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Cognitive
Psychology
Greg Francis
Fall 2016
Introduction
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 01
Four great mysteries.
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Topics
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Textbook
Topics
There is no textbook
For example
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Lecture vodcast
Lecture notes
Introduction
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 01
!Reduced form (6 to a
page)
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Topics
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Attendance
http://www.psych.purdue.edu/~gfrancis/Classes/PSY200/indexF16.html
! Sign it
!Links to labs
Course outline
Reasoning
Exams
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CogLab
CogLab
Homework
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Writing assignments
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Grading
! 98% -100% A+
! 93% - 97% A
! 83% - 87% B
! 78% - 79% C+
Straight scale
! 70% - 72% C-
! 68% - 69% D+
No extra credit
! 63% - 67% D
! 60% - 62% D! 0% - 59% F
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Grading
Last semesters grades (Spring 2016)
E1
69
92
24
Average
Max
Min
E2
69
97
30
E3
78
98
45
E4
79
100
46
Final
73
95
37
CogLab%
87
100
25
120.00
Grading
100.00
80.00
Frequency
10
25
24
9
9
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
CogLab score
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Teaching assistants
!Or by appointment
!Psych 3186
!Email: gfrancis@purdue.edu
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Teaching assistant
Teaching assistant
Eddie Christopher
Office hours:
Office hours:
Email: han202@purdue.edu
Email: chris119@purdue.edu
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Attitude/Advice
Next time
During lectures: turn off cell phones, don t read newspapers, don t play
games
Questions are always welcome. I can adjust my lecturing pace accordingly
Print out the lectures and bring them to class. Take notes during class. Not
everything is on the slides.
Everything we talk about in class is important
Work on the study guide every week, so the ideas/answers are fresh in your
mind.
Cognitive neuroscience
The brain
This class is an introductory class, but that does not mean it is easy
! Its like Introduction to Physics or Introduction to Chemistry
! Almost every other subtopic in psychology depends on the ideas in cognitive
psychology
! Everything is at least 10,000 times more complicated than what we discuss
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7/31/15
Brain parts
The brain
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 02
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The brain
Fore-brain
!cortex
The brain
Hypothalamus
(appetite, thirst,
temperature,
hormones)
Hind-brain
!(brain
stem)
Hind-brain
!brain stem)
Thalamus
(sensory
gateway,
except
smell)
Limbic Lobe
(sexual behavior,
emotional behavior,
memory)
Cerebellum
(muscle control, learning)
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Fore-brain
Cortex
Fore-brain
Similar to a thick,
crumpled
newspaper page
Grooves (fissures
or sulci) separate
regions
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Cortex
Similar to a thick,
crumpled
newspaper page
Grooves (fissures
or sulci) separate
regions
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7/31/15
Fore-brain
Cortex
Fore-brain
Similar to a thick,
crumpled newspaper
page
Grooves (fissures or
Cortex
Similar to a thick,
crumpled
newspaper page
Grooves (fissures
or sulci) separate
regions
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Contralateral processing
Contralateral processing
Neural fibers
from the eye
cross on way
to cortex
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Contralateral processing
Brain
hemispheres
are
connected by
a mass of
neural fibers
called the
Behavior
changes very
little
Subtle effects
corpus
callosum
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo
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7/31/15
Brain sides
Brain sides
screen
Vast oversimplification
! in a normal brain, both
sides are involved in
many tasks
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CogLab
CogLab
+
In the CogLab
experiment Brain
asymmetry
You stared at a
central fixation point
A word was
presented to either
the left or right side
of fixation
+ wood
Time
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CogLab
Federmeier & Benjamin (2005) found better memory
performance for words presented in the right visual field
+ wood
Time
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CogLab
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7/31/15
CogLab Data
Anatomy
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Occipital lobe
Receives
Parietal lobe
information from
the eye
Sensations of
pain,
temperature,
touch, pressure
!Most investigated
area of the brain
Primary
sensory
area
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Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Primary sensory
area
Hearing
!speech (left)
!music (right)
!sensitivity
involves
disproportionate
areas of the brain,
relative to size of
body part
Memory and
attention
!visual recognition
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7/31/15
Broadman areas
Frontal lobe
Largest part of
cortex
e.g. Broadman
! Area 1, Area 12, Area 200
! Some special names: V1, V2, V3,
!planning
!prediction
!motor area
!speech area
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Brain layers
Area function
Pathways through
areas seem to be
involved in different
kinds of cognitive tasks
Color
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Conclusions
Next time
Brain scans
EEG recordings
MRI scans
PET scans
Functional MRI
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Brain scans
Scanning
PSY 200
! EEG recordings
! MRI
Greg Francis
! Functional MRI
Lecture 03
Non-invasive
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Resolution
Electroencephalogram
! Time: when
does something
happen?
The brain
produces
electrical activity
Finer resolution
is usually better
! But can be
difficult to deal
with so much
data
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Put electrodes
on the head
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Brain maps
EEG
EEG
Semantic
anomaly
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7/31/15
Spatial resolution
Poor spatial
resolution
! pulses of radio
into field
bounces
protons around
Magnetic field
forces protons in
your body to line
up
! as they return
to normal
position, they
emit a signal
that can be
decoded into a
map
! Lots of work to
improve
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! millimeters
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MRI Scans
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MRI Scans
MRI provides
a slice at a
time
Take multiple
slices to build
up full image
Nobel prize
winning work!
Can identify
anatomical
differences between
brains
Alcoholic has larger
ventricles and thinner
corpus callosum
Note, comparing
across brains is a bit
tricky!
! Everyone s brain is a
bit different
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7/31/15
MRI Scans
MRI Scans
3-D maps
Normal
But
!it only shows structure
Ataxia:
!loss of motor
control
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Functional MRI
Functional MRI
!Red/black:
abnormal blood
flow
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Scanning
Functional MRI
! millimeters
Pretty good
temporal resolution
! Seconds
! Digestion
! (Silva, 2002)
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Differences
A simple experiment
Viewing blank
Viewing face
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Reporting
Subtraction method
Subtract the fMRI signals produced by one condition from the fMRI
signals produced by another condition
The difference map indicates those brain regions that are involved in
the different cognitive tasks
Viewing blank
Viewing face
Difference map
What is usually
reported is just the
difference map
Colors mark places
in the brain that are
statistically different
between conditions
Czisch et al. (2009)
for rare tones vs.
frequent tones
The map would be
different if it
compared rare tones
versus speech
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Functional MRI
Functional MRI
When moving a
pointer to a target
box compared to no
movement
! activity in areas
involved in vision,
planning, and motor
control
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7/31/15
Connectome
Connectome
Gives an
anatomical
map of how
information
can travel
Gives an
anatomical
map of how
information
can travel
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Limitations
Common misconception
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Conclusions
Next time
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Brain scans
Scanning
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 04
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fMRI
fMRI
relative to listening to
the tones
Common activity
(breathing, digestion,
hearing machine
noise,) is
subtracted out
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fMRI
fMRI
Passive
listening
active listening
compared to passive
Passive
listening
listening
Active
response
brain activity!
Passive
listening
(Could it be
otherwise?)
