VIDYABHARTI TRUST COLLEGE OF BBA & BCA.

UMRAKH
LEADERSHIP
Leadership is an interpersonal influence directed towards the
achievement of goal or goals
Leadership is influencing people to follow in the achievement of
Common Goal.-Koontz & ODonnell
Leadership is the process of influencing and supporting others to work
to work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives.

QUALITIES OF SUCCESSFUL/GOOD LEADER

A) Energy
It is said to be a leader when the person has capacity to undertake
activities in the diverse fields. It requires both mental & physical energy.
Leaders have to work for long and irregular hours.
B) Emotional Stability
A man who is emotional can not become effective leader. He must be free
from bias and use of anger. He must understand in his dealings with
subordinates.
C) Knowledge Of Human Relations
A leader has to deal with living beings. A man who can successfully deal
with human beings, will successes in any walk of life.
D)Empathy
Empathy means the ability to look at things objectively and understand
them from authors view point. It requires respect for other person, his
rights and his beliefs. When a leader is emphatic, he knows, why other
fellows thing in certain ways. He projects himself mentally into position of
another person.
E) Objectivity

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A good leader doesnt allow his behavior to be influenced by his personal
prejudices or belief. He is objective in his relationship with others. He has
the ability to go below the surface and find out relationship with others.
F) Personal Motivation
The desire for leadership must come out from within an individual. There
should be an inner desire to work long, hard hours persistence, intense
application of self and enthusiasm.
G) Communicative Skill
Only a leader who can speak and talk clearly and forcefully can impress
upon his subordinates. A leader having communicative skill can persuade,
inform and stimulate his followers and the followers will unhesitatingly
carry out his orders.
H)Teaching Ability
It is often said that a good leader is a good teacher. Teaching is the best
way to develop people, to inspire them and to make them aware of
particular objectives
I) Social Skill
Successful leader is one who mixes with his followers freely and thus
gains their confidence and co-operation.
J) Technical Competence
An effective leader must have the knowledge of all operations under him
means good leader have mastery over the technicalities of operation in
which he guides his followers.

TYPES OF LEADERSHIP/ TECHNIQUES

A) Autocratic/Directional Leadership
B) Consultative/ Participative Leadership
C) Free Rein Leadership

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A) Autocratic Leadership Style

An Autocratic leader is one who takes all decisions himself
without consulting the subordinates.

FEATURES:
Retention of power in the hands of manager
Reliance upon commands
instructions are given.

or

orders

in

which

specific

minute

Close supervision & Control

Advantages:
Suitable for managing
subordinates.

inexperienced,

insecure

&

incompetent

Quick Decision & Control can be centralized for orderly operations.

Not prepared to shoulder responsibility & believe better work is done
under detailed instructions
Clear chain of command- Effectively used Method
Maintain Secrecy in Decision Making- Method is Used
Disadvantages:
Misunderstanding
communication.

&

Lack

of

Feed

back

leads

to

breakdown

This leader may prove dangerous in this technological Age.

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Restrict the freedom of employees.
When employees are Educated & conscious about their duties, this
method fails
Lack of Authority Employees turnover increases
Misuse of Power
Business Loses Benefits of Various opinions and advice

B) Consultative / Participative Leadership Style

The participative leader encourages his subordinates to participate in
the decision making process.

Features:
Involves people in Decision making & goal Setting
Attitudes, feelings, suggestions of members consider while making
decisions.
Freedom of thinking and action available to a reasonable extent.
Two way, open communication between members.
Opportunity to uses ones potential in the service of organization
exists.

Advantages:

Motivates people to do better.

Knowledge & Experience of group members can be used in decision
making.
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Individual abilities develop through participation
Less resistance to managerial actions.
Two ways communication keeps members informed about whats going
on & why.

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Disadvantages:
Individual may
contributions.

dominate

the

participation

or

make

disruptive

Very time consuming approach from leaders point of view.

Decisions get diluted, when attempts are made to please every one.
Participation may be viewed as a sign of inefficiency on the part of the
leader----incompetent leader.

C) Free Rein Leadership Style

FEATURES
Group members set goals and decide things on their own.
Leader is passive observer of things.
Leader doesnt decide, doesnt control or exercise influence over the
group.
Leader abdicates responsibility
Members operate in an unrestricted environment.
Communication is open and can take any direction.
Advantages
Working independently can be motivational for some people.
May encourage suggestions, creativity & innovations in the group.
Group is flexible and can adapt quickly to change.
Open and direct communication, with opportunity for self-expression.
May increase the quality of life for some group members.
Disadvantages
Activity may suffer owing to lack of coordination.
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Group objectives may be ignored and individual objectives may
dominate activities.
Lack of control may lead to disruptive behaviour.
Individuals may go their own ways resulting in confusion and chaos.

