Universidade de So Paulo

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Departamento de Cincias de Computao - ICMC/SCC

Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Cientficas - ICMC/SCC

2015

A review of senescent's motivation in the use

of tactile devices
Procedia Computer Science, Amsterdam, v. 67, p. 376-387, 2015
http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/50634
Downloaded from: Biblioteca Digital da Produo Intelectual - BDPI, Universidade de So Paulo

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 67 (2015) 376 387

6th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing

Accessibility and Fighting Infoexclusion (DSAI 2015)

A review of senescents motivation in the use of tactile devices

Renata Pontin M. Fortesa, Guilherme Almeida Martinsa, Paula Costa Castroa,*
a

University of So Paulo (USP), So Carlos, SP, Brasil

Abstract
Researchers report that people older than 60 years old could benefit from easier access to information by using technologies.
However, they have been marginalized from the digital inclusion process. The main reason is that the development of devices
and interfaces does not consider particularities that allow its use by this range of senior users. Mobile devices with touch screens
have the potential to solve these problems. It is because interactions based on touch are more intuitive, regardless of age.
However, the use rate of tactile devices for the elderly is considered low compared to other age groups, because they tend to use
their mobile phones for relatively limited purposes. The aim of this study is, through interviews and specific tasks encourage the
use of technology by those who have not demonstrated the receptive to the devices, and verify the existence of motivations to use
a schedule on a tactile device. The results provide insights for developing a schedule application, and evidence that even the
senescent people, who often have hesitation about mobile devices, after the conclusion of a task supported by specialists became
receptive to such technology.
by Elsevier
B.V. by
This
is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
2015
2015Published
The Authors.
Published
Elsevier
B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review
under responsibility of organizing committee of the 6th International Conference on Software Development and
Peer-review under
of organizingand
committee
of Info-exclusion
the 6th International
Conference
Technologies
for responsibility
Enhancing Accessibility
Fighting
(DSAI
2015). on Software Development and
Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI 2015)

Keywords: Elderly; Senescent; User centered design; Human Factors; Input devices

* Corresponding author.
Tel.: +55-16-3373-9658.
E-mail address: renata@icmc.usp.br (Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes). gaamart@usp.br (Guilherme Almeida Martins). paula@ufscar.br
(Renata Pontin M. Fortes).

1877-0509 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 6th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies
for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI 2015)
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.09.282

