Art Gr 11- Exam Review Lia Lubiana

The Elements and Principles of Design

Contropostto
Italian term that means counter pose. It is used in
the visual arts to describe a human figure standing
with most of its weight on one side.
Triangular Composition
Artists place the subject or other parts of their
piece in a geometric structure in order to be more
pleasing to the eye and also to create movement.
Your eyes will flow from one part to the piece to the
next.

Elements of Design
Line
Color
Shape
-Geometric
-Organic
Texture
Other Important Terms
-Actual (ex. Stippling with paintbrush)
Humanism: is a philosophical and ethical stance
-Simulated (made to look like it has texture)
that emphasizes the value and agency of human
Proportion- Size (bigger comes to front and smaller goes to back) beings, individually and collectively, and generally
prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism,
Space
empiricism) over established doctrine or faith
-Positive
(fideism).
-Negative- empty
Aristocracy: is a form of government that places
Form
power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.
-3D made to look 3D with value
The term derives from the Greek aristokratia,
meaning "rule of the best".
Principles of Design
The Sublime: experiences of awe, terror and danger
Balance
especially in nature.
-Symmetrical- equal on all sides
Tempera: paint made of dry pigments that was
-Asymmetrical-unequal on all sides
mixed with binding materials (egg yolk)
-Radial- moves out from central point
A binder is a liquid that holds together the grains of
Repetition
pigment. Typical binder was egg yolk. Often applied
Contrast
to a wooden panel which was prepared with gesso
-Large difference between things creates interest
( mixture of glue and white pigment such as plaster,
Dominance/Emphasis
chalk and white clay) this painting method produced
-Focal point should be placed on one of the
a hard and brilliant surface.
intersecting points of the 9 grid
Fresco: A method of painting in which pigments are
-Emphasis can be creates with color and shape
applied to a thin layer of wet plaster so they are
-Focal point not in the center.
absorbed at the plaster dries.
Unity
Intaglio: is the family of printing and printmaking
-Use of elements and principles to create full piece
techniques in which the image is incised into a
-Done by using repetition
surface, and the incised line or sunken area holds the
Movement
ink.
-Created by line and repetition
Gesture Drawing: A gesture drawing is work of
art defined by rapid execution. Typical situations
Techniques
involve an artist drawing a series of poses taken by
Linear Perspective
a model in a short amount of time, often as little as
A graphic system that showed artists how to
30 seconds, or as long as 2 minutes.
create the illusion of depth and have value on a flat
surface
Atmospheric Perspective
Perspective that uses hue, value, and intensity to
show distance in painting
Sfumato
Painting technique describing Fumo or smoke
Contour Drawing: Contour drawing, is an artistic
Overlaying translucent layers of colour to create
technique used in the field of art in which
the illusion of depth, blurring and softening edges.
the artistsketches the contour of a subject by
Chiaroscuro
drawing lines that result in a drawing that is
The arrangement of dramatic contrast of light and
essentially an outline.
shadow can create depth.
Foreshortening
A way of drawing figures or objects according to
the rules of perspective so that they appear to
recede ( go back) or protrude ( stick out) into three
dimensional space.

Blind Contour Drawing: an artist draws

the contour of a subject without looking at the
paper.

One Point perspective:

Two Point Perspective:

Glazing: Glazes can change the chroma, value, hue

and texture of a surface. Drying time will depend on
the amount and type of paint medium used in
the glaze. The medium, base, or vehicle is the
mixture to which the dry pigment is added.
Under painting: initial layer of paint applied to a
ground, which serves as a base for subsequent
layers of paint.

History- The Fun Begins!

