
while
to
s
complex
roots
of
the
dispersion
relations
by
given
k. N nn + OCud
,
Mnhti
From (A. 3),
(Kk.
n*vC+0
(A. 8) and
(A. 10)
it
(3.6.3)
can be seen
L+(m)l (Mk)',
and
/z
Q=
Bl =
it
ti
Thus,
(3.4.18)
(3.4.14),
using
O.
YC
d
as
---0
it
is
found
I+Mk+o
z-i
((KS')
(3.6.4)
(3.6.5)
and,
using
(2.2.23)
IC3
C'
Thus,
from
(1
(3.6.1),
+ O(Kd)) .k
limit
the
)I I,
C
"[I (`
To determine
find
are
the
given
the
added-mass
by
(2.2.21)
'(t4
is
given
it
by
Ka-.
&s
of
damping
and
(3.6.6)
efficiency
and
C)(Kd)
can
the
(J. 6-7)
o,
system
coefficients,
it
is
to
necessary
(see(3.3.8)).
These
he shown
{2all+ (2a2/n)(1+e,.
)},
c62M+awl=fc.
3
(3.6.8)
to
I.
-4
'U
Y
"
1
C)
C7
U1
1
1
ll
N
O
11
Lfl
O
u')
L-
1
1
1
q1
1
1
1
(0
cD
E
W
U)
OO
-4
M and B are
where
the
(3.5.
frt f[
and damping
added-mess
respectively,
Thus
I,
74
(14
cet>)
tr)
(Ze
2a14
(3.5.2).
i)
coefficients
0w2
or
t--
Rot[
4.
(G/l(J)(l+RC(P,
We,
-6s900(G/10
where
Thus the
the
in
the
Apart
h/d
Curves
of
Kd are
of
tend
fluid
in
duct.
coefficients
parameter
a/h
COL, which
affects
this
the
logarithm
appears
in
only
the
only
tera,
both
are
linear
the
in
logarithm
added-man
edipends
only
upon the
and Kd (see(3.5"S))"
the
the
to a finite
may be found
added-mass
and damping
(3.3)
Figures
non-dimensional
value
and
(3.4).
damping
as Kd--r O.
As for
as functions
coefficients
Fron
(3.4)
Figur.
curves
coefficient
Fmax, the
it
do not
limiting
behaviour
(3.3.5)
together
with
(3.6.4),
(3.6.5)
can be used
give
MomC {'
2aI
and q is
given
Kd
Q,
as
-
-- ,+n)
by (3.5.4),
(3.6. ii)
thus
IoW
2/lo(k
N
Aow
='
Hence the
behaves
can
analytically.
The relation
to
for
from
shown in
be seen that
(3.6. io)
and damping
expression
(3.6.9)
))
mass of
and the
a/L,
coefficient.
parameters
the
added-mass
parameter
term
) is
No ("242
))
2c,
non-dimensional
-I
(Kd)
as
(kdyl-
(I
(%idas
+
damping
coefficient
as Kd --r O.
33
Ka
Ag
0
given
(3.6.12)
by H*
MBA
for
The results
in
now be
used
piston
notion
by
(3.3.8)
the
efficiency
the
9
the
choosing
system
spring
as
and damping
added-mass
(3.3.7),
and
(1976)
Evans
the
to
determine
be tuned
may
damper
and
the
of
oc =
(*
to
may
amplitude
the
of
As explained
system.
in
frequency,
a particular
0
We'
the
b( and fr
constants,
M()oi)
coefficients
(0
respectively,
(3.3.8)
from
whence,
2=
Curves
is
duct
the
being
the
In
the
near
the
sea-bed,
and
for
0.5
it
decreased
as one might
expect,
better
duct
to
closer
this
all
would
from
would
In
this
the
expect
(if
of
Kd
be 0.5
by
symmetry).
limit
of
It
0.5063
as
smoothly
provided
duct
is
very
be
coincident
were
Kd-'O
close
to
efficiency
was
one check
efficiency
maxims
the
50%
artificial
tend
curves
duct
below
somewhat
maximum
the
when Rd 'P.,3
falls
This
case
values
its
the
the
check,
are
surface*
the
by (3.6.7).
maximum
results
actually
as. Kd-* O
case,
0#95.
free
may be due to
predicted
one
the
that
assumption
the
affects
each
h/d
the
which
and, as a further
for
Under
maximum efficiency
value
sere-bed
(3.2)"
Figure
non-dimensional
of
parameter
the
computation
very
found
to
that
a value
with
its
of
0.4990
Kd=4.
Figure
The
and,
used.
calculated
value
only
amount;
limiting
their
on the
the
that
by a small
model
given
h/d
can be seen
albeit
at
as a function
efficiency
in
by bringing
achieved
was
assiaun
narrow,
is
efficiency
to
of
Kd are
wavenumber
to
W a00
at
Results
3.7
it
16ax
solid
(g. ))
curves
illustrates
correspond
the
to
behaviour
varying
.s,I
the
of
the
depth
added
of
mass coeficient"
submergence
of
the
duct.
I.
Near
the
the
in
free
is
duct
the
dotted
more deeply
value
curve
the
gives
I is
a/
in
decrease
the
(-2a
to
similar
the
Note
solid
be the
to
width
and increasing
water
to
6,
2.6.
from
(3.6.12),
closer
to
width
alters
greater
the
the
the
a/d
constant;
remains
the
length
column
width
length
displays
are
Changing
as Kd
damping, coefficient
when
Away from
the
but, when
between
constant
when the
length
column
a simple
hid
Kd-1. O and
a$ Kd-+ O and,
anKd-*O
water
in
behaviour
as O((Kd)-1)
attained
6.9)).
equation($.
increases
fairly
behave
the
(3.4).
on
way in
simple
(see
different
Figure
duct
effects
the
from
parameters
was also
(decreasing
similar
produce
very
This
0,1*
arises
is
curve
was varied
remains
curves
the
of
in
added-mass
actual
I.
/
a,
0.59
this
and results
(the
shape
decrease
values
sea-bed.
- O. 5 but
aa shown in
coefficient
As shown in
h/d
on these
a monotonic
damping
the
. 0.25,
for
This
also
surface,
is
there
surface,
duct
added-sass).
free
the
coefficient
the
column
coefficient
The
h/d
when the
The damping
close
curve
case
non-dimensional
the
for
variation
small.
range
added-mass
that
water
non-dimensional
found
which
the
in
when
is
whole
while
from
different
quite
although,
added-mass
decreased
44 ) increases).
is
the
over
increasing
to
corresponds
behaviour
submerged
coefficient
parameter
the
the
surface
is
duct
the'duct
or
manner
(see
the
system
equation
0.6.10)).
begin
To
lie
the
on
maximum
examination
is
tuning
of
effect
the
value
of
the
Kod
(=Wd/3
) increases,
for
example,
corresponds
water
of
depth
maximum
efficiency
to
The
bandwidth
tuning
to
40a).
3 7)
as
the
increases.
waves
of
maxima
and
curve
decreases
efficiency
the
of
efficiency
(Figure(3.5)).
considered
appropriate
the
of
the
of
wavenumber
(Choosing
wavelength
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the
although
tuning
the
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amplitude
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decrease
from
both
the
expect
and for,
considerations
physical
Figure(3.7)illustrates
the
both
which
bandwidth.
The corresponding
together
even at
although
the
the
tuned
is
duct
undergo
efficiency
curves
when the
water
is
both
cases
the
the
ratio
(see
the
it
is
quite
oscillations.
column
length
is
the
duct
width
less
near
the
energy
in
shown
are
curves
is
case,
The
varied
narrows
close
this
capturing
larger
of
the
1; in
auch
!apply.
depth
are
curves
Figure(3.8)
length
to
and narrows
efficiency
increases
ratio
theory
linear
increasing
of
when the
considerably
in
narrowed);
tuning
wavenuaber
).
incoming
has proceeded
practice
will
the
(il)
examined,
linear
The maximus
achieve
efficiencies
incident
waves.
and
if,
the
duct
the
watet-wave
as
is
which
duct
in
Better
for
is
is
does
the
enable
to
efficiency
In
narrow;
be easily
an artificial
semi-infinite,
and (iii)
method,
mathematical
applicable.
indicate
greater
than
results
might
such
devices,
the
it
analysis
is
duct
the
here
but
the
applying
results
above
that
on the
length
theory
of
extends
be so,
not
efficiency
common
(i)
parameters
assumption
necessary
that
probably
The sathematical
facing
duct
a submerged
of
estimated.
assumptions:
various
that
and efficiency
been
the
under
this
of
effects
but
and for
Discussion
3.8
the
large
column
identical
amplitude
(3.10)
Kdd (Figure
the
almost
excessively
submerged,
need not
effect
Kdcf, ars
wavenuaber
piston
(the
smaller
amplitude
more deeply
Increasing
also
the
and so the
Figure(3.9).
Figure(3.6)
given
effect
decreases
submergence
in
ratios
free
30
that
50%i when
be
the
expected
a barrier
surface.
is
it
faces
duct
if
is
the
to
possible
duct
incorporated
the
is
wider
above
I.
The
has
length
Bringing
the
does
affect
curve
not
the
on
a broader
the
.
duct
above
the
of
maximum value
The preceding
is
how the
coefficients
unrealistic
various
the
but
provides
the
parameters
and hence,
the
efficiency.
37
than
width
the
bandwidth.
both
the
bandwidth.
added-aus
of
model
Clearly
do provide
results
affect
the
waves.
duct
decreases
duct
but
mass
efficiency
the
a wider
a simple
incoming
the
more
the
of
column
ratios.
added
increasing
in
and its
efficiency
face
the
proportionaly
results
water
amplitude
hence
and
submergence
analysis
to
oriented
of
and
the
reduces
while
coefficient
width
and
coefficient
and again
depth
duct
mouth
bandwidth,
to the
damping
damping
that
bandwidths
closer
the
the
effect
efficiency
piston
displays
increases
the
show
results
a submerged
assumption
some insibht
and
damping
(ii)
into
of
CHAPTER 4
4.1
Introduction
Unlike
Limited
in
could
which
damage
models
behaviour
can
in
fitted
is
energy.
from
knowledge
the
solution
of
of the
width
the
wavelength
of
body
with
deep
Although
only.
fluid
the
the
same
sea-bed
added-mass
radiation
for
the
of
Evans'
results
It
the
as
above
is
38
system.
simplicity,
which
is
that
A /Z IT
is
derived
true
in
finite
for
is
that
from
the
A is
, where
true
constrained
were
extracting
way be determined
further,
result
and is
sea-bed
coefficients,
and,
clearly
cross-section
width
simply
This
are
the
as a means of
alone
expressions
is
on the
capture
device
mathematical
and damping
symmetry
indications
circular
stands
system
waves.
of
of
for
device
incident
axis
duct
level
problem
this
Vickers
points
two-
Nevertheless,
hydrodynamics
model.
that
reliable
original
storm
(2979)
ducts,
systems.
the
of
local
Lighthill
giving
the
on
from
extent,
Vickers
upwards.
be situated
submerged
informative,
the
a vertical
of
a spring-damper
(1976)
maximum capture
heave
be
to
some
by
vertically
device.
a surface
original
investigated
facing
to
study
at
to
attached
Evans
designed
an upward-facing
a piston,
with
which
to
as an idealised
considered
was
understanding
Chapter,
In this
mouth
the
device,
and
the
shielded,
analysis
relevant
proposed
three-dimensional
of
three-dimensional
is
be
two-dimensional
dimensional
the
it
1,
would
cause
his
in
out,
it
where
sea-bed
with
Chapter
Vickers
modified
system
was axisysretric
As, explained
more
and
water-column
oscillating
of
N. B. L.
the
for
to
any
move
infinitely
depth.
in
N,
for
expressions
4.
the
in
Hence,
and is
by Simon
to
together
of
and
than
the
mass
it
increases,
decreases
as
the
appears
amplitude
narrow
the
over
variation
at
mouth
that
of
the
is
shown
first
the
ducts
the
case
of
problem
(Kotik
from
Simon's
the
for
results
found
results
the
capture
of
diameters
the
in
in
as
the
the
an oscillating
39
and
the
the
is
that
it
length
disc
duct
larger
length
actually
increasing
of
duct
little
slightly
surface
duct
of'sub.
shows
bandwidth
a minimum
of
As
duct.
r are
depths
and
general
width
the
wavenumb
coefficient
being
in
notion
of
functions
as
column
approaches
piston
technique
relations
corresponding
considered,
advantage
His
duct.
coefficient
added-mass
duct
the
Kraners-Kronip
duct
reaching
main
coefficient
the
of
and
79
curves
that
been used
case
scattering
added-mass
before
the
The limiting
the
hu
here
variational
the
solve
the
with
various
fluid
depths
A comparison
for
range
of
of
to
the
damping
7,
in
For
b)
in
given
the
(1971).
dock
extraction
an approximate
of
made
is
and
presented
in
coefficient.
is
depth,
mergence.
(1972a,
determine
coefficients
Added-sass
also
use
application
damping
by an energy
depth
bottomless
of
infinite-depth
the
con-
water
problems
one considered
treats
system
the
to
the
is
finite
on a circular
the
he only
applied
1962)
calculated
finite
to
in
in
given
problem
applicable
wave forces
are
ratio
radiation
who examined
a damper)
the
with
Mengulis,
Garrett,
& Morris
Evans
to
in
is
wavelength
finite-depth
corresponding
the
only
the
, where
and amplitude
solution
take-off
involves
the
width
configuration
power
(equivalent
solution
of
(1981a)although
the
mo4els
again
chapter,
and the
A similar
these
this
X f2 fl
depth;
capture
due to
(1970)
harbour.
due
fluid
The method
sidered.
only,
width
on the
now dependent
is
again
fluid.
It
reduces
the
increases.
on the
sea-bed
is
de
in S5,6.
considered
These
give
expressions
check
a useful
provide
added-mass
insight
into
is
length
the
is
stands
fitted
with
be'considered,
unit
chosen
the
the
on
centre
solved,
yielding
and
damping
coefficients.
the
behaviour
non-zero
and
the
of
they
also
for
necessary
computation
the
upwards
piston,
in
and,
water
the
as
forced
Cylindrical
to
polar
the
and
(see
Figure
FL
length
of
sea-bed
is
piston
z positive
of
the
a piston
amplitude.
with
duct
vertical
a,
radius
duct
of
on
easily
this
came.
Formulation
A submerged
and
the
duct
is
problem
some
the
when
coefficients
of
for
expressions
analytic
4.2
This
1)
4U
circular
and
Q
).
d 014
depth
of
radiation
problem
with
oscillate
(r,
coordinates
origin
(4.1)).
at
cross-section
the
only
frequency
9
mean
z)
are
position
The
will
O)
of
9no
is
there
Since
potential
radiation
(2.2.4)
(2.2.5)
and
(2.2.16)
4r(r,
with
zfad,
in
the
a).
This
while
the
by symmetry,
problem
potential
boundary
(2.2.3),
satisfies
conditions
rie o
Ort
radition
appropriate
(4.2.1)
'Oz
(4.2.2)
t4a
on, zO,
Is
condition
by
given
4)%l.
Ar iss
e (coeplex)
dispersion
the
may be omitted
potential
Laplace'.
(r
y a)
"
4"
subscript
by
given
r of
the
of
in
to
variables
{
(r
inner
the
4 a)
and outer
give
1}
(s-d)+K
(r::
a),
and,
using
(4.2.4)
(4.2.3)
R"o
unknown
constants
the
notation
of
Miles
(1968),
Zo(z)
- Nom} cosh
Zn(z)
- Nn-}
kn,
quantities
(n > 0)
Note
separation
the
Mavenuaber
ambiguity.
enKo(knr)Zn(s),
& Gilbert
square
without
a
jr
An Io(knr)Zn(s)+
:
RO
An, Bn are
where
The
by
the
Hereafter
may be solved
equation
regions
and k is
constant
(2.2.9).
relation
(4. a. )
f --- 06
,
a5
%fI4(Icr)co6kka.
cosk d
where
the
become
0
The
dependence
form
values
of
Not
(4.2.6)
kz,
(n y i).
coa knz,
Nn are
a complete
by
given
orthorgonal
1.
that
't[ i%(1)(kr),
K0(-ikr)
"
Io(-ikr)
" J0(kr),
il 1
(4.2.7)
(2.2.10)
set
in
(2.2.13).
[Old]
with
The
wean.
[Zn(s)g
is
J.
where
and %(I)
functions
Beseel
Bessel
an ordinary
is
function,
the
1. and 96 are
zero
function
Henkel
order
modified
of
the
kind.
first
(4.2.2)
To satisfy
the
satisfies
also
such
region;
free
solutions
surface
are
solution,,
to
for
which
harmonic
in
and
inner
the
construct
various
is
included
is
condition,
simple
(1971)
Black,
a particular
in
and modes of
configurations
oscillation.
is
The potential
in, terms
the
of
radial
in
now expressed
"
velocity
at
inner
the
the
and outer
regions
interface,
cylindrical
r-s.
Suppose
f (2)
j
ar
from (4.2.1),
and,
ate:
0>
p< LSd
ct
r=
it
is given
at
rsCL
may be expanded
Hence
4
.o
r
fra
(4. a. 8)
that
oSiz
0sd
over
as
{ z=
(4.2.9 )
R0
where
c(=)Zf(z)dz
,
The representations
of
1, in
the
(492b
inner
and outer
now become
regions
},
3R
ro(k^r)
d)_b
(_d)+r.
<_
Z(z)
+
kr0ckma
(4.2.11)
.o
4.,
zn(Z)
't
lisp
(4.2.12)
A n0'
The pressure,
and hence
the
in
06,{
a%
10)
solutions
Ko w_r
the
49 is
inner
(ka
and
continuous
outer
at
raa,
regions
rAl.,
14
al
d,
so watching
yields
(4.2.13)
z 4d.
forlr<
valid
(Abramowitz
This
_'Iaka)1
and
simplified
p. 375,
r0 (k
L,
k0l
9.6.15)
equation
)
=
na)
formula
the
using
(ka)
For
A0
defining
In_
JO(LC, )KO(k,
ct
-[k
(4.2.13)
The equation
then
4.3
n7i0
'ror
(4.2.14)
"
becomes
}
0.
(a-z)
k'',
ZnC==
n:,
no
Q<zsd.
,
(4.2.5)
Solution
Miles
& Gilbert
(1968),
dock
proceeded
by a circular
the
1970,
& Stegun
(a)
may be
of
system
to
up an integral
set
adopted
for
equations
the
scattering
however,
equation;
here
and
infinite
an
*n
linear
simultaneous
is
of
problem
a similar
(1970,1971)
Garrett
of
approach
studying
unknown
is
constructed.
From
(4.2.9)
(4.2.1),
it
Zn(z)U
(4.2.15)
and
validity,
4
nnKK-
(4.3.1)
(4.3.1)
integrate
by m(z),
by d and add.
divide
seen
51.
!
,O
Multiply
be
can
over
the
region
of
Thus
CM
(4.3.2)
where
"`n
4s
fd
z
owl%
(4-3-3)
(: )dz
(4.3.4)
and
{(d-z)-k''1Zk(z)dz
CM(See Appendix
B for
The
in
two real
above
matrix
901,
(4.3.5)
,
expressions
a complex
equations
6rL
= a,, +
Dom, Cm).
for
matrix
equation
which
can
be reduced
by writing
(v *o)
'
'
lo
(4.3.6)
to
Note
bn are
an and
where
that
the
(
(ka)H0i)
real,
are
(ka)}
and
real
).
E, _, i"4i,.
n+ ,(see
and qfi are real
P.
then,
from
(4.3.2),
od
-p,
If
8Mn6K-
4'
hbc
the
t" o+
Appendix
B for
equations
for
pa9q,
)9
obtained
are
(4-3-8)
1
of
(4.3.10)
'
ns
M 0)i
OV
M
nil
"-
expressions
CM
Eansh. -
jITik2a2
(4.3.9)
solutions
CMn '
-W'S +
R.
ba c
n
-04%f
so
(since
n=O
equation.
(4.3.7)
following
mist
an are
rnI
the
tnn A,
CM
a
jK as +
for
except
resulting
Writing
where
the
uncoupling
2,.
(4.3.11)
then
r,. +
aw
6,,
5,
(4.3.12)
CkOSp.
(4.3.13)
and, in
particular
C#.
o'
0o:
rs- beye
- OLOSe
thus
/(I
6o
/(1
)
ros0
ao= r,
+Sb)
=+ S. ,
.
4.
Consequently
is
given
frsoS'i
by
+L
t'eSti
-'
l}s
Hence,
upon
(the
(4.3.11)
and,
from
solving
method
(4.2.11),
the
two
employed
(4.2.12)a
real
(r1,z'0i.
D.
systems
is
given
full
/I /i
of
in
solution
equations.
7),
for
the3
4
(4.3.10),
may be evaluated
obtained.
4.4
Calculation
of
added-woran
damping
and.
coefficients
and energy
extraction
(a)
Added-mass
These
Using
the
and damping
coefficients
defined
coefficiente,
representation
of
4 in
in
Chapter
the
inner
2, are
by (2.2.21).
given
(equation
region
(4.2.11))
gives
'n 1
K=d)
f
codrdt-dA
`J
t
w'$
rtM
.w
N3
+p
Ks
[(K-:
-2irp
(4.4.1)
10l SOP
s'
Ld)
zITp4(K
wo`
Rt
tkr)r
NR
.
d 4. a
(4..
a)
Thus
(K. i d1
(b)
ta
m.
j=
-2Zip W0.