Tested children on
comprehension of stories
! PL: 75.1% correct, SD=12.7
Active
response
Active
response
No real difference in
comprehension
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7/31/15
Sensory substitution
Sensory substitution
For example, there is a tongue display unit that attempts to present spatial
information for blind people
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Sensory substitution
Sensory substitution
fMRI differences
suggest that using the
TDU involves areas of
motor cortex
Not areas that are
traditionally for visual
perception
This is the kind of
question that can best
be answered with brain
scan technology
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Reading minds
Reading minds
Based on the choice at the end, we can deduce whether the subject chose
addition or subtraction for that trial
Make an fMRI scan during the selection process
! Whether to add or subtract numbers
Scan
now
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Or scan
now
7/31/15
Mind reading
Thought reconstruction
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Thought reconstruction
Thought reconstruction
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! www.emotiv.com
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7/31/15
Statistics
It is easy to do the statistics incorrectly (it has taken a while for the
field to sort this out)
Bennett et al. (2010) ran a study where the subject was shown a
series of photographs depicting people in social situations with a
specified emotional valence, either socially inclusive or socially
exclusive. The subject was asked to determine which emotion the
individual in the photo must have been experiencing.
fMRI contrasts were computed between the scans for the two
types of emotional valence
Some cognitive events are faster than the technology can track
Can only measure the brain, cannot manipulate it
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Statistics
Statistics
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Neurons
A neuron
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
! output
Soma
! integrate
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! input
! insulate
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7/31/15
Myelin
A neuron
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Conclusions
activity
1 mm
No. 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qTuZlMvFgY
(time 2:55)
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Next time
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7/31/15
Neurons
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 05
Why does (nearly) everyone
love Prozac?
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Input at dendrites
Input / output
Electrical signal
! Established by the
relative amount of
charged ions inside
versus outside the cell
membrane
electrode
-70 millivolts
resting level
potential
! which causes further
changes in the cell s
chemistry
NA+
NA+
K+
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! action potential
http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/action_potential_1.0.swf
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A neuron
An action potential
generated at the
soma travels
down the axon to
the terminals
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K+
A neuron
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7/31/15
Output
Output
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Networks
Epilepsy
Seizures
! more later
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy
EEG recordings
are often used to
diagnose epilepsy
Many different
types of epilepsy,
with different EEG
patterns
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7/31/15
Epilepsy
A balanced brain
The brain is a dynamic system
Neurons
! at multiple levels
Networks
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Neural connections
Molecular structure
benzene
http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/neurotransmission_classic_3.0.swf
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Molecular structure
Molecular structure
aspirin
TNT
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7/31/15
Receptor
Receptor
Very large
molecules called
proteins
Similar to a filter
! accepts some
neurotransmitters
! rejects others
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Neurotransmitters
Tourette s syndrome
Behavior
! Tics
Simple: eye blinking, facial grimacing, sniffing
Complex: coordinated patterns, sniffing objects,
jumping, twisting
neural
cognitive
behavioral
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1033515n
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Parkinson s
Lack of dopamine
!Many different causes
!In extreme cases, patients are frozen
Drugs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koL0PWCJ4lo
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7/31/15
Prozac
Some forms of depression
seem to be related to limits in
the use of the
neurotransmitter serotonin
Prozac is a selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI)
Other drugs
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Conclusions
Shape of proteins
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Next time
Neural sensitivity
Neural codes
Receptive fields
7/31/15
Receptive fields
Action potential
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 06
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Specificity
Firing rate
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Receptive field
Receptive field
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7/31/15
Receptive field
Receptors
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Receptors
Receptors
Light
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Blind spot
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Blind spot
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7/31/15
Blind spot
164 participants
Network
Light
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Evidence of inhibition
Evidence of inhibition
Light
35
Firing rate
Firing rate
Light
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
20
15
10
0
Spatial responses
The spatial
pattern of
excitation
On-center, off-surround
-+
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Time
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Receptive field
30
Time
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35
(center) and
inhibition
(surround)
a small spot of
light
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7/31/15
Spatial responses
Simple cells
cells with
receptive fields
that are
centered at
different
locations
They respond
differently to an
edge
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Simple cells
Simple cells
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Information processing
Information processing
Strong
responses
at edges!
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7/31/15
Complex cells
Complex cells
insensitive to direction of
which is insensitive to
direction of contrast and
responds to an oriented
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lower-level cells
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Receptive field
Receptive field
some cells
appear to have
Other cells
appear to have
receptive fields
receptive fields
that respond to
monkey faces, in
that respond to
hands
profile
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7/31/15
Grandmother cells?
Conclusions
grandmother
!excitatory
! but it is unlikely
!inhibitory
Receptive fields
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Next time
Networks of neurons
Feedback resonance
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7/31/15
Neural networks
Receptive field
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 07
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Resonance hypothesis
Feedback
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A simple model
A simple model
Neural connections
(synapses) are described as
weights on the links between
cells
w21
w41
4
w15
wij = wij
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7/31/15
Demonstration
Feedback
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Feedback
Conclusions
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7/31/15
Next time
Changing connections
Learning rules
Self-organization
7/31/15
Neural learning
Networks
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 08
2
1
get established?
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A simple model
Hebb s rule
If two neurons are active
simultaneously, then they
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Self-organization
Simplified learning
5
w45
Hebb s rule
!cells that are simultaneously active develop
positive weights (excitation)
Demonstration
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7/31/15
Deep learning
Learning
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Hand-eye coordination
vision
info
arm
info
vision
info
arm
info
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Virtual reality
Cameras
!architects, designers
! surgeons, pilots
!entertainment
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7/31/15
Cameras
Problem
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Problem
Other adaptations
back
Inverted prisms
Fortunately, the adaptations return to
normal pretty quickly
Kind of like the feeling you get after
roller-skating
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Conclusions
Next time
Then
!changing connections
!relatively simple rules
!brightness
!color
!form
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7/31/15
Visual perception
Visual perception
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 09
! color
! form
! motion
! texture
! depth...
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Neurophysiology
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On-center, off-surround
receptive fields
!on-center, off-surround
!simple cells
!complex cells
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On-center, off-surround
Brightness contrast
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7/31/15
Brightness contrast
Brightness contrast
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Brightness contrast
more
inhibition
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Brightness contrast
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Brightness contrast
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Brightness contrast
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7/31/15
Brightness contrast
Hermann grid
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Filling-in
Hermann grid
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Filling-in
Brightness
information
spreads across
surfaces
Filling-in
!Craik-O BrienCornsweet
effect
Carefully fixate
the pink center
If you keep your
eyes very still, it
will disappear
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7/31/15
Color system
competition between
opposite colors
Color system
! red-green
!red-green
! blue-yellow
competition between
opposite colors
! black-white
!blue-yellow
habituating gate
!black-white
Initial balance
!Neither color wins
competition
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Color system
competition between
opposite colors
Color system
!red-green
!red-green
!blue-yellow
!blue-yellow
!black-white
competition between
opposite colors
!black-white
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Color system
competition between
opposite colors
Color system
competition between
opposite colors
!red-green
!red-green
!blue-yellow
!blue-yellow
!black-white
!black-white
Offset of green
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7/31/15
Orientation competition
Color afterimage
competition between
orthogonally tuned cells
habituating gate
offset of horizontal leads to
rebound in vertical
Same kind of gated dipole
circuit
! Principles of neural
computation!
Baseline response
! Due to tonic input
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Orientation competition
Orientation competition
horizontal pathway,
horizontal pathway,
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Orientation competition
At offset of horizontal
input, the gated horizontal
signal is weaker than the
vertical signal
Orientation competition
A vertical rebound
appears
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8/18/16
Oriented afterimages
Oriented
reset signals
Conclusions
Visual perception
!brightness
are also
implicated in
an unusual
type of
!color
!form
afterimage
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Next time
Visual dynamics
! Flicker
! Persistence
! Motion perception
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7/31/15
Visual dynamics
Flicker
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 10
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Phosphor
CFF
milliseconds
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Persistence
Experiment
!Receptive fields?