Early to High Renaissance
The Renaissance
Period after the middle ages
The word Renaissance means rebirth- Start of
the modern world
New interest in old ways of making art, like Greek
and Rome(more accurate representation of the body)
Changes in thought about art, religion, literature
and education
Where did Renaissance start?
Began in Italy, in Florence
Later spread North to Germany and England
The Italian Renaissance
Interested in human achievements instead of
spiritual and religious achievements
The Northern Renaissance
Were interested in early Christian period
Figure in their art work were more realistic
Both Northern and Italian Renaissance
Interested in green and Roman culture (The
Classics)
Use of perspectives in paintings

Believed in humanism (Moved away from religion)

Used critical method of study
What is Humanism?
What is it like to be human
Idea started in the Renaissance that people have
value and worth
Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art
Medieval art/Middle Ages
No perspective, No proportion, many religious
themes
Renaissance Art
Everyday scenes
More realistic
Early Renaissance
Masaccio
Most important artist who used linear perspective
One of his greatest is The Holy Trinity
Shows Mary and John the Evangelist and the Holy
Trinity. The skeleton represents Adam who reminds
us that we too will be bones
It is full of triangular composition, linear
perspective.

Ghiberti
won the door creation contest againsr biggest
rival Brunelleschi. The door was for Il Duomo
He called this the Gates of Paradise
He uses linear perspective in his paintings
Relief sculpture is when you look at it from only
one point of viewpoint rather than all around.
Relief sculpture is a type of sculpture us which
forms project from a background
In the Round is a three dimensional sculpture that
you can walk around and view from all angles.

Sandro Botticelli ( 1480s)

The adoration of the Magi-1470s
Linear perspective, atmospheric perspective,
triangular composition

Four famous High Renaissance artists that we will

study are
-Michelangelo
-Leonardo DaVinci
-Raphael
-Sofonisba Anguisola
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
Poor
Trained with Fresco painter Ghirlandio at 13.
Medici accepted him in their sculptor school at 16
Believed he was freeing the figure from stone
blocks with malt and chisel.

The Birth of Venus

Tempra (Paint on wood)
Not a church painting

Painting Techniques
Tempera: paint made of dry pigments that was
mixed with binding materials (egg yolk)
A binder is a liquid that holds together the grains of
pigment. Typical binder was egg yolk. Often applied
to a wooden panel which was prepared with gesso
( mixture of glue and white pigment such as plaster,
chalk and white clay) this painting method produced
a hard and brilliant surface.
Fresco: A method of painting in which pigments are
applied to a thin layer of wet plaster so they are
absorbed at the plaster dries.
Donatello
David-1440
The moment right after he has fought goliath
Donatello was more concerned with the actual
story rather than the idealized statue of the person.
He did this 70 years before Michelangelo

David- Michelangelo
1501-1504
Like ancient Greek hero
Holds sling in right hand but relaxed controposto
shape
Symbolized Florence defending against enemies
Placed outside town hall

Pieta- Michelangelo
1500
St.Peters Cathedral- Rome
Triangular composition
Mary holds Jesus body; she accepts his death as
the necessary fulfillment of humanities salvation
Drapery is very extravagant

The Sistine Chapel Ceiling- Michelangelo

1508-1512
Vatican
Fresco
He was a better sculptor than painter
9 Old Testament scenes
High Renaissance (1495-1525)
Late Renaissance (1525-1600)
(Also Called Mannerism)

Leonardo DaVinci
Ideal Renaissance man- painting, architecture,
engineering, military science, botany, anatomy and
optics
he leaned more towards painting rather then
Michelangelo
Sketched 10000 things over the years
The Virgin of the Rocks- Leonardo DaVinci
1485
Oil/pastel
In the Louvre/Paris
Chiaroscuro
Sfumato

The Last Supper-Leonardo DaVinci

1495-1498
Milan, Italy
A lot of the paint it gone

Raphael
Used soft colors, simple circular forms, and gentle
landscapes in his paintings
He uses triangular composition known as the
golden triangle
Commissioned to paint the Vatican, like
Michelangelo
School of Athens- Raphael
1509-1511
People are more spread out unlike previous ones
with people clustered
The people in the center are Plato and Aristotle
talking about Humanism- focal point

Mona Lia- Leonardo DaVinci

1503-1506
Her smile was his favourite and he carried it with
him until the day he died.
Chiarosuro
Sfumato
Located in the Louvre
Most likely Lisa del Giocondo was the model. Not only was she
probably this Italian noblewoman, but she was probably knocked
up when she sat for a portrait with da Vinci. The Mona Lisa is
believed to be pregnant in the painting.
The right eye features the letters LV, which more than likely
stands for Leonardo da Vinci (pretty low key signature right there)
and the symbols in the left eye are a little harder to make out, but
they appear to be the letters CE or the letter B.

