Name

NIM

: Gerry Reymarch
: 29115727

Cultural Diversity and Universal Ethics in a Global World (Mel, D., & Sanchz-Runde, 2013)
Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of
five religions (Kriger & Seng, 2005)
Based on insights you learn from the article(s), mention 10 most important (moral) values that
each individual must possess, especially in doing business?
1. Cultural diversity
Cultural diversity entails an ethical challenge, for different reasons. One is that there are differences on
moral perceptions and moral judgments among cultures, and consequently a tension appears between
moral universalism (universal ethical principles or standards) and moral cultural relativism (local or
cultural ethical norms as the exclusive source for ethical standards)
2. Universal ethics
In ethics, a "universal code of ethics" is a system of ethics that can apply to every sentient being.
3. Relativism
Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is,
whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced.
The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.
4. Moral Judgement
Moral judgements are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction, intention,
motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) Good or Bad as measured against some
standard of Good.
5. Natural law
Natural law theory is a legal theory that recognizes the connection between the law and human
morality.
6. Human rights
Human rights have been defined as basic moral guarantees that people in all countries and cultures
allegedly have simply because they are people.
7. Spiritual leadership
The spiritual leader's task is to move people from where they are to where God wants them to be. It
related with Divine Command Ethic.
8. Contingency theory
The contingency theory focuses on specific situational factors which can affect the direct relationships
between independent and dependent variables. The theory explains that there is not an exact science to
organizational behaviour.
9. Ontological levels
Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as
the basic categories of being and their relations.
10. Natural experiments
A natural experiment is an empirical study in which individuals (or clusters of individuals) exposed to
the experimental and control conditions are determined by nature or by other factors outside the
control of the investigators, yet the process governing the exposures arguably resembles random
assignment.