INTRODUCTION

Industrial pollution is pollution which can be directly

linked with industry, in contrast to other pollution sources. This form
of pollution is one of the leading causes of pollution worldwide; in
the United States, for example, the Environmental Protective
Agency estimates that up to 50% of the nation's pollution is caused
by industry. Because of its size and scope, industrial pollution is a
serious problem for the entire planet, especially in nations which are
rapidly industrializing, like China.This form of pollution dates back to
antiquity, but widespread industrial pollution accelerated rapidly in
the 1800s, with the start of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial
Revolution mechanized means of production, allowing for a much
greater volume of production, and generating a corresponding
increase in pollution. The problem was compounded by the use of
fuels like coal, which is notoriously unclean, and a poor
understanding of the causes and consequences of pollution.There
are a number of forms of industrial pollution. One of the most
common is water pollution, caused by dumping of industrial waste
into waterways, or improper containment of waste, which causes
leakage into groundwater and waterways. Industrial pollution can
also impact air quality, and it can enter the soil, causing widespread
environmental problems. Because of the nature of the global
environment, industrial pollution is never limited to industrial
nations. Samples of ice cores from Antarctica and the Arctic both
show high levels of industrial pollutants, illustrating the immense
distances which pollutants can travel, and traces of industrial
pollutants have been identified in isolated human, animal, and plant
populations as well. Industrial pollution hurts the environment in a
range of ways, and it has a negative impact on human lives and
health. Pollutants can kill animals and plants, imbalance
ecosystems, degrade air quality radically, damage buildings, and
generally degrade quality of life. Factory workers in areas with
uncontrolled industrial pollution are especially vulnerable.

A growing awareness of factory pollution and its consequences has

led to tighter restrictions on pollution all over the world, with nations
recognizing that they have an obligation to protect themselves and
their neighbors from pollution. However, industrial pollution also
highlights a growing issue: the desire of developing nations to

achieve first world standards of living and production. As these

countries industrialize, they add to the global burden of industrial
pollution, triggering serious discussions and arguments about
environmental responsibility and a desire to reach a global
agreement on pollution issues.

OB
JECTIVES
1 ) AIR POLLUTION
To fi nd out air pollution :Sources
The combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in
automobiles, trucks, and jet airplanes produces several primary pollutants: nitrogen
oxides, gaseous hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, as well as large quantities of
particulates, chiefly lead. In the presence of sunlight, nitrogen oxides combine with
hydrocarbons to form a secondary class of pollutants, the photochemical oxidants,
among them ozone and the eye-stinging peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN). Nitrogen oxides
also react with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen dioxide, a foul-smelling brown gas.
In urban areas like Los Angeles where transportation is the main cause of air
pollution, nitrogen dioxide tints the air, blending with other contaminants and the
atmospheric water vapor to produce brown smog. Although the use of catalytic
converters has reduced smog-producing compounds in motor vehicle exhaust
emissions, studies have shown that in so doing the converters produce nitrous
oxide, which contributes substantially to global warming.

In cities, air may be severely polluted not only by transportation but also by the
burning of fossil fuels (oil and coal) in generating stations, factories, office buildings,
and homes and by the incineration of garbage. The massive combustion produces
tons of ash, soot, and other particulates responsible for the gray smog of cities like
New York and Chicago, along with enormous quantities of sulfur oxides (which also
may be result from burning coal and oil). These oxides rust iron, damage building
stone, decompose nylon, tarnish silver, and kill plants. Air pollution from cities also
affects rural areas for many miles downwind.

Every industrial process exhibits its own pattern of air pollution. Petroleum refineries
are responsible for extensive hydrocarbon and particulate pollution. Iron and steel
mills, metal smelters, pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, cement and asphalt
plantsall discharge vast amounts of various particulates. Uninsulated high-voltage
power lines ionize the adjacent air, forming ozone and other hazardous pollutants.
Airborne pollutants from other sources include insecticides, herbicides, radioactive
fallout, and dust from fertilizers, mining operations, and livestock feedlots.