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377

1. Introduction
The demographic transition is a reality and both percentage and number of elderly people are steadily increasing;
changing the society [1,2]. Studies report that tactile interactions could benefit elderly people through easier
information and communication access, provided by tactile interactions [3-6] but they have been marginalized in the
process of digital inclusion.
Mobile devices based on touch screens have shown potential to reduce the problems many seniors complain
when trying to use new ways of technological interaction. This occurs not only due to the fact touch-based
interactions can be more intuitive, regardless of the users age, but also due touch-based screens interfaces allow to
offer receptive interfaces to elderly people through adaptations in software level. Therefore, this age group presents
a high potential to benefit from the same technological devices that younger people uses and also access the same
services and on line communities. This increases the social inclusion of the elderly, improving their quality of life
[7]. However, the use rate of tactile devices by elderly is currently considered low compared to other age groups.
The aim of the study in this paper is to encourage the use of tactile devices by senescent persons who showed no
receptive to this technology, and verify the existence of motivations expressed by these individuals to use a schedule
system on a mobile device. We adopt the term senescent person to refer to people over the age of 40 years and
elderly, over the age of 60 years old, to include the general aging public, in order to obtain the collaboration for
gathering the requirements for a schedule application in tactile device.
This paper is organized as follows: in the next section we present related works with researches on the use of
technologies by older users; below, we present the methodology used for the research; the next section we discuss
the main results obtained in the research and finally, in the last section, we present the main conclusions and
proposals for future research.
2. Related work
New technologies are being developed and improved to increase access to information and communication for
everyone, including the elderly and people with special needs.
Several studies have investigated the acceptance of mobile devices by the elderly, through models and analysis of
qualitative data [8,9] . These studies indicate that most participants have not reached full adoption but did not reject
technology altogether. Moreover, we obtained the reasons why many elderly do not reach full adoption and did not
completely accept mobile devices. In fact, the studies indicate a significant number of users stagnate in a phase of
limited use with no inclination towards full adoption or complete rejection.
The purpose of this study is to encourage the use of the tactile device technology for senescent, seeking to
identify the motivations to use this technology expressed by those individuals, and thus provide the potential stimuli
to overcome stagnation identified in the study of [8,9].
The study conducted in [10] revealed that older people are mobile devices passive users, have apprehension of
consequences using unfamiliar technology, and the preferred design tools are aids for declining functional abilities.
Another issue identified in the research referred to gender differences in relation to preference for design resources.
The differences reported were: women prefer tactile aids (haptics) and men aid of perception (cognitive). This result
propitiated the increase of the studies by [11], by providing a schematic representation of the cooperative learning
process of mobile devices older women users, reflecting a more subtle interpretation of these devices use for
women.
Other studies have also being conducted particularly on techniques and input interfaces in order to improve
usability and accessibility for older users. The researches [12,13] are based on an analysis of the users interaction to
perform various tasks based on input data on the devices. For example, the use of text messaging and basic gestures
such as tap, drag and pinch. The results indicate that tactile devices are generally easier for the elderly, compared
with more traditional interaction devices for point-and-click (ie, standard keyboard and mouse). However,
careful observations identified several typical problems of interaction by older adults, that should be addressed.

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Mobile devices can also be used in applications related to health, such as [14] project that allows the elderly to
monitor diseases like diabetes, obesity, irregular heartbeat, hypertension and manage their health at home. As the
[15] work, who developed a digital schedule application allowing users to create calendar entries, aiding the loss of
the ability to store information in the memory, Ahamed et al.s solution not only notifies the patient with a voice
message so he does not forget to take his medicine, but also sends the data collected with the monitoring to a
medical personnel for evaluation, avoiding the need to move the elderly to the hospital to perform such evaluation
[14].
Another applications could be found in studies of [16,17], where they have evaluated the effects of NintendoWii
games between young and old people in general, if it can support inter-generational game-play between the elderly
and the youths, and proof-of-concept implementation of a mobile system for helping elderly people to improve their
social life, as entertainment and socialisation, finding out how to reach friends, doctors, theaters, museums with the
aid of an travel advisory, helping them in promoting mental and social health.
As the above studies have highlighted, this paper also showed concerns about the behavior of the elderly,
particularly in their willingness to not fully reject and adopt the tactile technology in mobile devices. Above all, we
noted that after conclusion of the planned tasks in the research, both with the aid of a computer specialist and a
gerontology specialist, such behavior tended towards an interest in the adoption and acceptance of technology more
positive.
We noted, based on analyzed results, that assistance provided by specialists was a great influence factor to the
participants to contribute to the rest of the interview satisfactorily. Therefore it was added as a requirement for the
implementation of a schedule application, the presence of support mechanisms (tutorials and more detailed error
handling systems) in order to simulate that aid and increase the product receptiveness.
3. Research Methodology
In this section we describe the main elements defined for conducting the research procedure developed and
presented in this paper.
3.1. Sample
This qualitative study enrolled 40 subjects divided as: 30 volunteer participants of at least 40 years old and a
Control Group of 10 workers aged between 20-39 years old from University of the Third Age (U3A) of So Carlos,
state of So Paulo, Brazil, in 2013. U3A was chosen as the research site because it provides an environment of intergenerational interaction and greater heterogeneity of participants. In addition, we also had access to senescent
individuals who meet the requirements of basic computer skills, which represented in the survey 60% of the
participants.
Table 1 shows the number and the demographic characteristics of this study participants. The sample was
composed of four groups, divided by 20 and 20 years. The 20-39 years old group represents 25% of the sample and
has a very young mean age, differing from the others in order to be a control group. The 80s group has participants
with almost 90 years old, contributing to the data richness. The 60-79 group is better distributed within the age
ranging, accounting for 37.5% of the sample. The 40-59 group has a mean age near the median age (51), and
represents 25% of the total participants in the sample. This study has enrolled 75% of women and 25% of men, and
this majority of female people represents the actual feminization of aging [18].