!Network interactions?
!Cognitive (memory)?
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+
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7/31/15
Strange property
As the target s
duration or
luminance
increases
Networks
!its persistence
decreases
Feedback is
important
Produces a persisting
response
Demonstration
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Explanation
Explanation
!e.g., due to
competition from
orthogonally tuned
cells
Two mechanisms
!(1) new inputs inhibit old responses
!(2) afterimages act as new inputs
Offset response
inhibits persisting
response
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As the target s
duration or
luminance
increases
Explanation
Wait a minute
! the afterimage
produced at target
offset increases in
strength
! so there is stronger
inhibition to break
the feedback
! so the persistence
of the original
percept decreases
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7/31/15
No mask
No mask
F
C
U H
N
D
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No mask
Masking demonstration
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Masking demonstration
G M
Q
P
S
Y
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Masking demonstration
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
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7/31/15
Motion
Significance
The mask appeared after the target turned off
Reichardt detector
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http://neurovision.berkeley.edu/Demonstrations/matthew/reichardt.html
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Detecting Motion
Apparent Motion
Think of them as receptive fields that vary in both space and time
Time1
Time2
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Apparent Motion
Apparent Motion
! shape
! attention
! distance
! cognitive priming
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7/31/15
Timing
Korte s laws
Apparent motion was highly studied at the turn of the 20th century
! Korte (1915) noted that to get good motion, you needed to increase
the ISI between the stimuli as the distance between them increased
CogLab data
! (196 participants- from class, 16,355 from global)
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Motion representation
Motion aftereffect
competition between
opposite directions of
motion
! Left-right
! Up-down
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habituating gate
offset of one direction leads to
rebound in other
Conclusions
After effect
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! http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_adapt/index.html
Dynamic vision
! flicker
! persistence
! network dynamics
! Masking
! Reichardt detectors
! Apparent motion
! Motion aftereffect
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7/31/15
Next time
Attention
What is attention?
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7/31/15
Attention
Attention
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 11
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Information processing
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Attention
! attending a lecture
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Magic trick
Magic trick
Memorize it
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7/31/15
Magic trick
Attention as processing
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Attention as processing
Drawing attention
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! when you are busy doing something else, you can fail
to observe even very significant things
! Movement
! Color
Example
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Attention
Drawing attention
Demonstration
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7/31/15
Attentional paradox
Attentional paradox
Stimulus
Attend green
Attend red
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Sometimes attention
can change perceptual
properties
But then we have an
incorrect perception of
the properties of the
visual scene
So it is difficult to
understand how
attention is helping
here
Tse, 2005
More demos
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Conclusions
Field
Living room
Phone call
Paris scene
! http://viscog.beckman.uiuc.edu/djs_lab/demos.html
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Next time
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7/31/15
Attention
Attention
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 12
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Characteristics of attention
Attentional blink
Look at
!temporal
!featural
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Attentional blink
Attentional blink
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Implies that
detecting the
first letter
causes
you to miss the
second letter!
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7/31/15
Attentional blink
Speed reading
S
L
N
B
J
R
K
H
...
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Visual search
Proofreading
Visual search
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Set Size
Set Size
! fast
! slow
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7/31/15
Feature Search
Feature Search
But if the target differs from the distracters in the right way,
search can be fast even with lots of distracters
! pop out
But if the target differs from the distracters in the right way,
search can be fast even with lots of distracters
! pop out
! shape
! color
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Conjunctive Search
! No pop out
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7/31/15
Conjunctive search
Conjunctive search
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Interpretation
Visual search
Color
Shape
blue
corners
green
arcs
No searching
required!
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Purdue University
Interpretation
Interpretation
Conjunctive search cannot identify target within either feature map alone
Color
Color
Shape
Shape
blue
corners
blue
corners
green
arcs
green
arcs by comparison
Requires search
No searching
required!
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across feature
maps.
Serial process
that takes time
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7/31/15
Interpretation
Visual search
Color
Shape
blue
corners
green
arcs by comparison
Requires search
across feature
maps.
Serial process
that takes time
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Automaticity
Automaticity
! riding a bike
! driving a car
!word naming
! typing
! tying shoelaces
http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/knots.htm
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Stroop task
Stroop (1935)
Stroop effect
Demonstration
!measure reaction time
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7/31/15
Stroop effect
Stroop effect
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Explanation
Conclusions
! attentional blink
! visual search
! Stroop task
! timing
! role of perceptual features
Characteristics of attention
Automaticity
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Next time
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7/31/15
Memory
Sensory memory
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 13
Whole Report
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Perception to memory
glance
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Whole Report
Whole Report
G W X R
T P Q N
B Z Y H
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7/31/15
Partial report
Same type of letter matrix
any row
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Purdue University
Partial report
Partial report
R W V D
P S C K
H L Z Q
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Purdue University
Partial report
Sensory memory
Temporal characteristics
! delay
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7/31/15
Sensory memory
Sensory memory
Temporal characteristics
Temporal characteristics
! delay
! delay
Y K W X
L B M R
J T C Q
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Sensory memory
Results
Temporal characteristics
! delay
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Results
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Results
10
8
4
2
0
0
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CogLab data
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.02
0.1
0.3
7/31/15
Iconic/sensory memory
Performance is better
than the whole-report
The partial-report
experiment can be
10
modified in several
ways
! Large capacity
! Short duration
8
6
4
Infants show a
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
preference to look at
the changed object for
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Masking
Iconic memory is
!brief
!easily disturbed
Adults = 5.75
Infants = 5.0
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M H T R
Y V N W
L S C B
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7/31/15
Masking
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
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Echoic memory
Other senses have a similar type of
persistence or sensory memory
Properties
!Longer duration
(seconds)
F
H
V
!Smaller
capacity
A
S
W
D
E
X
Significant for
some memory
tasks
Number of letters
available
Echoic memory
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
Delay (seconds)
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Purdue University
0.8
0.6
Primacy
Recency
0.4
0.2
0
1
Position in list
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Purdue University
7/31/15
Modality effect
Modality effect
Explanation:
Probability of recall
0.8
0.6
Auditory
0.4
Visual
0.2
0
1
Position in list
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Suffix effect
Suffix effect
Probability of recall
2, 4, 1, 6, 8, 7, 9
2
4
1
6
8
7
9
0.8
0.6
Tone
0.4
Word
0.2
0
1
Demonstration
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Phone operators
Not affected by
!practice
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Suffix effect
Position in list
7/31/15
Conclusions
Next time
Memory
Sensory memory
Modal model
! short term memory
Experiments
! suffix effect
! significance for phone operators
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Purdue University
8/17/16
Memory
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 14
Simple view
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Ebbinghaus experiments
Simple view
! why some memories are very long lasting (my childhood car
trips to Utah)
! why some memories are very brief (my wife asks me to take
out the trash)
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Ebbinghaus
Savings =1
Savings=0
Calculate savings
Savings =
Timeoriginal Timerelearn
Timeoriginal
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Savings
Forgetting curve
0.8
0.6
0.4
Still not 0!
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Time (days)
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8/17/16
Significance
Memory task
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Retention
Retention
!Brown (1958)
782
Suggests
some memories
last only a
few seconds!