To evaluate air pollution :The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact on
environment that has occurred already with the following objectives :1) To assess the existing air quality.
2) To assess the extent of pollution of water bodies due to developmental
activities.
3) To assess the quality of the soil and extent of soil pollution and soil degradation.
4) To assess the amount of sewerage generated and its quality.
5) To assess the socio-economic impact of urbanization.
6) To assess the quantities and types of solid wastes generated, assess the
efficacy of present disposal
method and to propose suitable methods of
disposal.

To search occurrence of air pollution :Air pollution occurs in many forms but can generally be
thought of as gaseous and particulate contaminants that are present in the earth's
atmosphere. Gaseous pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and various gaseous forms of metals. These
pollutants are emitted from large stationary sources such as fossil fuel fired power
plants, smelters, industrial boilers, petroleum refineries, and manufacturing facilities
as well as from area and mobile sources. They are corrosive to various materials
which causes damage to cultural resources, can cause injury to ecosystems and
organisms, aggravate respiratory diseases, and reduce visibility.

Particulates come in both large and small or "fine" solid

forms. Large particulates include substances such as dust, asbestos fibers, and
lead. Fine particulates include sulfates (SO4) and nitrates (NO3). Important sources
of particulates are power plants, smelters, mining operations, and automobiles.
Asbestos and lead affect organisms, while sulfates and nitrates not only cause
health problems, but also contribute to acid rain or acid deposition and a reduction
in visibility. Particulate matter, a term sometimes used instead of particulates, refers
to the mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.

Toxic air pollutants are a class of chemicals which may

potentially cause health problems in a significant way. The sources of toxic air
pollutants include power plants, industries, pesticide application, and contaminated
windblown dust. Persistent toxic pollutants, such as mercury, are of particular
concern because of their global mobility and ability to accumulate in the food chain.
More research is needed to fully understand the fate and effects of mercury and the
many other toxic pollutants.

To manipulate air pollution :-

2) WATER POLLUTION
To fi nd out water pollution :-

sources
There are many causes for water pollution but two general categories
exist: direct and indirect contaminant sources.

Direct sources include effluent outfalls from factories, refineries, waste treatment
plants etc.. that emit fluids of varying quality directly into urban water supplies. In
the United States and other countries, these practices are regulated, although this
doesn't mean that pollutants can't be found in these waters.

Indirect sources include contaminants that enter the water supply from
soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and
groundwaters contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers,
pesticides, etc..) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes. Atmospheric
contaminants are also derived from human practices (such as gaseous emissions
from automobiles, factories and even bakeries).

To evaluate water pollution :-

CAUSES

In order to provide daily needs of the growing population, different

types of industries are setup to produce different products. The
industries use raw materials, process them and produce finished
products. Besides the finished products, a good number of byproducts are produced. Out of all the by-products, if some are in
huge quantities and the processing is cost effective, the industrialist
preserves the by- products.

If the processing of waste is a cost prohibitive one, then the

industrialist throws the waste into the environment in the form of
gas, liquid or solid. The gases are usually released into the
atmosphere, the liquids are discharged into aquatic bodies like
canals, rivers or sea and solid wastes are either dumped on the land
or in aquatic bodies. In all the cases, either the air or water or land
is polluted due to dumping of wastes.

Till now, there are about 17 industries which are declared to be

most polluting. These include the caustic soda, cement, distillery,
dyes and dye intermediaries, fertilisers, iron and steel, oil refineries,
paper and pulp, pesticides and pharmaceuticals, sugar, textiles,
thermal power plants, tanneries and so on. The table 6.5 enlists few
of the industries, their wastes (important) and the type of pollution
these induce in the environment.

The wide variety of pollutants as shown above enter the environment and disturb the natural eco-system affecting the biota. Due
to industrial activities, a variety of poisonous gases like NO, SO2,
NO2, SO3, Cl2, CO, CO2, H2SO4 etc.- volatile chemicals, dusts etc.,
are liberated into the atmosphere causing acute pollution problem.
Besides, the accidental leakage of poisonous gases can cause
havoc.