The Alba Madonna- Raphael

1510
Atmospheric Perspective, soft colors, duller hues
Light to dark values to create feeling of form
Red , blue and yellow used to balance color
spectrum
Triangular composition

Cowper Madonna-1505
Madonna Del Sedia-1518
Sofonisba Anguissola
First Italian woman to gain worldwide reputation as
an artist
Studied from Genovese artist
Her dad believed in proper education
She was not allowed to paint nudes
She was so good, King Phillip II of spain invited her
to be his court porrait painter in 1558-1568
She paints portraits

The Arolfini Wedding Portrait-Jan Van Eyck

1434
Writing on the walls-his signature
Raised hand-shows the oath between couple
Shoes off- Shows that it is a holy event
Dog-symbolizes loyalty
In the mirror people witnessing wedding, best man
or maid of honour
One burning candle-Light of God
Natural Light and atmospheric perspective
He paid special attention to small details

Self Portrait-Sofanisba Anguissola

Rogier Vander Weyden

Chess Game- Sofanisba Anguissola

The Northern Renaissance

Art of Northern Europe
renaissance 15th and 16th century
they developed a new oil painting technique
Oil paints are a mixture of dry pigments with
linseed oil, turpentine and varnish. Artists could
paint smooth, transparent glazes or thick, richly
textured surfaces.
the added advantage of oil pain t was that it
slowed the drying time, allowing artists to work
slowly, adding more detail to their pictures,
especially in contrast to Italian Fresco
Northern artists combed the Italian perspectice
anatomy with their love of detail
Jan Van Eyke
One of the first oil painters

The Descent from the Cross- Rogier Vander

Weyden
Realism
Very expressive-Northern Artists
the Clutteriness is similar to previous periods
Looks a little bit like gothic art

Hugo Vander Goes

The Adoration of the Sheperds- Hugo Vander
Goes
1476
Impressive because of high realism, transparent
glow, colors, and textures
Looks a little bit like Gothic Art
Mannerism (Late Renaissance) the South
Was considered a deliberate revolt by artists
against the goals of Renaissance
Raphaels Alba Madonna signified a time when Italy
was at peace with the Church. It was a period of
confidence and hope.
Now a movement in which a group of Christians led
by Martin Leuther left the church in revolt to form

their own religion in a movement called the

Protestant Reformation.
The Reformation
Martin Leuther highly against the churches
extreme push at this time for indulgences (donations
made in order to save you from hell)
His attacks widened to cover many doctrine
catholic practices
A time of much unrest protests and change
Maddona with the Long Neck- Parmigianino
1535
Art during this time was meant to be weird to look
at
They were trying to bring people back to the
church

Religious conflict
Good vs evil
Often frightening and difficult to understand. Has
some humor to is aswell

Mannerism in the North

Albrecht Durer
Self Portrait-Albrecht Durer
Many people did not like this painting because they
believe that he made himself look too much like
Jesus.