Proportion correct
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
12
15
18
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Retention
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Retention
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8/17/16
Retention
Retention
CogLab data
! 61 subjects
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Another experiment
Memory span
5 7
Interpretation
8 6 3
4 9 2 7
! Ebbinghaus experiment
5 9 0 1 3
6 8 2 9 3 4
7 2 5 1 6 9 3
9 1 0 3 5 7 3 2
!Miller (1956)
3 9 0 5 7 4 2 16
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Pizza
http://www.freegames.ws/games/kidsgames/simon/simon.htm
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8/17/16
Probability of recall
RECENCY
0.8
0.6
PRIMACY
0.4
0.2
0
1
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! letters
! numbers
LTM
Probability of recall
! pictures
Here s the
CogLab data
! (66 subjects)
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Position in list
Demo
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
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Position in list
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Conclusions
RECENCY:
Use STM
PRIMACY:
Use LTM
Next time
Working memory
! central executive
! phonological store
! visuo -spatial sketchpad
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7/31/15
Working memory
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 15
Why there is a gate at the first floor
stairway in the Psych building.
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Search of memory
Types of searches
! the answer (yes or no) is returned after all items have been
checked
!Sternberg (1969)
NO
5329
NO
5329
5329
8
5329
8888
8 8
8888
8
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Types of searches
Memory search
YES
5329
3333
3
Reaction time is
the same for a
yes response
3333
3
If parallel search
! number of items does
not matter
! Yes and No responses
are both flat
Reaction time
Set size
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7/31/15
Types of searches
Types of searches
NO
YES
5329
8 8 88
8
8
3 3
3 3
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If self-terminating search
Types of searches
! the answer (yes or no) is returned after all items are searched
(regardless of whether target is found or not)
Reaction time
700
! YES RT s shorter
than NO RT s
Go through items
one-by-one until find
target
600
500
400
YES
300
NO
NO
5329
200
100
8
8 8
slopes
Set size
8 8 88
8
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If exhaustive search
! the answer (yes or no) is returned after all items are searched
(regardless of whether target is found or not)
YES
5329
3 33 3
3
3
Reaction time is
the same for a
yes response as
for a no
response
RT s increases with
set size
! YES RT increases the
same as NO RT s
Go through every
item and then report
answer
700
Reaction time
Types of searches
Reaction time is
faster for a yes
response
5329
600
500
400
YES
300
NO
200
100
0
1
Set size
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Purdue University
7/31/15
Hypothetical searches
Search of memory
Sternberg s data support exhaustive
search
STM
= Yes
= No
Here s the
CogLab data
(160
participants)
comes out
! You ran a version of the experiment in CogLab
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Search of memory
Search of memory
! 2) is exhaustive
search always goes through all items
! counter-intuitive finding
why should search be exhaustive?
seems inefficient!
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Interpretation
Controller
! coordinates
e.g.
! Search short term memory
! Search long term memory
Controller
STM
Search
memory
process
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7/31/15
Separate systems
Brooks (1968)
! two types of tasks (visuo-spatial and phonological)
A complicated experiment
! visual imagery
relatively separate
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Separate systems
Either
!verbally
!spatially
A bird in
the hand is
not in the
bush.
!read sentence
!categorize words (noun
or not?
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
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Results
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
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Results
Results
! when you have to respond by pointing, it is easier to
work with sentence information than diagram information
! when you have to respond verbally, it is easier to work
with diagram information than sentence information
! sentence -- pointing
Mental task
Response task
! diagrams -- verbal
! sentence -- verbal
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Diagrams
Sentences
Pointing
28.2s
9.8s
Verbal
11.3s
13.8s
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7/31/15
Significance
Interference
Visuo-spatial
information
Verbal
information
Sentences
Verbal
Diagrams
Pointing
Visuo-spatial
information
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Working memory
Working memory
Sentences
Verbal
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Verbal
information
! small capacity
! rapid forgetting
Processor of information
! not a storage device
! hypothesizes mechanisms that lead to memory properties
Visuospatial
sketchpad
Phonological
loop
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Conclusions
Next time
Sternberg s study
!controller system
Data
Brook s study
similarity due!
!Visuo-spatial sketchpad
!Phonological loop
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7/31/15
Working memory
Working memory
PSY 200
Greg Francis
!small capacity
!rapid forgetting
Lecture 16
Processor of information
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Phonological loop
Loop capacity
Two components
Phonological loop
PS
Spinning coins!
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Magic number?
To recall a list of items you must rehearse them all before any
of them fade
! The duration of decay in the PS
PS
!Speed of rehearsal
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ACP
Phonological loop
loop?
ACP
Phonological
loop
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Visuospatial
sketchpad
Central
executive
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Capacity of the
phonological loop depends
on the rate of rehearsal (r)
A set of items that takes
longer to rehearse should
be harder to remember
! more likely that some items
will drop out before you get
back to the first item
Phonological loop
ACP
PS
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7/31/15
of words
! Number of syllables
Nicely matched by
changes in reading
speed
! Rate of rehearsal
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Relation to IQ
Language effects
spoken more
quickly than
others
Some
languages are
Should allow
larger memory
span
! it does
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Articulatory suppression
Articulatory suppression
Recall is worse
! True for both auditory and visual presentation
Proportion recalled
Visual
Phonological loop
Auditory
ACP
tippy-toe
Silent
Suppression
PS
Visual
Auditory
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7/31/15
Phonological similarity
Phonological similarity
! two possibilities:
1) harder to rehearse (effect in the ACP)
2) fade more quickly (effect in the PS)
G P
Phonological loop
Better
recall
H N
ACP
PS
B
! two possibilities:
1) harder to rehearse (effect in the ACP)
2) fade more quickly (effect in the PS)
Phonological loop
ACP
ACP
Proportion recalled
Phonological loop
F
B
PSB G
P T
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CogLab data
PS
Phonological similarity
PS
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ACP
Worse
recall
Phonological loop
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CogLab data
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7/31/15
best
worst
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Next time
Conclusions
After exam 2
Encoding specificity
! phonological similarity
! articulatory suppression
! irrelevant speech effect
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7/31/15
Encoding specificity
Context
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 17
! Interference of recall
Have to keep checking if an item you recall is
already on the list
Demonstration
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Context
Context
Feature
search
Conjunctive
search
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Test
Representative study
information
Semantic judgement
CHEESE
The man
threw the ball
to the
______.
Rhyme judgement
CHEESE
SNEEZE
Number of words
recognized
Each group is then split into two subgroups that vary in the recall of
Standard
Rhyme
Recognition test
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7/31/15
Significance
Encoding specificity
Cue
No cue
soar-EAGLE
HEALTH-nurse
WHEEL-auto
paper-BOOK
...
EAGLE
HEALTH
WHEEL
BOOK
...
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Encoding specificity
Encoding specificity
recall
16
14
Cue
Words recalled
No cue
soar
nurse
auto
paper
...
12
10
Study no cue
Study cue
8
6
4
2
0
No cue
Cue
Test display
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Surrounding context
Results
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Surrounding context
Study
EAGLE
HEALTH
WHEEL
BOOK
...
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EAGLE
HEALTH
WHEEL
BOOK
...
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7/31/15
Significance
Forgetting
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Internal context
Internal context
Study state
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Mood
Testing
Study mood
GET HELP!