1
Capture
width
tto
and,
in
results
in
finite
2,
Chapter
depth
3.
(4.4.3)
(4.4.4)
K"
the
,.
ti
amplitude
for
The expressions
k=-
Ilan
ratio
capture
for
deep fluid.
following
relation
ratio
and amplitude
infinitely
can be found
The Kaikind
width
the
The corz'esponding
method
(Haakind,
given
1957)
outlined
is
now given
by
i(s=
(c. f.
i. wp
(3.3.4))
equation
force
and
4,
ds
where
by r-R
given
cylindrical,
exciting
06
(4--a1
in
19a is
(excluding
the
incident
an
__
L
coshkd
ikx
e
11r,
a control
(4.4.5)
surface
),
which
is
Xs is
the
given
by (2.2.8)
es
where,
is
direction
since
This
taken.
of
may be
4S.
W, =
(4.4.5),
the
and using
that
found
the
of
consequence,
(k
8
cos
r)
rA
M
first
and
He(1)1
and second
behaviour
asymptotic
Ha(2)
kinds
(4.4.6)
m-the
are
order
Soy from
respectively.
4 given
of
by (4.2.3)
it
as R--; o(
fCosa'
CAAr
Iu R{
kzdz
_LZt
t
.
o
the8-independent
as only
no
of
Q=O
)(kr)Gosm6
M4kr)}I6.
katnn+o r
functions
is
an
y
"`
Eh%i,
zva
Hankel
is
expanded
Z
U.-C
"
where
incidence
(lu){'YIcr}-a(kr)W
(m-O)
term
in
(4.4.6)
(4-4-7)
a non-zero
gives
contribution.
This
to
reduces
WoaAr
d
''
X=
}
cask' col
where
large
for
This
& Stegun
be written
may also
4-pc)SL1
X=
asymptotic
(Abramowitz
arguments
9.2.4).
the
forms
1970,
the
of
p. 364,
Henkel
functions
equations
9.2.1
as
QAr
(4.4.8)
s
is
cg
where
the
Applying
Green's
conjugate),
complex
2L-6
equation
find
piston
(2.2.17)
result
(4.4.8)
given
theorem
to
by
(2.2.23).
0 and 4, (the
denotes
overbar
cis
(4.2.3),
and, using
letting
R-wogiven
('. 4.9)
IX.
cla,
:5
the
may be used
to
VA A, =[[
4-Pwc3
the
ratio,
amplitude
above,
the
can be shown
'0 (3.3.5))
g2
To
it
velocity
=[(-;!?
P
(c. f.
group
together
show
equation
with
of
(2.2.18),
motion
(2.2.19)
1
(w+M')wl}
oe-iWf S4$;
II6
of
the
and the
(4.4.9)lit
and. ueing
-r- fcx.
the
capture
Z0
is
C.
width,
then
given
as
-! +Zj i
2+
'J
a-(MO4,10
W'
is
CI
K7'
(2.2.9))
(4.4.11)
The expression
obtained.
C"'=
(4.4.11)
t0a . gk (from
deep water
for
that
a-(MQMW1sf W'{b-L"
-l
(1976)
and Evans'
may be written
as
} w={pesf-tj
a maximum value
giving
(4.4.10)
k"4-6
4ws
Ca
W
result
[F 43
ei
(2.2.26)
From
Note
found
tA
k4-p
in
( 4.4.12 )
at W"W4 when
M
oc =
M CWi
Wo
(4.4.13)
(4.4. i4 )
A is
where
the
same as for
wavelength
the
the
of
deep water
case
incident
although
This
wave.
A
is
result
the
upon the
now depends
water
depth.
Before
they
computing
values
of
non-dimensionalised
are
the
added-mass
and damping
as
M,K+
=Mow
,T
.,
mass of fluid
above
Mo "
where
Mo
a,
radius
This
in
to
Mo is
zero
If
Lc
the
duct,
may be
the
(4.4.1,
)
piston
in
contained
a cylinder
of
TtCi Pd
-
particular
column
coefficients
no that
on
the
of
limiting
the
came
usual
as
mass
the
duct
the
of
length
fluid
tends
taken.
wavenumber V=
non-dimensional
v'_
-.
instead
chosen,
zL
-Re '6
A%O
N"i
/9
WZG is
r,
f
nknN
' 1'
66
. 9
lot
introduced,
then
Nurtherg
the
satisfied,
CW/2
capture
for
and
_ l
,
systems
evaluate
with
V is
(4.4.19)
amplitude
ratio.
% 7,
examined
equations
may be used
The results
the
of
probler
An interesting
disc
oscillating
r"a
is
the
over
the
curves
into
the
duct
Jn
two
(4.3.11)
may be
Once the
variation
of
c4 is
chosen,
equations
capture
width
f.,
and
and discussed
presented
disc
an oscillating
whole
to
znZ
of
giving
duct,
the
the
the
[(d-Z)
[O, d]
damping
disc
duct
to
the
these
duct
and
is
duct
the
fact
produces
be
will
of
is
problew
$ is
that
as
now
provides
(the
indicate
that
this
problem).
is
instead
3 /G,
e-,
-
n=o
'a
clearly
of
identical
with
that
(4.2.15)
for Oz<d.
valid
'
an
analytic
coefficients,
cases
that
This
coefficients.
of
problem
now,
resonant
but
interval
behaviour
in
relevant
case,
and
the
One approach
length
the
produced
of
sea-bed.
added-mss
The formulation
of
case
a non-zero
insight
behaviour
of
the
V,
and solution
limiting
on the
for
above
similar
are
piston.
some detail.
Statemnt
a better
obtained
a light
wsvenymber
the
study
case
O, i. e.
on
frequency
to
limiting
(a)
for
(4.4.19)
by (4.3.10),
given
and a tuning
Came
results
and
p>'
p
of thhe. non-dimensional
Dis
at
by
given
v11:
^ W
Limiting
matched
are
be
can
(4.4. i8)
v)=
vvl1
`o
N
4.5
given
ratio
first
but
in
of
known,
(4.4.18),
in
and amplitude
(4.4.14)
cvo-
+vR &A64=n
to
solved
(4.4.13),
criterion
(Zl/IfUd/a)i(tan.kd}kd.'kd)
each value
linear
real
width
i/bv
to= Wdlg
So,
tuning
'
(2k4)
Azwhere
the
assuming
(4.5.1)
As before
by (I /d ) Zjv, (z)
both aides
multiply
obtain
and integrate
to
Ot k% 4[
C1,
, Witt
Thus
Co
49-co
f
I=o
no
=-
(4.5.2)
(See Appendix
8)
(Son Appendix
8).
cad
M `''
k,` ad
Hence
'
'
-O
.
kcu(t
'(L
o
l'ca
{
zoo (a,
(4.5.3)""
(4.5.4)
S2(ka1
(4.5.3)
1
and
3:
ZA-d
(
(b)
(4.4.3),
Using
m >i
and dasping
Added-man
is
it
,
(4.4.4)
found
this
iated
infinite
fact
the
that
are
for
real
od
" k1
NI
ap
k=d
(4.5.8)
One important
equal
and the
5.,
that
-ICI)-
coefficients
to
a ssro
wave
set
no propagating
of
J1,
is
coefficient
amplitude
of
to
point
the
note
damping
frequencies,
that
the
frequencies
square
q)), it
equation(4.4.
forced
for
coefficient
to
proportional
(see
is
oscillation
waves.
I. y
is
is
sero
of
the
clear
of
the
where
ks
is
and, sinc"
far-field
that,
piston
radfor
an
produces
Similar
(1971)
have
effects
they
when
considered
the
However,
bodies.
for
diameter
the
of
of
interest
for
is
contained
After
J1 (ka)
waves of
rigid
then
example,
the
to
is
as
between
4,
as in
zero
the
will
region
source
energy
80 and 250m.
the
coefficients
N,I, (ka)K4)
zn"*i (1-_0
are
(4.5.9)
'Cka
- 7t
A-N.
(4. s. lo)
NZT
& Stegun
1970,
as u-O
is
J1,
of
Y1 for
arguments,
the
9.1.7,9d1.9),
equations
behaviour
(nlia/d)Kiwa/d)
rizr,
(a/d)''
has
(4.5.12)
been
as
values
made
(3.6.2).
of
(3.6.3).
the
series
since
rapidly
to
zero
as U-*O but
As v--)O
,
non-zero
/A(-
the
limiting
tuning
Fl,-V0)
frequency
the
from
oO
ratio
The
converging
a finite,
(4.4.19)
'.
value
and
width
capture
to
tends
to
endAtend
in
appearing
amplitude
then
Both
x--*
as
value.
of tcand
(4.5.11)
h=
use
tends
small
(Abramowitz
by
given
A--0,4
finite
p. 360,
(- 41T-2
ft--
where
forms
limiting
the
Usin
that
first
outside
important
the
the
when
the
depth,
water
wavelengths
non-dimensionslisation
even
30m which
devices
oCS,
l_v-I_
r
(kd)`
the
i. e.
by
given
Thus,
oscillating
ka-308317,
at
occurs
Hei A Bray
zi(i)
approximately
energy
by
radiation
of
for
equal
of
wave
in
40m,
is
disc
zero
by Black,
numerically
or \.
of
a wavelength
at
occur
depth
a water
found
water-wave
first
z1td _ 4(d)
A"T.
So,
been
(4-5-13)
of
the
the
amplitude
value
of
frequency.
r, (
the
ratio
-depends
added-mass
only
coefficient
upon
at
4.6
Alternative
In
this
the
damping
Both
will
(a)
methods
two
section
Use of
in
use
the
the
is
are
given
following
for
the
the
damping
force.
the
disc
it
to
determine
disc.
oscillating
Chapter.
In
straightforward
methods
(4.4.9)
From (4.4.8),
disc
problem
exciting
force
exciting
the
coefficients
scattering
Newman (1962)
to
further
the
for
solution
and added-mass
be of
related
of
as there
coefficient
is
case, evaluwtion
of
no diffracted
are
the
wares.
can be seen
I
(4.6.1)
Aa there
is
just
incident
the
using
the
waves,
scattering
potential
i. e.
wave potential,
kZelx
cod,.
S.
and,
no diffracted
are
(2.2.20)
to
deter*ine
the
exciting
force
krcose0
e'
C dr
lo
kd
sk
Q
-zTria
k
cock
for
Substituting
X.
in
T( fW
(4.6.1)
it
(4.6.2)
is
found
that
a2CCl
(4.6.3)
kd
c c05k=
Using
(4.6.3)
(b)
the
expression
agrees with
Use of
Hankel
The radiation
for
cg given
by (2.2.23),
it
can be seen
that
(4.5.8).
transformation
problem
for
the
il
disc
can alternatively
be solved
by
the
applying
(p
the
For
transform
to
integrable
(ki
the
i. e.
> O),
limit
The governing
ki-*
O is
i. e.
zero,
"
(4.6.4)
is
required
along
the
to
be piecewise
line,
real
k has a small
$4,
=O,
NG
(3.2.5)
(4.2.2)
and
becoas
(4.6.5)
vh.
zd,
(4.6.6)
io
a=
rSoC r)df
(4.6.5)
the
with
(6.6.7)
on z=0.
boundary
(4.6.6),
conditions
(4.6.7)
yields
(a)
c
Cd-z)-KsinLGd-z)
a31
Z..
=J
.
inverse
the
and applying
1.-
(C 7tI
)z
(
(S
g -Y. f)
( 4.6.9)
'Cd Zi 3
interchanging
of
of
(n=1,2,...
).
If
axis,
integrand
ki-*O
then
by (2.2.21),
are given
the
integration
eR+(w_t=
-2T1pol Ira=
,
the
thus
het)
eo
order
the
The poles
(4.6. io)
SGrdrGYo(Sr3,
wM+i, w= 2lTPc.'
real
(4.6.8)
transform
((r t =a(rSciCd-z)-ksw,
the
is
imaginary
positive
(%,Z)= C)
K)-
and
it
thus
taken.
(2.2.3)
equations
order
0%.
p
(a
Solving
exist
kskr+iki
that
of
4 (P2)
('i
and absolutely
and later
part,
transformation
(
3-o(;
kr
rz)
_0 r
Sr)
1
(S)Z)
continuous
assumed
Henkel
are
simple
and occur
so that
the
path
integration
of
is
it
ai
(kam'
simple
aT- s.
that
found
at
poles
is
! kq! ikn,
.
at
as
9 s=k approach
shown
in
Figure
(4.2).
Thus
p
o
S=ks
(K-sw.
ray
di
(4.6.11)
.0
II 1
E_plane
ImE
t =i
E=i
tie g ---
(1) Path
of
integration
Irr
tie
(2) Closed
contour
FIG(4-2)
The residue
may be easily
to
calculated
give
No'
w
Yt2a2
32(La)
k=d
(4.6.12)
and
2- 2(5
-T
21T
pce
kcasL'a
(4.6.12)
The result
(4.5.8),
while
the expression
agrees with
(4.6.13)
may be rewritten
r4S
K-z-21Pa=4
T,kc.
0
f
the
denotes
where
introduced
contour
at
shown in
double
gs,
(4.6.13)
"kd)
for
B given
by
as
(Scosl. d-Ks.
ltid)
prinipal
O.
BY closing
Figure
(4.2)
value
the
it
path
integral
of
(4.6.4)
due to
integration
the
with
singularity
the
45.
[-IrLRe
i,
..
'
].
+rrrR
K.zrr
rr
s.
f
.f
i.
upon evaluation
whichq
n=
11 1 3s
3K
of the
caml,%ttresidues,
T,
-2rpaTt
t.
becomes
K3, ( i, kh4)
LZd
i. e.
d-k -No(a)Y(Ia)(_T['2P
Nnt, k,
z
1
l
kad.
y
a)K(k.
ai
with
agreeing
the
for
expression
the
added-.
lass
coefficient
(a.6.i7)
given
by (4.5.7)"
4.7
Results
and Discussion
The results
by the
duct
for
the
disc
case
results.
r"}
will
first
be given,
followed
(a)
The disc
In
of
so
a/d
i,
the
is
almost
curves
the
cefficient
from
first
which
its
reaches
Ji(ka).
that,
range
of
constant
over
the
whole
(4.4)
illustrate
occur
at
the
value
values
a/d
as
the
asymptotic
will
for
plotted
indicates
over
Figure
its
are
for
and,
range.
decrease
att1.0
of
it
until
of V>z
a value
decreases,
9 when
0.
is
The disc
of
turing
values
the
all
U.
of
to
For
the
should
Physically
this
a wave of
disc
to
hold
length
and the
be a 'good'
over
means that
crest
S 4,
in
as explained
Cw /2a >I
in
energy
V0 =1.0
(4.5).
Figure
inequality
the
absorber
now tuned
shown in
are
results
range
shown in
sere
disc
decreases
variation
added-mass
the
(4.3)
Figure
The damping
damping
for
results
0.1,0.25,0.5.
added-mass
a/d=O.
sea-bed
the
each case
the
on the
some appreciable
the
is
disc
than
greater
cap-
the
CW
/Zaz(Z ka)'
Now
disc diameter.
the tuned
so it would sees that,
at
OW
kd <1 (d/a)
be satisfied.
wavenumber,
However, as explained
should
IZa
CW
(1979)
in Srokoss
does
its mr-imum value at
but
not attain
"
,
at
v< 1), .
a value
(4-5),
still
and
to
can most
because,
occurs
able
This
rise
above
easily
CW /2&14(2611 for
although
its
value
a/d
" 0.25
and lie
at'V0
u# vo 9
below
CW /20.
the
Figure
is
curvi
given
',
Cvj0,00
/2o
(z
ko
by
While
the
disc
the
amplitude
ratio
oscillations
amplitude
for
curve
curves
are
motion
large
can be reduced
wavenumbers)
or
while
So,
ensuring
as expected,
to
the
combine
these
motion
the
disc
remains
is
not
seem
(4.6)
indicate
the
satisfy
linear
disc
to
particular,
Figure
by tuning
increasing
the
to
by the
required
oscillations
seem possible
in
shown
too
in
diameter.
within
a 'good*
, r,
small
disc
a 'good$
bounds
absorber
of
and,
it
of
these
(larger
wavelengths
However,
the
of
the
The magnitude
smaller
make the
that
assumption
theory.
to
promising,
does not
absorber
linear
indeed,
theory.
the
0
N
'0
Y
Is )
LC)
C5
(Y)
13
INI
C)
r- LL
Lrl
6
-4
OOO
(N
r'
LO
1
..
O
lL
LA
1I1
O
11
O
Lf
6
N
O
r-
0
N
'U
Y
LA
I:-
r-
O
II
1
v
U,
N
0V
'LL
U,
0
Lr)
6
Cl
fV
'L7
Y
I-
tD
LL
r-
Ln
main
its
of
purpose
results
and to
damping
coefficients,
(4.7)
the
0.1,
the
mass of
the
piston
water
is
the
in
shown in
the
for
having
those
(The
moron
were
obtained
more
downward
of
The damping
disc
the
for
larger
a/d.
given
in
Figure
larger
before
found
are
the
following
ofV
the
surfaces
case
here
apply
due
formula
no simple
0.5
larger
are
the
(4.8)
occur
t%GL
to
at
case;
chapter
the
the
variation
when
'
the
the
first
zero.
that
values
same
for
reason
when
the
present,
jft.
of
the
in
water
as in
smaller,
in
water
and,
than
disc,
decreasing
disc
a/d
becomes
of
fixed
values
to
corresponding
in
sass
sea-bed;
for
lines)
larger
of
L does not
mass curves
for
column
the
and the
the
be seen
as
of
with
range
as a/d
no free
with
disc
slightly
because,
As for
the
this
mouth-
discussed).
for
curves
in
coefficient
value
the
as dashed
the
be expected,
value
a maximum
for
are
approach
surface
case
damping
is
duct
this
the
over
move the
fluid
free
the
easily
to
will
(4.7).
to
The damping
same
the
curves
now rises
is
L may also
occurs
the
and
to
similarly
As for
constant
This
The added
added-mass
damping
the
the
Figure
added-mass
(shown
curves
added-mass
an infinite
of
The damping
from
duct.
exists).
apparently
also
in
However,
presence
the
added-mass
L"O. 6133a.
where
almost
of
in
an open pipe
to
remains
duct.
duct
duct.
added-mss
values
the
behave
6,0.8.
0.4,
o.
-
effectively
and hence
duct
the
gives
the
the
the
the
for
many cases
for
for
a check
duct
added-mass
provide
expressions
in
which
j/4
O.
l
when
a/d".
fixed
for
can
analytic
The mouth-upward
Figure
of
provide
coefficients
corresponding
(b)
was to
study
for
the
At
fixed
each
disc
cases
of
the
55
. 0.5
are
shown in
although
seeming
same a/d
an V-rO ,
(4.9).
Figure
to
approach
does
not
fall
I.
0
N
'0
V
L()
U')
I: -
co cD
66
i
e-
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lt
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os
YY
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0
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1v
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r
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LO
O
as that
as rapidly
off
Before
with
the
water
the
added-mass
infinite
depth
results
However,
it
first
is
damping
i a$lst
while,
flow
(Simon,
to
If
the
the
the
duct
Dr,
This
as cAtd/g
term,
the
model
energy
away at
away at
hers,
used
a rate
up by Simon,
not
finite
and
can be done by
In
energy
in
the
Ced/g
length
added
problem
defined
plotting
radiates
radiates
are
the
problems.
radiation
of
as
be recovered
by Simon.
C"Lwt
and
functions
should
effective
variation
studied
w h/g
t? a/g"
relate
ratio
is
coefficients
as
radiation
His
in
1981a).
to
Dr used
in
t OZL
Re
the
(1981a)
Simon
of
respective
displacement
and amplitude
coefficients
here
a piston
width
By fixing
coefficient,
the
examining
increases.
asV
of
necessary
defined
coefficient
behaviour
damping
and
disc
capture
increases.
depth
the
the
the
examining
wavenurber,
the
of
a volum
kDrl
a rate
depth
that
such
they
t
Dr,
defined
to
correspond
it
some algebra
is
in
infinite
(4.10)
w'a/g
to
the
infinite
not
to
possible
that
for
as
values
with
tuning
wavenumber
duct
diameter
disc
applies
as a guide
the
capture
V, = 1.0.
the
determining
kd C *(d/a)
its
curve.
the
whether
i(
> 2.5
from
below
depth
be seen
converge
of
the
0.2,
it
that
device
is
at
may,
although,,
fixed
l/4.0.8.
the
widening
as
is
value.
for
criterion
be satisfied
should
W=d/g
variation
same
to
W'a/g
infinite
can
The
for
value
width
It
seem
when
The accuracy
for
depth
than
greater
shows
broadens
infinite
values
and so,
results
W=d/O,
with
(19814.
Simon
about
its
the
cases,
increases
W'd/g
D. is
r
(4.11)
in
of
A
a
Dr and
of
In all
be confident
Figure
i. e.
variation
Dr approaches
Note
after
-`a
" 0.2.
depth
decreases
results
than
0(t)
the
gives
!W' h/g
"
by Simon,
found
-tr
J`% 2la/IWaJ
Figure
depth
'good'
the
for
the
absorbert
tuning
wavenumber.
duct
So,
although
the
say,
Figure
(4.12)
in
large
be too
be better
could
indicates
that
that
order
the
in
tuned,
the
duct
the
case
diameter
assumptions
should
linear
of
0.1
a/d
perhaps
theory
be
satisfied.