DIRECTION
Definition
Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which
deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating
sub-ordinate for the achievement of organizational goals
Directing is the process of telling a person what to do.
MEANING
Direction consists of :
Issuing orders and instructions by a superior to his subordinates
(Communication)
Guiding, Advising and helping subordinates in the proper methods of
work. (Leadership)
Motivating them to achieve goals by providing incentives, good

working environment, etc (Motivations)

Supervising

subordinates

to

ensure

compliance

with

plans

(Supervision)
FEATURES
Deals with people
Direction deals with people. It is the process of inspiring people to achieve
goals. It seeks to create harmonious relationship between people.
Seeks Performance
Direction makes things happen. It translates plans into action. It makes
people goal oriented. To obtain results, managers not only issue orders
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but also supervise the performance of subordinates. They also try to
integrate effort at various levels. This helps in securing desired
performance at minimum cost.
Provides a link
Direction is the function of management which follows planning,
organizing

&

staffing.

It

lends

meaning

to

them

by

ensuring

accomplishment of goals. It provides an important link between different

function in an organization without direction individual goals and
organization goals would never intermesh.
Pervasive
Direction is performed by all managers at all levels of an organization.
Every manager is expected to supervise, motivate, lead and communicate
with the subordinates to get the results.
Dynamic & Continuous
Direction is a dynamic and continuing activity of manages. Whenever the
plan change, the technique of control is change. A manager has to
suitably modify the techniques of direction in order to keep pace with
changing times.

IMPORTANCE of Direction
A. Initiates Action:

Direction lends meaning to other managerial functions such as planning,

organizing and staffing. It is through direction, managers seek to achieve
goals.
Systematic planning, sound organization and staffing do not ensure
accomplishment of goals. Along with these functions, managers must
initiates action by:
a. Issuing instructions.
b. Providing guidance
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c. Supervising work and
d. Motivating subordinates to realize goals.
Without direction, other functions of management remain ineffective.
Direction makes things happen.

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B. Achieves Integration
Direction creates harmony and integration among the members of a
group. In an organization, the total worked is performed by different
people at different levels. Unless the work is supervised by managers in
proper way, things dont move in a desired direction. Direction secured
the whole-hearted co-operation of people at all levels through good
communication. It tries to integrate the efforts of individuals in proper
way.
C. Motivates People
Direction motivates employees to achieve superior performance. To this
end, attractive incentives, healthy work climate, guidance and counseling
etc. are provided to employees. Employees are made to realize that their
performance along guarantees organizations success so direction
makes common men do uncommon things.
D. Facilitate Changes
Direction facilitates necessary changes in an organization. It helps an
organization to introduce changes smoothly.
E.g.

employees

resistance

to

adopt

the

robot

technology

in

manufacturing industry but managers can remove the doubts by

emphasizing fact that it will lead to organization growth and other
benefits to them so they can introduce changes in a smooth way.
E. Attains balance & Stability
Direction helps an organization to strike a harmonious balance between
individual needs and organizational demands. People are made to work
hard in an attempt to realize organizational goals and thereby earn their
rewards. Without proper direction, people dont work to their full capacity,
and goals remain as dream. By putting everything on right track
continuously, direction ensures stability to an organization.

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PRINCIPLES OF DIRECTION
A) Principle of Harmony of Objectives.
Direction function must resolve the conflict between individual goals and
organizational objectives. A manager must try to bring harmony and
fusion between individuals employees, groups, and organization. When
both the interests are integrated, contribution of subordinates to the
company will be maximum. It leads to efficiency and effectiveness.
B) Principle of unity of command
A sound principle of direction is that the subordinates should receive
orders from one and only one superior. If subordinates receive orders from
more than one superior means dual subordination brings disorder,
confusion, chaos, and undermines the authority of superior.
C) Principle of direct supervision
Since direction involves motivating the employees towards work, it is
almost essential for the manager concerned to have personal touch with
the subordinates and involve in face to face communication regarding
work related matters. Direct supervision makes the subordinates happy
and boosts their morale.
D)Appropriate techniques
The technique used for direction should be appropriate to the people, the
task and situation. Democratic may work in some cases but autocratic
style may produce results in certain other cases especially where
subordinates are incapable of doing things on their own.
E) Managerial communication
Two-way communication is an important part of direction. The manager
should explain the policies and practices to subordinates and the result
expected of them. Proper feedback should come through upward
communication.