For example, Methyl Isocyanate gas leakage from Union Carbide

factory at Bhopal caused mass killing which is known as Bhopal gas

tragedy. In addition to accidents, many of the above poisonous

gases induce depletion of ozone layer, creation of ozone hole. Green
House effect, Global warming. Acid rain, destruction of monument
and killing of living organisms disturbing the natural eco-systems.

EFFECTS

Effects of Industrial Pollution:

1. On human health:
(i) It causes irritation of eye, nose, throat respiratory tracts, etc.
(ii) It increases mortality rate and morbidity rate
(iii) A variety of particulates mainly pollens, initiate asthmatic attacks.
(iv) Chronic pulmonary diseases like bronchitis and asthma are aggravated
by high concentration of SO2, NO2, particulate matter and photo-chemical
smog.
(v) Certain heavy metals like lead may enter the body through lungs
and cause poisoning.
2. On animal health:
In case of animals, the pollutants enter in two steps.
i) Accumulation of the airborne contaminants in the vegetation
forage and prey.
ii) Subsequent poisoning of the animals when they eat the contaminated
food. In case of animals, three pollutants namely fluorine, arsenic and
lead are responsible for most livestock damage.
3. On plants:
Industrial pollution have been shown to have serious adverse
effects on plants. In some cases, it is found that vegetation over 150 Km.
away from the source of pollutants have been found to be affected. The
major pollutants affecting plants are SO2, O3, MO, NO2, NH3, HCN,
Ethylene, Herbicides, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl nitrate) etc. In the presence of
pollutants, the healthy plants suffer from neurosis, chlorosis, abscission,
epinasty etc.

CONTROL

The ultimate object behind the measures to control pollution to

maintain safety of Man, Material and Machinery (Three Ms). The
implementation of control measures should be based on the principle of recovery or recycling of the pollutants and must be taken as
an integral part of production i.e. never as a liability but always an
asset.
Some important control measures are:
1. Control at Source:
It involves suitable alterations in the choice of raw materials and
process in treatment of exhaust gases before finally discharged and
increasing stock height upto 38 metres in order to ensure proper
mixing of the discharged pollutants.
2. Selection of Industry Site:
The industrial site should be properly examined considering the
climatic and topographical characteristics before setting of the
industry.

3. Treatment of Industrial Waste:

The industrial wastes should be subjected to proper treatment
before their discharge.
4. Plantation:
Intensive plantation in the region, considerably reduces the dust,
smoke and other pollutants.

5. Stringent Government Action:

Government should take stringent action against industries which
discharge higher amount of pollutants into the environment than
the level prescribed by Pollution Control Board.
6. Assessment of the Environmental Impacts:
Environmental impact assessment should be carried out regularly
which intends to identify and evaluate the potential and harmful
impacts of the industries on natural eco-system.

7. Strict Implementation of Environmental Protection Act:

Environment Protection Act should be strictly followed and the destroyer of the
environment should be strictly punished

Biological Concentration and Bio-Magnification:

A pollutant present in the environment makes its entry into the food chain
by the producers. After the entry, these get accumulated in their cells and
tissues. The primary consumers when feed upon the producers, the
pollutants deposited in the body of the former are transferred into the body
of the primary consumer. In addition, the primary consumer may also
directly absorb some amount of pollutants from the environment.
This leads to an increase in the concentration of the pollutant in the body of
the primary consumer. Again the primary consumer, is consumed by a
secondary consumer and the pollutants from the body of the former are
transferred into the body of latter where these get deposited.
Thus, on moving along the food chain, it is seen that concentration of the
pollutants become more in the tissues of the organisms belonging to higher
trophic level than the organisms belonging to lower trophic level. Hence the
residual retention of the pollutants is the richest at the higher trophic level.