If
the
the
capture
results
Figure
(4.13)
rather
than
L/cL
when
0.6,
the
curve
shown in
IS /El'
Ila
as
is
attention
does
focused
(4.16)
Figure
at
rapidly
the
to
advantage
but
the
from
duct
incident
The effect
Figure
(4.17).
CW_
(2
shown
how the
the
the
the
duct,
I,
piston
duct
to
in
is
amplitude
in
and certainly
is
happening,
variation
of
bandwidth
of
the
free-surface.
begins
this
to
the
decrease
some sense,
off
the
until
some extent,
to
From
falls
ratio
fall
may be offset
again.
amplitude
the
shields
the
and then
a minimum
when it
although
to
different
to
free-surface
range,
what
the
sero,
amplitude
off
the
(4.15)).
reaching
the
corres"
piston
by having
free-surface.
tuning
of
that
cases,
decrease
whole
further
,
closer
" 0.9
But
curve
hand,
other
varied,
surface.
the
of -j and the
before
lld
two previous
than
the
practically
gets
of
the
the
a progressive
from
wavetrain,
mouth near
in
On the
levelling
the
to
more rapidly
increases
mouth
before
considerably
than
(Figure
can be seen
close
wider
value
is
expect,
for
achieved
closer
studied
decreases
duct
first,
Apparently,
the
it
becomes
Qld
while
a/d
is
To understand
is
as
as the
increases
is
on a fixed
curve
width
over
Mt
with
mouth
indicate
Ad
As one might
bandwidth
decrease
(4. i4)
fixed
at
as 'U increases.
Figure
surprisingly,
capture
is
wavenusber.
width
capture
duct
bandwidth
increases,
tuned
the
studied
a wider
when the
the
ratios
ratio
so straightforward.
Act
to
- 0.9,
ponding
mouth
quite
shows that
" 0.1
although
near
not
are
width
is
is
shown
oscillations
may be seen
wavenumbers
of
C/2&,
Cw
an a dotted
are
reduced
given
line.
as
by the
Figure
V.
increases.
in
curve
(4.18)
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II
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to
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applicable;
IS/At
reduced,
(c)
linear
when
as noted
in
7(a),
r,
the
solutions
required.
the
zero,
the
is
The convergence
dependent
in
10,
Ns
his
to
accurate
well
compared
Using
this
6.8
V,
up
N=
by
1% and
a smooth
in
80
The
chapter
a simplified
larger
regarding
is
oo
to
and extrapolating
40,
the
Garrett
extrapolation
was
to
to
found
values
smaller
for
of
of
three
N.
or
and
a/d,
40
N"
40.50
N"
values
all
for
found
solution
using
through
almost
solved
were
Although
Na
is
noted,
equations
terms.
15% for
For
to
be
N.
agreement
N needs
coefficients
of
as N -
limit
(1970)
as Garrett
extrapolation
general.
matrix
may be studied.
a linear
extrapolation,
procedure,
Then,
el
against
large
to
so the
N terns
after
system
numerical
N, the
of
is
equations
four
larger
accuracy.
maintain
Conclusion
In this
water
of
with
greatly
and the
numerically.
once
and,
for
the
sides
solutions
inaccurate
figures
of
k-1
within
linear
significant
values
be
to
is
ratio
real
a standard
results
slow
10,
of
steps
results
was
on
that
required
valid,
of
truncating
using
the
of
convergence
linearly
by
as functions
By plotting
theory
bandwidth.
same left-hand
obtained
is
systems
be inverted
an need only
is
amplitude
theory
infinite
system
the
have
systems
i. 5, the
linear
obtained
finite
the
and solving
of
is
it
linear
where
methods
two
of
apply,
and the
narrow
very
values
a broad
on num. rical
This
required.
VO -
exhibits
The solution
to
is
the
above
theory
but,
A not.
Both
markedly
curve
bandwidth
width
= O(I)q,
width
capture
capture
rises
ratio
amplitude
is
the
'Vo - 0.6
when
tits-
column
wave-energy
ndidrd-mnRm
and
model
coefficients
r, It
oscillating
a mouth-upward
absorber
dnmpinq1
of
nnd,
to
study
hence,
the
the
behaviour
capture
width.
for
Expressions
to
those
for
the
on the
disc
not
perhaps
behaviour
being
the
coefficient
the
The variation
fixed
for
to
reduced
and
h/a
that
the
the
am
duct
problem.
added-mass
the
the
disc
the
curves.
problem,
increasing
with
the
depth
infinite
t/d.
An unexpected
values
to
L/d
be
and 2a/d
the
amplitude
= 0.8,
less
bandwidth'of
the
than
a/d
I
in
is
to
wavik.
for
necessary
J /d
Sisson (1981a).
theory
may be
tuning
it
the
linear
ratio
more appropriate
be a '1good$ absorber
large,
to
I/d
illustrated
was that
result
the
narrow
of
by choosing
has been
wavenumber
achieve
reasonable
widths.
capture
Thus,
better
needs
in
approach
with
and, although
device
be quite
2a/d to
noted
have
the
coefficients
is
into
the
modify
behaviour
width
moderate
some extent
for
numbers,
can greatly
can actually
applicable
really
not
capture
length
For
this
of 'V 9 while
found
zeros
in
large,
range
coefficient
and fixed
duct
width.
capture
is
of
a/d
the
increasing
duct
an oscil-
(1981a).
Simon
of
the
how these
showing
values
both
the
of
is
a/d
the
of
as well
used
hold
and these
case
coefficients
unless
retains
and damping
presented,
depth
still
depth,
some insight
methods
over
corresponding
and while
provided
numerical
change
presence
The added-mass
it
that,
little
shows relatively
although
on the
finite
analysed,
and damping
added-mass
ratio
The limiting
was also
indicate
The results
for
body.
device,
check
a useful
damping
sea-bed
and amplitude
derived
were
a practical
of
width
heaving
any axisynimetric
lating
is
(1976)
Evans
of
capture
euch
a device
good
particularly
can
occur
wave-energy
However,
free-surface.
not
be
on
may be obtained
results
will
situated
isolated
which
but
may result
it
will
bringing
be
appear
in
an
sea-bed
absorbing
by
must
the
pointed
in
increase
)9
does
not
seem
characteristics
the
device
out
that
arrays
in
where
capture
closer
devices
interaction
width.
to
and
to
of
the
this
type
effects
An approximate
The work
in
study
this
to
should
like
Hankel
transform
in
this
chapter.
of
such
chapter
acknowledge
method
can be found
effects
of
a referee
6
(b)
of
which
6o
in
that
in
Simon
Thomas (1981).
paper
for
(1981b).
suggesting
the
described
CHAPTER 5
MOUTH-DtiNWARD DUCT
Introduction
5.1
is
This
devices
it
and
water
column
This,
in
a volume
through
air-turbine
is
Systems
of
in
which
columns
of
A brief
tions
In
3,4
(see
wave-power
to
above
the
in
the
structure
With
free
the
incident
free
waves.
back
surface
in
structure
down-
the
surface,
the
Chapter
which
an
21
in
the
theory
is
surrounding
structure
has also
Japan
to
of
for
to
maximum
only
61
the
developed
the
corresponding
theory
results
and
capture
shape
are
pressure
found
rectangular
their
determines
be
buoys.
on
general
may
been
distributions
three-dimensional
details
applied
the
water.
navigation
operate
has recently
the
the
and also
Such a system
and
in
Evans
the
the
free
for
same.
distribu.
(1981b).
circular
pressure
widths.
The
size
of
which
the
portion,
oscillating
with
many
rear
incorporating
pressure
analogy
further
investigate
to
by
theory
the
given
1).
C. B. G. B. device
axisyssktric
Evans (1981b)
system.
and
is
a ship
by Masuda in
bodies
distributions
is
the
are
and a rigid
buoy which
a close
of
principle
duct
absorption
is
outline
is
response
opening
which
these
oscillating
rigid
in
on this
Belfast
hull,
There
surface.
the
rectangular
device
To analyse
theory
below
air
a device
free-surface.
situated
enclosed
operate
developed
successfully
immersed
the
above
water-column
Such
duct.
partially
oscillates
a forward
its
oscillating
housed.
Kaimei
Japanese
air
duct
the
on
mouth-downward
a constricted
University,
Queen's
the
forces
and forth
consists
of
so forissd
turn,
chapter
a hollow,
of
mouth of
ward-facing
the
examines
encloses
final
and
consists
essentially
which
third
the
the
pressure
distribution
are
plays
and
to
assumed
be of
of
this
Chapter.
(1978)
is
This
for
A spring-damper
to
extended
the
(1981)
the
but,
as
by
replaced
may be
in
a weightless
piston
its
or
than
introducing
The
given.
in
in
Chapter
2.
the
float
or
the
float
models
a similar
(1979)
manner
has been
work
which
devices.
water. -column
out
by Count
internal
free
that
a rigid
so
that
assumption
oscillating
been carried
work,
by Evans
the
Evans'
by Srokoss
row of
is
solved
the
is
at
al.
surface
is
body
problem
given
of
can
the
be
found
width
to
compare
limiting
while
are
which
a narrow
pressure
Appendix
1v'2
(1978).
distribution
C..
presented
these
cases.
Evans
in
the
of
rather
formulation
method
same
draft
is
was applied
4.
Chapter
following
ineorporating
fluid,
in
two
the
theory
appropriate
the
using
possible
in
derived
be constructed
model,
a more
maximum capture
it
system
is
in
about
pressure-distribution
that
so
duct
for
results
Evans$
a piston,
problem
approximation
depth
be constructed
makes no assumptions
and uses
mouth-upward
particular
duct
analysis
width
Results
easily
to
of
formulated.
duct
imate
to
duct
have
part
assumed
narrow
an infinite
previous
is
attached
the
a channel
all
The present
the
in
second
been examined
system
duct
duct
ducts
mouth-downward
the
and it
while
C. E. G. B. device
of
Studies
horizontal
represents
equivalently
to
mechanism
a narrow
in
studied
a float
an approximate-solution
that
a vertical,
has previously
encloses
extraction
power
of
is
system
duct
narrow.
enables
to
performance
cross-section
when the
duct
the
circular
the
since
draft.
shallow
The hydrodynamic
duct
in the hydrodynamics
no part
The
duct
The
8.
in
results
with
shallow
draft
approximation
modified
theory
For
approx-
may
narrow
and
finite
this
(a)
5.2
Pressure
- Simple
Examples
Formulation
Consider
its
with
submerged
mouth
This
a turbine
which
The turbine
air
characteristics
through
it)
time
average
of
the
the
this
is
the
free
free
internal
the
surface
2,
Chapter
while
the
(2.2.4)
Sint
distributed
body
condition
is
the
to
of
for
pressure
-
free-surface
condition
(2.2.7b).
of
the
system.
is,
the
the
pressure
over
the
and
becomes
turbine
velocity
of
distributions
the
comthe
at
the
is
just
the
Sint'
This
the
external
Si1N.
and P(t)
problem
is
In
the
replaces
linear,
free-surface
(5.2.1)
the
uniformly
corresponding
the
pressure
(5.2.2)
pq
,
("'1
free-
by
given
it-
fl5
as given
linearised
the
where
is
are
I.
Lw,
Tw,Pa{
rr
k4-b4/
is
system
be written
(5.2.1)
flow
volume
pressure
on the
free-surface
As
the
through
oti
over
via
Assuming
vertical
(2.2.7a)
now applied
pressure
atmosphere
area.
is
internal
free
by the
flux.
flux
the
the
(that
the
absorbed
position
above
be linear,
distributed
average
in
mechanism
be neglibible,
volume.
(2.2.1)
KI
where
to
the
equations
internal
mean power
air
external
take-off
to
of
proportional
uniformly
and its
equations
condition
surface
is
the
while
spatial
The governing
assumed
air
same as the
of
product
are
the
the
of
to
power
fixed
surface,
a volume
the
pressure
surface,
free
connected
turbine
and hence
effects
pressibility
internal
is
constitutes
rate
the
and enclosing
volume
drop across
pressure
turbine
intersecting
a duct
surface.
in
Distributions
rigid
P may
in
As
,
scattering
the
rigid
and
a radiation
body
i. W
1=
is
dition
the
of
is
which
P(t)
applied
to
in
problem
the
solution
i. e.
a 0,
Sint"
problem
radiation
the
when
constant
Thus
boundary
the
Ksr
is
to
applied
,p6
Us/d2
3iet
in
flow
rate
across
solution
absence
of
of
incoming
waves.
becomes
(,
a
o4z
rK
the
con-
i. e. a pressure
'
the
boundary
'P is
potential
"Da
(5.2.2)
condition
The volume
is
scattering
free-surface
usual
The complex
J1(t)
the
of
"J
magnitude
into
(5.2.3)
P,
9
4s
potential
complex
4 may be decomposed
potential
potential
The
the
case,
int'
iht ".
ors
denoted
(5.2.4)
by
by
given
V.
Vs
rr
(5.2.5)
where
-boo"
'i
05
S;At
to
Corresponding
the
flow
volume
in
body
rigid
with
phase
the
into
problem
(r,
rate
the
decomposition
pressure
tit
of
'wt}
and in
the
(5. a* 6)
is
phase
into
the
rate
of
in
the
components,
decomposed
with
force
radiation
and damping
added-mass
q)4z 45.
.
components
change
of
pressure
(5.2.7)
where A and 8 are real,
9r=
-Z?
over
so that
a period
Z =B-
where
W absorbed
of
the
by the
pressure
thus
04
l4)
turbine
P(t)
(5.2.8)
and
is
equal
the
volume
to
the
flow
time
rate
00
(5.2.9)
the
where
denotes
overbar
may be rewritten
This
the
in
complex
the
conjugate.
form
WI
`%
fs
`Z
(5.2.10)
)&+0,
yielding
t
%
W'
1I
1 51
IS. Z. ii)
when
Of$-
(5.2.12)
three-dimensional
In
wo
where
incident
the
is
qa(()
the
upon
waves
maximum
induced
duct
x-axis,
positive
incident
the
by
in
is
the
(2.2.22).
width
capture
travelling
and
given
flux
volume
4'
+O..
across
aint
a direction
mean
power
Thus
the
due
making
per
unit
to
waves
an angle
width
VM4, / Pw
is given
x
M(5.2.14)
of
B with
the
by
Note
that
for
device,
an axieymmetric
there
where
is
no angular
dependence
/21T
X
CMfmooL ,
which
in
rigid
body
if
and
B=0
hence,
the
at
result
(Evans,
1976).
some frequency
from
for
obtained
(5.2.9),
(5.2.15)
a single
Further,
then,
W-0i.
for
from
e.
Ori
heaving,
sxisymmetric,
device,
an axisymmetric
(5.2.13),
CM a0
when
this
implies
8=O.
qs "0
the
To achieve
maximum
(5.2.12)
must
be
in
with
phase
the
practice
it
through
the
is
turbine
than
rather
Pis
the
drop
flux
of
and in
artificial
flow
volume
it.
across
be
must
volume
somewhat
pressure
some constant.
rate
it
Thus
be shown (Evans,
191b)
that
becomes
and hence
the
zls. }
tuning
the
the
(5.2. i8 )
turbine
characteristics
flux
volume
(5.2.17)
in
condition
r-2.
Unless
in
induced
control
Sint
over
(5.2.16)
w $I;
between
condition
rte
vp
( 5.2.10)
is
to
the
pressure
the
condition
turning
that
assumed
where
the
of,
be easier
probably
will
is,
multiple
This
the
width
that
satisfied,
problem.
scattering
capture
enable
drop,
and pressure
lag
a phase
l will
be real
to
exist
and positive,
case
which
This
w1
s1-
bf
(5.2.19 )
____
an optimal
yields
QL
WMIkxIt
v
value
get
s,
(5.2.20)
P4 +I
where
vuetu
(-94citi)
In
examined
the
fixed
the
only
internal
the
two
next
for
immersed
effect
of
free-surface.
part
the
(5.2.21)
the
expressions
configurations
under
sections
different
Z.
of
the
structure
system
is
Alternatively
to
is
the
of
Cox
above
are
that
simplification
the
configurations
iss
that
draft,
shallow
determine
the
00
for
boundary
may be
of
the
thought
5.3
of
The
Maximum
The
theoretical
the
assuming
'patches',
pressure
as
Capture
maximum
tuning
determined
by integrating
to
be used
shallow
the
internal
incident
is
qs
free
incident
of
consider
flux
of
be easily
over
This
% which
and shape
The
qs to
wave potential
for
size
(5.2.14)
by
given
volume
as the
provides
in
can,
Sint,
pressure
a'
turn,
distribu-
width.
a rectangular
is
is
is
Patch
can be satisfied.
the
expressions
surface
Pressure
effect
wave potential
given
width
maximum capture
As an exaniple,
the
the
simple
examine
upon the
tions
capture
enables
incident
the
deriving
of
method
a Rectangular
(5.2.18)
draft
of
to
of
condition
assumption
disturbance
Width
pressure
by Sint
given
by (2.2.8)
given
patch
such
.
and thus,
from
that
The
(5.2.6),
by
kW
gA
=
bd
dx
0..
where
(Ic.
LSY,
G)/AAOC,
(L
c(U)=s1
cosV
ote
and use has been made of
(2.2.9).
Thus
the
maximum capture
width
(593.3)
0
that
(5.3.4)
and
is
by
given
Note
(5.3.2)
in
particular
Cwo,,
(o)' c5 1L/b15c1L.,
e(w/2)/C",.
O"'
(5.3.5)
the
reveals
which
head
beam and
with
(5.1),
indicate
lines
(5.2)
different
for
the
and the
G=O.
in
The fluctuations
able
behaviour
e)
present
is
0a
out
the
The dashed
pressure
the
axisy
Of 1.6
the
not
is
case
approximately.,
the
of
in
resulting
for
the
app-
axisyametric
curves
case
This
maxim
appear
ka "2
and is
on the
visible
consider-
Q.
small
when secondary
although
in
shorter
become sharper.
'crests$
shown for
on the
metric
appearance
width
for
greater
sinusoidal
than
the
while
is
and, 3R/}
'R/4
efficient
clearly
1.6
almost
ka
is
This
CNM&x
over
less
varies
etric
patch
in
until
an axisyer.
the
maximum capture
when ka -
at
due to
graph
scale.
(for
the
b/Q,
came
the
of
wavelength
seems
to
occur
cases
it
was
length
of
the
became
as ka
and
further
the
incident
is
shorter
increased
maxima
At
were
than
first
further
of
the
the
the
Oll
large
the
ka,
In
in
the
as
curves
the
all
than
greater
shown
is
the
resonance
WMAX
length
behaviour
of
was
shape
patch
peaks
For
appeared.
of
wavelength
the
to
equal
a secondary
maximum
the
curves
complicated.
local
local
is
patch
Consequently
provided
the
the
of
waves.
that,
wavelength
was
length
produces
patch,
/Z
It
ka
so
when
and
"
1
(b/a)
flt
ka
"
= 2)
which
found
the
more
but
/)
26
that
Notice
Once
the
continues
1T%2,3'V/Z.
=
also
the
in
increases
2.
in
Cw
CW%WX
width
variation
variation
fill
b/a
case
for
As ka increases
'troughs$
the
in
patch
(5.2.15)).
the
is
however.
dfstribution
of
the
result
Between
distribution
regular
change;
small
increase
10% for
about
the
shape
When ka is
earance
pressure
maximum capture
for
(equation
b,
expect
the
kau since
ka,
of
corresponding
radius
of
An one might
waves.
the
of
values
the
distribution
larger
effectiveness
seas.
Figures
9
relative
Figure
the
(5.1).
situation
in
Figure
became
maximum
(5.2)
sharper
capture
U
N
Ei
X
v
I
I
K
N
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
i
I
I
Co
I
1
1
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
It)
I
1
1
1
I
1
I
I
I
1
'
1
1
1
1
I
I
1
I
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
1
1
r __
-4
.a
cy
v
U
fV
O
a
V
N
E
U)
.X
a
N
L()
ONp
.pN
v
E
v3
u
a
V-
CD
M
I)
V
I:!
L1
VO
m
v3
er
t
u
v
CL
J
4J
E
E
a
'x
0
N
O
.Y
to
I-
U-,
O
lf1
-0
NXO
F
v
In
1.0
1
0.8
Jo
O
,76
E
U'
.
0.6
ka=0.4
1.2
0.4
2.0
"
0.2
10
FIG (5.5)
b/a
15
width
is
when
6/0,
2b
very
10,
ka
Cwka
gives
/2b
is
(O)
({; ), CW
the
to
in
to
(see
as
the
of
ka
when
cos
values
for
the
Note
0"
width
kw.
of
. trio
axisyi
of ka.
pressure
sensitivity
the
or
nlt
above
explained
as a function
increasing
the
normal
at
maximum capture
wMax
result
is confirmed
maximum capture
in
(5.5).
Figure
Evans(1981b)
in
of
18
of
been
becomes an infinitely
patch
distribution,
pressure
This
occur
of
value
has
different
confirms
direction
variation
the
as ka increases.
width
rectangular
iency
how sensitive
clearly
The dependence
the
the
behaviour
length
decrease.
its
to
behaviour
for
of
side
wave
example,
seros
kb
sin
of
0.
of
the
n'R(R"1,2*...
(5.3.2)).
equation
incident
The
for
a dramatic
illustrates
corresponding
wave direction
capture
maximum
the
This
distribution.
CWx
compared
shows the
is
included
Also
changes
V.