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Table 1: Sample demographics characteristics.

The high level education observed among the elderly in this study is similar to the other U3As participants, but
different from the Brazilian elderly population. It allows a better comparison between age groups in Brazilian
scenario [19].
The prevalence of cognitive impairment (evaluated with the mini-mental state examination MMSE [20])
observed was 17,5% of the total sample and 15% of the 60s and above. The lack of correlation between age and
cognitive impairment could be due to the fact of the U3As are an active aging environment and the permanent
education be a protection factor against cognitive loss [21].
The study protocol (482.306/2013) and informed consent form received ethics approval from the Ethic
Committee on Human Experimentation. Written informed consent concerning conduct of the survey was obtained
from each participant. Complete anonymity of participants was assured since they are not identified in any of the
reports. Participation was voluntary and it was explained that the volunteer could leave the study whenever he
wanted without suffering any loss or consequence. The results will be disseminated to all participating volunteers.
3.2. Data Collection
In this study, personal interviews were used as a technique for collecting data from the first level, according to
the definitions of [22], and observation of the subject to perform a set of tasks, as a technique for collecting data
from the second level.
Four specialists (2 in Gerontology and 2 in Computer Science) had made the content analysis and five volunteers
performed the semantic analysis of questionnaire defined for the interview. The final version consists of 68
questions, open and closed, divided in three main parts:
1.
2.

3.

Part I - User Profile - questions about personal data, test to assess the mental state20 and on familiarity with the
tactile devices.
Part II - User performance during the proposed tasks - impressions and observations by researchers extracted
on participants, while performing the following tasks: (a) turn on the device and basic use of applications (b)
text editing, (c) Internet access and (d) interaction with games, specifically the game Angry Birds. The tasks
were performed using 7 Android Tablets.
Part III - Possible limitations and preferences aiming to the development of a digital schedule application.

The interviews took on average 45 minutes to perform each session with the attendees. During the second Part of
the interview, the tasks were designed in order to verify the ability of participants to perform basic functions
available on devices such as interacting with applications, search and edit information and perform touch and
gestures like pinching and dragging.
While carrying out the questionnaire, we have observed problems, such as lack of precision when selecting small
items with the fingers, big fat finger, lack of patience to wait for the program to open/ load, evidenced by the frantic
tap the icon application to the get answer / perform as expected, and finally, excessive force when touching the
screen to perform the action of a task.
The data from the interviews were organized into spreadsheets and the audio files were saved to keep a record of
the interview, as well as being available to be revisited in the future to check details and recollect information.

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Observations and comments made by participants during the interview were included in the spreadsheet, so that
each comment to stay directly connected with the corresponding question on the worksheet or the time of the
questionnaire when it occurred.
3.3. Data analysis
We did an evaluation before the interaction of the participant with the task, whose goal was to verify the
acceptance level of the participants in relation to mobile devices. Then we did another evaluation after the
participant interaction with the device, whose purpose was to check whether the expert explanation and help
influenced the participants responsiveness improvement.
According to this characteristic, participants were separated into two main classes: receptive to this technology
present in tactile devices, and non-receptive to this technology. To obtain such groups of participants, we used the
data from the questions relating to the participants profile and assigned a score for each positive or negative
response, in order to classify the participant in a given group. The questions used and their scores can be visualized
in Table 2.

Table 2: The defined punctuation to the answers of each factor used to classify the participants.

