1.

2. The Locating Process: 3-2-1 Method

We have two objectives when mounting a part in a fixture for machining:
1. Accurately position of the part at the desired coordinates.
2. Restrict all six degrees of freedom so that the part cannot move.
A widely used method of accomplishing these two objectives uses the 3-2-1 principle,
so-called because it entails three steps that employ three, then two, then one fixed
points of known location. Since that adds up to six fixed points, its also known as the
six point method.
In the three steps of the 3-2-1 method, three mutually perpendicular planes, called
datum planes, are introduced, one at each step. These three planes define the
workpiece position, and together with opposing clamping forces fully constrain the
part. Lets take a look at the details of the 3-2-1 method.
3. Fool proofing:
It can be defined as the incorporation of design feature in the jig or fixture that will
make it possible to lead the work into jig and fixture, in an improper position , but will
not interfere with loading and unloading the work piece. There are many fool proofing
devices , such as fooling pegs, blocks or pins which clears correctly position parts but
prevent incorrectly loaded parts from entering the jig and fixture body.
4. When is diamond-pin used for locations?
The Diamond Shape is a critical feature that helps with machining inaccuracies and
smoother locating operation. When two round head pins are installed onto one plate,
the distance between two mounting holes must be extremely precise and even then,
the work piece will not be placed on the base as easily as it would with the use of a
diamond shape pin.

5. Basic requirement of a good clamping device are listed below :

(a) It should rigidly hold the workpiece.
(b) The workpiece being clamped should not be damaged due to
application of clamping pressure by the clamping unit.
(c) Clamping device should be capable to be unaffected by the vibrations
generated during an operation.
6. Jack Pin Locator
Jack pin locator is used for supporting rough workpieces from the button
as shown in Figure 4.6. Height of the jack pin is adjustable to
accommodate the workpieces having variation in their surface texture. So
this is a suitable method to accommodate the components which are
rough and un-machined.

7. Dowel pins are industrial fasteners that are used to join two or more
items together. They are short, cylindrical rods made of various materials
including wood, metal and plastic. Dowel pins can be tapered, slotted,
grooved, or otherwise altered to change its mechanical properties. They
are commonly available in imperial or metric units.
8. Locating Devices
The pins of various design and made of hardened steel are the most
common locating devices used to locate a work piece in a jig or fixture.
The shank of the pin is press fitted or driven into the body of jig or fixture.
The locating diameter of the pin is made larger than the shank to prevent
it from being forced into the jig or fixture body due to the weight of the
work piece or cutting forces
9. Clamping devices:
If the work piece can not be restrained by the locating devices or
elements, it become necessary to clamp the work piece in jig or fixture
body. The most common example of clamping devices is bench vice. The
purpose of the clamping is to exert a pressure to press a work piece
against the locating surfaces and hold it there in a position to the cutting
forces. In bench vice the movable jaw of the vice exert force on the work
piece , their by holding it in correct position of location in the fixed jaw of
the vice.
10. Importance of clamping force.

(i) The applied clamping pressures against the workpiece must counteract
the tool forces.
(ii) The clamping force should be kept minimum. It must only hold the
workpiece and should never be great enough so as to damage the
workpiece.
(iii) The clamping pressure should be exerted on the solid supporting part
of the workpiece to prevent distortion.
(iv) Clamping should be simple, quick operating and foolproof.
11. Linear bushes:
These bushes are also known as master bushing, are permanently fixed to
the jig body. These acts as guides for renewable type bushing. These
bushes are be with or without head.

PART B
3-2-1 Locating Principle. Why generally in base plane three
locating pins are used?

3-2-1 Method of Location:

3-2-1 method of location is the fundamental arrangement of locating
system. A work piece may be positively and properly located by means of
six pins,so positioned that collectively they restrict the work piece in nine

of its degree of freedom.For this purpose a definite arrangement is

used.This arrangement is called 3-2-1 method of location.
Cause of using three locating pins in base plane:
A minimum of three points or pins or locators are generally used in base
plane to locate the work piece, although four or more may be used to
provide adequate support. It should be noted that a minimum of three
pins will always theoritically establish the same location of the work piece.
four or more pins(locators)dont establish this type of theoritical location
because if the work piece surface is not geometrically true, the position is
still determined by three pins.
Three pining system create one surface which is geometrically true and
this surface is parallel to the locating base surface whereas four or more
pining system create surface more than one having non-parallel relation
with the base surface. So the use of more than three pins or points causes
surface deviation frequently.Thats why three pins are used in base plane.

2. Principles involve in designing of clamps:

In jigs and fixtures the workpiece or blank has to be strongly and rigidly
clamped against the supporting surfaces and also the locating features so
that the blank does not get displaced at all under the cutting forces during
machining
While designing for clamping the following factors essentially
need to be considered:

clamping need to be strong and rigid enough to hold the blank

firmly during machining clamping should be easy, quick and
consistently adequate

clamping should be such that it is not affected by vibration, chatter

or heavy pressure the way of clamping and unclamping should not
hinder loading and unloading the blank in the jig or fixture

the clamp and clamping force must not damage or deform the
workpiece

clamping operation should be very simple and quick acting when

the jig or fixture is to be used more frequently and for large volume
of work

clamps, which move by slide or slip or tend to do so during applying

clamping forces, should be avoided

clamping system should comprise of less number of parts for ease

of design, operation and maintenance

the wearing parts should be hard or hardened and also be easily

replaceable

clamping force should act on heavy part(s) and against supporting

and locating surfaces

clamping force should be away from the machining thrust forces

clamping method should be fool proof and safe

clamping must be reliable but also inexpensive

Various methods of clamping

Clamping method and system are basically of two categories:
(a) General type without much consideration on speed of clamping
operations
(b) Quick acting types