With
in
a change
quite
(5.3)
the
upon
X 10-6,
wave direction
(5.4)
Figure
but
demonstrate
results
changes
max
Figure
wave incidence,
but
wave direction,
incidence
0.47
8.3
as
in
changes
normal
as
how
To study
CW
2,
Cwa601 /2b
gives
to
sensitive
it
is
by Figure
width
In
the
long
expected
(5.5)
bto.
upon
that
limit
strip.
the
b/a,
as
-4ao
for
normally
6/0.
9
as
00
V,
-.
P+or such
maximum efficCwm
x4b"'a
9
be shown analytically
follows.
From (5.3.3)
it
is
clear
that
C, (t)
(5.3.6)
26j
where
H11.11
c
ae
\c(
0
.
(5.3.7)
Now
1-4
by
x-
sine
I
(b
ly. sY,,;
(ax)
and substituting
this
becomes
((c,(I
-AA) dx
srw'
(5.3.9)
(Ca
l-a'tl
Swl[
Ges2b,
ax.
EiXl
,2-
l-x.
sL
ox
is
l;
s ,
`f
",
}1
C is
where
at
xt
tx
Lbx
from
to
x"-1
)x
-e
1
L7Ci
C
dX
SUwi
}1
-Q
a contour
kaxl
eL,
,
E
ko.
t
5z
)C)kld
`_
C'
dx
x"+1
passing
above
the
singularity
Thus
x"O.
(t
rC4S.
e1
-
1c%x)
sw,,= [6
K.
1-x'
xz
s
XISO
(I-e)}l
ZIT
x
The
Hence,
an
integrand
6 /a--'
in
bounded
except
near
and
Czb
(5.3.6)
--"
t-x
x=
I where
it
is
00
L. +o(t",
I-zn Lt sWLL
from
(59'3910)
it
1
z)
can
be
seen
(5.3.11)
that
b/a,
as
----1000.
70
(3.3.12)
The
angular
plate
derived
the
by
the
ing
force
result
The
The theoretical
is
patch
when there
between
From
the
volume
(5.2.20)
it
where
is
can
result
may be written
capture
energy
this
for
width
in
the
excit-
no diffracted
I.
width
to
again
given
be a simple
has
which
been
sug-
this
patch
a circular
which
is
drop
pressure
valid
provided
maximum capture
introducing
and pressure
that
now replaced
6(a)
again
the
for
no mechanism
is
has
absorber.
section
be seen
a CirculaPressure
of
rect-
(198ob)
qs
4,
sea-bed
In
across
a phase
through
width
difference
a turbine.
case
f1
(5.2.21).
by
given
theoretical
the
with
maximum
by (5.2.15),
WWICAACt"1
; rW
lo*
are
as given
is
flux
where
Chapter
the
a heaving
Evans
as there
maximum capture
can be satisfied.
examined
in
on
wave
Width
simply
(5.2.18)
is
of
bodies,
may be considered
a membrane
5.4
the
plate
type
a possible
as
for
for
valid
(5.2.14),
to
As noted
expression
to
also
rigid
be evaluated
approximation
gested
For
X.
(5.3.3).
(5.3.2),
are
corresponding
force,
the
above
sea-bed.
may easily
and
first
the
on
exciting
waves,
by
presented
results
P't
Alternatively,
maximum
capture
to
result,
width
this
compare
(3.4.
'1)
as
Cw.=r2
MM1
(5.4.2)
where
QMaut
(5-4-3)
C
To evaluate
%,
radiation
problem
only,
(5.2.8).
The solution
it
ND
as
of
A and
the
in
0 can
radiation
sufficient
to
be determined
problem
the
consider
from
(5.2.6),
can be found
using
transformation
a Hankel
the
Cylindrical
polar
to
corresponds
the
`(4)
on the
centre
of
a is
the
..
-0
radius
transform
Hankel
of
)
of
potential
(iZ
z
f5')
i+
symmetry,
l4
and
potential
sea-bed
in
... (g,
cp
by
(4.2.3).
The
solution
in
although
thus
found
the
(5.6.6)
to
he
npplyinq
this
inverme
r"
09
patch.
by
r>c,
zado
(5.4.5)
distribution.
pressure
by (4.6.4),
with
The
replaced
it),:
(5.4.6)
z=d
on
,
ah.
in
E)-dependence
no
are
the
in
(4.6.4)
governing
+r,
from
condition
the
the
for
boundary
problem
(4.6.7),
required
different
with
(5.4.7)
Z VO"
and, from
z)
W.
by
satisfies
radiation
of
with
(5.4.4)
C)
there
that
auch
pressure
given
S (la)
chosen
zsd,
then
(5.4.8)
is
91 Kd
Hence,
for
rG.,
given
4)(r,
Y,
potential
(5.4.8)
4,
Chapter
(5.4.6)
that
given
the
) are
circular
circular
aZ
i. e.
the
ti
4%
`ti',
by4z
As in
is
transformed
The
as
manner
on
sea-bed
the
condition
l4z
1t
origin
boundary
free-surface
clear
disc
(r,
coordinates
iC1%"14)/az
The
a similar
an oscillating
and the
upwards
positive
where
in
zero
49 6(b).
Chapter
The
order
for
problem
radiation
z=d
of
is
4)
it
of
a radiation
the
?2
V
form
conditions
(5.4.9)
"%a)
transform
is
equations.
still
is
by
an
defined
by
(4.6.9)
de
A is
and
found
to
be
YjQYINt)
Z-210
P9
The
2 kA
(5.4.16).
(5.4.15),
from
r,
water-depth
As d -jopp
then
,
5.4.16)
OL.
`
infinite
corresponding
V,
4r.
may be deduced
results
from
(2.2.9)
B -- ZTatw "Y.'(Ka) as
.0
P5
Similarly
(L)
W
5Xf
N
1
siw.
Zd,
The n th. term
of
the
infinite
S
(Kr-)y1(Ka
TC
0
sum in
d-.
ve.
as
A may be rewritten
,
Ca)
IBC
d
NSWi
aK1C
a2K,
Kd
d C=+k = kid)
where
be seen
can
Thus,
all
(2.2.12)
(2.2.10),
if
have
been
used.
All
"A2
that
A2
two positive
and,
numbers,
kid
; rk"6 Lic.
\ zKI,
4C
K4
it
O and
A2--s
op
then
the
sum over
CLr
Ck,a1(k,
L4
),
a)
a(ifds
X- K/d
^
AA,
Al
Al
given
d
kG)k,
C
(a>
l,
usw
s
dakrk
from
(2.2.10)
can be written
2K
Aj_
from
that
kn such
Letting
Also,
I(ua)K,CKa)d,
+Ks
't, ) (i)du
(5.4.16)
7h
d--*soo
as
d-i00,
[a
Pg
ou
The expressions
for
by solving
be found
the
transform.
Hankel
if
unity
is
for
the
just
large
zeros
the
radius
of
of
value
The
of
about
three-tenths
J1.
depth
it
but
the
for
2.05
ka
A/c(
just
as
B is
efficient
is
for
with
for
2.12
t3 shown
there
A as a function
a/d
some change
in
the
been
numerically
found
may
possibly
finite
(5.4.18)
which
is
ka
large
for
= 1.96
the
forc.
fd 41;
Ot(d
= 1.
for
Figure
disc
the
frequencies
The
in
the
two
behaves
as
cases.
O(ka)
7r
for
of
positive
infinite
a disc
waves.
at
a greater
is
zero
the
(see
at
L/d
to
at
at
zeros
equation
which
no
behaviour
asymptotic
An ka-+O,
while,
always
first
sea-bed
particular
produced.
if
incident
vanishes
number
In
occurs
the
(5.7)
on
that
ka.
the
zero
of
small
corresponding
of
first
value
exist
The
Y1 term
deep
surprisingly
pursued).
in
the
with
I and infinitely
has
are
disc
},
is
small
oscillating
exist
of
wavelength
in
down-
The computation
waves
different
the
ka
flux
volume
difference
that
},
induced
maximum value
phase
at
the
is
the
propagating
however
J1
found
the
its
the
term
change
term
damping
no again
outward
agree
in
been
A occurs
of
attains
number
not
oscillatory
zero
ka
greater
has
first
finite
It
integral
the
the
value,
(a
this
to
due
depth
For
the
exactly
produces
case).
-I
zeros,
dominates
and
can also
using
method
Q...
is
for
depth
depth
although
is
(5.6),
finite
Old
seven
surface.
Figure
infinite
that
free-surface
on the
in
given
its
A from
has
fluid
directly
by this
(5.2.7),
from
internal
the
Although
fluid.
(even
deep
problem
obtained
can be seen
when,
pressure
ka is
it
S0
across
applied
of
depth
The results
wards
infinite
infinitely
(5.4.18).
(5.4.17),
of
L1 and 11 in
the
damping
the
pressure
of
co-
D. O((ka)3),
distribution,
the
9
Aa ka --, eO
decays
disc
modulation
while
infinite
the
of
the
because
exponentially
) in
O((ka)q
amplitude
0 ((ka)-I)
is
term
damping
(or
is
distribution
pressure
damping
it
death).
coefficient
beneath
submerged
the
of
free
the
surface.
that
Note
to
tends
(5.4.4)
as ka ---i
the
zero;
it
can b*
and,
value
lrcp
first
P5
(5.8)
to
It
zero.
as
the
at
width
directly
the
at
0.4
is
the
maximum
reached
CW
it
value
(from
equation
of
%a=
ka.
(5.6.2)),
0.7
of
in
slightly
The
power
that
the
smaller
also
8 is
first
maximum
and
diminishing
of
QMX once ka is
of
accompahied
A occurs.
in
The
capable
occurs
at
in
gives
of
maximum
fluid;
of
about
finite
a marginally
capture
shown as a long-dashed
greater
maximum
(5.9),
Figure
is
device
maximum
70
before
repeated,
deep
and
attains
is
an absolute
infinitely
theoretical
is
zero
It
depth)
5 before
illustrated
be seen
can
(A=
maximum value
seventh
fluid
a second
behaviour
/20.1
amount
is
value
the
the
which
at
this
ka.
with
to
until
i7).
coefficient
rising
value
(9.4.
on the
the
when
rapidly,.
in
maximum
larger
3.8
t5.4. i9)
Q.
of
(depending
high
ratio,
Here
absorbing.
variation
increases,
ka
value
capture
From (5.2.6),
L-O
(5.4.16),
from
,Z
increases
o+s
6=
decrease
by a gradual
than
k0
a relatively
more;
once
zero
then
maintains
whereas
kc-O,
%-*o
the
shows
maximum at
decreasing
value
A can be found.
of
as
:
may be deduced
behaviour
Figure
a finite
that
seen
r_ \
-21Cc
75T \1 2)
This
to
(5.2.8)
from
its
A tends
limiting
qf --
thus
0,
width
curve.
depth
de
r
c
.
t
4a
0
ao
Ln
a,
:2
ei
ei
._
to
U)
L,
(0
O
...m
O.
0
N
N
a
iv
N
O
tp
O
t7
LL
p1
0.
I3
CO
N
po
.t
Opp
000
.
doo
0
Y
M
"I
o
11
co
ttl
-q,
.
C_7
LL
V. `
I-
sn
0
11
I,
/
'
L0
r. N
t
...
CL
a)
V
a,
c
c
-4
4J o
U,
"N
E2
r0
orn
U Z:
yo
1.
Y0
*
l
fv)
1
i
i
/i,
-4/,
1
-'
.'
U--
44
i`
NO
0
E
ff'
(5.8),
Figures
the
when
results
by
surface
As
(see
piston
to
has
a piston
the
In this
method
two
capture
may be written
treating
of
to
study
approaches.
for
width
in
the
rigid
form
an analogous
the
for
coefficient
free-
interest
of
the
of
light
internal
the
is
/20,
Aax
a rigid,
previous
it
the
thelA
case
the
results
(4.4.11))
by
replaced
and
(1981b),
by Evans
equation
(5.4.1).
been
CW
corresponding
Replacing
duct
between
given
is
fluid.
intersecting
difference
the
patch
deep
such
a free-surface
the
include
pressure
infinitely
in
piston
(5.9)
is
piston
given
by
the
m09M are
where
C Wepg
and
is
force
restoring
on the
The. corresponding`B
for
icients
McCamy
of
his
the
present.
shallow
method
(1961)
buoyancy
is
piston
spring
the
8 and
only).
damping
usual
B are
by
given
}
/
ka.
'IC
These
although
transform
2i1 appearing
Subsequent
spheroid
an
It
coefficients.
(Ilulme,
by the
piston,
non-dimensionalised
respectively.
extra
(the
Aare
Hankel
using
the
respectively,
),
cQt(c
pi:
.
,$(w)
where stand
for
piston
coefficient
provided
a weightless
(M U-
a (w) pe
restoring
is
piston
coefficients
Thue,
coefficient.
buoyancy
the
mass of
of
1981),
can
in
his
work
by
be shown
and
that
these
the
ty
been
Ilulme,
0.05
this
77
and
view.
using
by
non-dimensionalisation
4A
asymptotics
approximating
coeff-
determined
not
should
the
a ring
disc
that
suggest
non-dimensionalisation
ratio
supports
in
appears
methods
aspect
have
coefficients
error
and damping
added-mass
by
s4lurce
be
..
McCamy's
Using
zero
one
only
ka
is
disc
rigid
disc.
rigid
and
in
(5.8)9
Figure
with
(b)
is
and
to
the
at
The
free
The
totiti:
is
ie(Iiiir,
con(lit.
the
by
is
atinin
'd
to
satiml'y
ict on
boundary
the
fluid
of
pressure
patch
difference.
(see
ka -
A
(5.9)).
Figure
O may be
to
his
(compare
scale
ka
due
in
errors
small
appears
slight).
Downward Duct
depth
d(d
to
distribution
The
method
of
in
Chapter
duct
(;.
of
as
l,. 6),
fr
shown
by
side
of
,,n
the
In
oquntion
Zcz
the
duct
while,
is
Figure
{liven
as
section.
radiation
addition,
and
.
in
circular
polare
previous
1.5)"
Ii.
of
cylindrical
the
solution
land
a depth
be satisfied
(2.; . ,) with
Lilo
in
patch
U'Place's
nn
a pressure
)'
>j
cl, os'ti
con4Iitioti
by
to
submerged
pressure
uiv(I
by
mouth-upward
system
qet-lrd
condition
the
duct.
the
duct
circular
surface
by
for
for
absorption
for
usod
in
ka
small
patch
extended
Mouth
patch
pressure
numerical
difference
for
the
as
the
that,
pressure
for
width
or
always
Solution
co-ordinate
the
for
(Irfine(I
the
the
has
over
curves
results
magnified
a vertical
cross-section
1).
two
is
be seen
can
expected
capture
A( EA)
(w
appreciable
a surface-pierciuo
method
Consider
(i.
the
wave-power
of
now applied
follows
the
The Three-Dimensional
theory
The
then
of
when
Formulation
5.5
there
that
between
is
when
for
are
it
conditions
depicted
which
computations,
holds
McCamy's
ax.
found
while
(3.8)
kn >z
is
divergence
apparent
errors
for
zero
conclusion
similar
The
to
2.1,
This
boundary
Only
falling
begins
the
of
is
difference
%
of
Figure
little
values
consideration
ka
at
From
very
it
results
occurs
ka > O.
there
162,
and
which
for
positive
corrected
boundary
the
from
by
(2.2.7a),
ii
h'
r
/r
the
As
for
for
4) is
fly
henc"
th
0
pressure
circular
of
the
symmetry,
solution
ov,- rma
form
defined
there'
is
of
L"I'McfOR
patch
in
QZ,! 5d
4,
the
t5 .
radiation
condition
by
Q
no
-dopendennce
equation
7"
by
in
the
problem
separation
of
and
variables
de
in
( r<
inner
the
Y'
q)
A,.
and
(r>,.
outer
p,
) regions
K-'
+
lo(Lr)Zn(z)
Cru)
'
yields
(5.5.2)
Cbo
n=o
is
An,
the
where
in
given
inner
the
are
the
As in
to
2.
The
particular
(5.4.4)
boundary
4,
Chapter
is
radial
in
terms
definition
of
solution
included
harmonic
clearly
the
Zn
in
and
also
(2.2.5).
condition
the
expanded
the
constants;
satisfy
sea-bed
r: a is
interface,
unknown
4,
Chapter
region
satisfies
n(Z),
velocity
of
the
at
the
vertical
cylindrical
sigenfunctions,
i. e.
ay_
Ic&"),
G.,
Z<t,,
Gt
fir
k4zt
p
r=
c,,
ot
Gt.
(5.5.4)
and
Al
(. )
+G,
Kzn
n"o
where
fo4
tl=K(z)Z
An,
(5.5.5)
After
has
been
An,
of
In
the
the
as the
in
unknown
inner
and outer
pressure
is
employed
(5.5.2),
regions
continuous
(5.5.6)
to
for
substitute
(5.5.3)"
the
Ito
this
Bn in
for
expressions
can be matched
over
An$
interval.
at
r-a,
0SZ
Hence
terms
w
k.
44
wo
and,
Rn defined
with
Z lz
(4.2.14),
in
as
this
0z1
(Z=-
U<_Zzk.
wLZ,
it.-6
The boundary
becomes
(5.5.7)
condition
(5.5.1)
gives
(5.5.7)
(5.5.0)
by (I/d)
Z
Kb
and,
by multiplying
over
the
region
of
validity
it
and adding,
ZM
is
(Z
),
found
integrating
that
Cam
rMnvK
(5-5-9)
tkib
in
CASs
where
C
(Expressions
The
equations
(4.3.7)
mouth-upward
duct
the
follows
solution
identical
defined
(5.5.12)
the
and
by
the
that
term
'? Nt" wL by
of
can
Appendix
IMO
in
for
(B. 12),
(8.13)
a1
13)
given
Chapter
(4.3.10),
to
(4.3.6),
now
the
B).
be reduced
(B. 11)-(B.
given
(4.3.14)
solution
in
decompositions
given
with
expression
as
the
(5.5.12)
given
(5.5.9)
equation
performing
decomposition
are
matrix
by
CK
D..,
for
complex
dz
Z,
4(z) ,
is
by
matrix
same
The
as
(B. 17)9
and
This
yields
with
the
is
defined
4, 3.
&,
unknown
respectively.
real
(4.3.7).
the
(4.3.11)when
two
C,,
for
the
thus
an
f13$,,
by
The
by
Absorption
Energy
Wave
5.6
flux
volume
(5.4.11)
q, r
in
where,
this
use
and
been
(5.4.11)
from
Thus,
made
(k
is
given
Al
(5,. 5.2),
of
it
free-surface
case
Ksp
has
internal
the
across
is
(5.5.5)
found
(4.2.6),
with
(4.2.7).
that
P3 Ot'-o,L (kota)
0
lo
a%1
Kksi.,
z21T
A and 1 are
The coefficients
by (5.2.8)
given
in
and substitution
) gives
(5.6.1
2=
P3
ib .
=o
2'mc -
Re(AK) Awisiw
kna
%J
(5.6.2)
l^" (9. ) N ;k
5"'K^d
ka
(5.6.3 )
n: o
The maximum capture
(5.4.3)
in
width
and the
evaluated,
using
(5.4.2),
are
presented
results
8.
is
It
A and
p3 for
clearly
the
pressure
circular
Chapter
found
in
those
found
using
to
possible
limiting
patch,
4.
the
The
use the
case
of
a zero
just
as
the
in
results
Ilankel
transform
Ou
methods
length
of
duct,
limiting
method
that
disc
oscillating
this
S 5,6
case
in
4.
to
determine
ia, a
results
agree
were
with
5.7
The
Scattering
The
complementary
scattering
by
(1970).
investigated
Garrett
in
duct
the
upon
free-surface,
absence
thus
The
internal
the
the
and
harbour'.
less
Problem
the
In
of
duct
relation
to
this
the
case,
duct
waves
has
the
applied
is
equivalent
to
Garrett's
induced
volume
flux
the
pressure
on
is
coefficient
been
incident
are
an
the
of
free-surface
for
problem
internal
'bottom.
$ across
(5.2.13)
by
given
as
ZTG
Qsls.
(5.7.1)
Ix)
hence (5.7.1)
and this
provide
will
problem,
radiation
free-surface
free-surface
usual
now
must
the
for
to
radiation
condition
this
is
potential
written
given
the
and
the
by
(f
by
the
via
radiation
incident
some governing
for
(1970)
condition
and
is
that
this
the
which
The
wavetrain.
Garrett
internal
the
(5.2.4),
is
solution
applied
problem.
0
,
included
as in
in
[x
Chapter
displacement,
8,2
potential,
except
given
wave expansion
free-surface
the
B calculated
the
4)
now
wave potential
i
ment
for
as a cylindrical
Similarly
is
distribution
pressure
of
satisfies
potential,
which
account
The incident
written
$,
condition,
also
value
problem
by (5.6.3).
potential,
the
as
equations
on the
a check
given
The scattering
and
i /-LW)
(s
be
may
"
4, J 4(b),
the
displace-
1
can
be
as
00
x
(r
9)
'
E,, L"> /
=A
(r
M
Gv3 w,
ei
f,. ()
4 KZ
00
e. LM
GuSwe
Mso
11
(5.7.2)
t5 7 3)
00
A is
where
The
incident
the
flux
volume
wave
and
internal
the
across
r0
amplitude
(p4
is
free-surface
I).
by
g4ven
X(r
e)
de
00
A
-21iwA
(5.7.4)
(5.7.3)
(5.7.2).
and from
%o(c')rdr,
xo
Zsd
Hence
Only
induced
of
-z1[; wQ
the
flux
variables
as an expansion
for
the
the
terms
is
[(kr)
V (r, z) =
vertical
in 5.