Participants who had a score higher than zero were considered receptive. And participants who scored less than
or equal to zero were considered non-receptive to the technology. This score weighting occurred to better define
which factors are most relevant and which are supplementary to the participants classification.
These scores were defined on the basis that if the person has a touch device and/or held a course in informatics,
he/she is more proactive and trying to follow the technological development, as well as willing to stay updated view
the technological advances. Another point used as the basis for this classification were the comments made by
participants, since is possible to find out how receptive they were in relation to new experiences, which in this study
was connected to the use of technologies in mobile devices.
Comments like: Its too complicated or I hate the phone because it takes my freedom, which have a negative
character, and My 2 years old grandson is teaching me how to use on iPad or I think the iPad is better than
normal computer, that have a positive character, are examples of comments about technology receptiveness, thus
being also considered for the classification.
4. Results and discussion
The participants can be distributed in 2 categories: 23 (57.5%) were identified as receptive ones and the other 17
(42.5%) as non-receptive. In order to better understand how this rating is aligned with the actual willingness of the
participants, we compared the classification results of receptiveness with the following variables in the questionnaire
conducted with participants: age, cognitive impairment and educational level.
The first comparison shows that the higher the age the higher the rejection and the not receptivity to mobile
devices, totaling a percentage of rejection of 0% among young people, 30% of senescent volunteers, 60% among the
elderly and 80% among the elderly over 80 years old. The second: comparison between cognitive impairment and
receptiveness. Among 7 participants, who have cognitive impairment, 5 were non-receptive. The finding has
opened a gap of research on a possible relationship between these factors. Finally, the third comparison: among 17
people who were non-receptive, 13 completed at most the second grade, and 18 of 23 were at least receptive
people attending college.

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The level of difficulty, that participants had prior to performing tasks on the device, was consider also as a
variable in this paper. The classification levels were: with ease, if the participant has no difficulty in using the
device, and with difficulty if he/ she has presented some difficulty.
At first, a Tablet was granted to participants so that they should turn the device on and experts analysed by
observing the behavior of participants in handling and use of the device in order to check their level of ease with
the device. The participant would be classified as with ease if has presented initiative unassisted discovered how to
connect the device, and would be classified as with difficulty if we observed one of the following behaviors: fear
handling the device; refuse to look for where to connect the device; become scared while performing the first
contact with the device; push a button too hard or too long; find that the start button is on the camera device; click
more than once to open an application.
Based on this classification, 17 of 40 participants were with difficulty of handling the device and the other 23
were handling it with ease. However, by combining the results obtained in the classification of receptivity, with the
values resulting from this analysis, it was found that from the total of 17 with difficulty, 14 were non-receptive and
only 3 were receptive, as can be seen in Figure 1.

Fig. 1: Receptiveness of participants versus the remark about the handling of the device in the early stage of performing the
tasks.

To check if this difficulties classification was relevant in this sample, we compare its results with information
gathered during the interview as: time of use of mobile devices, difficulty to use electronic devices and age groups.
By comparing age groups with the classification performed, we noted that although the older participants, the
greater the number of participants with difficulty and, the younger more easily perform the same introductory task;
in intermediate age groups, we obtained almost equal amounts of people with ease and with difficulty.
In comparison with the amount of time that participants used a tactile device, we note that of the 16 people who
had never used a mobile device to this date, 14 people were with difficulty. Among the 23 with ease, 20 were
experienced with a minimum of six months on mobile devices.
Among experienced participants 3 were classified as with difficulty ones. A possible explanation to this, lies in
the question in the questionnaire, which refers to the difficulty with which the participant used electronic equipment.
It was found that these people had a higher difficulty using equipment such as television, microwave and cellular
difficulty scoring at least 3 on a 1-5 scale.
Another variable considered in this paper was the participants capacity to accomplish tasks according to
observation and to quantify the assistance provided by experts to the participants in order to achieve accomplish
tasks. Initially, the participants were completely free to perform tasks without any additional information, and as he /
she demonstrates difficulties, specialists gradually described how the task could be completed and based on how
advanced this progress was, the following classification was specified:

