CIV 413

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

Lecture

Introduction

Instructor
Dr Zubair Syed
Email: zubair.syed@adu.ac.ae
Ph: 02 501 5871

Office: D 2F 251

Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to:
Analyze and design tension members using LRFD
Analyze and design compression members using LRFD
Analyze and design flexural members using LRFD
Analyze and design members under combined compression and
flexure using LRFD
Analyze and design simple connections using LRFD
Communicate effectively orally
Use modern engineering software tool for analysis and design a
simple framed system

CONTACT HOURS
Section
Section 1
Section 2

Day

Time

Room

Sunday

12:30 2:00 pm

B-2F15C

Tuesday

12:30 2:00 am

B-2F15C

Sunday

3:00 4:30 pm

B-2F11

Tuesday

3:00 4:30 pm

B-2F11

Contact Details
Email: zubair.syed@adu.ac.ae

Ph: 02 501 5871

Office: D 2F 251

Office Hours are posted on the office door

Blackboard will be the main mode of

communication

Week

Weekly Outline
Topic

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13

Introduction: Structural design, loads, building codes, design specifications

Concepts in Structural Steel Design: Design philosophies; AISC Specifications,
Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and Load Combinations
Tension Members: Tensile strength; effective area; staggered fasteners; block shear;
design of tension members
Tension Members: Tensile strength; effective area; staggered fasteners; block shear;
design of tension members
In-class interactive session: Computer modeling, problem solving, etc.
Compression Members: Column theory; AISC requirements; load stability; more on
effective length
Flexural Members: Bending stress and plastic moment, stability, classification of
shapes, bending strength of compact shapes, bending strength of non-compact
shapes, shear strength, deflection
In-class interactive session: Computer modeling, problem solving, etc
Beam-Columns: Interaction formulas, moment amplification, braced versus
unbraced frames, members in braced frames, members in unbraced frames.
In-class interactive session: Computer modeling, problem solving, etc.
Simple Bolted Connections: Bolted shear connections and failure modes; bearing
strength, spacing, and edge distances; shear strength; installation of high-strength
bolts; slip-critical and bearing type connections; high strength bolts in tension;
combined shear and tension in fasteners.
Introduction to Eccentric Connections (if time permits): Eccentric bolted shear
connections; Combined shear and tension for bolted connections;
Oral presentations /group project reports submitted

Readings
(Textbook
)
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 3

Chapter 4
Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Textbooks and Learning Material

Required:
Steel Design 5th Edition, by William T. Segui, Thomson
Learning, ISBN 13- 978-0-495-24471-4.
Steel Construction Manual, 14th Edition, American Institute of
Steel Construction (AISC), Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2010.

Assessment Weights and Descriptions

Assessment Tool

Percentage

Description

Homework
Assignments

10%

Five Homework Assignments will be

completed by students during the
semester

Exam 1, 2

40%

Two exams will administered during

the semester

15%

Students will create a basic model of

steel structure using a commercial
program and examine the analysis and
design results. Write a report to
demonstrate use of design provisions,
AISC for design of selected
components

35%

A comprehensive exam covering beamcolumns and design of shear

connections

Class group
project

Final Exam

Introduction
Why we need to learn Design of Steel
Structures?

Why often steel is the construction material

of choice for tall structures?

What is Structural steel?

Steel - man made metal

containing 98% or more iron
small amounts of elements derived from raw materials and
also elements (C, Si, Mn, P,S, Niobium, Vanadium) added to
improve certain properties.
Carbon improves strength and hardness but reduces ductility
and toughness. Restricted between 0.2 and 0.25% to produce
steel that is weldable and not brittle
smaller amounts of manganese, nickel etc

Structural steel
available in various shapes and forms
utilised to support loads and resist the various forces
to which a structure is subjected.

STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH

Ultimate strength
Yield strength

Yield strength

E=s/e
Ultimate strength

Ultimate strength
Yield strength

Yield strength

Aluminum alloys

0.002
(0.2%)

Mild steel

Cast iron
Glass

copper

Advantages of Steel:
High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall
buildings
Uniformity-properties do not change with time unlike concrete
Elasticity behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials
follows Hookes law to fairly high stress
Ductility withstand extensive deformation without failure under
high tensile stress free from sudden failure
Time saving
Flexibility in fabrication
Reuse on demolition

Disadvantages of Steel:
Maintenance cost corrosion requires periodic treatment
Fire proofing strength tremendously reduced at high temperature
high cost of fire proofing
Susceptibility to buckling for long slender members
Fatigue strength reduced if large number of stress reversals

column

Multi-storey steel building frame

foundation

Design of steel structures

beam

14

beam

connection

column
15

16

Design of Structures
Architect
Functional Design
Structural Engineer
Safety
Serviceability
Economy
Load carrying elements:
Trusses
Frame
Beam
Column
Joints

OBJECT OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Safety

(the structure doesnt fall down during

lifetime)
Serviceability

(how well the structure performs in

term of appearance and deflection)

Fulfill

requirements of client

Economy

(an efficient use of materials and labor)

Alternatives
Several

18
alternative designs should be prepared and

their costs compared

Engineering Design consists of Two stages

Feasibility Study/ Conceptual design
Involves comparison of the alternative forms of structure and
selection of most suitable type.
The success of this stage relies to a large extent on the engineering
judgement and instinct, both of which are the outcome of many years

experience of designing structures.

Detailed design:
Involves detailed design of the chosen structure
The detailed also requires these attributes but is usually more dependent
upon a thorough understanding of the codes of practice for structural

design.

Structural Steel Design

The main aspects related to the design of steel
structures
Design basis of Steel Structures
Design Philosophy and Principle
Material and Cross-sectional properties of

steel
Analysis Techniques and Methods

Design of Structural Elements

Design of Structural connections

Design Codes and Specification

> Why codes are used?

The Code documents are based on the experience of many generations

of engineers, and the results of research. They help to ensure safety
and economy of construction, and that mistakes are not repeated.

> Which code to follow for Structural steel Design?

> What is the difference between Codes and
Specifications?
International Building Code (IBC): 2009

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

Structures (ASCE 7): 2010
Euro Code (1-7)
AISC Manual

Fourteenth Edition

Real Stress-Strain Relationship for Mild Steel

Important characteristics of steel for

design purposes are:

Yield strength (fy)
Ultimate strength (fu).tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity (E)
Percent elongation
Co-efficient of thermal expansion ()

25

Properties of steel

Design Philosophies
Basis of design of a structural member is the selection of a
cross section that will safely and economically resist the
applied loads.
The fundamental requirement of structural design is
required strength is lower than the available
strength/capacity.

Required strength Available strength or capacity

Design Approaches:
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Plastic Design
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

(LRFD)

Also called Limit State Design in Europe.

The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its design load effect

does not exceed its design resistance

Load factors are applied to the service load and theoretical

strength of the member is reduced by of a resistance factor.

Factored load effect Factored strength capacity/resistance

Though limit state design method is presented in a deterministic

format, the partial factors are obtained using probabilistic models

based on statistical distributions of loads and structural capacity

Each load effect (DL, LL, ..) has a different load factor which its
value depends on the combination of loads under consideration.

LIMIT STATES
Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures are
given below.
Serviceability limit states
(SLS)

Strength

Deflection

Stability against overturning

and sway stability

Vibration

Fatigue

Wind induced oscillation

Brittle fracture

Durability

Design of steel structures

Ultimate limit states (ULS)

30

Design requirement:
Factored load Factored strength
Can be expressed as:
(loads x load factors) Resistance x
resistance factor
The factored load is a failure load greater than the total
actual service loads.

Factored resistance is the theoretical value by reduced a

factor.

Load and Resistance Factors

The fundamental requirement in structural engineering is
that for every component or connection:
required strength available strength

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Method:

Factored Load Factored Strength

or

(Load factor x Load) Resistance Factor x Resistance

Load factor : usually > than 1.0
Resistance factor : usually < than 1.0

LRFD

Design strength is the factored resistance ( Rn). Factored

resistance is obtained by multiplying the nominal strength

with resistance factor.

Load combinations are often selected from the governing

building codes.

If not available in the local code, then can be chosen from

ASCE 7 (Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

Structures)
The resistance factor ( ) for each type of resistance can be

found in AISC.

LRFD

Loads

Forces that act on a structure are called loads.