If
it
j
are
is
found
n>
n
kp
p
=w
Z
vr,
and
matching
potential
1970,
the
Q%
,
at r"a
exactly
w
by 9
as
that
+
(s. 7. G)
a)
>
na)
ro CL
(5.7.? )
(r
zi(Z)
'
Mo
Garrett
replaced
I
'
ZCi.
`(L)
ka
4;
3
>
No ka.
r'
by separation
due to
eigenfunctions,
t,
the
determine
can be found
Kzn`Z)
(see
to
displacement
radial
(5.5.5)
in
necessary
potential
the
of
problem
radiation
respectively
This
and writing
(5.7.5)
bz
6
2'
Is.
in
rd
4?
z)
0(r,
potential
volume
a0
(2.2o),
equations
pressure
at
AtG,
given
811
G),
(2.22))
pL
zSk
as
for
the
radiation
"N
(z)
1l{KKZ
EZ0(z)
'00
and
zn(z)
(Garrett
1970,
(4.2.14)
and F0 is
=0
(2.29),
equations
(5.7.9)
kZ<d
(3.1)),
where
is
as defined
in
by
given
''''(LZca)r-;
Fa.z6Eit Lzos
(5.7.8),
Multiplying
(5.7.9)
Zy(a),
by (I/d)
integrating
and
yields
adding
. +
gom
K. ()
where
is
(equation
(5.5.10))
the
came
as
for
the
corresponding
radiation
problem
while
'
"-Doh%
Cw,
S
,
\c
in
Q,
where
given
by
}LCi, JMI.
(n. 13)
(5.7.11)
'
and
r
(L
cr -Y,
The
to
the
decomposition
complex
matrix
(5.7.12)
process
in
used
(5.7.10).
equation
Chapter
The
4,
coefficients
is
now applied
may be
written
sm
d,
i
Cw+
=
t
(c,,
,
d,
,
Br,
)
read.
.(5.7.13
and,
decomposed
with
e0
Co'w.{'
dorm
in
as
tMnCh,
3.7)
/
1.
(5.7.10)
equation
becomes
rw
(5.7.14a)
'
(. -codq
Vn"'
a_
r
tv,,, "`'
(I.
(5.7.14b)
n"1
where
both
systems
5
in
defined
are
then
clearly
c(
Jo)
cK
Sri
If
real.
Sw
is
`C
(5.7.13),
using
which,
%,zj
1Gj
()
No
given
(5.7.15b)
yields
CL)+L(CrSoG)
s
(5.7.5)
by (5.7.7),
for
evaluated.
this
agrees
As noted
wave
in
In
boundary
with
00
(5.7.17)
wo
scattered
flux,
Q Zr (d)
_A
method
the induced
(5.7.16)
is
Substituting
for
),
0,1, i"..
I(n-
las,
to the expression
Returning
as
.. "
Sw
finally
(c
(4-3-11)
of
(5.7.15s)
(y.
c0
solution
I
s0,
arb=
the
all
by
or
conditions
(5.7.1)
that
found
(1970),
when
local
transient
field
and
the
via
f! 6
value
radiation
of
be
B found
by
problem.
no
is
for
matching
B to
coefficient
the
computations,
Garrett
the
the
enables
subsequent
with
required
'o
(see
to
satisfy
equations
the
(5.7.6),
'
..
(5.7.7);
inside
hence
the
Z0(r)=
duct
(r')
(rG,
,
(5.7.4),
from
and
(5.7.1),
from
the
infinite
an
coefficient
is
equations
(4.4.8),
will
at
is
duct
the
of
square
0.
when
the
damping
Chapter
4,
the
of
term
Thus,
B vanishes
force
for
the
is
that
zero
by the
damping
force
(see
given
duct
above
5(6)"0
whenever
mouth-upward
as confirmed
the
since
exciting
to
argument
exciting
*a
in
A and
coefficients
A.
the
results
presented
not
zero
patch,
a similar
the
following
In the
duct
SIGKO)-
must
numerical
also
results.
and Discussion
Results
9.8
to
coefficient
.1 I
Consequently,
zero.
frequencies.
(4.4.9)),
C
vanish
pressure
proportional
damping
the
Hence
is
also
mouth-upward
show that
to
B is
of
the
for
flux
volume
circular
number
Clearly
hold
induced
coefficient
the
as for
exactly
at
the
8 are
limit
presented
in
'
-21Ta'
factor,
performance
to
order
the
number
the
of
Figures.
of
The
form
as
duct
using
proceeding
with
non-diaensionalised
2acJ$
w
Pg
It
is
a 'narrow-duct'
the
the
the
variation
of
patch
occurs
monotonically
A for
crence
from
the
zero.
C) before
p/,
with
4.
In this
for
and,
infinite
dopth
and
infinite
depth
value
87
cannot
1;
illustrates
19 a/d
"
k1
>1
when
of
is
there
case
0A
he detected
-}
A for
just
one
decreases
between
Pot
in-
and
-I
behaviour
difference
a slight
Qf
the
sharply
is
(5.11x)
Figure
KJG for
kjmi
There
mouth-downward
Appendix
of
of
near
the
6.
of
A an a function
pressure
to
of
(see
results
oontrasts
A which
values
by examining
This
depth.
zero
the
of
of
circular
begin
approximation
computation
finite
to
useful
the
the
on the
diff-
scale
in
used
(5.11a).
Figure
reaches
which
resonance
is
it
here.
to
Figure
(5. l1b)
aIf
J.
agrees
float
weightless
the
modelling
oring
imation
both
is
force
To examine
the
for
solutions
%6 are
the
predicts
of
the
the
the
maximum capture
agreement
is
the
less
duct
agreement
approximate
the
two
length
even
solution
are
the
solution
is
results
value
is
in
at
only
better.
will
For
not
its
duct
the
is
It
A agrees
two
solutions
rs
the
The
very
be so
good
0t
that
and
to
shown in
be
must
for
the
with
coefficient
this
over
40% at
k('2
is
when
the
of
(5.12).
Figure
bandwidth,
the
when
remembered
that
ducts
the
narrower
it
in
solution
good especially
diameter;
full
A comparison
a larger
it
case
closely
rising
indicates
larger
which
given
approximate
is
and
approx-
The
similar.
reasonably
duct
the
very
2].
rest-
same results.
found
[0)
spring
in
quantities
two cases
resonance,
twice
the
(: 0L
a 0.8,
7% at
curves
widths
the
its
than
is
(by
lit
narrow
absorption
increases.
approximate
between
of
as a means of
solution,
Kd
between
as
of
but
Although
values
system
approximate
(5.11b)
Figure
enclosing
produce
coefficient
discrepancy
value
shapes
/fa
the
all
increases
must
of
found
Q
/,
decr"
q,
width
the
Al.
with
are
external
since
of
a duct
the
depths
the
of
A/f*i4,1
for
the
wave-power
for
a greater
discrepancy
in
accuracy
for
expected
extraction
various
solution
is
value
which
shown in
(when
shown
variation
duct
a spring-damper
not
larger
bandwidths
for
sharp
coefficient
width
fluid
is
and
a slightly
results
system,
flow
power
solution
full
B shows
the
computed
approximate
the
take-off
uniform
of
deep
to
This
at
extremely
depth
non-dimensional
(1978)
attached
mechanisms
finite
narrow
infinitely
zero).
assumes
have
Evans'
power
the
an
A"Oq
when
maximum capture
an the
for
with
exactly
the
B has
value
that
curves
narrower
The curve
term
maximum value
shows
Both
become even
eases.
a maximum
smaller
damping
however,
noted,
has a slightly
when
The
expected
wavelength
that
of
the
the
)'
U)
N
O
II
C
U,
C7
LL
r-
fV
-41
du
2
a
v3
1
FIG (5.11b)
a/d-1/8;
kl
t/d=1/2.
------
exact
approximate
v
N
U
1
t
t
FIG (5.12)
Kd
of
waves is
incident
For
is
duct
Kcl
of
ing
its
given
in
between
be
coefficient
first
zero
in
(5.14c)
is
The
very
for
little
theoretical
(5.14c)
as
maxima
at
in
from
various
id
C.
LA
variation
maximum
a dashed
line,
are
value
will
width
bandwidth
It
t /d
of
It
(when
results
that
in
factor
/Zo,
over
"
width
with.
34.)
of
)l /Z1T
the
A is
are
the
patch
the
is
results
similarly
in
also
for
Figure
t1d
small
range
curves
pressure
given
for
the
determining
corresponding
that
noticeable
as
A"O).
appears
pressure
zero
together
closer
1
Idwhen &/at . g,
first
KS
of
Ut
of
its
the
11 increases
Important
width
CW,
together
value
+4 and
the
is
capture
I& move
corresponding
capture
in
an
instance,
-1,
of
upon
increases
values
(5.14b).
is
length
duct
length
value
Figure
of
minima
the
position
.
some
the
of
duct
maximum
/I
6t
appearance
The
width
capture
smaller
a smaller
curves.
&/1
As the
and
The
width
The
upon
. t.
effect
progressively
be seen
as
when
occurs
a better
although
the
For
wo great
maximum
damp-
bandwidth
capture
than
the
illustrates
for
maximum
greater
the
diameter
a/Ct
at
is
value
value
of
the
the
of
the
value
while
maximum
coef-
radius
and
maximum
the
of
that
seen
duct
attained
the
in
dependent
the
duct
results.
patch
be
can
can
of
difference
Curves
magnitude.
is
The
When aid.
first
the
behaviour
not
its
larger
non-dimensional
is
case
than
and
shape
each
of $ occurs
increase
the
increases
A, when Q/d
addition,
Its
a/0S
(5.14a)
the
increases
it
for
achieved
and
less
Figure
In
as
in
the
is
the
affects
A decrease
of
decreases
(5.13c).
Figure
values
diameter.
when
As
zero.
decreases.
(5. igb)).
Figure
} and
peak
/d,
0.
zero
increases;
curve
always
A is
similarly
(see
the
first
duct
k9=1
parameter
its
the
near
occurs
of
to
compared
how the
position
so
which
at
A. O
is
the
large
resonance
shows
increased,
term
of
(5.13a)
A and
ficient
duct
a narrow
Figure
zero;
no longer
there
KAICO-3j1'53.
shown
the
on Figure
circular
pressure
(which
patch,
the
(shown
patch
assertion
as
are
also
that
it
shown
is
1979)
it
while
the
depth
40-50m.,
The
a
its
has
value
the
width
capture
rises
than
(shown
The narrow-duct
(indicated
range
approximation
is
to
width
reaches
its
values
of
all
of
the
of
(Ala
in
shown
brings
the
this
range.
/d+ct
for,
overpredicts
is
as expected,
for
width
the
QIC
'e
fixed
(5.16).
Figure
within
the
shown,
yy-i
theoretical
(5.1$)
and,
e%
"
.3
maximum capture
maximum value
Ci/0(
noted,
1f
i. e.
is
the
Q/Gt
for
for
within
Figure
of
for
that
as previously
duct,
narrower
be reached
water
duct
enabling
shown in
in
' whereas
A longer
koLE Co)2)
20-29th.
order
(9.15)
Figure
can be seen
attained.
line),
values
and various
a/d
For
>, j
Ktf i C4&1
range
maximum capture
width
but,
is
ratio
less
0.4.
The
maximum
possible
the
turbine
in
constant
of
curves
width
contained
capture
width
results
width
capture
the
are
are
al/G(
Kot 2
when
as a dashed
The behaviour
than
It
of
Thus,
in
(Long,
buoy
value.
shown
116.
by x and o respectively).
for-the
CNMU/1a,
unity
the
maximum capture
better
above
more realistic
is
typically
are
is
of
0.4
using
diameter
this
of
variation
justify
clearly
Belfast
duct
values
values
A into
of
zero
a quarter
parameter
greater
maximum,
for
is
the
pressure
approximation.
University
that
the
b)),
now examined
Queen's
suggested
length
never
of
values
the
the
and different
.I
first
been
duct
maximum
/d
For
values.
(5.14a,
draft
is
width
for
results
Figures
on
a shallow
The
crosses).
capture
proportionality
in
the
the
curve.
the
is
real
envelope
in
presented
when
to
is
system
If
far
width
proportional
when
so
the
'tuned'
defined
drop
Fort
' given
rho
flow
rate
The
a particular
the
it
through
positive.
to
by
section
volume
pressure
and
this
across
the
and
actual
capture
wavenumber
maximum
appropriate
by (5.2.21),
indicate
is
chosen
to
0
N
'O
cD
"..
.-
0-
Ln
f4
m
r
Lt.
11
C7
LL
"
L1
0,
C)
Ln
Uo
..
fV
0
N
0
Y
to
r-
N
1
r-Lf,
oU)
I-
11
10
O
Lt,
C
r,
PQ
U,
N
II
'o
NIN
P
N
Go
V
Y
e-
U)
u
r-
Ul)
c)
i
1
n
D
ov
WL
Ln
Z
E
v3
I,
0
N
x
X
d
L
I
X
a
X
11
X
X
X
X
in
o
LP
II
x
'D
Y
Ln
.; -
1..
Wftb
u'1
ow
LL
N1
N
"Mr
II
0
0
N
N
r-.
N
4!
'o
x
OL
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O
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LA
/
f/
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co
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1
#0
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lA
6
C.,.
)
11
19
Q"
of
10
O
/
/
/
0
/
/o
/o
x
/o
/N
x
x
a
0
x
0
0
0
0
,
o
N
'
n
xo
.
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U
X
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co
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Q
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0
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tl
r'-
CO
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r
Lt)
40
LL
10
Nzl,
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LA
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00
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i
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a
Ln
6
iLfl
t3
i
i
i
\
\
vvN
.3Op
U
a maximum capture
give
the
the
trates
capture
actual
K6d=t
Chapter
4,
defined
in J5.
equations,
these
duct
the
It
coefficients
in
region
for
I/N
in
the
when the
tuned
infinite
systems
and the
4, 6
Chapter
when the
are
in
illus-
wavenumber,
the
in
capture
widths
this-case
the
linear
also.
values
of
and the
resonance
be larger
to
needs
in
extrapolation
of
produced
better
40,50
than
real
made concerning
narrow,
near
systems
rather
comments
is
of
and mouth-downward
apply
duct
accuracy;
T 80j90
(c)
large
very
the
computing
mouth-upward
similar
maintain
using
zero
(5.17)
Figure
this
results
Conclusion
5.9
theory
The
ducts
by
different
of
maximum
capture
example
of
the
,, hallow
been
In
has
disc
the
the
of
when
volume
As
air-turbine.
understanding
for
width
capture
between
oscillating
has
been
The
for
problem,
behaviour
of
it
is
flow
the
not
rate
this
through
of
simplified
and
duct
model
a mouth-downward
draft.
4) 1
of
to
possible
mouth-upward
study
is
this
of
analyse
upon
duct
a circular
part
duct
direction
mouth-downward
to
used
distri-
pressure
to
first
the
rectangular
wave
surface
applied
cross-section.
influence
situation
realistic
erence
circular
width
the
maximum
Evans(1981b)
approximation
and
rectangular
by
absorption
configurations.
draft
shallow
wave-power
of
derived
butions
the
to
then
wavenumber
here.
results
The
For
that
two
of
required
N retained
order
to
is
A and
terms,
of
number
the
however,
was found
behaviour
solution
very
in
duct
mouth-upward
the
the
are
systems
a particular
(5.2.19).
from
width
A and Be
and coefficients,
at
1&x
CA
and.
As in
value
may be found
width
capture
width
Chapter
ducts
of
theoretical
the
provides
a useful
device
performance.
in
examined
introduce
is
duct
more
a phase
drop
pressure
and
the
diff-
across
corresponding
very
helpful
which
is
in
not
of
The second
duct
downward
draft.
maximum
A/211
For
The
duct,
whereas
maximum
of
near
is
For
maximum is
when
width
ducts
achieved
when
of
at
mouth.
is
no restriction
its
a local
maximum
1fq,
is
placed
theoretical
value.
near
occurs
sI
it
small,
intermediate
an
the
with
attains
this
small,
draft,
shallow
theoretical
concerned
Q reaches
and
a/9
L=2
happens
is
capture
zero
when
a duct
for
Chapter
crone-section
A is
when
a narrow
this
of
circular
of
its
upon
part
initially
the
configuration
between
a wavenumber
these
two
extremes.
The high
related
are
to
the
12cL
) of
W
bandwidth
the
A wide
but
their
A better
by
ducts
a duct
with
21C_' *
depth
/d+
p
of
in
in
possible
width
does produce
maximum capture
width
this
is
curves
curves
width
40m.
ducts
which
might
have
The
but
case
narrow,
much better
are
ratios
ratios
very
with
invariably
almost
Ild
3i(.
K d., z1.7
large
is
performance
when
determining
and
Bhow
wavenumbere
For
ration.
9 any.
in
narrow
it good
This
example,
the
' u
20m
which
the
it
pointless
is
the
of
duct
required
with
duct.
but
in
water
duct
of
Gld"'c
parameters
choice
is
draft
be
An example
one with
of
can
shallow
the
together
of
of
length
performance
shape
bandwidth)
structures.
that
over
factor,
the
nor
high
a reasonably
of
a broad
neither
clearly
of
sense
with
have a diameter
range
width
the
coupled
excessively
reRulte
capture
important
are
a reasonable
the
ratio
width
would
(in
performance
overall
which
influences
high
are
open tubes,
capture
achieved
these
unity
duct
a narrow
in
occurs
which
Maximum capture
maximum capture
duct
for
a half.
than
maximum
(1949).
than
draft
near
resonance
& Wiegel
the
of
obtainable
manometric
greater
or shallow
bandwidths
lese
widths
by Isaacs
discussed
(C
capture
k tat
of
parameters
can
achieve
to
choose
in
structural
the
region
costs,
has been
It
duct
can
found
plate,
of
distance
below
the
may
be other
different
ways
duct
of
favourable
improved
'I
concerning
duct.
interaction
better
achieving
shape
Finally,
of
diameter
(Whittaker
mouth
devices
the
the
& Murray,
or,
as
Lighthill
as
noted
in
arrays
of
a flat
than
results,
in
performance
introducing
by
larger
slightly
cross-sectional
a tapered
using
improved
be significantly
circular
that
experimentally
such
could
horizontal
duct,
a short
1981).
There
as
(1979)
Chapter
the
4,
result
choosing
suggests,
the
possible
in
an
performance.
should
the
like
limit
to
thank
analysis
Dr.
W. G.
in
Boyd
6 3.
93
for
his
helpful
suggestions
CHAPTER 6
6.1
Introduction
The
three
previous
characteristics
absorbing
column
devices.
bodies
in
is
waves
the
understand
the
problems.
To study
in
terms
of
oscillating
energy
water-
hydrodynamic
force',
is
it
aspect
in
first
linearised
of
the
velocity
potential
problem
are
expanded
as
parameter
to
necessary
water-wave
problems
the
the
with
force.
mean
involved
dimensionless
some
of
types
'mean
approximations
inherent
functions
: the
term
such
concerned
a different
chapter
examined
defining
Before
in
this
been
different
of
In
have
chapters
and
other
perturbation
(usually
series
taken
to
be
the
i
These
slope).
wave
fluid
motion
to
according
conditions
is
E is
known
of
in
described
and
the
the
power
problem
ly
as
is
accurate
known
also
the
vxplnnntion
of
Wehausetn
& Laitone
(1960).
When waves
Ilea
in
To
waves.
same
it
fluid,
a cycle
incident
the
body
as
to
the
al
is
upon
force
and
not
orders
-o p
which
F.
eon
mean
first-order
increasing.
this
reason
A more
be
force
when
The'
becomes
for
is
higher-
of
floating
in
this
and
can
is
oscillatory
g)f
coefficient
of
and
a hydrodynamic
or
boundary
a sequence
procedure
and
are
approximation.
a body
is
the
which
E
wave
wave
no
equations
higher
perturbation
incident
grouped
this,
parameter
experiences
the
first-order
frrgUjPncy
is
are
terms
approximation
infinitpaim
drtailed
When the
problem
to
perturbation
the
an
of
linearised
corresponding
an
equations
to
or
hence
of
the
corresponding
Tn addition
2.
is
the
system
first-order
exists
first-order
a sequence
The
Chapter
into
substituted
conditions.
of
the
as
are
boundary
created.
problems
order
series
time,
found
in
or
submer-
due
having
a time-average
force.
to
the
the
over
Although
the
second-order
or
in
have
general
is
Chapter
than
magnitude
the
time-averaged
a non-zero
concerned
this
with
first-order
mean second-
force.