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7/31/15
Classrooms
Classrooms
Study context
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Conclusions
Context
Encoding specificity
!memory best if study and test are similar
Cues
Environment
State
Mood
Classrooms
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Next time
Discrimination in memory
Release from PI
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8/17/16
Discrimination
Memory discrimination
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 18
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Discrimination
False memory
An example list is
! smooth, bumpy, tough, road, sandpaper, jagged, ready,
coarse, uneven, riders, rugged, sand, boards, ground,
gravel
! as in CogLab
! subject views a list of words
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False memory
False memory
Percentage of recalls
! In original list
80.8
7.2
69.9
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Purdue University
8/17/16
False memory
False memory
At the end of the trial, you have a lot of items in memory that
! Reporting all items from memory is not going to lead to good performance
! Both types of memory items are real, but only one type matches the physical stimuli
Memory: Item 1
Memory: Item 2
Memory: Item 3
bumpy
smooth
rough
smooth
rough
baby
baby
road
bumpy
smooth
rough
tough
baby nails
road
! Source monitoring
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Interference
Memory
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Discrimination
stones
jagged
bumpy
smooth peaks
tough rough
sandpaper
baby nails
gravel road
uneven
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Proactive interference
Proactive interference
Suppose you see this building as the test on the third trial
! You have a match in memory, but is from trial 1, not trial 3
Visual memory
Memory: Trial 2
Memory: Trial 3
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Memory: Trial 1
Memory: Trial 2
Memory: Trial 3
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8/17/16
Proactive interference
Proactive interference
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
4.8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Trial
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Release from PI
0.9
0.7
0.5
XJF
Trial 1
XJF
WRM
Trial 2
WRM
DBL
Trial 3
DBL
NRX
Trial 4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2
10
11
Trial
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Release from PI
942
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Release from PI
Experimental
0.6
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Proactive interference
4
Trial
80
60
5, 7, 9, 1
vs
5, 7, 9, HAND
Control
Experiment
40
20
News stories
0
1
Trial
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D, D, D, D
vs
D, D, D, F
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8/17/16
Memory system
Working memory
! Storage
! retrieval
! both of these block the storage of items (items fall out of the
loop)
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Testing models
Interference at recall
Experiment
! stimuli are names of indoor and outdoor
games
Trial 1
FOOTBALL
Trial 2
SOCCER
Trial 3
BASEBALL
Trial 4
Percentage correct
WALLYBALL
100
80
60
Not told
Told
40
20
0
1
ACT
Discrimination
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Release from PI
Strong effects
Conclusions
Avoid PI
Answering successive questions on the
same topic hurts recall
Trial
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8/17/16
Next time
Constructive memory
Flashbulb memories
Memory misattribution
Misleading questions
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7/31/15
Memory test
Constructive memory
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 19
How good is eye-witness testimony?
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Discrimination
No forgetting?
! Epilepsy patients
several things
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No forgetting?
Penfield (1959)
Even worse
! the memories are nearly impossible to verify
! the few attempts find that the memories are not true
people describe places they have never visited, impossible
events, fantasy,
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7/31/15
Flashbulb memories
Flashbulb memories
e.g.
! JFK assassination
! Challenger explosion
! clothing worn
! time of day,..
! Earthquakes
! September 11, 2001
! ...
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Flashbulb memories
Flashbulb memories
! 7 days later
! Faded in vividness
! 42 days later
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Memory misattribution
Flashbulb memories
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The victim
! had the TV on at the time of rape
! misattributed the face on TV for the face of her attacker
! very accurate report of the crime, otherwise
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7/31/15
Eyewitness testimony
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Dr. Kim Vu
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Dr. Kim Vu
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Dr. Kim Vu
7/31/15
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Questions
Did the bus, which came by, come from the left or the
right?
Did another car pass the Red Datsun while it was at
the intersection with the stop sign?
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Eyewitness testimony
Later, show slides and ask subjects if they were part of the
original set
! real slide contains YIELD sign
! fake slide contains STOP sign
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7/31/15
Eyewitness testimony
! Loftus & Palmer (1974)
70
Delayed
Immediate
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
90% say no
80
Percentage correct
Misinformation effect
Eyewitness testimony
Consistent
Conclusions
! flashbulb memories
! brain stimulation
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Misleading
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Memory implants
None
Types of questions
Memory is constructive
Memories can be easily influenced by questions,
interpretation, and context
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Next time
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Unusual characteristics
Repression
7/31/15
Fundamental fact
Amnesia
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 20
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Amnesia
Amnesia
8 months
5 months
16 months
coma
1 year
coma
2 years
to infancy
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to infancy
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Time
of
accident
4 years
to infancy
coma
2 weeks
An unusual case
Side issues
! Sense of smell
! Mild anomia
! Odd aphasia (language deficit)
! Parents
! college
! makes study of retrograde amnesia difficult
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7/31/15
What is lost?
What is lost?
More generally,
!while patients with retrograde amnesia forget their
names, parents, addresses,
!they do not generally forget how to walk, talk,
solve problems
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Memory systems
Anterograde amnesia
Leonard in Memento
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Anterograde amnesics
Patient HM
anterograde amnesia
25
20
Controls
Patients
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
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7/31/15
Normal recency
Abnormal primacy
Patient HM
Could learn
some things!
! E.g.,
location of
hospital
cafeteria
100
Percent correct
90
80
70
60
Controls
Amnesics
50
40
! E.g. mirror
drawing
task
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
Item number
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Patient HM
Amnesia-like memory
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Infantile amnesia
Infantile amnesia
Number of memories
reported
20
15
10
5
0
0
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7/31/15
Repression
Repression
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Conclusions
Repression
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Infantile amnesia
Repression
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Next time
Encoding specificity
Levels of processing
Judgments of learning
Practice testing
Learning styles
8/17/16
Memory
Improving memory
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 21
! no
! but there are several tricks you can use
to improve memory in certain situations
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Encoding specificity
Encoding specificity
We know that memory is best when study and test contexts are
similar
Classroom 1
Classroom 2
Classroom 1
0.41
0.69
Classroom 2
0.53
0.39
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Study style
Level of processing
1 hour
3 hours
1 hour
1 hour
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question
In capital
letters?
Rhyme with
thing?
Synonym
for heavy?
YES
NO
BOOK
book
spring
sprint
bulky
brown
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8/17/16
Level of processing
Recall is better as depth of processing increases
CogLab
Recall is better as depth of processing increases
! 68 participants
25
20
15
10
5
0
Capital
Rhyme
Synonym
Study task
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Levels of Processing
Intention
11 groups of subjects
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Implications
Judgments of Learning
! read notes
! rewrite notes
! rephrase notes
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8/17/16
Judgments of Learning
Immediate JOLs do
not match memory
performance (at the
end of the experiment)
Practicing recall
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Practicing recall
Practicing recall
! mashua boat
! kaka -- brother
! Test for English given Swahili:
mashua --???
Keep practice
testing
Don t practice
test
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Learning styles
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Standard advice is that once you learn something, study something else
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Learning styles
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8/17/16
Learning styles
Learning styles
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Conclusions
Next time
Mental imagery
!level of processing
Sleep
!Judgments of Learning
Brain training
!Practice testing
!Learning styles
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7/31/15
Memory
Improving memory 2
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 22
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Long-distance runner
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Method of loci
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Method of loci
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Add vivid,
bizarre imagery
ITEMS
LOCI
hot dogs
driveway
cat food
garage interior
tomatoes
front door
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7/31/15
One is a bun.
Two is a shoe.
Three is a bee.
Four is a door.
Five is a hive.
Six is a stick.
Seven is a heaven.
Eight is a gate.
Nine is a line.
Ten is a hen.
Peg word
milk
bun
bread
shoe
bananas
tree
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Two groups
! control: heard Russian words, saw English translation
! experimental: heard Russian words, saw English
translation, saw key words, and applied method
E.G.
! pato -> Spanish for duck , sounds like pot-o
imagine duck with pot on its head
! 6 weeks later
experimental (43% correct)
control (28% correct)
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recall by
reciting poem
Mnemonists
Photographic memory?
