Matrices

Defination of Matrices

Theory

DEFINATION OF VARIOUS MATRIX FORMS

A matrix is an arrangement of mn numbers in m rows and n

columns. It is called m n matrix.
Note : m n in called as an order of the matrix A.

i.e.

a11
a
21
a31

am 1

a12

...

a22

...

a32

...

am 2

...

a1n
a2 n
...

amn

m rows (a11, a12, amn are some real

numbers.)
Matrices are denoted by capital letters.
We write
A = [ aij]m n
e.g.: (1) A

(1)

= 10

2
3 22

1 i m and 1 j n
(2) B =

2 3
1
1 1 0

2 3

(3) C =

2 1

1 0
1 1

3
2

33

Types of Matrices :

Row and column matrix :

A matrix having only one row is called row matrix and a
matrix having only one column is called column matrix.
e.g. [3]1 1

[3 2 5]1 3
1

Row Matrix

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

3
2
5
1

7 31 21

(2)

Theory

Column matrix

Square Matrix :

Square matrix A = (aij) said to be symmetric if it is aij = aji +

ij}
Eg :
= [

= [

] =

NSC for square matrix A to be symmetric matrix is =

(3)

Diagonal Elements :

In a square matrix the elements lying along a diagonal of a

matrix are called diagonal elements.
i.e. aii (order of row = order of column).
i.e.

a11

a22

a33

Matrices

e.g.
(4)

Defination of Matrices

2 0
1 1

Theory

2 and 1 are diagonal elements

Diagonal matrix :

A square matrix whose all nondiagonal elements are zero is

called diagonal matrix.
A matrix A is diagonal matrix if A is a square matrix and
aij = 0
If

i j =i, j.
1 0
0 3

e.g. (1)
(5)

(2)

a11
0

0
0
a33

0
a22
0

Trace of a matrix :

Sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix is called trace

of a matrix.
If

A = [aij]n n
n

then a = a11 + a22 + ann is called trace of a matrix and it

ij

i j

is denoted by Trace (A).

e.g.
(6)

1
0

1
1

Trace(A) = 1+1 = 2

Scalar matrix :

A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are equal is

called scalar matrix.
3

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

e.g. (1) [ 4 ],
(7)

(2)

1 0
0 1 ,

3 0 3
0 3 0

0 0 3

(3)

Theory

etc.

Transpose of matrix :

A matrix obtained from a given matrix A by interchanging

rows and columns is called the transpose of a matrix and
is denoted by A
At.
1
0

e.g. If A =
(8)

1
2

then At =

1 0
1 2 .

Triangular matrix :

A square matrix is said to be upper triangular if aij = 0 for i> j

and it is said to be lower triangular if aij = 0 for i < j.
e.g. (1)

1 2 3
0 0 1

0 0 3

1
3

(2)

upper triangular
(9)

0
1
1
4

0
0
0

lower triangular

Conjugate of a matrix :

A matrix obtained from a given matrix A by replacing each

element by its complex conjugate is called conjugate of a
given matrix and is denoted by A .
e.g. If A =

2 1 i
0
i

then

2 1 i
1 i

(10) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be

4

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

Theory

symmetric if its (i, j)th element is same as its (j, i)th element.
i.e. aij =aji
e.g.

a c
c b ,

a h
h b

g f

g
f
c

Note : A is symmetric if A = At.

(11)

Skew symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = (aji) is said to be skew

symmetric matrix if aij = -aji + ij
aii = - aii + i
2aii = 0 + i
aii = 0 + i

NSC for square matrix to be skew symmetric is =

(12) Transpose conjugate of a matrix :
Transpose of a complex conjugate of a given matrix is called the
)t and it is
transposed conjugate of a given matrix A. (
5

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

Theory

denoted by A.
)t
i.e. A =(
Note : (A)=A .
e.g. If A =

0
i
1 1 i

then =

A (A)t

i 0
1 1 i

i 1
0 1 i

(13) Hermition Matrix :

Square matrix A = (aij) is said to be Hermitian if
=
+ ,
aii is real No. + i

= [

= [

) = [
(

]=

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

Theory

NSC to square matrix to be Hermition matrix is to be ( ) = A

=A

(14) Skew Hermition matrix :A square matrix A= aij said to be skew Hermition if aij =
ij
i,j
=> aii = ii

=> aii + ii=0

=> aii is zero or aii is purely imaginary

+
A= [ +

=[ +

]=A

NSC for a square matrix to be skew Hermition matrix is

=A
so diagonal elements zero or purely complex.

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

Theory

(15) Orthogonal Matrix :

A square matrix is called orthogonal if A At = I.
e.g.

A
A

2 1 2
1
2
2 1

2
1 2 2

2 2 1
1
1 2 2

3
2 1 2

9 0 0
1
0 9 0

9
0 0 9

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

= I

A is orthogonal and at At is the inverse of A.

Note : (1)
orthogonal then | A | = 1
A At
=I
|A | |At|= I
|A|2
= |I|
|A|2
=1
|A|
=1

If A is

|A| = |At|

(2) If A is orthogonal then A1 exists and A1 = At.

(3) If A and B are orthogonal then AB and BA are
orthogonal.

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

Theory

(16) Unitary Matrix :

A square matrix A is said to be unitary if A A = I.
A

Note : For unitary matrix

1
= A
A A
|A| |A|
|A| |At|
|A| |A|

=I
=1
=1
= 1.

2 i
3
2i

e.g. Show that the matrix

2i
3
2 i

is unitary and hence find

A1.
Let

A=

2 3i
3
2i

2i
3
2 i

At =

2 i
3
2i

2i
3
2 3i

2 i
3
2i

2i
3
2 i

A =A =

)t =
A =(

2 i
3
2i

2i
3
2 i

2 i
3
2i

2i
3
2 i

Matrices

Defination of Matrices

1
4 (i)2
2
(
4

i
)

9
9
2

2
i
2
i
)
i_

(2 i)
9
9

A A=
=

9
9

0
9

1 0
0 1

= I2
So A is unitary.

10

(2 i)
(2 i)2i
2i

9
9
2
2
4i
4 (i)

99
9

Theory