The
This
weak.
izontal
or
ship
unanchored
on ships
moment
elender
momentm
waves
has
been
examined
are
also
thought
submersible
and
by
application
first
part
Bristol
on the
force
force
behaviour
is
clearly
standing
its
The analysis
(1963)
found
proceeded
that
who noted
of
the
mean
either
fixed,
oscillation.
forces
on
forces
also
and
semi-
of
bodies
been
with
by
studied
in
significance
for
wave
power
with
the
mean
devices.
vertical
Preliminary
power.
absorbing
and an under-
of
neutrally
solution
method
force
second-order
circular
1)1-
the
of
problem
submerged
of
are
desirable.
mean
and
which
can he appreciable
first-order
method
has
a generalisation
the
freely-floatillg
The
is
investigation
on a comprehensive
second-order
forced
in
presented
knowledge
from
when it
Cylinder
this
experiments
Ogqilvie
concerned
that
suggest
of
is
submerged,
instability
practical
problems
of
Mean
devices
mooring
Chapter
this
(1967).
submerged
or
has
problem
Newman
and
1979)"
& Kuo,
power
wave
of
force
bodies
the
of
cause
hor-
mean
drift
motions
(1971).
on floating
This
present
can
of
& Newman
the
by
on such
(Martin
and
(1977).
force
the
that
bars
sand
Longuet-Higgins
Lee
force
effect
be
to
The
vertical
its
platforms
offshore
large
can cause
restoring
displacement
investigated
been
the
when
time.
of
the
where
a significant
period
has
bodies
buoyant
in
result
situations
hydrodynamics
ship
a large
force
can
over
in
in
arises
force
drift
in
important
be
can
mean-force
is
force
The
in
smaller
does
and this
mean value
order
an
it
force,
oscillatory
is
force
the
first-order
cylinders
buoyant,
presented
in
then
and
which
or
be
could
Ogilvie
only.
of
are
undergoing
this
Chapter
iN
Ogilvie's
enables
buoyant
neutrally
force
is
cross-section
Newman (1967)
to
used
express
(1977)
the
due to
to
illustrate
of
the
mean
is
force
fixed
and
force
on the
on
made
is
forces
with
depth
A comparison
in
on
submerged
of
freely
float-
Bristol
examined
the
second
cylinders
part
of
force
mean vertical
mean horizontal
force
of
and
arbitrary
Chapter.
this
As
is
force
integral
examined
deeply
submerged
is
made between
(1963)
Ogilvie
and the
it
and
this
fixed
or
for
results
that
expression
freely-
approximation,
exact
free
appears
by a simple
and either
the
over
Longuet-Higgins'
to
reduces
is
may be
arguments
as an integral
can be approximated
A comparison
imation
agrees
is
cylinder
floating.
force
wavenumber,
first-order
force
undertaken
mean vertical
when the
with
It
cases.
presented
mean horizontal
the
The surface
result.
special
depth.
mean
the
while
surface,
the
of
the
of
fluid
of
are
force
vertical
with
as
freely-floating
horizontal
mean
corresponding
behaviour
effect,
A study
in
the
frequency.
the
with
The
the
also
tuning
the
and
recovered
Results
mean
together
cylinders
cylinder.
the
fixed
be
for
expression
and
submergence
ing
to
cylinder
of
variation
vertical
the
Longuet-Higgins.
to
due
that
the
the
that
shown
for
results
an approxcircular
cylinders.
in
The formulation
in
given
of
(x, z)
in
the
and
analysis
velocity
of
formulation
he used
the
(1963)
is
potential
in
Chapter
Cartesian
2.
z will
Ogilvie's
with
the
Chapter
this
order
the
this
of
Secondly,
notation.
not
immediately
that
(x, y)
represent
part
the
the
96
average
are
complex
Chapter{
removed
time
different
slightly
co-ordinates
to
first
in
from
chosen
number
this
is
time-dependence
but
is
may be
retained
taken.
that
instead
z-x+iy
consistent
of
during
the
(a)
6.2
Mean Forces
on the
Bristol
Cylinder
Formulation
Consider
fluid
deep
that
is
the
cylinder
centre
the
of
cylinder
k*
Cartesian
free
undisturbed
centre,
as
radius
a depth
at
M/,
that
y-O
of
position
its
with
such
surface,
such
a circular
below
the
shown
and
in
infinitely
undisturbed
free
(x, y)
coordinates
surface
in
submerged
y.
-h
are
is
chosen
the
(6.1).
Figure
FIGURE((. i)
When a regular
cyl
inderrthe,
take-off
of
its
sway
cylinder
mechanism.
motions
and
heave
wavetrain
of
remporuirz
Its
parallel
resultant
to
the
frequency
the
under
motion
x and
respectively.
"7
is
incident
constraints
is
y axes,
of
upon
the
power
a linear
combination
i. e.
motion
its
the
in
11
first-order
linearized
The
Laplace
two-dimensional
the
/a
Zi'
and,
the
(D
Z
fluid
to
V(
(2.2.6)
in
but,
been
95(E)1
directions
x, y
at
0.5 5 --,
to
correspond
the
case,
(0
f (E))
X=
(6.2.3)
o _oo,
(2.2.2),
equations
time-dependence
the
cylinder
normal
to
the
surface
is
given
the
the
of
iss
that
to
equal
the
the
the
of
time
at
Then
"
surface,
is
displacements
that
q(t)
= -h+
on
poiinto
be
respectively,
dition
that
deep,
(2.2.4)
velocity
and
potential
retained.
Let
is
this
infinitely
be
'---r
(6.2.1)-(6.2.3)
Equations
has
condition
/b
assuming
satisfies
=v
surface
potential
equation
i/as
7IG24,
free
linearimed
the
velocity
tj
the
cylinder
in
the
cylinder
centre
boundary
con-
linearized
component
normal
of
velocity
the
body
the
of
velocity
fluid
at
by
rcc1c6.2.4
where
fluid
')
n, s (VI%
)rt:
at
the
-our fact-,
cylinder
The
defined
first-order
by
integrating
in
Chapter
the
2,
in
(x, z)
point
the
linear
fluid
the
and
by
normal
S,
is
slt
the
undisturbed
cylinder
position
into
of
the
the
s 7iGz-+t-1
force
oscillatory
pressure
from
vector
the
over
thus
911
the
on
surface
the
cylinder
s as
is
found
explained
aC/ n.450
i,
where
the
time-average,
upon
the
the
linearised
mean
the
on
his
did
Yt
6.3
In
on
its
of
effect
of
in
length
by
a pair
to
the
via
sea-bed
of
characteristics
be
replaced
proportional
by
to
power
motion.
of
at
mean
nods
cacti
mechanism
To begin
with,
of
length
the
are
extension
direction,
time-averaged
quantity.
to
undertaken
of
the
consider
Bristol
detercylinder
a cylinder
(L
L
5>a)
to
attached
pumps,
and
of
depth.
end
pumps
the
is
analysis
take-off
finite
is
the
+..
1.
(6.2.6
Cylinder
hydraulic
sprinuus
the
the
of
cylinder
cables
of
the
fluid
the
Suppose
indicates
a non-rigorous
section,
equations
finite
by at
in
force
mean second-order
Motion
of
this
the
mine
the
followed
Equations
the
can
--t
K41
2()
denotes
overbar
depend
details
here;
given
cxt
and the
the
can be expressed'as-
it
where
an
upon taking
not
Further
is
result
obtained
be determined
could
problem.
corres-
and,,
force
it
i1,2
(1963)
cylinder
second-order
first-order
only
Here
Ogilvie
potential;
(1963),
force
second-order
force
velocity
in Ogilvie
be found
direction,
respectively.
that
second-order
the
4-t
the
second-order
noted
from
solely
in
x, y directions
for
expression
force
the
the
to
ponds
is
(6.2.5)
dampers
and
as
to
respectively.
41'.
)
be
have
which
of
cylinder
in
shown
assumed
rate
the
is
and
and
(6.2).
Figure
linear
so
extension
of
the
down
anchored
The
that
to
a resistance
held
they
motion
cables
can
(G. 2)
FIGURE
Let
the
the
when
the
is
fluid
70
tenoiou,
CAI)1P
length
in
The cylinder
vertical.
that,
be of
cables
I
designed
uttdisturbed
>0
is
inclined
and
to
and
the
at
be positively
cylinder
to
buoyant
so
an angle
is
at
rest,
by
given
,
4r, cast CND-M,
RO)VC)
niul
Where
mo,as nrfff
meaeured
if
MI
the
relative
per
unit
the
cylinder
are
the
m8RM of
cylinder
cylinder
centre
mass
fluid
displaced,
('
the
respectively,
./)
length.
is
displaced
I(K)
by
then,
cylinder
all
the
0
the
under
linear
of
assumptions
the
easily
be shown
OA, OB,
of
extensions
it
is
that
required
(v/JII,
f(4)/Lk<'
and
theory,
e.v
%Ikj
by
On
denoted
respectively,
can
be
to
(6.3.2)
SSW'L I'M
cbb ='
When the
mined
cylinder
is
in
'C
the
motion
(6.3.3)
in
tensions
cable
OA, OB are
deter.
by
A
sik)
w"
T4
where
cable.
cables
/2
(
hence
the
are
)&
The force
is
on the
found
in
cylinder
to
and damper
spring
the
x-
constants
direction
of
each
due to
all
in
following
the
be
i=''-
This
has
result
analysis
mathematical
f lui(l,
been
thins
Cl
tho
Limit
asp
ZPssr'e
jam'r,
co53
-2
derived
for
the
cylinder
9---O
Op
-2,
finite
length
in
gsi"^. Zt
10 1
to
considered
)n
should
cables;
tnkcu
for
the
be in
consisteuucy,
infinitely
deep
Wince
.
(6.3.5)
9
A comparison
the
of
terms
the
comprising
coefficent
in
(6.3.4)
parameters,
so
of
gives
(2ro
k
using
0-05;
values
realistic
(6.3.5)
that
represents
he
can
to
due
direction
y-
tliat,
in
the
cables
cables
the
force
on the
be written
can
are
depend
forces
L and
by
the
when
These
(6.3.4)
of
without
in
cylinder
be
can
C,
writing
only
"
splayed
written
the
displacement
forces
as
C2=CZ
per
and
2 oes6'r &-
(6. g. 6)
symmetrically,
the
upon
5kr
the
a#
2 coer ql
direction
each
approximation
that
shown
Cz
Note
design
cylinder
argument.
it
Similarly
Bristol
a reasonable
a limit
considering
the
of
in
that
length
unit
forces
cable
direction.
by
dividing
thus
j)
where
These
g,
when
forces
implicitly
lible
upon
the
idealised
length
assumed
Nonce
ryI
unit
effect
i'iilrr
is
cylinder
per
length
finite
of
the
give
equati'on`s
on a cylinder
the
are
throuUhout
the
equations
may he wr i tten
fluid
hydrodynamic
cable
in
deep
fluid.
as
being
of
assumed
that
to
the
In
forces
per
the
following
infinite
be acting.
cables
length,
It
has
themselves
analysis,
the
same
also
been
have
neg-
motion.
of
motion
of
as
of
uoL,
the
idealised
length
unit
two-dimensional
AV
[4.2
o
M
Gc t
4Zacdtrf
1,
1,1,
(1976)
Evans
100% in
tuning
power
aborption
2 oes
t4
141,
)B 1t 'l
in
(heave)
sway
the
depth,
identical
Hence
from
(6.3.8)
Ku)
4
(m.
(Ogilvie,
1963),
(6.3.9),
(6.3.10)
2ps4i
an efficiency
W.
the
of
following
For
added-mass
the
added-mass
i. e.
it
(6.3.9)
,
and
in
cylinder
damping
and
141141,.
is,
t --
S1.
2 p(. e -r
s *tas
GJo
the
are
,1)
heave
and
attain
frequency,
1'ltiwo
respectively.
sway
to
order
a particular
(mo;
-c "
cost Z-
,c,
in
(6.3.8)
be satisfied
must
conditions
where
at
= i' a
()
-=
(6.3.
3
damping
fluid
to)
coefficients
of
infinite
coefficients
are
K)
say.
that
required
V-
45
and
(6.3.7),
become
S 4 OC&= (f,
MIo;S
(6.3. ii)
(t)
,
the
while
tuning
(6.3.9),
conditions
(6.3.12
(6.3.10)
to
reduce
(6.3.13)
giving
G. /1
total
Solution
wave power
of
the
absorption
Linear
fi. rgt-order
and
an exciting
force,
it
force.
W =(,Jo.
Problem
force
at
cannot
{Irnce
is
lion-linear
be written
the
as
and thus,
the
decomposition
1O
sum of
of
the
unlike
radiation
velocity
the
forces
into
potential
(2.2.15))
equation
is
E
total
(1950).
following
The
detailed
more
The
The
of
(see
potentials
in
a solution
in
has
problem
the
method
in
necessary
found
terms
the
of
Ogilvie
been
determined
later
the
is
solution
of
(1963),
analysis.
who
gives
method.
(x, y, t)
may be written
an
Z"X+i. t,.
wtre
,
incident
a wavetrain
of
potential
outline
' (zt)
(x, , t
'
linear
potential
velocity
the
be
radiation
sought.
Ursell's
of
and
results
can
precis
is
an
with
results
and
performed
of
Only
together
here,
given
not
solution
general
Ursell
potential
(x, y, t)
potential
The
by
a scattering
from
(6.4. i)
in
00
t+
.
then
by
given
(2.2.14))
(see_equation
A
(6.4.2)
total
the
and
t(Z., t)
potential
cc f'+o(Z, t
,
where
(see
n,
)c)
D),
Apperrdix
out joins
waves
in
of
The
terms
unknown
boundary
mrnt s
which
Iq
'g(E) =
are
which
na Y-*
00
the
normal
cylinder
docomImmo
l ntt
s Wtt
as
singularity
form
also
of
$,
(6.4.3)
(6.2.1)-(G.
; they
and
*=
of
satisfies
on the
91
a set
velocity
0(h
constants
are
qh1
expressed
(z,E niz,
plft
each of
only
condition
K.
and
may be
are
given
the
potentials
2.3)
and represents
a complete
fluid
determined
by (6.2.4).
not
on
r-a
be expanded.
can
by
If
applying
the
the
displace-
Go-sWt,
(6.4.4a)
(6.4.4b)
becomes
then
`Czti
wEtcsN+
ar.
cwwE- sr.wf,
:
cow-
= wcosI,
(6.4.5)
&A r -z rA,
Cr, B)
where
that
such
centre
polar
coordinates
(9= 0
corresponds
are
with
origin
the
to
the
at
positive
cylinder
i. e.
y-axis,
x-rsin
6,
rcas9.
-k4
Substitution
the
involving
of
unknown
expressions
fK,
solutions
6.5
Evaluation
The velocity
first-order
and
by
(Ogilvie,
-wad,
(6.4.4a,
equations
h)
it
is
of
found
of
displaceto
give
displacements
and
(see
equations
use the
be
found
from
terms
equations
which,
to
in
in
of
of
the
motion
turn,
enables
unknown
of
the
the
be evaluated.
(6.2.5)
and
are
given
(37))
1 1s
- _[ Ka
the
to
forces
can
1963, equation
V. (f)-1rp
Using
undetermined
the
of
systems
displacements
forces
F.t)=W
is
second-order
first-order
The
terms
equations
le)).
atop
the
mean
of
may be uncoupled
potential
determine
to
seta
Forcea
The next
displacements.
cylinder
the
of
in
infinite
(D. 3)-(D.
as yet
equations
and
two
r of
D, equations
Appendix
these
four
yields
and the
coefficients
0(,, ) gti A
for
(6.4.5)
into
As shown by Ursell,
ments.
the
(6.4.3)
H,,wt- K'twa)w{
\2
(LCe1-t4Ar,,
+waw
motion
(6.5"a)
ko,
(6.3.11),
that
1/ i
(6,3.12)
(6.5* lb)
aswE
together
with
de
`3
"
L) +
Sig.rst+ 2a
ylS'`rah+Itsc*
-moW
(Z if
k -i&
sw.
wt
1,
-Wu.
Me
gat+
wwt
sn,
r4)GS
*C
(6.5.
Za)
(r1IWewt-YJ15h. ,
t
FTSw1.. +1=CrtWt
ll
Ply
(6.5.2b)
(Ic"
yalp
where
s".uE
Mo,
o
2S,
l3ceswt-
VZ
is
the
fluid
mass of
displaced
by the
cylinder
per
length.
unit
Substituting
the
for
four
unknowns
by
simplified
(D. 3)
from
$,
and
(4-1)2)
t`
and
_gL
be#f
for
These
four
yields
equations
may be
equations
writing
L.
A
r(
00
(6.5.3)
N^
(6.5.4)
w
after
and,
(see
some algebra
Appendix
D), it
Kk
-s.
zr
From
(,
aek',
Y1
t~/z--c/)
1wza Ka
('1st
cylinder
is
also
freely
F,. ne'
follows
possible
floating
it
can
(SSF,
i-/z)'4
bei seen
path
to
Ogilvie's
recover
cylinder
and for
Vi24
I5t;
3(f)sk(E+Jr/
that
a circular
-Si
(6.5.51))
as
expected
results
a fixed
1(1O
and
(see
for
cylinder.
Evans,
1976).
a neutrally
From
so
the
It
buoyant,
O
term
first
the
since
dependent
the
whereas
the
on
to
a neutrally
buoyant,
is
essentially
an 'infinitely
rn0=t'`o,
and
of
(6.5.3)
Thus
9 "r
right-hand-side
is
term
second
freely
(6.5.6)
not.
floating
cylinder
-O
The
cylinder.
damped'
is
frequency
corresponds
fixed
cylinder
and so taking
the
results.
These
limit
P 00
indeed
to
form
cases
special
found
that
Now that
the
the
determine
the
should
mean force
the
recover
useful
b)
cylinder
on the
checks
(6.5.5a,
fixed
to
reduce
Ogilvie's
displacement
cylinder
may be rewritten
has
force.
mean second-order
in
throughout
analysis
terms
and
found,
it
it
the
complex
Using
and
(see
can be shown
(6.5.5a,
b)
Appendix
2Tf
_
D)
mean
force
potential
Cm-tt)
Note
c"cc,
that
may be evaluated,
EN%+%
M4/zi
is
zerr.
=0
Thin
6.5.9)
TCL
for
it
2k{
m(m+1)
and
4,
)
(-
3 !1e
(6.5.7)
that
S,
x
for
Zkk
g
A
211P9
the
possible
(6.2.6)
The expression
ds
rL".
(6.4.3)
is
results.
been
of
it
and
for
Ii.
ntul
pp
the
vnlUian
107
mean
of
the
horizontal
mean
vertical
I,
F.
force
Ogilvie's
with
agree
(1977)
Longuet-Higgins
floating
calculated
once
amplitudes
are
has
bodies
submerged
or
the
incident,
known,
and
in
both
that
for
results
shown
the
force
may be written
be
may
transmitted
and
force
cases.
tiro-dimensional
horizontal
mean
reflected
this
limiting
wave
as
-IT
Tare
Rand
where
and
respectively,
incident
there
the
reflection
and transmission
for
the
force
in
of
For
waves.
the
no reflected
are
acts
the
it
cylinder
direction
is
known
the
body
travel
of
(Ogilvie,
the
1963). that
thus
waveal
is
is
where
the
efficiency
IR, [2, IT (2
because
transmitted
wave
the
of
measures
are
respectively,
in
system
the
of
power
power
This
absorption.
in
the
reflected
and
hence
and
(197G)
Evans
cylinder;
has
oru.
Cidt,
derived
substitution
an
his
of
for
expression
expression
the
in
efficiency
(6.5.11)
of
yields
(6.5.12)
M)w`J`+w'[ 4jL
iow
introducing
1 isi'ul
sf
F` _2
ors
such
the
a non-dimensional
added-mass
nncl
wavenumber,
dampiriq
coefficients
4vCvosnv=
iU
(w
u)U,-(v,4iV
OIUN
LG,
L'VoJio4D 1Z
whore
f of l
an
and non-dimensM.
Mou3-VO
JA
(6.5. i) )
so
that,
Ao 1(vo>
jvo,
vo w
No=
(6.3.13)
>
the
is
from
tuned
cylinder
s
it
Clearly
(6.5.12).
of
forced
A_2
first
in
that
noted
oscillations
into
the
Evans etaL.
a cylinder,
of
form
a rederivation
(6.5.14)
1+5
'5 "
lks
(6.5.15)
in
the
the
terms
together
with
(6.5.14),
{gp'
SS
X(
kk
(6.5.8)
for
is
$)
1
2535,
EF,J
1+
I'"
Rearranging
(6.5.
rearrange
that
have shown
Hence,
it
this,
for
results
to
possible
To accomplish
Ogilvie's
( 1979)
he
must
to
to
Ov,i
denominator
of
(G. 5.15)
be correct,
it'can
n")
(ko M#
the
(6.5.8)
be shown that
MrN
wij
(6.5.3),
and using
\
J
(6.5.1G)
identity
following
be
must
satisfied
54
co
2r
(D. 5)
where
The
ne(tutive
((,. 5.16)
so
the
has
been
used.
exactly
for
force
is
Returning
in
a form
similar
directed
to
the
to
E"_
144
'tos,
A numerical
preceding
the
reflects
M,
ks,
siUta
IJ.
WA
holds
identity
WO
SW%+,
( P,
fact
all
values
the
expression
that
in
mean
check
the
waves
force,
In
this
loo)
shown
k/a.
and
for
are
neUUative
vertical
(6.7). 13).
of
KG,
has
the
incident
that
this
considered.
mean
force
from
)$4$c)
in
and
x. - direction.
this
case,
can
(6,5.9)
also
be rewritten
becomes
4v, 2 zLk,
(t+VU
VkA,
4
0
where
S=(zv)-'tCM
'+)v- (01'41L
)V + s=vAI.
the
Unlike
i3
of
this
to
(6.5.1a,
reach
b),
placements
that
denominator
some peak
The first-order
found
the
however,
noticeable,
'resonant-type'
force
for
simplification
obvious
It
expression
using
given
value
the
together
by (6.5.5a,
b).
force,
for
expression
the
so
the
near
tuning
the
the
mean
no
force.
vertical
the
include
mean
vertical
the
system.
be calculated
from
point
of
for
expressions
notation
is
does
expect
may also
with
In
might
one
there
(6.5.18)
expression
forces
oscillatory
(D. 6)
horizontal
mean
and
(6.5.19)
of
Ogilvie,
the
disit
is
that
(6.5.20)
where
NCB
-Z) C
%z++
~_
N
)53IE,
+SZ4)
'yr= = (
-SEA,
/z+Ss,-SF,5/2)-(-i)(,
and
this
V (()-c (t)
may be rewritten
=-2
EQ
-oe/z)
(6.5.21)
as
zkk (e4
V/ono
\i
(i+5r)1
(EO-Nv)
i
"
4li
where
I to)
(,,
f-yJ)
-i
c.,.22)
tz'
Y_
A0
SE1vu.