!Few documented cases
!Generally, not happy outcomes
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7/31/15
S.: Luria
S.: Luria
!met S in 1920s
Extreme synesthesia
S.: Luria
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Brain Training
Visual imagery
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Much of the hype comes from a study that trained people for a
few hours on an dual n-back task (Jaeggi et al., 2008)
Brain Training
! Does the current stimulus match the one from n trials back?
! n is adjusted for each person so the task is always demanding
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Brain Training
Much of the hype comes from a study that trained people for a
few hours on an dual n-back task (Jaeggi et al., 2008)
! n is also a measure of how well subjects do the task
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7/31/15
Brain Training
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! We object to the claim that brain games offer consumers a scientifically grounded
avenue to reduce or reverse cognitive decline when there is no compelling
scientific evidence to date that they do. The promise of a magic bullet detracts
from the best evidence to date, which is that cognitive health in old age reflects
the long-term effects of healthy, engaged lifestyles. In the judgment of the
signatories below, exaggerated and misleading claims exploit the anxieties of
older adults about impending cognitive decline. We encourage continued careful
research and validation in this field.
! Playing video games does not seem to improve your attention or perception
You can improve performance on specific tasks, but that does not typically
transfer to other tasks
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Sleep
Sleep
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7/31/15
Sleep
Sleep
! 20 minutes later
! 20 minutes later
! 12 hours later
! 12 hours later
! 24 hours later
! 24 hours later
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Sleep
Conclusions
!Brain training
Advice:
!Sleep
! study early!
! Get some sleep!
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Next time
Mental representation
Prototypes
Exemplars
Propositions
What is a shoe?
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7/31/15
Concepts
Representation of knowledge
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 23
What is a shoe?
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Concepts
Definitions
walking, or free-market
!propositions
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Definitions
Definitions
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But now consider some situations and decide if they are really
shoes
! A shoe that is intended for display only
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7/31/15
Definitions
Definitions
! for any definition you come up with, I can find examples that do
not seem to fit the definition
But now consider some situations and decide if they are really
shoes
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Prototypes
Prototypes
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Prototypes
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Prototypes
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7/31/15
Prototypes
Prototypes
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Prototypes
Prototypes
Prototypes
prototypes
!Posner & Keele (1968): learning category names for
random dot patterns
!Discriminate two sets of random dot patterns
!Each pattern is a variation of one of two prototype
patterns
A
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Prototypes
Prototypes
variant of A
variant of B
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7/31/15
Prototypes
! Prototypes
645
! Variants
690
Prototypes
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Prototypes
Exemplars
concepts
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Exemplars
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Exemplars
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7/31/15
Exemplars
Exemplars
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Complex associations
Propositions
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Proposition
Proposition
Network Representation
Network Representation
! The proposition connects the appropriate concept nodes
Albert
Professor
agent
threw
agent
relation
gave
relation
object
book
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object
test
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7/31/15
Proposition
Proposition
Network Representation
Network Representation
time
Dog
object
agent
Jacob
chase
pigeons in
Trafalgar Square
agent
object
Trafalgar Square
feeds
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Proposition
Proposition
! test phase
show words and have subjects decide if they were in the
study sentences or not
measure reaction time for words from the sentences
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Proposition
Proposition
Network Representation
passport
passport
object
passport
object
agent
bandit
agent
faked
agent
bandit stole passport
relation
object
stole
signature
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bandit
faked
relation
relation
location
relation
cat
in
relation
pigeons
relation
bandit faked signature
relation
object
stole
signature
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7/31/15
Proposition
Proposition
passport
object
passport
object
agent
bandit
agent
faked
relation
relation
bandit faked signature
relation
object
stole
object
stole
signature
signature
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Proposition
Proposition
passport
passport
bandit
object
passport
object
agent
bandit
agent
faked
relation
relation
relation
relation
object
stole
signature
signature
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Proposition
Proposition
passport
passport
object
passport
object
agent
bandit
agent
faked
relation
object
stole
signature
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bandit
faked
relation
faked
object
stole
bandit
faked
relation
bandit
relation
bandit faked signature
relation
object
stole
signature
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7/31/15
Proposition
Proposition
When the next word is shown, its node has not been
primed, so it responds more slowly
passport
signature
object
agent
bandit
faked
relation
! results
within same proposition words: 561 msec
between proposition words: 581 msec
unrelated: 671
relation
object
stole
signature
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We think in propositions!
Conclusions
Concepts
!definitions
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Next time
Mental images
!prototypes
! mental rotation
!exemplars
! mental scaling
! limitations of
Propositions
!Evidence we think in terms of propositions
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Purdue University
8/17/16
Mental representation
Mental imagery
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 24
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Images
Perception
image how do we
represent the
!sights
information in the
!smells
image?
!touches
!analog: copy of
image in head and
we can retrieve it
!sounds
!symbology: convert to
propositions/concepts
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Images
Images
Runs to
wears
shorts
girl
ball
Runs to
wears
the image in my
head
shorts
girl
! but is it really?
ball
Mental
! could it be a
proposition?
Observable
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8/17/16
Pure propositions
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Another example
Another example
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Propositions
Propositions
So this suggests that mental images are not exactly like real
images
agent
San Diego is in
California
object
Nevada
relation
in
object
California is west of Nevada
agent
relation
California
relation
Reno is in Nevada
agent
West
Reno
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8/17/16
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Kosslyn (1976)
Subjects that did not form a mental image respond more quickly
to the claws question than the head question
! presumably because the propositions about a lion having claws are
more accessible in some network of propositions
1600
1400
1200
1600
Imagery
No imagery
1000
800
600
400
200
1400
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
Small
part
Big part
Small
part
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Big part
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Mental rotation
Mental rotation
Imagery
No imagery
1000
CogLab experiment
! 67 participants
(1971)
!3-D shapes
!rotated in plane
it takes to make a
!or in depth
response
! close to linear increase
in RT
!decide if shapes
are same are
different
!measure time to
decide
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8/17/16
Mental rotation
Vividness
! some people report their mental images are just like real images
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fMRI
fMRI
Females
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Conclusions
Next time
information
After Exam 3
! Start a discussion of language
! Language as an instinct
! pidgins and creoles
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7/31/15
Linguistics
!sentences
Greg Francis
!words
!sounds
Lecture 25
!structure
!interpretation
!Pinker (1994)
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Cultural influences
Preconceptions
!taught to children
!taught in schools
!a cultural invention
This is wrong!
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Learning
!Darwin (1871)
Biology
!unconscious
!procedural knowledge
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7/31/15
Child learning
Learning
imitating others
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Pidgin
Pidgin
! 8. Yu no ken lai.
! 9. Yu no ken duim meri bilong enaderfelo man.
! 10. Yu no ken laik stilim samting.
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Learning
Learning
!no tenses
!no prefixes or suffixes
!can only be understood in context of the
conversation
He bought my coffee; he made me out a check.
I bought coffee, I made him out a check.
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7/31/15
Creoles
Sign language
differently
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Sign language
Education
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Education
Education
7/31/15
Rules
Rules
with contractions
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Language
Conclusions
Language is an instinct
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Next time
Grammar
Phrases
Language universals
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Greg Francis
8/17/16
Language
Phrase trees
PSY 200
Conveys information
Greg Francis
!moon flights
Lecture 26
How do we do it?
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Symbols
Grammar
!combinations of words
Grammar
!the order of words matters
!Dog bites man. vs. Man bites dog.
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Grammar
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Vastness
Greg Francis
8/17/16
Grammar
Grammar
Sometimes you
still understand
what was meant!