Broad Categories:

Dead Load

Live Load

Loads on a structure can be Static, Dynamic or Impact.

Common types of loads:
Self-weight, unmovable loads, movable loads, loads from users
Other types loads:

Wind loads, Earthquake loads, Snow loads, Hydrostatic

pressure, Soil pressure
Loads are factored with different factors based on the type and
nature of the loads.

Load Combinations of LRFD

ASCE 7 presents the basic load combinations in the following form:
Combination 1: 1.4 D
Combination 2: 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
Combination 3: 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + L or 0.5W )
Combination 4: 1.2 D + 1.0 W+ L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
Combination 5: 1.2 D + 1.0 E + L + 0.2 S
Combination 6: 0.9 D + 1.0 W
Combination 7: 0.9 D + 1.0 E
Where,
D = dead load , L = live load due to occupancy , Lr = roof live load
S = snow load, R = rain or ice load , W = wind load, E = earthquake
Load factors for ASD is different and can be found in ASCE 7

Example of Load Combinations for LRFD

A column (compression member) in the upper story of a

building is subjected to the following loads:

Dead loads:

109 Kips

Floor live load:

46 Kips

Roof live load:

19 Kips

Snow load:

20 Kips

a. Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD

and the corresponding factored load

b. If the resistance factor is 0.90, determine the required

nominal strength?

Solution

Solution

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Was widely used in the past.

Usually dont take advantage of non-linear properties of

material

In this approach a member is selected with sufficient area

and moment of inertia so that the maximum applied axial

force, shear force and bending moment dont produce

stresses in the member higher than an allowable

/permissible value.
Allowable strength is obtained by dividing the nominal or
theoretical strength by a Factor of Safety.

Plastic Design
Utilises

strength of steel beyond yield point

The structure may be loaded beyond the yield point if:

The tendency of the fibre at the yield point stress toward plastic deformation

is resisted by the adjacent fibres

Those parts of the structure that remain in the elastic-stress range are
capable of supporting this incremental load

The ultimate load is reached when these conditions cease to exist

and thus the structure collapses

Plastic design is concerned with an allowable load, which equals the

ultimate load divided by an appropriate factor called the load factor.

Probabilistic Basis of Load and

Resistance Factors
The

material strength may be less than intended because

(a) of its variable composition, and (b) because of the

variability of the manufacturing conditions , and other

effects such as corrosion.
The

load on a structural member can also vary on many

aspects.
Hence,

the resistance factor and load factors are selected

42

based on probabilistic approach

AISC- Steel Construction Manual

Contains

AISC specification and design aids in the

form of tables and graphs.

AISC

manual editions 1 to 9 were based on ASD

design approach.
13th

and 14th editions covers both ASD and LRFD

approaches.
The

manual is divided in to 17 parts.

AISC- Steel Construction Manual

Part 1 - Dimensions and Properties
Part 2 - General Design Consideration
Part 3 - Design of Flexural Members
Part 4 - Design of Compression Members
Part 5 - Design of Tension Members
Part 6 - Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading
Part 7 - Design of Considerations for Bolts
Part 8 - Design of Considerations for Welds
Part 9 - Design of Connecting Elements
Part 10 - Design of Simple Shear Connections
Part 11 - Design of Partially Restrained Moment Connections
Part 12 - Design of Fully Restrained Moment Connections
Part 13 - Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections
Part 14 - Design of Beam Bearing Plates, Column Base Plates, Anchor
Rods, and Column Splices
Part 15 - Design of Hanger Conn., Bracket Plates, and Crane Rail Conn.
Part 16 - Specifications and Codes
Part 17 Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information

Cold-formed and Hot-rolled Sections

The hot-rolled steel shapes are formed at elevated temperatures

while the cold-formed steel shapes are formed at room temperature.

Cold-formed steel structural members are shapes commonly

manufactured from steel plate, sheet or strip material.

The manufacturing of cold-formed process involves forming the

material by either press-braking or cold roll-forming to achieve the
desired shape. Examples of the cold-formed steel are corrugated
steel roof and floor decks, steel wall panels, storage racks and steel

wall studs.

Cold-formed steel offers versatility in building because of its

Design
of steel and
lightweight and ease of handling and
use.

prestressed concrete

45

Cold-formed and Hot-rolled Sections

Cold roll-forming is the most widely used method for production of roof,
floor and wall panels.