Ei
1)3+1j[A
EO(EO -E4
fU
vvO#A E+
Evf
(AE
-ssv
'111
4 1'
0'
(6.5.23
o+Ao)
and
Eo=("'N,
vo- k'v
6.6
The behaviour
auch
to
a cylinder
that
k/oh-= 2.0
These
of
the
mean vertical
is
completely
rises
become
oting
value
is
almost
and
increases
approximately
larger
k 1o,
over
rancle
however
The
1.5)
and
which
these
mean
case
irrcrenses
Increasing
a slight
shift
mean
vertical
the
changes
horizontal
become
force
it
(at
the
relative
force
less
on
mass
the
is
origin
negative.
6m).
values
behaviour
power
the
decreases
finally
asympt-
Its
maxirhum
mean
force
that
this
T 1.5,
increase
a 5.6%
towards
the
k /0.
radius
neutrally
then
and
found
is
tuned
absorbing
curves.
of
La,
the
and
before
value
and
a depth
increases,
_C_2 0,2
cylinder
cylinder
k /O.
Ka
As
at
maximum
is
Figure
design
that
fixed
wavenumbers
(approximately
value
maximum
of
the
it
when
of
current
be seen
shown.
freely-floating
as
1.9).
also
a range
fixed
the
corresponding
a maximum
times
three
corresponding
ratio
the
reaching
fixed
a cylinder
to
cylinder
to
(that
150m for
the
on
in
submerged
a"0.25
can immediately
from
over
0.6
correspond
cases
negative
the
at
force
rapidly
kOa=!, g
illustrated
is
M'
manag
to
It
different
to
is
tuned
freely-floating
buoyant,
value
relative
roughly
cylinder.
force
mean vertical
approximately
values
Bristol
the
and
parameter
the
to
of
wavelength
of
of
force
the
of
for
waves
and Discussion
Results
(6.3)
E, s vilo+vf n.
this
of
maximum
ratio
in
results
when
for
IMr
Q 0.7,
the
wavenumber
As k/a
increases
noticeable.
the
111
power-absorbing
cylinder
is
also
"1
as
shown
(Cc
at
value
the
is,
is
(and
hence
the
to
It
the
near
The
in
(6.5).
force
effect',
There
is
very
curve
gives
dotted
the
if
wavenumber
all
force
some
for
Tue
is
ahSorhin1
the
and
indication
tuned
tuned
were
therefore
of
the
of
likely
is,
force
The max-
h /a.
is
sufficiently
remains
always
of
1.5
"
positive
is
force
illustrated
a O. 3 instead
and
curve
the
two
the
at
cases
behaviour
the
of
iss
a particular
here
value
Kq>(.
that
It
is
not
but
it
does
wavenumber.
limited
origin.
for
results,
have
that
'negative
from
away
0.25
of
smaller
cylinder
would
to
energy
submergence
from
cylinder
between
force
not.
wave
- 0.25.
going
9a,
the
difference
is
the
all
upon the
value
of
optionally
force
from
minimum.
to
a shift
(and,
mean vertical
vertical
maximum
vertical
is
mean
cylinder
little
mean
mean
vertical
tunings.
of
nmplitude
tuning
with
cylinder
various
freely-floating
the
the
curve
evel. ope
provide
the
which
value
the
the
that
horizontal
mean
submergence
of
force
local
the
a smaller
however,
when the
than
submergence
Koo.
and
mean vertical
upon
together
of
(see
a=1
smaller
absorb
by 40% in
a prominent
tuning
with
a curve
produces
the
Tuning
to
maximum
the
of
of
dependent
that,
much
value
depth
behaviour
decreases
still
of
effect
Figure
The
is
there
is
its
mean vertical
its
clearly
be seen
surface,
a maximum,
, when M1-0.6
is
value
can also
free
although
force
this
cylinder;
h/a
is
tuned
what
the
reaches
depth
the
be
can
no matter
of
the
of
2.0.
cylinder
displays
values
the
of
It
value
maximum
) whereas
the
(6.4)
imum'value
maximum
The
}Q
momentum)
various
efficiency
independent
because
Figure
the
force.
equals
This
(6.3).
Figure
this
and
however,
(6.5.11),
in
when
vertical
mean
force
for
= 0.25
(6.5.11)),
equation
of
line
a dashed
firmt-order
tuned
and
wavenumber
power
the
but,
the
for
forces
oscill+itory
cylinders
is
shown
in
amplitude
is
much
larger
larger
%p, it
11.11
falls
fixed,
(6.6).
Figure
below
for
when
both
the
Near
cylinder
the
fixed
LO
cD
11
11
0
N
C7
11
0
mac
.
M
to
0
0
d
N
In
N
OO
EY
N
v
ttl
N
U
"-
Q
N
to
tC
U-
"
O
l
p
0.
K
N
e-
cD
Oj
Z
5N
IC
t0
"o
CD
I.L
~Q
L()
N
to
11
II
Y
Q
N
O
Y
Ln
V7-
t0
tO
0
It)
O
LLN
N
ON
11
=1
11
EY
O
N
'C7 t
4!:
a
Y
L)
17-
o:
t0
te
vn
c
S
n
D
OO
O
e-
LC)
h/a=2.
FIXED CYLINDER
II
OV4
'
------
d/a=7
0.4
02
FIG (6.8)
"',
,.
*
", '
U-2
FIG (6.9)
infinite depth
'
---
.............
d /a=7, IF
------
d/a=7, Iil
0.4
and
freely-floating
(see
forces
the
corresponding
has
difference
freely-floating
in
phase-lag
been
also
(Figure
calculated
between
value
the
these
of
tuned
(6.7)),
fixed
and
or
cases.
is
It
(6.5.22))
equation
a marked
showing
The
results.
tuned
interest
of
to
For
cylinder.
rot'-0-6
140CL.
C).2S'
the
compare
this
magnitudes
the
purpose
cylinder
j
radius,
of
forces
various
parameters
are
on
as follows:
set
6m.
a=
Fz/IF
/a-2"v
values
kia,,
t5
k1c 2a
N. B.
Maximum
above
amplitude
of
A of
It
force
is'a
1 itude
must
he
take"
break
the
free
4 "7A
Fs /
the
of
vertical
to
ensure
heue
if
in
1 that
of
force,
force
small
linear
so
theory
Ii"
the
0'
The amplitude
force.
However,
wave
that
is
more
the
mean
for
larger
to
and
The
the
vertical
amp.
care
the
cylinder
does
cylinder
apply.
in
nIguificant;
amplitude
the
force
upward
im say,
1ecomes
the
the
with
force
largest
the
force.
that
frs
metres.
amplitude
this
sufficiently
surface
eG "
vertical
measure(]
waves
fraction
N+oX
mean horizontal
Table
for
Fj
oscillatory
is
4- 0/.
mean vertical
and the
from
TABLE
2
I. he moan
are
c1isplnceneut
and,
small
waves
6"7A Y.
seen
force
buoyancy
ka"o 2
waves
be
can
%
Z7
first-order
incident
the
Kr,`o"zs,
Vg
force,
buoyancy
17 '/.
compares
the
30
KC=O.1, 10.6A%
value
The table
l. gA '
mean
not
vertical
force
be quite
can
force
vertical
oscillatory
fraction
a substantial
this
although
the
of
amplitude
decreases
ratio
the
of
k/c.
as
increases.
Returning
force
vertical
of
Figure
is
negative,
this
so
and
the
iss only
force
very
that*Ogilvie's
in
1979)
by
the
value
the
to
buoyancy
the
so
has
a range
downward
mean
k/A.
for
= 2.0
for
derived
Bristol
be generalised
and so
by con-
analysis
been
also
the
of
model
on the
theory
results
mean
over
force
to
checks
model
the
important.
be
work
provide
that
the
of
fluid
mathematical
the
and
downwards
of
This
cases.
cylinder
acts
Ogilvie's
could
developing
it
maximum
enable
results
limiting
sidering
noted
infinitely-deep
to
was chosen
been
unlikely
The two-dimensional,
cylinder
has
is,
0.36A`%
is
effect
it
that
however,
wavenumbers.
vertical
(6.3),
to
by
used
(1976,
Evans
energy-absorption
here
to
relevant
are
Evans'
model.
can be argued
It
is
envisaged
of
wavelengths
as
the
perhaps
on a fixed
next
of
fluid.
Note
that
in
the
provides
The
pr,
finite
depth
forces
G. P.
necessary
are
are
force
approximation
finite-depth
forces
to
(private
calculate
for
fixed
the
results
1 1',
horizontal
the
Clearly,
Ka.,
the
cylinder
The
given
the
the
deep
in
finite
were
numerical
in
this
forces
finite
atld
with
forces
mean
(G. 8)(6.9).
Figures
of
small
commiunicatiotn).
all
and when in
in
are
the
compare
deep. fluid.
equal.
of
(HI n
to
cylinder
range
models
oscillatory
shown
not
the
first-order
amplitudes
a reasonable
Thomas
the
the
for
water
possible
infinitely
the
deep
and finite-depth
of
comparisons
42m in which
of
not
however,
amplitude
oscillatory
vertical
is,
when in
The
certainly
interest,
of
It
and the
oscillatory
vertical
of
are
depth
water
is
step.
cylinder
depth
the
operating,
which
force
vertical
that
derived
exception
water
model
depth.
by
computation
Chapter
was
carried
G. P.
to
Thomas,
determine
for
a two-dimensional
the
infinite
(b)
6.7
fluid
(x, y)
defined
coefficients
found
was
(D. 4a, b)
by
them after
six-figure
accuracy
on Cylinders
and
now a cylinder
be Cartesian
a boundary
the
fluid
except
that
have
excellent
20 terms
only
for
h/a
very
(2.2.1)
while
4-
complex
(6.2.2),
wbl
submerged
frequency
in
(6.2.1)-(6.2.3)
velocity
and
a radiation
condition.
is
as
y)
removed
satisfies
also
in
Laplace#s
become
(6-7-1)
c>v%
- 0,
(6.7.2)
o.s, --soa
condition
of
together
potential
((x,
S 6.2
(a),
part
Let
CO .
potential
cylinder
potential
-0,
(2.2.1k),
boundnry
the
of
velocity
satisfies
the
cross-section
defined
as
(6.2.3)
7)'-U
The
waves
on
of
li
equations
incident
linearised
condition
the
then
equation
Cross-Section
Arbitrary
arbitrary
motion
time-dependence
the
of
of
co-ordinates
Then
the
describing
to
subjected
Chapter.
Cr"
It
water.
Dr.
Mean Forces
Consider
If
deep
and truncating
Mean Forces
The
with
in
damping.
and
by
written
to. unity.
close
this
originally
added-mass
equations
least
at
of
the
of
properties
gave results
a programme
cylinder
systems
convergence
in
of
an adaptation
using
out
(2.2.6).
on
the
cylinder
ie
given
by
(6.7.3)
wI ere
'i
'
is
the
normal
11
velocity
component
of
the
cylinder
surface.
directed
into
(As
the
in
(a),
part
fluid).
The
the
is
normal
radiation
taken
to
condition
being
as
be satisfied
is
A et
tA
W-'
(. e
where
the
taken
are
amplitude
The linear
by
enclosed
incident
waves$
coefficients
incident
being
as
GS aG---
,e
the
of
and transmission
reflection
kxl
(6-7-4)
Kx4k-n
TQi,
A is
i. kx
from
wave-induced
s
a surface
Tare
the
and waves
respectively,
acs + oo.
momentuni
is
Rand
in
fluid
of
a volume
by
given
dv,
where
is
the
fluid
(6.7.e)
velocity,
dL
Y
a
dV
ti
"L
where
%4n is
Using
Euler's
can
volume
and
the
normal
velocity
of
equation
be shown
(Newman,
integral
cnn
r1 .
(hi
1-
WE
to
be
of
change
motion
reduced
to
found
Lee
second
V 4
order,
& Newman
surface
of
1971)
integral.
Un) ds
*(i-u n)
where
s.
'
continuity,
that
If
the
,M2
that
cpn,
JT-
the
equation
a surface
a6
(4
.n
*
(6"7"7)
of
the
and
and
is
(findSd!.
component
1967
it
p2)
dMz
=d
correct
of
rate
as
momentum
it
the
giving
P i4
the
I lb
c6.7.)
hydrodynamic
(6.7.9)
pressure
,.
by
given
the
is
X. =+
-X0,
introduced
error
of
position
than
higher
Ljr,.
`,
is
cylinder
the
(6.7.8),
free
surface
order
rJ
and
are
is
the
Further,
taking
at
closure
(yaO).
the
The
undisturbed
is
position
actual
of
neglected.
sc
surface,
fluid
normal
the
horizontal
the
of
planes
surface
in
instead
and
to
free
(6.7.9)
where
vertical
the
gis
cylinder
equal
t$4{4#5
undisturbed
into
on the
is
surface
be
Sy
is
second
that
Note
Q 'on
the
to
The
respectively,
0)
j
,
and
oO
__
ju
the
j0>
as
taken
surface,
cylinder
(
at
equation
surface,
closed
is
Bernoulli's
the
normal
velocity
hydrodynamic
velocity
(O
force
"-
hence,
and
of
the
on
by
given
(6.7.10)
force
The horizontal
time
there
cycle.
average
is
of
no net
Thus
(6.7.8)
to
increase
t
dNildt
is
component
in
=0
taken
then,
momentum
fit+
as
in
the
iOfl
it
this
becomes
I1",
the
periodic,
over
a wave
can be seen
vt
PS_P
(qrtl
IT
volume
_un11
d5 -P
sF
is
motion
dS
sGf`
the
i (
If
considered.
(6.7.10)
and using
tt
first
(ads
that
(6.7. ii)
de
2/1
*
14 ',
, P/4
54,
(2.2.1).
using
(6.7.1)
Letting
is
it
found
I d5
I ds
)(4--ioo
and
/j
for
substituting
from
that
L
-2)X
[
'P-
x-iop
taa06
1
-/0
Ks
(6.7.12)
-00
the
Applying
radiation
conditions
(6,7.4),
Pg
An expo
this
t. 0d,
order
horizontal
force
is
if
Ct-
in
tue
the
time
negative
average
The
minus
of
(6.7.9)
(6-7-13)
for
result
sign
%-direction
yields
im Lcniuc"t-Iiitiinsr
force.
(6.7.5)
as
is
reflects
waves
taken,
are
the
mean
second-
the
fact
that
incident
then
iwt. ait
s4 a x
v+
5P
isIt-
1ift
it
IS
from
found
the
x: +00.
that
.N
in
and
the
exactly
same
way
before
as
Using
free
the
surface
(6.7.1)
condition
fa
Ct=
C
p/
tc.
gives
k2c ds
-2_
V4
This
may be rewritten
as
4K2ds+la
F
82S,
)ia-s
By letting
(6.7.5)
it
two
int(UiUls
and
hence
o0
and
be
may easily
cancel
with
(ac'ds
$4
the
applying
that
shown
the
conditions
radiation
the
from
contributions
the
from
contribution
the
last
integral
second
d-S
4
Thw
mean
nt itit''gral
secoIul-order
al">n(l
1.he
t
iriI;
1-4
-sill
t1
slit
-:
"II.
,fi
((,.
; trc"
7.1';
with
force
vertical
fr"ee-Sillface.
.
The
r11111141
11), la, " roil
Y/x`
repiilco,,
c' 4i
can
(1')71)
(bs47G"4
11 I. 1I ! 1irrtu!
114)
be
of
a2/d2=
the
free
expressed
its
three-
corresponding
Nowu,, ii
by
thus
in
xt mi l nr
)
il
surface.
to
(x,?
_.,
..
6.8
Interpretation
mean
Equation
(6.7.15)
vertical
force
transmission
and
the
does
in
it
not
terms
is
for
expression
The
Suface
mean
a simple
the
wave
to
gain
and
the
mean
the
reflection
horizontal
insight
further
into
force.
vertical
may be decomposed
potential
for
some
for
expression
amplitude
found
was
as
possible
the
Integral
yield
of
coefficients
However,
force.
the
of
as
()
is
where
the
due to
potential
the
incident
the
(io
potential
and
wave potential
presence
of
the
may be written
is
a 'disturbance'
From (6.4.1),
cylinder.
as
(6.0.2)
w
which
(6,4.2)
satisfies
clearly
(r&,
e0
4
(6.8.3)
t
Thus,
he
(6.7.15),
from
in
expressed
the
the
mean
Q2
force
vertical
can
form
Z\
=11
.
where
the
real
Consider
$0
alst)
part
the
of
first
satisfies
the
1"iuht-kinnil
integral
(6.8.3),
in
the
is
side
(G. 8.4)
integral
understood.
denoted
becomes
21111j
S4
U-10
by
j.
Since
00
II
{6_&&/:
-e1:
)
C:.
C
Y4
Td
VX
CoI,
(6.8.5
xa-oo
(6.8.1)
From
(6.7.4),
and
(6.7.5)
the
radiation
for
condition
the
is
potential
YYYc
N
as
Application
(6.8.2)
The
first
and
the
and,
the
radiation
integral
depends
and
using
integral,
second
(b,
for
condition
together
with
(T
Wt
rJ,5a
amplitude
(6.8.7)
yields
2
=2
(6.8.6.
r-eo
asx
in (6.8.5)
The
0+00
0e`
of
(6.7.1),
it
upon
only
phase
the
of
Is
the
incident
transmitted
involves
may he written
only
Sc
! t
amplitude
wave.
the
disturbance
as
'
ax
wave
s0
potential
as
the
part
real
is
only
Clearly
understood.
k,
cylinder
which
decays
due
orbits
6.9
to
the
(1963)
force
vertical
by
imations
were
floating
cylinders;
in
terms
'circle
for
an expansion
second
to
Dower.
At
;, hqrlii<<t
is
hut,
the
of
fluid
surface
particle
for
surface
and
using
He found
that
the
2kk
exact
>I
for
fixed
results
are
just
in
results
powers
the
mean
Milneapproxfreely-
and
the
first
Ko.
of
The
are
i (cxed)"z, r/q2
'J
t1(2
zkk
Kae
&),
L{ree)_
KaeZkkr
2'A'
the
that,
(6.9.2)
disturl,
potential,
the
presence
the
ttinpcI
the
tuned
order
the
he i nnn of
will
the
wave, lower
to
out
cutirol
the
of
Inci(IPlit
is
cylinder
waveuumber
w:dveiiiunlu-i-
buoyant
neutrally
ahove,
nuce
near
the
when
fei von
to
in
V2
I2
due
all
H2
(6.9. i)
or a freely-floating,
i lit ourrn 1
disturbance
1 ! (1 igihle
0'r
con-
be thought
solution
free
approximate
of
may be anticipated
respect
it
KQ4C1
will
Force.
approximate
the
above
04
can
the
Vertical
an
not
cylinder.
theorem'.
the
For a fixed
The
derived
valid
approximations
the
Mean
neglecting
(1960)
Thomson's
the
of
the
of
lyc(---i
(6.8.9)
of
do
disturbance
as
distortion
presence
Approximation
Ogilvie
it
local
progressive
(6.8.7),
local
integral
the
the
of
a measure
the
only
exponentially
Alternatively
tribute.
as
integral;
(6.8.6.,
by
given
this
to
contribute
the
of
components
wave
the
the
L"!
deeply
cylinder
submerged,
with
second-order
be small
compared
cylinder
will
if
the
cyl
i1ider
cylinder
is
is
to
not
JET,
be
absorbing
capable
of
no matter
how deeply
transmitted
wave,
it
submerged
undergoes
00
large
extremely
decays
field
exponentially
The transmission
their
of
stitution
deeply
with
depth.
be
in
found
(6.8.8),
the
as
pressure
and freely-floating
fixed
Ogilvie
in
expressions
I, txe z1r z
[g
.
submerged
for
coefficients
can
cylinders
circular
if
oscillations
(1963)
and,
is
found
it
upon
Ise
sub-
(6-9-3)
2tt(I+Si)
(6.9.4)
TZ
Pi
ii
where
use
values
of
(6.11)
for
included
of
the
mean
Ogilvie's
In
freely-floating
the
free-surface.
to
between
the
two
the
proceeds
to
the
waves
Ogilvie's
approximations
case
of
under
are
cylinders
the
that
the
than
(1980)
the
hence
and
incre
of
constraint
es,
as
approximation
for
good
radius
the
away
from
the
will
approximation
a fixed
for
even
it
one since
due
contribution
not
as
good
to
as
difference
the
decreases.
have
produced
submerged
arbitrary
and
circular
suggested
23
for
the
the
or
approximations
Their
cross-sections.
K(k-GA
for
approximations
when fixed
coeeficiente
deeply
(shown
the
that
is
approximation
as h/a
also
Indeed,
one
(6.10),
Figures
extremely
only
cylinder
although,
cylinders
is
be expected
arid reflection
transmission
in
might
& Siew
Leppington
elliptic
cylinder
is
exact
respectively;
increases.
h/a
the
(It
(6.8.8)
using
as
the
(6.9.2),
be seen
can
approximation
of
respond
cases
the
top
be smaller).
will
that
accurate
in
(6.9.1),
it
to
illustrated
freely-floating
cases
D.