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without difficulty: the participant was able to perform the tasks without any assistance, only achieving
complete the tasks by themselves.
a few tips: the experts did not need to go into much detail or did not need to provide assistance in all tasks.
much guidance: the participant could not perform any task alone, needing aid of a step-by-step to
accomplish the task.
Among 40 participants, 22 performed the tasks without difficulty, 10 needed a few tips and 8 need much
guidance. Comparing this classification with the age groups, we found that the higher the age the higher the degree
of assistance provided by experts. Comparing this classification with the classification of receptiveness the
participants (Figure 2), one can notice that among non-receptive participants, the number of participants who
needed at least some help is more than twice the number of those who did not need help.

Fig. 2: Receptiveness of participants versus the amount of assistance provided by experts to the participants to correctly
perform the tasks.

This trend in improved receptiveness with regard to the use of tactile devices culminated in getting the user
satisfaction regarding the tasks. An increasing satisfaction scale was then set to the following order: dissatisfied,
neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied and very satisfied; besides unanswered when the participant did not
answered.
Comparison between satisfaction and age groups showed that younger people tend to feel more satisfied,
participants between 40 and 80 years had different classifications and 80s participants tended to leave the question
unanswered. This was due to the fact that for most of these octogenarians this was the first time they performed
tasks on mobile device and found that they could not opine correctly with as this little amount of interaction.

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Fig. 3: Satisfaction obtained at the end of the tasks versus receptiveness of the participants in the beginning of the interviews.

Satisfaction was also compared with the classification of initial difficulties, the results were: 9 among 17 people
who were initially classified as with difficulty felt at least satisfied with the tasks performed; which leads us to
believe that the assistance provided by the specialist influenced the increase in the level of satisfaction.
Another relation that points to this same result is between the level of satisfaction and the degree of receptiveness
in which at least half of the non-receptive participants were classified as at least satisfied which means that before
we could have 17 people who do not feel ready to participate and not provide meaningful information, this number
has now diminished which represents a data gain.
We also note that, despite the existence of five people who chose not to respond to satisfaction, we had eleven
people satisfied and very satisfied among the 18 people who needed at least a few tips to perform tasks. Thus, we
can infer that the assistance provided by the researchers actually brought benefits to the interaction of the
participants, and it is worth noting as a possible requirement for future functionality, more detailed help on a
schedule application for older users.
These findings confirm the assertions of the cited related works, which point out that elderly users stagnate in a
phase of limited use of the technology without inclination towards full adoption or complete rejection. With proper
monitoring, participants can perform tasks on mobile devices, and also raise their level of satisfaction, allowing
receptiveness to this technology.
Thus, once the high overall satisfaction of participants, we proceeded to the stage of questioning them about the
use of mobile devices and possible features and preferences to be implemented.
Table 3 shows the receptive and non-receptive participants. Among the participants who have some kind of
digital schedule application, all of them were less than 60 years old, and eight are receptive and one is nonreceptive. However, of the remaining 31 participants, 24 participants manage their activities using some other
strategy, for example daily lists or reminders.

Table 3: Scores of participants receptive and non-receptive that have digital schedule or use other ways to manage their tasks.

Thus, such a result shows that there is a large demand for digital schedule applications to be used by older adults.
According to comments made by them, however, what they lack for the adoption of such a tool would be the Lack
usual and Lack of interest in use.

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In order to figure out the design of a digital schedule application, the participants were asked about what features
they would find interesting to see in the applications to make them more attractive. In the last part of the
questionnaire, participants were asked if they used some sort of calendar, be it on paper or digital, and what are the
features they found most interesting or that the calendar should be to make it more attractive. Among the options to
choose the participants had: different colors, daily events, notes, grocery list, mobility, reminder / alarm, food diary,
checklist of remedies, cookbook. The reminders were the more requested functionality, being mentioned by 25
participants, and of this group, 13 were 60 years old or above. Thus, taking into account this result, other complaints
and comments made by the participants, the following list of guidelines for a digital schedule application to be
developed for a tactile device was created:
1.