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Grammar
Modern linguistics
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Statistics
Nonsense sentences
Greg Francis
8/17/16
Statistics
Long-term dependencies
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Long-term dependencies
Recursion
Either if the girl eats ice cream, then the boy eats ice
cream, or if the girl eats ice cream then the boy eats candy.
! recursion cannot be learned by statistics, it has to be
based on rules
Either the girl eats ice cream, or the boy eats hot dogs.
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Phrases
Phrases
NP-->(det)A*N
!NP -- noun phrase
the boy
John
!A -- adjective
the tall slender woman
!N -- noun
!( ) -- optional
!* -- as many as you want
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Greg Francis
8/17/16
Phrase tree
Phrases
NP
det
the
happy
S -- sentence
NP -- noun phrase
VP -- verb phrase
S-->NP VP
VP-->V NP
N
boy
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Lexicon
Phrase tree
VP
NP
det
VP
happy boy
eats
ice cream
Usefulness
NP
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Sockets
NP
NP
N
eats
idea
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ice cream
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Greg Francis
8/17/16
Learning phrases
S--> either S or S
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Phrase tree
Significance
either
or
humans communicate
S
if
S -- sentence
either -- the word either
or -- the word or
if -- the word if
then -- the word then
then
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Language universals
Language similarity
Martian
Dolphin
Alphacentaurian
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Human
Greg Francis
8/17/16
Language universals
!grammar (rules)
Language consists of
!symbols (words)
Conclusions
Language universals
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Next time
Words
Mental lexicon
Morphology
Structure
8/17/16
Grammar
Words
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 27
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Words
HRNO
LITL
TRIP
DEAL
CRNO
LITL
TRAP
DEAL
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LITL
TRIP
DEAL
CRNO
LITL
TRAP
DEAL
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8/17/16
Morphology
Word rules
quack
quacks
quacked
quacking
duck
ducks
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Morphology
Morphology
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Morphology
Suffixes
teacher
teachable
unteachable
teachableness
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-ify
-ance
-ism
-ous
-age
-ion
-ary
-ist
-y
-al
-ish
-er
-ity
-ate
-ize
-ful
-ive
-ed
-an
-hood
-ness
-en
-ant
-ic
-ory
Examples
of morphemes
You probably do
not consciously know
what some of these
mean, but your
language system does.
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8/17/16
Compounding
Rules
tooth
unmicrowaveability
brush
toothbrush
Nstem
bootylicious
Ninflection
Nstem
Ninflection
-s
wug
-s
dog
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Rules
Nstem
Nstem
Nstem
Nstem
Nstem
Nstem
Nstem
bite
dog
tooth
a simple rule
brush
Vstem
Astemaffix
Vstem
Nstemaffix
crunch
-able
crunch
-er
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Root
Lexicon
Nstem
Ninflection
-s
Nstem
!thus, Darwinianisms is a
word, but Darwinismians is
not
-ian must attach to a root
Nstemaffix
-ism
Nroot
Darwin
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Nrootaffix
-ian
8/17/16
Language families
Exceptions
broad families
teach, taught
buy, bought
fly, flew
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Exceptions
!walkmans?
!walkmen?
sink-sank
!throw-threw
ring-rang
!sit-sat
blow-blew
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Heads
!workman
a type of person
!sawtooth
a type of tooth
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Nstem
!cruncher
Nstem
Nstem
walk
man
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8/17/16
Headless compounds
Headless compounds
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Conclusions
Morphology / morphemes
Lexicon
Next time
Interpreting language
Parsers
More ambiguity
Computers vs humans
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8/17/16
Linguistics
Parsing
PSY 200
!grammar
Greg Francis
Lecture 28
This is a valid sentence:
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Eliza / Emacs
Eliza / Emacs
Weizenbaum (1966)
I am sad.
Because I am.
Well, I am a professor.
I am the professor!
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Parsing
! Try it yourself at
! http://www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3
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8/17/16
Ambiguous sentences
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Ambiguous sentences
Ambiguous sentences
VP
VP
No photo
NP
PP
NP
V
V
NP
N
with
discuss
PP
N
with
discuss
Dick Cavett
sex
Dick Cavett
sex
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Parsing
Mentalese
NP
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NP
VP
det
the
dog
likes
NP
N
ice cream
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8/17/16
Parsing
Two problems
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Word order
Word order
PP
PP
PP
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Word order
PP
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Difficult sentences
PP
PP
PP
The rapidity that the motion that the wing that the hummingbird has has has is remarkable.
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Don t
make me
show you
your exams!
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8/17/16
Word ambiguity
Word ambiguity
NP
VP
det
the
plastic
NP
Word pencil is
inconsistent with
structure created!
det
pencil
the plastic
VP
N
pencil
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Lexical decision
Word ambiguity
Word pencil is
consistent with
structure created!
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Lexical decision
Condition
Associated words
675
Unassociated words
693
Nonwords
801
Evidence of ambiguity
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8/17/16
Sentence ambiguity
Evidence of ambiguity
ant
sew
fastest
spy
slowest
in between
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Sentence ambiguity
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Significance
Schemas / scripts
Cognitive devices
! describe stereotypical properties of a situation
communication
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8/17/16
Schemas / scripts
Conclusions
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Understanding language
Parsing
Ambiguities
Next time
Speech
Phonemes
Articulation / coarticulation
8/17/16
Language
Speech
PSY 200
Many levels
!grammar
Greg Francis
!phrases
Lecture 29
!words
of dazzle-razzle ?
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Illusions
Illusions
hear at least
!separate words
!separate syllables
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But...
better
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8/17/16
Phonemes
Phonemes
phoneme \'fo-,nem\ n
[F phoneme, fr. Gk phonemat-, phonema speech
sound, utterance, fr. phonein to sound](ca. 1916):
a member of the set of the smallest units of speech
that serve to distinguish one utterance from
another in a language or dialect, the \p\ of pat and
the \f\ of fat are two different phonemes in English>
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Packing
Packing
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Physiology
Speech
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Lungs push
air out to
make a
sound
!other
organs
shape
sound
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8/17/16
Example
butt
!beet
bat
Example
! boot
book
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Consonants
Consonants
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Consonants
Fun
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willy-nilly
walkie-talkie
helter-skelter
roly-poly
namby-pamby
harum-scarum
holy moly
wing-ding
hocus-pocus
herky-jerky
It s a
rule!
mumbo-jumbo
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8/17/16
Rules
Phonemes
!plast
ptak
!vlas
rtut
!thole
hlad
!nypip
dnom
Compression
Coarticulation
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Coarticulation
!Cape Cod
Coarticulation
!horseshoe
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8/17/16
Spelling
Spelling
Nor should it
! if words were spelled the way they were pronounced, we
would lose the visual connection between words
! slap --> slapped would become slapt
! write --> writing would become wridding
gh -- tough
o -- women
ti -- nation
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Other approaches
Conclusions
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Speech
Blurring
Phonemes
Articulation
Coarticulation
Spelling
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Next time
Learning language
Babies
Children
8/17/16
Language
Language development
PSY 200
Instinctive
Greg Francis
Lecture 30
Learning
!rules
language?
!words
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Learning
What is learned?
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CogLab data:
Identification task
BA
PA
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Discrimination task
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8/17/16
Babies
Language development
! da-da-da-da-da
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Babbling
Babbling
! neh-nee
! da-dee
! meh-neh
Babbling is important
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Learning words
Language stages
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8/17/16
Age of Acquisition
Around 18 months
All messy.
All wet.
!I sit.
I shut.
No bed.
!No pee.
See baby.
See pretty.
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language
Errors
! (2;7) Ursula has a boot on. Shadow has hat like that.