Appendix
approximations
is
force
a freely-floating
for
be better
Ix
both
case,
when
as
approximations
increasingly
able
(6.9.4)
and
in
defined
are
vertical
fixed
the
are
becomes
is
Sg
(6.9.3),
curves).
h/a-2
2n
and
The
dotted
circular
analysis
cylinder
C)
N
x
0;
d:
4-'
n
c,
"
x
0
v
Y
us
>
"D
ua
x
."
tn
O
"1
ir
W
O
Z
J
In
V
o
'LL.
1i
U
O
W
X
I
f
1
1/
LL
'1O
N
"
II
17
14
!
`.
.
"
",,
<` i"
`
'%x
Cj
kw
1
N
(D
0
N
v
Y
e=
crW
O
Z
J
>U
(0
(D
z
'
0
J
W
w
Ir
LA
6
CL..
1L
which
necessarily
cases
: (i)
K&t
to
included
then
done
as
satisfied
and it
ributions
to
by
the
that
approximations.
the
by
the
of
found
smaller
that
JJjj
the
neglecting
potentials
conditions
above,
the
contfrom
coefficients
than
are
are
constraint
order
for
three
(iii)
Correction
boundary
under
the
a fixed),
and transmission
are
is
K and
approximated
all
reflection
It
includes
and
(1963).
that,
shown
potentials
correction
then
Ogilvie
ensure
is
large
(with
is
potential
free-surface
is
k-seo
(ii)
diffraction
The
Kk
implies
that
the
from
and substitution
t(,
is
which
circular
Ogilvie's
and
it
Ogilvie's
appears
in
constraint
ti
k(k-a
(6.9.6)
(6.9.1).
9>(
approximation
the
are
is
that(6.8.8)
yields
approximation
when
cylinders
(6.9.5)
kc. 2 Z"
it
2irpq
cedt=
J
exactly
(6.8.8)
in
this
the
'
same
Thus,
for
the
(6.8.8)
approximation
from
although
better
approximation
Leppington
& Siew
a much
first
cylinder
circular
Tti I+ 4-TrL
Ka,
t-26, (zkc-)
of
these
(6.10)
Figure
this
when
relaxed.
For an elliptic
cylinder,
have shown
(ka1
1I
zkj
04
TN1+4ne
r,
do1+
(Kc
z
11
n( Vo
1
1al,
n, i
(6.9.7)
when
K(h- LA
as
shown
minor
axes
where
atd
ellipse
the
r> I)
in
(6.12),
above
d0is
its
the
2a, 2b are
h is
respectively,
centre,
ellipse
Figure
depth
distance
vertical
centre,
the
is
I ;; /i
the
the
of
of
lengths
of
of
submergence
the
inclination
highest
of
the
major
the
point
the
major-
of
I
--
1,
qL
lf)
C")
u
O
iI
.0
---IJ
0
N
Y
n
N
to
l.L
"<
lN
N
axis
horizontal
the
to
and
(a+b)
`, 351
,.
Substitution
Z (Gt--b)
,G=
(6.9.7)
of
(at-
(6.8.8)
into
(6.9.8).
is
major-axis
to
Bristol
the
force
in
variation
is
KcI
for
approximated
of
this
approx.
q,
+3
when
cylinder
force
vertical
that
this
of
is
It
fixed
tuning
the
when
greatest
".
the
inclination
is
mean forces
on the
of
force.
mean
The
the
tuning
a small
wave
when the
cylinder
mean
vertical
fraction
slope
the
of
of
is
the
force
in
buoyancy
and
the
is
for
the
of
corresponding
much larger
the
it
that
absorbing
power.
force
its
effect
extra
upward
force
wave-
of
against
agree
with
cylinder,
it
can
be appreciable
Although
does
due
first-
the
of
is
Com-
device.
amplitude
indicates
1'`i
to
Bristol
the
with
the
downwards
shown
efficiency
absorbing
a range
exist
acting
force
force
cylinder
increases
force
and,
vertical
the
even
is
It
cases.
there
is
from
different
quite
horizontal
result
mean
when
is
and
oscillatory
vertical
order
shown that
multiple
a constant
of
the
force
1,onguet-11iggina'(1977)
parison
examines
wavenumber
buoyancy.
simply
Chapter
and freely-floating
this
when
numbers
the
the
of
mean vertical
mean vertical
the
the
near
part
cylinder.
power
near
the
is
Conclusion
The first
the
and
the
cylinder
illustrates
mean
vertical
no consequence
6.10
the
when
elliptic
inclinations
that
more
once
on a fixed
different
be seen
I,C29cQ4
negligible
(6.12)
Figure
for
can
be
force
mean vertical
imation
It
to
assuming
gives
it
increase
to
this
is
as
mean
force
vertical
The
in
merged
the
from
top
submergence
of
this
for
the
with
circular
cylinders.
also
sections
be
found
examined
estimates
either
Lee
as
that,
the
when
the
of
the
cylinder
cylinder
the
using
of
cylinder
for
mean
the
analytically
the
-pd
with
is
fixed
vertical
above
mean
or
empirically.
12.6
free
deeply
the
sub-
vertical
ii
and
force
mean vertical
: i
T
w
It
(1963)
is
approx-
approximations
are
and freely-floating
force
approximation*
vertical
the
surface
llvvie's
Ogi1059
and both
the
is
free
the
quantity
results
The
over
cylinder
centre;
agrees
circular
exact
to
(1971),
& Newman
integral
an
is
cross-section
where
approximation
compared
is
expressed
by a simple
a fixed
arbitrary
when
the
shown that
of
Following
conjectured
may be approximated
imation
is
more exactly
or
distance
is
(b).
part
is
It
surface.
cylinders
on
force
vertical
be neglected.
not
forces
mean
investigated
mean
should
force
on an
elliptic
For
cylinder
other
may be made
crossif
T can
APPENDIX
The following
can
in
found
be
into
two
L+
(')
functions
and
Heins
by
found
Evans
9)
L(
function
The
results
L-
(1972)
in
regular
and
(')
in
required
and
arising
are
the
Chapter
Wiener-Hopf
This
respectively.
The majority
completeness.
problem
D+ (tr-
in
non-zero
for
here
given
3.
decomposition
is
decomposed
d)
and
was
D-
'C4
originally
(1950).
Sy T
L(t)-
are
CSVi
"
)
COS L
^L
(A. 1)
-W
and
/a,
_()_(k
L4
I
e+
f(S
ti
-g
'
i r+a (C+
(i t ((- L/ eid/n[
(A-3)
x)
where
F
Q,
and
tTYLIT
L=
The functions
(Y)
M25)%
(2i.
L4(9) in
D+,
D-
have
the
i/2)
for
propertiest
-+oo,
9 a.
(a.4)
respectively,
cI
C-I)L+C6'
-and
following
(A.5)
real
I
1.-
I
+)ii%tc
1''7
(A.6)
d)j
(A. 5)
(A. 1),
Using
L+(k)
(k)
L-
(A. 6)
and
it
be
can
shown
4-d
Aso
M-k
ezLe,
a
. swh:kd
(A.? )
where
0,- a4qL}(k))
(A. 8)
and
L
(A. 9)
where
(A. 10)
zj
Application
the
of
Wiener-Hopf
"L1C
method
the
requires
also
decomposition
0)
(A. 11)
bz
N= (' ) are
where
the
of
in
regular
G.d (x, a)
potential
source
D=q and Pd (, z)
is
the
by (3.4.5).
given
Fourier
transform
The transform
is
by
given
k5
swnk(k-z)
c
,h
(,=)=(sw -z)Fd
t,
d-Kc d
Ksr.
h - c.
slk
(Z>o),
(z<0),
cubk(z+c)
Thus
sw,
1.
1d- Kc,sl.
aZ
(A.13)
s l.d kcsl,,
ZSd
-
EZ
For
G"sl,.
-d<
it
can
be
shown
that
(see
Noble,
19589P-.
13)
"0" Lb
O)
14(3)
6L
i
Cwt
NJa)= zt
As
in
Evans
semicircles
residues.
(1972),
in
Thus
(Sb)
d
L.+(S)
(3-)
a+Llpaths
-0,
the
D+, D-
respectively
of
integration
and
1; 2tS
the
may be
integrals
closed
by
large
reduce
to
sums
of
I.
N_C:
Ck)
kt
SN1%CfC45L
2d
to
(A. 12)9
(A. 14),
(A13)
is
potential
(x, z)
for
expression
N+ (6
(A. ig)
to
Evans
is
it
does
not
matter
which
of
equation
(4.1),
the
by
given
fz.
00
i4
AP(
'f
10
1
Ml
where
AsZ
zkd4s"zkd
%f L*(i
n zkd 5 20
expressions
correction
ckt-ik)f
4l 1 Ms 1k
the
fd/bZ.
represent
(1972),
),
*() Z)
W2+c)hkc
-__i4EZkXC6S
.
so A
kx
sip
(A. 14)
(A. 13)
(M2b
L)
M^
n,'
used
from
Finally,
the
Nn'
+i
2G{
in
')
_______
M(wi+)
at
L+ (J)
replace
t
L-(-
zh
To arrive
2,
ni
-'
(A. i)
and using
Nel.
cLLi1
or nyil
t'11)
(A. 16)
APPENDIX
In
5 are
this
decomposition
ducts
(a)
are
Emo and
of
(. ii)
(equations
expressions
for
The expressions
evaluated.
and mouth-downward
The
various
appendix
(B. ig))are
in
given
resulting
identical
in
required
Cm for
D...
parts
(a)
expressions
in
both
the
Chapters
mouth-upward
(b)
and
for
4 and
respectively.
pm and
qm
cases.
Duct
The Mouth-Upward
Dinn,
(0.1)
dj
gives
TMl
for
n,
DMA=24
for
and
M, n>
for
(e. a)
L, kCo6LMCbdi
swv,
kjk
(E63)
IclawI
CQSin
L/(.
kj+
CMw
kQco
ISo
112
1iId
boo =2
() Ne+
C
(+d
sr
Gish k
CrA,
=ad
dZ
(d-z)-K'zM(=
(0.6)
veR
Ica
for
.d
M(;
o,,
=''
M
Oi
Iid*),
{c(
k,
sin d
(B-7)
ld /
')
-I
1,10
of
kk
(k\sk
SIV'k ,
q
k0. kdsikkd
d
the disc
for
No te:
0 and
case,
(. 8)
hence
(B. 9)
'
ad
for
NO
Co="
In
,
(4.3.7)
equation
Emo
is
(B. 10)
the
(m
pM*iqm
"
from
(4.3.3)
and,
performed
decomposition
(R0-1)
E-
Dmo
O)
'
+8
(8.11)
no 0
Thus
Y,Cka'
(3fka)+Y2CL))'
4:qklet
(5.12)
`
Cka))D,
Ko
j--wk=as
Q(3'lY,
IK
(b)
Eke
+
The Mouth-Downward
Drot
nd
(8.13)
Duct
L'
0
ZM(z)Zn(zzz
(n. 14)
! lives
i
IMV
g")
(t
for
m4n,
awt
Srv,
LCS
K. - K,O(,C, SwicwnJ/CRndi-Kw
M 7,
(Be 15)
iflyi
2LL
Lgymz(`)M(I*Sw,
2L, k
for
d'),
(13.16)
kZk
s,
ioo=Z(alI1o'(+
1"
ca. is)
2kk
C,= -
ZM(Atz
(B.19)
gives
C-for
k
t4kis
Al>iI
Kc,kd)
(B.21)
APPENDIX
Analysis
solution
in
5(b),
is,
that
Chapter
a<<
to
to
attached
may be used
elated
in
terms
only
are
boundary
or
in
the
In
duct
alterations
changes;
the
on
is
of
the
for-field,
as
an
the
the
power
system
same
is
problem
form 5.
Chapter
5,
is
considered,
in
now
in
given
in
into
and
source.
(1978)
Evans
studied
point
used
depth.
found
(rZ)
Chapter
out
3.
of
Hence
the
the
outer
'J Z)
source
im
the
(C. 1)
4114
is
whrrsr-RZW
point
in
finite
flow
oscillatory
was
The
problem
be of
narrow,
is
solution
(
C,
is
when
the
as
problem
oscillatory
duct
duct.
when
may be
two-dimensional
problem,
free-surface
to
method
duct
spring-damper
radiation
taken
the
duct
by
internal
Approximation
method
approximate
distribution
the
fluid
appears
mouth
minor
three
details
the
enclosed
the
when
a linear
float
a pressure
similar
mouth-downward
derived
of
of
Narrow-Duct
mouth-downward
consisted
with
the
and
Further
the
study
condition
(5.1E. 4)
by
be
can
a weightless
method
There
the
of
This
mechanism
extraction
the
using
(1978)
Evans
the
Duct
An approximate
described
by
Muth-Downward
the
of
tlv(
I)OtUint ial
of
at
Htrrnllt1%
potential
'
55
oscillatory
may be written
isri
sk
SZws
d.
and
ds
KCsl. sd
-
kdc,.
3&r')
CK{k
-rL
)e
+
-JLdctELkk&-4tkZ
as
(rZ)-f+GCr, z')
L)2
(Z
(-2 4.
4
"
where
is
solution
inner
The
limit
the
of
outer
then
V'i
G', (O)ki
4C
raf,
-lk
(C. 2)
and
00
-id
ZCKs sly:k As
ss Sd- cb sd +
.,
CUk+2i
the
using
expression
the
In
(2.2.11)
flow
oscillatory
out
N0,
for
duct
(c. 3)
_____
I- No ____
the
mouth
flow
a semi-infinite
of
inner
the
expansionsof
the
of
region
)e
solution
are
appears
The
pipe.
given
an
appropriate
(1958)
Noble
by
as
as
(c. 4)
J,.
43,
n
- {Q
(z
J+
z-l)/a
T,
(c. 5)
a2
I
where
limit
outer
", i Icy
is
0.
inner
cj the
T'tritchii,
, jiv,
=0.613'6
of
a r
the
the
'end
limit
of
inrl('r
solution,
<X
the
for
corrections
outer
(C. 2)
solution,
(C.!
in
the
pipe.
open
an
region
the
with
of
overlap
Yields
OJ
cti
(c. 6)
"
Thi
c;odit
i is tlii'
iOr
(l('lpt
(5.4.11)
las
Of
to
t lt'
cl can
(ht
duct
he
fcuiul
(C. ')
Thus
I 14
by applying
which
the
describes
boundary
the
flow
')+ kT-
kkO
aa
or
k)44(
i+kLI)
=
ka20Co,
= 1.
(c. 7)
(C. 6).
using
The
is
it
hence
from
Ll may be determined
A and
coefficients,
and
that
found
(C. 8)
4-Ir T4
q"
751
In
form
non-dimensional
these
quantities
'
Ga.
given
are
by
(c. 9)
'
a2
where
(C.10)
fluid
When the
(C. lo)
hold
Os
rereel
tlerivetl
by
1 the
e1vnOt.
in
the
('C
Z;2
Fgllal
I , jpf
(.
ioiw
of
ZT K elks,
iiitr.
tjrn1.
and
added-moss
r. C)efficiottt.
ke)
same expressions
st
damping
and
coefficiettta
are
by
given
L+=
.: '_), (
tIw
the
(C. 9),
as
2kQ
of
(1078),
Evans
given
exponential
terms
the
deep,
flow
-zke
that
Note
infinitely
&J0,0
with
GCo)
E. (x)
is
Ellin
'. '3)
.
11.4ifoi
in>w
may
111iit
I'1 'i
iu1
III-
iR"41. to
, 'W-(lu4"I
the
""xnmine
. 1155%
jhitil
soft.
tnaXimtlm
APPENDIX D
the
Only
(a)
The
the
n,
and
here;
given
are
of
results
expressions
further
details
is
potential
velocity
following
sets
basic
of
ZA-
as
)!
V i)
found
a
Chapter
in
linear
combination
sVh wG
rr
.0
(D,la)
ob
00
1,,
`K
i)^
n8
,5
+ t,
(k rt
! k
wt
(Kr
fw,
+n
Z.-.
rYI:
in8
r-
w4-c-
Kvo
A=f
(-Z.,
n-z
*m
(*"*
(k
i),
KM
Mn
gn, (zti=
(1963).
Ogilvie
(_
61 part
potentials
singularity
`tn
(Y,r
may be
expanded
Nin
in
required
1).
*L
t,M9
i,M93
Q
y
Gus w
t%% li,
`
mloo
w)ier
110
(D. lb)
swwE
(D. lc )
(D.2a)
e2 'E(2Kk)
'
2ne2Kk
(D. 2b)
M>V%
`
(D. 2c)
w
and
tL(x)
Application
finally
is
the
exponential
of
the
boundary
the
following
yields
integral.
(6.4.5)
condition
sets
of, equations
on the
for
cylinder
the
unknown
constants
JWJ
-IX
J1
erk
(KGr)WG
I*=
Oem,
(D. )A)
J.
+SE
iqA
-kk
I- Se
-ga)e
wGSCkXz
1+i
=
M
where
16,+n acid
Are
fined
(1E?
by
My
A_
,!
117
)WA
k.
s
-
(D. 3d)
(KC3 bw 04
sw,
-t
Sw,
--
(D. 4b)
and
11
Sh-2i
e'
%-')!
p%.1
wuti
CYtih A
!H
- t
(D. 5)
+n,
to
)
y
" =
V.
s
((,
4)
K+ n
fw%
0(p,
I
3YO, GSM
Thus
The
if
and
the
displacements
Equatina
are
coefficients
of
found
of
from
(,A.%
gg_-2,
p rJ
terms
&
f.,
solutions
may be
in
expressed
the
displacements
(6.5.2a,
Is
of
b)
and
(4
n. 6a)
co.6h,
/CJGI(k&)
-2A
(6.5.3).
yields
wt
/wa (e
using
(n. 6c)
I
v
+
:
of ,,
Suet i ttit
i ng
for
!,
/wu
C
kc,
o,
.
S,
61
)Pl
from
(u.61)
(D. 3)
and
rearranging
{0/z4 53E,
/CI+Z)j+z{
t,
/Z
kG,
)Cl+Stz
w.
/(j45c2)=z+53 F,
1'W.
ekk Sf F,
%z+ /( t-45i)3
k xi /2+S
F/1-
.L
1SE
Ae-, i
l
w=a(KaC1+5s
two
These
may be
(see
j)qs
that
noted
tX-
(G. 5.5a,
be'rewritten
It
b),
to
may be solved
equations
(6.5.5a,
equations
J%_
Using
e'
S,
for
expressions
simultaneous
of
pairs
give
b)).
it
j,
1k
(D. 3)
equations
D(p,,
for
and
Sk
may
as
{ [c,
V(;
j- k)
E(
,
`J-,
+5i
r-f,
r/1
]
(D. 7a)
wC5, +5tZ-g/4(SS
42-
(lo 420
f s3 Ei0V7
4
4-
(D. 7b)
Cc
/2)
3,
s,
w s z4sEatii
-s,
the
To evaluate
seen
-L
that
(6.5.7)
can
mean
i9
the
on
be written
IIZ -_
force
it
cylinder
+i
d(9
Jar
utina
for
be
(D. )
-a
complex
first
as
The
can
poteutin1.
end
f (xjt)
SA
from
is
L)ivett
(D. 3)
139
it
by
can
(6.4.3)
be shown
and
that
substit-
S.
196),
(Ogilvie,
equation(19'))
i, oC
PA-
+siML,
(ol,
tKB
)/
I
eiw6
i .
Col
M
-i.
i8
Xkr'
11'
a(D.
Ksl
(D. 7a, b)
where
been
and
of
have
between
relations
derivative
The
used.
the
t1
11
5I%#I
k
GG.
GJ
-i
2t
becomes
FM
ka
gM
ti
C,,.
n+(
*NA
1,
W(-'g141'Ss)
tC+
CkA
b.,
-p_
5 tom.t, at
>
to
respect
with
9)
%CA WL
+'2s4%
wt
(D.lo)
Thus
_t
-,(
(D. 11)
Vl(I
L
(2
4t
`z
I1d)
(D. 12)
,.
where
(G. 4.4a,
(D. 8)
From
Jr.
in
b)
it
used.
be
that
seen
to
contribute
(D. 11),
using
and
been
can
will
this
has
(D. 12),
is
of
coefficient
integral
the
it
the
only
and
nog
e g
picking
out
that
found
--t
cl
`r
.
2Z[kw(cet
iQ,
)(
(D.
13)
f+iZ
-6
(Do 14)
2-Ir
Thus,
from
(D. 8)
{_= -2Tr
i"e.
ir r
-4
oe
-f1)
MG,
K
21r
=
OKMI
for
Suhgtitutinci
for
Z
A
(G. ^. j)
shown
can
(k
all
p(M) *- from
by
Uivc'il
by
also
(cX oC +
((.
5.
Oc ilvie
be
frnd.
),
(. 7n, h)
finally
expressions
yields
(6.5.9)
(1%)),
thc"
Lxpresgivus
I'll
first-order
(G. 5.1a,
force
b)
may
defined
be
derived
by
n,
using
and,
(D. 6),
these
may be
rewritten
an
F(t)
or
(w
Irp
Is
4f CcR
_1)4
21
'A
:teI
where
(-1)C,
the
Substituting
for
the
results,
required
-+
displacements
(6.5.20)
and
19,
defined
(6.5.21).
III'-,
by (6.5.5a,
b)
gives
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