From the above discussion, it is clear that the pollutants get magnified to a
significant level because of the food chain link up- Such type of magnification of the
pollutants in a food chain, mediated by biological agents (members of different
trophic levels) is known as biological magnification or bio-magnification of pollutant
in eco-system. Since man is omnivorous and can have access to different trophic
levels of a food chain, he receives the pollutants in large amounts which become
deposited in the various tissues.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

Objectives as enlisted in Government Resolution dated 01/02/1999:Advising and providing guidance to the industrial units of the State for the
prevention and control of pollution in consultation with other National & State level
Institute, and Government and NGOs and Voluntary institutes, wherever required.
Creation of an Institute committed to the objective of Prevention, Control and
Abatement of the pollution.
Advise on the final disposal of industrial hazardous waste and effluent generated in
industrial unit after carrying out study on their use.
Exploring the means and use for reuse and recycling of industrial hazardous waste.
Facilitate the trade of industrial waste and to act as an information bank.
Carrying out studies to review the impact of Environment and Evaluation of its
carrying capacity.
Conducting Environmental Audits and preparation of statement on Environmental
Impact.
Objectives as Listed in Memorandum of Association:-

To contribute towards the Protection and Management of Environment and

Ecology through Scientific, Technical, Policy and other activities.
To perform the Mandatory functions specified in the various Environmental
Laws, Guidelines, and Judicial Pronouncements from time to time.
To Promote/Undertake/Develop Studies and Research in the field of
Environmental Protection and related issues.
To Promote the cause of Environmental Conservation for improving the
overall Quality of Environment.
To interact and/or to seek affiliation with National & Agencies working for
similar Objectives.
To undertake Research and Development activities for Pollution Control and
related activities commissioned by Industries or any other body requiring
Pollution Control.
To evaluate the Environmental status and impact of Developmental activities
of Industrialization, Urbanization, and Water Resources etc.
To undertake Environmental Audit of Industries.
To undertake Policy Research and help agencies in perspective planning.
To Institute Awards and Prizes for meritorious work in the field of
Environmental Awareness and Management.
To offer advice and to act as a referral Institute.
To undertake studies of review the Existing Standards and to evolve
Standards Pertinent to situations.
To Promote and undertake all other activities which will further the aims and
objects of the Institute and such activities as may be considered necessary by
the Governing Council in

Howrah

Coordinates:

2235N 8819E / 22.59N 88.31E / 22.59; 88.31Coordinates:

8819E / 22.59N 88.31E / 22.59; 88.31

Country

India

State

West Bengal

District

Howrah district

2235N

Government
Type

Municipal Corporation

Body

Howrah Municipal Corporation

Mayor

Rathin Chakraborty (Trinamool Congress)

Area
Total
Elevation

95 km2 (37 sq mi)

12 m (39 ft)

Population (2011)[1]
Total
Density

1,072,161
730/km2 (1,900/sq mi)

Languages
Official
Time zone
PIN

Bengali and English

IST (UTC+5:30)
711

Telephone code

91 (33)

Sex ratio

904 /

Lok Sabha
constituency
Vidhan Sabha
constituency
Website

Howrah

Howrah Uttar, Howrah Madhya, Howrah Dakshin, Shibpur

www.howrah.gov.in

HOWRAH or Haora (/har/) is an industrial city, a municipal corporation in the

Howrah district, West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the district, and also
the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision of the district. Located on the
west bank of the Hoogli River, it is a twin city to Kolkata. Howrah is the second
smallest district after Kolkata. The two cities are connected by four bridges on the
river Ganges, these being the Howrah Bridge (also known as Rabindra Setu), the
Vidyasagar Setu (also known as the second Hooghly Bridge), the Vivekananda Setu
(also known as Bally Bridge), the Nivedita Setu (also known as Second Vivekananda
Setu) and ferry services between various jetties.
Source: Howrah Weather

DEMOGRAPHICS

As of 2011 India census, Howrah had a population of 1,072,161. Males constitute

52.28% of the population and females 47.72%. Howrah has an average literacy rate
of 89.86%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 92.34%,
and female literacy is 87.13%. In Howrah, 8% of the population is under 6 years of
age.
As of 1896 census of British India, Howrah had a population of 84,069, which grew
up to 157,594 in 1901 census. This rapid growth was due to abundance of job
opportunities, which effected in a 100% increase in male population during this
period, whereas the female population grew up only by 60%.

 NAME

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Bose

Guided by

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Ayan

 Roll No

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Registration No : College Address :-

( Signature with
date of the student)