The big fat finger issue: users complained about the size of the buttons and keyboard saying that they
were very small. The application should present large and well spaced buttons.
2. Help issue: the aid provided to users during the tasks is fundamental to increase the receptivity. The
application should have a set of resources aimed to help users when they feel lost.
3. Errors reverting: senescent users had despaired because committed an error during navigation and did
not know how to get back to the previous option. The application should allow recovery from errors in
the simplest possible way.
4. The turn on button in the center of the device: elderly users pressed the camera of the device thinking
that it was a button on and off. The application should run on tablets with the button on and off in the
center in front of the device.
5. Accessibility: accessibility features such as be readable by screen readers, different types of contrast,
ability to adjust fonts and size of elements are some of the requirements that the application should have.
6. Alerts: notifications by means of alerts should be available in the application. Older adults want to be
reminded of their daily events.
7. Sharing the schedule content: allowing to share the options on schedule in order to permit family
member and health care specialists assisting users in performing their activities.
Considering these results, they also corroborate the claims present in related papers, highlighting that the
senescent users stagnate in a phase of limited use of the technology without inclination towards full adoption or
complete rejection. With proper monitoring, participants can perform common tasks in an acceptable way mobile
devices, as well as raise their level of satisfaction with the tasks, allowing greater receptivity to possible contacts
with the technology in the future.
Following, already foreseeing such results, the questionnaire continued and they were asked about what features
they think be interesting to see added to the agendas and would make them more attractive.
To finish the interview, we list a number of features which we believe are attractive to participants and were
questioned about what they would like to see available in a digital agenda. Table 4 is a brief list of the most
requested features among the features available for selection. It is noteworthy that approximately 73% of the
participants did not use any type of digital agenda, though many thought the chance of getting to use them if they
had some of the features presented in Table 4.

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385

Table 4: Number of participants and the percentage of them in relation to total of participants who would like to have certain
features present in an digital agenda.

5. Conclusions
This study reviewed encouraging the use of touch technology by senescent people, even those who are restrictive
to it. We also explored the experiences and motivations with mobile devices by the senescent in order to understand
their attitudes towards technology and figure out new ways to foster digital inclusion for this group of users. Forty
participants were interviewed between the ages of 20 and 90 years, and we applied a combination of interviews and
observation, gathering information on the experience of each participant in the performance of predefined tasks on a
tactile device.
Based on the performance of tasks, it was found that mobile devices can be useful to improve digital inclusion of
senescent, but only if they feel confident and familiar with the technology as well as realize the usefulness of the
devices. Most participants in this study expressed satisfaction with performing tasks on the device, by means of an
aid closely by a specialist. Thus, we can draw a parallel between the aid provided and usability principles to help,
recover ability and familiarity, ensuring that these principles are taken into account in future developments of a
digital schedule application.
Therefore, by joining the principles of usability with the requirements and functionalities obtained for the design
of personal digital assistants, surveyed in the questionnaire, the next steps of this research will be dedicated to the
design and implementation of an application, which aims to not only help the senescent users to organize theirs
tasks, but also serve as an initial set for future applications having in mind this specific group of users, senescent
individuals. It is a fact that this population grows every year, and still faces difficulties and limitations on the use of
such technology which do not consider the requirements for the use by such users.
Since exposure to technology tends to increase in coming years, the use of tactile devices and the adoption of
new technologies that facilitate the daily lives of the elderly promise to change the ways they will interact not only
with others but also with the world around them. As another research to be done, consequence of the presented
results will be to repeat this study over the years in order to observe and anticipate changes, aiming to optimize and
increase the use of tactile devices by senescent individuals. Finally, it is expected to ensure a constant improvement
of the use of ICTs by senescent people.

6. Acknowledgments
The authors thank CNPq and CAPES for having funded this research.

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