Z12 = (0.2 + j0.04 ) x 0.7 x 8 = 0.112 + j0.

224
Z23 = (0.0125 + j0.025 ) x 0.7 x 8 = 0.07 + j0.14
Z31 = (0.01 + j0.03 ) x 0.7 x 8 = 0.056 + j0.168

0.112 + j0.2244.2 + j0.84

4.2 + j0.84
0.01 + j0.84

4.2 + j0.84

0.01 + j0.84

4.2 + j0.84
0.07 + j0.14

0.056 + j0.168

138.6 MW

256.6 MW
110.2 Mvar

45.2 Mvar

Slack Bus
V1 = 1.05 0
(a) Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses
2 & 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the
direction of line flow

(a) Line impedances are convected to adminttances

1
y12 = 0.112+ j 0. 224 = 3.99 -63.43 = 1.785 j3.57

y23 =

1
0.056+ j 0168 = 6.38 -63.47 = 2.85 j5.71

y31 =

1
0.08+ j 0.24 = 5.63 -71.59 = 1.78 j5.35

y12 + y23 = 4.635-j9.28

y12 + y13 = 3.565-j8.92

y13 + y23 = 4.63-j11.06

1.785 j3.57
256.6 MW
1.78 j5.35

2.85 j5.71

110.2 Mvar

At the P-Q buses, the complex

loads
units
are
Mvar
138.6
MWexpress in per45.2
(256.6+ j 110.2)
sch
S2 = = -2.566 j1.102 pu
100
sch

S3

=-

(138.6+ j 45.2)
100

= -1.386 j0.452 pu

Since the actual admittances are readily available in Figure 6.10, for hand calculation, we use
(6.28). Bus 1 is taken as reference bus (slack bus). Starting from initial estimate of V 2(0) = 1.0
+ j0.0 and V3(0) = 1.0 + j0.0, V2 and V3 are computed from (6.28) as follows
sch
Psch
2 j Q2
+ y 12V 1+ y 23 V 3 (0)
V 2(0)
V2(1) =
y 12+ y 23
=

2.566+ j 1.102
+ ( 1.785 j 3.57 ) ( 1.05+ j 0 ) +( 2.85 j5.71)(1.0+ j 0)
1.0 j 0.0
4.635 j 9.28

= 0.81 j0.17
And
sch
sch
P3 j Q 3
+ y 13 V 1+ y 23 V (21 )
(1)
V
3
(
0
)
V3 =
y 12+ y 23

1.386+ j 0.452
+ (1.78 j 5.35 )( 1.05+ j0 )+(2.85 j 5.71)(0.81 j0. 17)
1.0 j0.0
3.25 j6.5

= 0.84 j0.19
For the second iteration we have
sch
Psch
2 j Q2
+ y 12V 1+ y 23 V 3 (1)
V 2(1)
V2(2) =
y 12+ y 23
=

2.566+ j 1.102
+ ( 1.785 j 3.57 ) ( 1.05+ j 0 ) +(2.85 j5.71)(0. 84 j0. 19)
0.81+ j 0.17
3.25 j 6.5

= 0.64-j0.277
And
sch
Psch
3 j Q3
+ y 13 V 1+ y 23 V (22 )
(1 )
V3
V3(2) =
y 12+ y 23

1.386+ j 0.452
+ (1.78 j 5.35 )( 1.05+ j0 )+(2.85 j 5.71)(0.64 j0.277)
0. 63+ j11.06
3.25 j 6.5

= 0.73 j0.24
The Process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 5x10 -5 per unit in
seven iterations as given below.
V2(3) = 0.4852 - j 0.2634
V3(3) = 0.6239 - j 0.2411

V2(4) = 0.310 - j 0.247

V3(4) = 0.505 - j 0.243
V2(5) = 0.037 - j 0.169
V3(5) = 0.319 - j 0.212
V2(6) = -0.633 + j 0.815
V3(6) = -0.178 + j 0.288
V2(7) = 0.549 + j 0.123
V3(7) = 1.134 - j 0.008
The final solution is

V2 = 0.549 + j 0.123 = 0.56 12.628

V3 = 1.134 - j 0.008 = 1.13 -0.404
(b) With the knowledge of all bus voltages, the slack bus power is obtained from (6.27)
P1 jQ1 = V1*[V1(y12 + y13) (y12V2+y13 V3)]
= 1.05[1.05(3.565-j8.92) (1.785 j3.57)( 0.549 + j 0.123 ) +
( 1.78 j5.35 )( 1.134 - j 0.008)]
= 4.51 j14.39
Or the slack bus real and reactive powers are P1 = 1.96 pu = 196 MW and Q1 = 1.32 pu = 132
Mvar.
(c) To find the lines flows, first the line currents are computed. With line charging capasitors
neglected, the line currents are
I = Y (V - V )=( 1.785 j3.57 ) ((1.05 + j0) (0.549 + j0.123 )) = 0.455
12

12

j2.008
I21 = - I12 = -0.455 + j2.008

I13 = Y13(V1 V3 )=( 1.78 j 5.35 ) ((1.05 + j0) (1.134 - j 0.008)) = -0.106+j0.463

I31 = - I31 = 0.106-j0.463

I23 = Y23(V2 V3 )=( 2.85 j5.71 )(( 0.549 + 0.123i ) (1.134 - j 0.008)) = -0.919

+ j3.713
I32 = - I23 = 0.919 - j3.713

The line flows are

S12 = V1 I*12 = (1.05 + j0) (0.455 +j2.008) = 0.477 + j2.108 pu = 47.7 MW + j210.8Mvar
S21 = V2 I*21 = (0.549 + j0.123 ) (-0.455 - j2.008) = 0.496 j1.046 pu = 49.6 MW 104.65 Mvar
S13 = V1 I*13 = (1.05 + j0) (-0.106-j0.463) = -0.111 j0.486 pu = 11.1 MW + 48.6Mvar
S31 = V3 I*31 = (1.134 - j 0.008) (0.106+j0.463) = 0.123 +j0.524 pu = 12.3 MW j52.4 Mvar
S23 = V2 I*23 = (0.549 + j0.123 ) (-0.919 - j3.713) = -0.047- j2.151 pu = -4.7 MW-j215.1 Mvar

S32 = V3 I*32 = (1.134 - j 0.008) (0.919 + j3.713) = 1.071 + j4.203 pu = 107.1 MW + j420.3Mvar
And the line losses are
SL12 = S12 + S21 = (47.7 MW + j210.8Mvar) + (49.6 MW 104.65 Mvar) = 97.3 MW +j106.15Mvar
SL13 = S13 + S31 = (11.1 MW + 48.6Mvar) + (12.3 MW j52.4 Mvar) = 23.4MW j3.8 Mvar
SL23 = S23 + S32 = (-4.7 MW-j215.1 Mvar) + (107.1 MW + j420.3Mvar) = 102.4 MW +j205.2 Mvar
The power flow diagram is shown in figure 6.11, where real power direction is indicated by
And the reactive power direction is indicated by
. The values within parentheses are the
real and reactive losses in the line

(49.6)

(47.7)
(97.3)
(106.15)

451
(210.8)
(11.1)
(23.4)
143.9
(48.6)

(12.3)

256.6
(104.65)
(4.7)

(107.1)
(102.4)
(205.2)

(3.8)
(52.4)
138.6 MW

(420.3)
45.2 Mvar

(215.1)

110.2