Last Supper- Tintoretto

1594

Presentation of the Virgin- Tintoretto

1550
Odd perspective, elongated figures, strange
uneven light, even though Mary was very important
she is depicted very small in this image
They made the art look disorganized to show how
unorganized everything was with the Reformation at
the time

Mannerism
(Protestant
Reformation)
Oil Paint
Very expressive
Lots of detail
Questioning about
religion
Art was not balanced
Very weird highlights
and contours
Chiaroscuro (weird
lighting)

Renaissance
Very balanced
Tempera/Fresco
Natural Lighting
Chiaroscuro (more
balanced lighting)

Baroque Art
The Baroque Movement
Was a dynamic and dramatic art movement that
was encouraged by the Catholic Church who wanted
to lure people back from the reformation
This was called counter reformation

Death and the Miser- Hieronymus Bosch

1485-1460

Dates and Countries

1600s
Italy, France and Spain

Characteristics of style
Movement, vivid contrasts of color and light
(Chiaroscuro)
Highly dramatic biblical imagery
Sculpture looked as though it was breaking out of
architecture
Architecture emphasized decorative facadesincorporated scrolls, spirals and curving active lines
in design

First woman in history of western art to have a

significant impact on the art of her time
She used light and dark contrast for dramatic
effect, and her skill as a forceful storyteller was
evident in her paintings.
Captured the highest moment of drama and
excitement and intensified it for the viewer with
chiaroscuro
Judith Beheading Holofernes- Gentileschi

Artists
Bernini
Caravaggio
Gentileschi
Influences
Catholic church regaining power and answering the
challenge of the Protestant reformation (Counter
Reformation)
David- Bernini
The figure moves about freely within the space
Positive and Negative Space
More interested in telling the story unlike
Renaissance
A lot more movement that Renaissance

Rococo Art
The Rococo Movement
Recorded the privileged care-free life of the
aristocracy- reflected their luxurious and idle way
of life
Dates and Countries
Early to Mid 1700s
France, England, Holland, Spain
This new style first appeared in France and was
responsible for elevating that country to a position of
leadership in the art world (France was destined to
maintain that position for the next three countries)

Caravaggio
Made light an important part of his paintings and
used it to illuminate figues and expose their
imperfections. By showing their flaws it made the
figures seem more real and more human.
He used ordinary people to portray religious
subjects wich has mixed reactions from people
Used a lot of chiaroscuro
Judith Beheading Holofernes- Caravaggio

Characteristics of Style
Marked by a free, graceful movement, a playful use
of line, and delicate pastel colors.
Baroque Art
Grand heroes or pious
martyrs
History and Religion

Rococo Art
Carefree life of the
Aristocracy
Love and Romance

Artists
Antoine Watteau
Jean-Honore Fragonard
Influences
the Royal Court had become increasingly
important, and the aristocracy- persons of high
ranking and privledge- took their place in the
pageantry of court life.
King Louis 14th palace at Versailles

Gentileschi

Watteau

Embarkation for Cythera- Watteau

Shows a group of happy young aristocrats about to
set sail from Cytheria, the Legendary Island of
Romance

Subjects: Green and Roman history, mythology,

propaganda
Technique: stressed drawing with lines; no trace
of brushstrokes
Role of art: moral persuasion
Founding Father: David
Politics: the French Bourgeoisie (middle class)
overthrows Aristocracy kill the king Louis XVI/
queen Marie Antoinette (Monarchy). Revolution
1789
Artists
Jacque Louis David
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Fragonard
The Swing- Fragonard
He used axis lines and contour lines to tie the
painting together

The Palace of Versailles

King Louis the 14th lived there
the elegancy and vivid colours were an influence of
the Rococo style

Neo-classicism
The Neoclassical Movement
Sought to revive the ideals of the ancient Greek
and Roman art, and was characterized by balanced
compositions, flowing contour lines, and noble
gestures and expressions
Neoclassical art rejects the Rococo as too light and
meaningless

Influences
When the buried ruins of Pompeii were found in the
1730s and the 1740s, the world gained renewed
interest in the Classical period and art forms
The academies, or art schools, urged their
students to study famous works of the past as the
best way of developing their own skills
Salons were yearly exhibitions of art created by
Academy members
The French revolution led to artwork laden with
propaganda or information/ideas purposely spread to
influence public opinion
** Best way to identify neoclassicism is they
paintings all have very intense stories and no brush
strokes. Lighting is not very intense. Different from
baroque because baroque has a lot of chiaroscuto.
Mostly Roman and greek.**
David
After French revolution art was used as propaganda
for the new middle class.
Wanted to re-establish democracy
The Death of Socrates-Jacques Louis David
1787
The death of Socrates, balanced composition
rejects the movement, diagonals, and emotion of the
Baroque
Government gives Socrates option to deny belief
in gods or drink hemlock. David depicts him having
a last talk with his followers about the moralist of the
soul.