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F) Informal organization
Manager should make use of informal groups to supplement, support and
strengthen the formal structure. The cooperation of informal leaders will
go a long way in putting the house in order.
G) Principle of maximum individual contribution
Performance improves greatly when employee gives his best to the
organization. The manager therefore should inspire the subordinates in
such a way that they contribute their maximum while realizing
organizational objectives.
H)Use of motivation techniques
A manager should know how to motivate and inspire the employees. A
manager should develop selective motivation techniques such as money,
pay, status, job enrichment etc. so that productivity and the quality of the
commodity produced increases.
I) Principle of follow up
Successful direction is never ending activity. In involves constant and
continuous supervision, coaching, advice, counseling and helping the
employees in their respective activities. Continuous feed back is essential
to turn or stop or adjust the wheel of management in action.

SUPERVISION
Definition
Supervision is the achieving of desired results by means of intelligent
utilization of human talents and facilitating resources in a manager that
provides the greatest challenge and interest to human talents- G.R.Terry
Supervision includes
i. Overseeing employees at work
ii. Intelligent utilization of human talents.
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iii. Motivates employees to peak performance
iv. Maintenance of good human relations
SKILLS OF SUPERVISOR
To perform his job effectively the supervisor must possess certain skills.
A. HUMAN SKILL
The ability to work with and through other peoples and to work effectively
as a group member.

The

following

human relations guidelines may help supervisor to

acquire
Improve or improve their human skills.
Try to look at the positive side of the coin first. Judge each group
member by his good qualities.
Analyze the behavior of those above you and at par with you before
analyzing the behavior of your subordinates
Invite group members to partipcate in your schemes.
Give instruction clearly, provide sufficient details.etc..
B. TECHNICAL SKILL
The understanding of, and proficiency in, the performance of specific
tasks.
The supervisor should have thorough knowledge of the work he is
supervising.
C. CONCEPTUAL SKILL
The cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and, the
relationship among its parts.
The supervisor should have the ability to see the total picture. He should
visualize how the various functions of the organization depend on one
another and how changes in one department affect the organization as a
whole.
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SUPERVISORY ROLES:
Total pattern of expected behavior of an individual.
1) Scientific management roles
Technician:
Analyst
Controller
2) Human relations roles
Linking Pin
Human relations expert.
3) Functional Roles
Leader
Organizer
Planner
Decision Maker

HOW TO SUPERVISE EFFECTIVELY????

A. Practice Participation
Supervisors should allow employees to share their feelings about
organization policies and procedures openly. Employees should be given
an opportunity to ventilate their grievances freely. To ensure commitment
and loyalty, it is better to involve employees in goal setting process.
B. Be Aware Of the Resources Available To Accomplish The
Prescribed Work.
Supervisors should able to manage resource-flows properly.

However,

striking a fine balance between human and non-human resource is not

easy. Since supervisors accountable for the effective deployment of
resources, it is better to involve them in the initial stages.
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C. Know And Enforce Policies And Rules
Policy defines the boundaries of supervisory action. They guide the
current and future operations of an organization. In cases where rules are
violated and policies are not enforced severely, rectification steps should
be taken without delay.
D. Find Out The Existing Relationships Inside And Outside The
Immediate Department Being Supervised
To show good performance, supervisors, should understand the network of
organizational relationships that exists between various departments.
They should know the importance of relationships. They should also know
how each department contributes to the realization of overall goals.
Understanding

these

relationships

enables

supervisors

to

manage

employees effectively.
E. Watch Waste Material Loss And Time Loss.
Supervisor should view time as a vital and precious possession, which
must always be used wisely. They must be able to get the most of their
working hours. This requires that they must clearly define the long and
short term objectives and outline the priorities properly so it is easy to
reduce the waste material and time.
F. Measure Performance To Aid In Having A Fair Wage Plan
Supervisors should establish performance standards for employees. Each
employee has a right to know what performance standards are expected
of him and how such standards are determined. So on the basis of it
supervisors

measure

the

actual

performance

and

treated

them

accordingly.
G. Secure Employees Opinions Regarding Supervision
Supervisors should talk to employees frequently, in a simple and easy to
understand language. Talking reveals much about how the policies, rules,
regulations are interpreted by the work group. It also reveals a lot about
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how the supervisory actions are received. It helps in finding out what is
bothering the employees and what gripes are developing.
H. Develop Capable Assistants.
Supervisor should develop capable assistants. They must encourage
potential supervisors to exploit their capacities fully.