Cold-formed is also used for the production of structural components

such as Cees, Zees, and hat sections. Sections can usually be made from
sheet up to 1.5m wide and from coils more than 1,000m long.

During cold roll-forming, sheet stock is fed longitudinally through a

series of rolls, each of which works the sheet progressively until it

reaches the desired shape. A simple section may require as few as six
pairs of roll, but a complex shape can require as many as 24 to 30.

The thickness of material that can be formed generally ranges between

0.10mm up to 7.7mm, although heavy duty cold forming mills can handle

steel up to 19mm thick.

Design of steel and

prestressed concrete

46

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

COLD FORMED AND HOT ROLLED STEEL

Thickness
Cold-formed steel sections are much thinner then the hot-rolled

sections.

Shapes
Shapes are limited but the shapes for hot-rolled sections can be
significantly wide.

Since cold-formed steel members are formed at room temperature, the

material becomes harder and stronger.

Cold-formed sections are lightweight which makes it easier and more

economical to mass-produce, transport and install.

Local buckling is a major concern for Cold-formed steel due to is

thickness and shape.

47

Cold rolled shapes

48

Cold formed steel

Common Grade of Steel

Grade of Steel

Grade A36

Tensile strength
Yield Strength,
/Ultimate
min,
strength,
fy (ksi)
fu (ksi)

Yield to
Tensile
ratio,
max.

Elongation
in 8in., min

36

58 to 80

---

20%

Grade A572 or
50

50

65

----

18%

Grade A992

50

65

0.85

18%

Cross-sectional Shapes

W-shape
Example: W18 x 50

American Standard,
S
Example: S18 x 70

American Standard
Channel, C

Example: C9 x 20

Structural Tee: WT,

ST or MT
Rectangular HSS
Example: L6 x 6 x 3/4 Example: WT18 x Example: HSS 6 x 3
105
x1/2
Equal-leg angle, L

Round HSS
Example: HSS
14.000 X 0.625

Cross-sectional shapes in AISC

4 types of H-shaped (or I-shaped) are covered in AISC
W-shapes
M-shapes
S-shapes

HS-shapes
These shapes are designated by the mark W, M, S or HP, nominal
depth (in.) and nominal weight (lb/ft). For example, a W24x55 is a Wshape that is nominally 24in. Deep and weighs 55 ib/ft.

2 types of Channel shapes are included

C- shapes
MC shapes

Mode of actions on an element

Axial action
o Tension
o Compression
Flexural action

Combined action
Important aspect for compression member is Buckling.

Section classification for compression members

Compact Section

Non-compact section
Slender section

Mp

Compact
Non-Compact

Design of steel structures

Moment

Me
MOMENT ROTATION BEHAVIOUR

M
Slender
56

rotation

CROSS SECTION PROPERTIES

Elastic section properties

Plastic section properties

ELASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES

The exact section dimensions

The location of the centroid if the section is asymmetric about

one or both axes

Area of cross section

Moments of inertia about various axes

Radii of gyration about various axes

Moduli of section for various axes

57

PLASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES

Plastic moduli of section

Other important properties for buckling resistance moments are:

Buckling parameter, u

Torsional index, x

Warping constant, H

Torsional constant , J

These properties are given in standard tables or can be

calculated using formulae given in the code.

58

Problem:
Determine the elastic moment, plastic moment, elastic section modulus, plastic
modulus and shape factor for the rectangular section

500 mm
10 mm

Elastic properties

bd 3 10 5003
Moment Of Inertia

104166666.7 mm 4
12
12
Elastic Section Modulus

I xx
104166666.7

416666.67mm 3
D
500

2
2

Elastic Moment of section Z xx f y 416666.7 f y

Plastic properties
Plastic sec tion mod ulus algebraic sum of first moments of area about equal area axis

Equal area axis coincides with the centroid of section

d

Plastic sec tion Modulus 2 area Above Equal Area Axis

4

500 500

PlasticModulus 2 10
625000mm3

2 4

Plastic moment Plastic mod ulus f y 625000 f y

60

Shape Factor

S xx
625000

1.5
Z xx 416666.67

Thank you