Dates and Countries

1700s
France and England
Characteristics of Style
Values: order and solemnity
Tone: calm, rational

Oath of the Horatii Jacques Louis David, 1784

Expresses important of fighting for your country.

 Family of three brothers heading out to fight three

brothers from another city Alba Longa. One sister is on
the floor married to a brother from the Alba Longa
Family.

Realism

Romanticism (The Sublime)

Portrays dramatic and exotic subjects perceived with
strong feelings.
Dates and Countries
1800s
France
Characteristics of Style
Values: intuition, emotion, imagination
Tone: subjective, spontaneous, nonconformist
Color: unrestrained, deep, rich shades
Subjects: legends, exotica, nature, violence
Genres: Narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, and
wild animals
Technique: quick brushstrokes, strong light-and-dark
contrasts
Artists
Theodore Gericault, Eugene Delacroix

The Realist Movement

Rejected art that glorified the past
(Neoclassicism) or that offered romantic views of
current events (romanticism)
Realist artists painted familiar scenes and trivial
events as they really looked
Dates and Countries
Late 1800s to early 1900s
Characteristics of Style
Represented everyday scenes and events as they
actually looked (subjects included peasants and the
everyday working class)
Artists
Gustave Courbet
Edouard Manet
Luncheon on the Grass - Edouard Manet
The artist and a nude model + use of photograph1st to paint in this style

Influences
Multi-disciplinary= writers, poets, composers, and
artists shared Romantic sensibilities
Nature worship= painters like Turner and Constable
lifted the status of landscapes paintings by giving
natural scenes heroic overtones; both man and nature
were soon as touched by the supernatural
An attitude of intellectual orientation Romanticism
can be seen as a rejection of order, calm,, balanced,
harmony, idealized, and rationally that typified
Classicism and neoclassicism in particular.
Romanticism emphasizes the individual or subjective
(each persons perspective) emotion over intellect,
imaginative, appreciation for the beauty o nature,
emotional, and the sublime (the awe and terror of
nature)
Second half characterized by cultural nationalism and
dramatic depictions. Nature paintings.

Mary Cassatt
Boating Party- Mary Cassatt
(her family + use of candid unposed photograph)
Important female artist of the period

Snow Storm: Steamboat off a Harbors mouthJ.M.W Turner

1842
Look very different from Neoclassicism because brush
strokes are evident.

Impressionism
Argued that people do not see objects but only
reflected light. This translates as broken dabs of
color (pointillism)
To capture this reality Moet rejected the studio
to paint in the landscape out doors looking at real
life, light and color.
Fewer details, soft blurred edges (unlike realism
which did use black and tends to be hard edged,
more like photography)
Impressionism is the first glance
Deals with light and color mostly

Based off of the story in which David was a

young child
David is stepping on Goliaths head
Made of bronze
Contrapposto position

Claude Monet
1st impressionist exhibit. Critics hated this
painting
Water Lilies- Monet
This was his most famous painting

David-Michelangelo
Renaissance
Idealized
Very strong classical figure
Made of marble
Contrapposto position

Post Impressionism
1880s-90s
Optical mixing- blues and violets (cool
colors) in place of greys, browns and blacks
(neutral)
Richly textures brushstrokes
Color is not like life, like the Impressionists or
Realists
Crazy colors
Artists: Paul Gauguin and Vincent Van Gogh
Starry Night-Van Gogh

Use of line to create movement

The Three Davids

David-Donatello
Early Renaissance

David- Bernini
Baroque
A lot of negative space

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More expressive position as compared to the

other two
Made of marble
A lot more expressionistic

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