When potential

supervisory and managerial material has been located, supervisors should

encourage these people to study further, to acquire new skills and
information that will make them more valuable members of the company.
I. Know From Whom Help Is Supplied When It Is Requested Or
Needed.
Supervisors should know which supervisors and qualified staff personnel
to turn to from time to time. Without the blessings from the top
management and staff personnel, it may not be possible to show good
results.
J. Inform Top And Middle Level Management Members What
Supervisory Action Is Taking Place And Why.
Supervisors should keep management in touch with organizational
activities and trends. Information regarding absenteeism, employee turn
over, volume of work produced, condition of office equipment, budget
requirements should be provided to management periodically.

Co-ordination
Definition
Co-ordination is the orderly arrangement of group effort, to
provide unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose
Co-ordination involves the development of unity of purpose & the
harmonious implementation of plans for the achievement of desired
ends

NEED & IMPORTANCE/OBJECTIVES OF CO-ORDINATION

A) Unity in Diversity
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Effective co-ordination is the essence of good management. There are
large numbers of employees and each has different ideas, views or
opinions, activities and background in a large organization. So manage
the unity in diversity co-ordination is required otherwise all activities
become inefficient.

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B) Team work or Unity of Direction
The efforts, energies and skills of various persons should be integrated as
group efforts to achieve the objective of an organization. In the absence
of co-ordination, the group efforts may be diversified and fail to achieve
the objectives. Co-ordination also eliminates the duplication of work.
C) Functional Differentiation
The organizations functions are divided department wise or section wise
or division wise. Each department performs different jobs. They are
necessary to achieve the general objectives. Co-ordination ensures
definite achievement of objectives. Therefore, co-ordination is necessary
to integrate the function of related departments.
D)Specialization
There is high degree of specialization in the modern industrial world.
Specialists know thoroughly about their respective fields. They are able to
judge the scope, nature and the kind of work they perform. But they fail to
know the job of others and the importance of others performances. This
tends to cause dispute among the specialists. Disputes may be solved
with the help of co-ordination.
E) Reconciliation of Goals
Each department or division has its own goals to achieve within the
stipulated time. There are general goals in relation to an organization. The
employees who are working in the organization also have their own goals.
Therefore

co-ordination

reconciles

the

employers

goals

with

departmental and organizational goals.

F) Large number of Employees
Large numbers of employees are working in large organizations. They
have different habits, behaviors, approach in a particular situation so due
to this problem arising in complex organizations and its solved by
coordination
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G) Harmonious Flow of Information
Congruity of flows refers to the continuous flow of similar information from
one direction to another direction. Information regarding the utilization of
resources, activities, using of authority and output is made to flow in an
organization.co-ordination ensures the smooth and continuous flow of
information.
H)Empire Building
Empire building refers to the top portion of line organization. The line
officer always expects co-ordination from staff officers. But the line
officers are not ready to extend their co-operation to staff officers. It
creates a conflict between line officers and staff officers. Therefore, coordination is necessary to avoid conflict between line officers and line
officers.

TECHNIQUES OF CO-ORDINATION
1. Clearly Defined Objectives
Each and every organization has its own objectives. These objectives
would be clearly defined. Then, the employees of the organization should
understand the objectives of organization well. Unity is purpose is a must
for achieving co-ordination.
2. Co-ordination By Chain of Command
In each organization line Authority decides who is responsible and to
whom. If the line authority and responsibility are clearly defined, the
superior has proper control over his subordinates so by using principle of
chain of command co-ordination can be achieved.
3. Co-ordination Through Group Meetings
The common group of problems of an organization is discussed by the
officials in group Meetings.
Such group meetings help in achieving co-ordination.

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4. Harmonious Policies & Procedures
Rules an Regulation, procedures, programmes are used as a (guidelines
for taking a decision) so there should be harmonious and
5. Co-ordination By Leadership
A manager uses his leadership skills to induce the subordinates. A leader
can motivates the subordinates and identity the interests of individuals.
6. Effective Communication
Effective communication promotes mutual understanding of and cooperation

among

the

various

officials

in

an

organization.

The

communication should be direct as far as possible.

7. Co-operation
Co-operation is the result of better relations among the employees of the
organization. The sound policies, procedures provide a basis for better
relations. Informal contacts are also encouraged to ensure co-ordination
through co-operation.
8. Self Co-ordination
There is different function in organizations which are interlinked. So, the
arrangement of different departments functions are in such a way that
each department
9. Incentives
The

term

incentives

include

only

monetary

incentives.

They

are

increments in the scale of pay, bonus, profit sharing and the like.
TYPES OF CO-ORDINATION
A.INTERNAL CO-ORDINATION:
Vertical & Horizontal Co-ordination
Substantive & Procedural Co-ordination
B.EXTERNAL CO-ORDINATION:

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