! (2;9) Where Mommy keep her pocket book? Show you
something funny.
Expected errors
He is smiling. -->
Does he be smiling?
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Errors
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8/17/16
Overgeneralizations
Overgeneralization
! tread - trod
strive -strove
! dwell - dwelt
slay-slew
! rend - rent
smite - smote
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Syntax errors
Syntax errors
! I drink with a cup. --> Yawny Baby - you can push her mouth
open to drink her.
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Syntax errors
Second language
! children do it easily
! Boiler up!
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8/17/16
Second language
Conclusions
Language development
Stages of learning
Errors
Second language
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Next time
Broca s aphasia
Wernicke s aphasia
Anomia
7/31/15
Language
Properties
!grammar
Greg Francis
!phrases
!words
Lecture 31
Instinct
!different from other types of learning
Chimpsky?
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Broca s aphasia
Broca s aphasia
show agrammatical
speech
Do you drive
home on weekends?
Right
hemisphere
Left
hemisphere
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Broca s aphasia
Brain damage
Why, yesThursday,
er, er, er, no, er
FridayBarba-rawife
and, oh, cardrive
purnpikeyou know
reset andteevee.
Mr. Ford
! omitted endings (-ed, -s)
! omitted function words (or, be, the)
! skipped function words when reading (or, be, the) but read
similar sounding words (oar, bee)
! named objects and recognized names
! high (nonverbal) IQ
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7/31/15
Broca s aphasia
Broca s aphasia
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Broca s area
Wernicke s aphasia
also show
agrammatical speech
Right
hemisphere
Left
hemisphere
Right
hemisphere
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Wernicke s aphasia
Wernicke s aphasia
Patients show
!poor comprehension
!poor vocabulary
What
brings
you to the
hospital?
! empty speech
Left
hemisphere
H.W.:First of all this is falling down, just about, and is gonna fall down
and they're both getting something to eat...but the trouble is this is gonna
let go and they're both gonna fall down...but already then...I can't see
well enough but I believe that either she or will have some food that's
not good for you and she's to get some for her too...and that you get it
and you shouldn't get it there because they shouldn't go up there and get
it unless you tell them that they could have it. and so this is falling down
and for sure there's one they're going to have for food and, and didn't
come out right, the uh, the stuff that's uh, good for, it's not good for you
but it, but you love it, um mum mum (smacks lips)...and that so
they've...see that, I can't see whether it's in there or not.
Examiner:Yes, that's not real clear. What do you think she's doing?
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7/31/15
Wernicke s aphasia
Anomia
Damage around Wernicke s area produces a deficit in
the ability to name things
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Anomia
specific
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! Chimpanzees, apes
bonobos
gorillas
chimpanzees
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Implies
hemisphere
asymmetries
that underlay
language
began
at least 5
million years
ago
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7/31/15
Chimpanzee language
Problems
Like
! scratch --> scratch
Nim Chimpsky
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Word counts
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Grammar
Grammar
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they communicate
but not with real
language
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7/31/15
Evolution
Evolution
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Conclusions
Broca s aphasia
Wernicke s aphasia
Anomia
Chimps
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Next time
Consciousness
Dualism
Artificial intelligence
Qualia
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
What is consciousness?
Consciousness
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 32
Stream of thoughts
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Materialism
History
Mind-body problem
!quantum mechanics
!distributed awareness
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Distributed processing
A turning point
Before
consciousness
Consciousness
After consciousness
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Purdue University
Greg Francis
7/31/15
An analogy
An analogy
When did the British empire learn of the end of the War of
1812?
Demonstration
! when does the class know/understand?
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How / Why?
Turing test
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Artificial intelligence
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Captcha
! children
! mentally impaired people
! mute people
! people who speak a language we do not understand
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Turing test
Doubters
intelligence
! and a rather strict one at that
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Slot 1
Slot 2
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Slot 2
Slot 1
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
However,...
And moreover...
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2. Qualia
2. Qualia
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2. Qualia
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2. Qualia
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Conclusions
2. Qualia
Consciousness
Chinese room
Qualia
Artificial Intelligence
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Next time
After exam 4
! Decision making
! Framing effects
! Risks
! Alternatives
Greg Francis
7/31/15
Decision making
Decision making
PSY 200
Greg Francis
!elections
Lecture 33
!housing
!job
!cancer treatment
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Topics
Framing effects
!framing effects
!risks
!alternatives
!loss aversion
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Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child solecustody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts
life
Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child solecustody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts
life
64%
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55%
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Framing effects
Framing effects
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Risks
phrased differently
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Risk
!and vice-versa
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Notice
!$300 + $100
!$500 - $100
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Alternatives: version 1
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Alternatives: version 2
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Notice
Consumer beware
!but they do
Loss aversion
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Choosing a job: 1
Loss aversion
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Loss aversion
Another general property of decision making is that
people tend to be more sensitive to losses than to
gains
Greg Francis
7/31/15
Choosing a job: 1
Loss aversion
minutes.
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Conclusions
Framing effects
Loss aversion
Problem solving
Expertise
Analogy
Set effects
!functional fixedness
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Next time
Insight
Greg Francis
7/31/15
Problem solving
Problem solving
PSY 200
A hallmark of intelligence
Greg Francis
Lecture 34
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Topics
Experts
!expertise
!analogy
!set effects
priming
incubation
functional fixedness
!insight
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An example of experts
An example of experts
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Purdue University
Greg Francis
7/31/15
Chess experts
game
30
Correct pieces
random
25
20
Master
Beginner
15
10
5
0
1
25
Correct pieces
Chess experts
another
Solution
Analogy: Parade-dispersion
fortress
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expertise
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Master
Beginner
10
Trial
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15
Trial
Expert schemas
20
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Analogy
Analogy
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Set effects
Past experience
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Self-imposed limits
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Mutilated chessboard
Easy solution!
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Safren (1962)
KOBO
CHUOC
CTURK
STTE
ANCYD
DRINEF
GRAUS
RECMA
TEESW
IKRDN
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Silveira (1971)
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Dunker (1945)
Insight
! MacGyver
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Insight
Unfortunately,
the feeling does
not necessarily
indicate a
correct solution
Conclusions
Expertise
Analogy
Set effects
Insight
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Next time
Paths to pursue
Graduate school
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Current topics
PSY 200
Greg Francis
Lecture 35
More statistics
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Research
Useful background
! CS 15800 C Programming
! CS 24000 Programming In C
! CNIT 15500 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
! https://dev.www.purdue.edu/hhs/psy/undergraduate/
opportunities/research_focused_honors.php
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Further study
Useful background
Computers
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Mathematics
Brain characteristics
! PSY 222: Introduction to behavioral neuroscience
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Greg Francis
7/31/15
Further study
Perception
Further study
Memory:
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Hot topic 1
Further study
https://www.humanbrainproject.eu
1.2 billion over 10 years
Develop technologies to bring together
disparate neurophysiological, anatomical,
molecular, and behavioral data
Database (big data)
Modeling (supercomputers, specialized
hardware)
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Hot topic 2
Hot topic 3
Big data
Technology allows gathering of way more
information than we know what to do with
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Greg Francis
8/3/15
Hot topic 3
Big data
Hot topic 3
Big data
Many experiments can be run on-line with
thousands of subjects
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Purdue University
Hot topic 3
Hot topic 4
Big data
Airport Scanner
Data analysis
Big data requires a different kind of statistics than has
been used for simple experiments
Moreover, there seem to be problems with present
statistics even for simple experiments
1 billion trials of
visual search!
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Graduate school
Grades
Financing
After graduation
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Next time
Review for final exam
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