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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is to certify that I _________________________________________________


Staff No __________ , have received a Cabin Crew SEP Manual,
Serial No ____________

As the owner of this manual I acknowledge that I will be aware of the contents of the
manual and keep this manual completely updated with all the amendments issued

Signature:

Name:

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

NAME

STAFF NO

SERIAL NO

BATCH NO

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL


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STRUCTURE OF MANUAL
Revision 00

CHAPTER - SOM

Structure Of Manual (SOM)


Chapter Number

Name Of Chapter

Chapter 0
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 5A
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10

Record of Revisions
Record of Temporary Revisions
List of Effective Pages
Introduction
General
Dangerous Goods Regulations
Standard Operating Procedures
Removable Safety Equipment
Emergency Procedures
Human Factors and Crew Resource Management
Drills
Security
Survival
First Aid
ATR 72 500

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RECORD OF REVISION
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Record Of Revisions
Revision to the Cabin Crew Training Manual shall be inserted by the authorised
user without delay. After inserting the revision enter the appropriate data in the
revision sheet below. The compliance has to be signed under inserted by.
Revision will be issued at regular intervals, retain this revision sheet until
officially replaced.
Rev.
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Subject Of Revision

Revision
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RECORD OF TEMPORARY REVISION


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Record Of Temporary Revisions (ROTR)


Temporary Revision to the Cabin Crew Training Manual shall be inserted by all
authorised users without delay. After in serting the Temporary Revision enter the
appropriate data in the revision sheet below. The compliance has to be signed
under inserted by. Temporary Revisions will be issued at regular intervals.
Retain this revision sheet until officially replaced.
Rev.
No.

Subject Of Revision

Revision
Date

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Regulatory Overview
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Regulatory Overview
Regulatory Authority:
The National Aviation Authority (NAA) is the government statutory authority in each country
that oversees the approval and regulation of civil aviation.
i) Role:
NAAs regulate the following critical aspects of aircraft airworthiness and their operation:
1. Design of aircraft, engines, airborne equipments and ground-based equipments affecting
flight safety.
2. Conditions of manufacture and test of aircraft and equipment
3. Maintenance of aircraft and equipment
4. Operation of aircraft and equipment
5. Licensing of pilots and maintenance engineers
6. Licensing of airports and navigational aids
7. Standards for air traffic control.
ii) Major National Aviation Authorities
1. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, USA)
2. Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA, Australia)
3. Transport Canada (TC, Canada)
4. Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom) (CAA, UK)
5. Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA, India) IOSA [The IATA Operational Safety
audit]:
To provide a standardised audit programme of the operational management and control
systems of an airline that is based on internationally recognized standards and supported by a
rigorious quality assurance process, for the purpose of serving the airline industry terms of
improving world wide operations and reducing the number of operational audits that are
Conducted.
CASA [Civil Aviation Safety Authority] :
The Civil Aviation Safety Authority [CASA] is the Australian National Aviation Authority [NAA]
the government statutory authority responsible for the regulation of Civil Aviation.
CASA licenses pilots, ground crew [Aircraft] and airfield operators and is responsible for
enforcing safety requirements.
Introduction to JAA:
The Joint Aviation Authorities [JAA] was an associated body of the European Civil Aviation
Conference [ECAC] representing the civil aviation regulatory authorities of a number of
European States who had agreed to co-operate in developing and implementing
common safety regulatory standards and procedures. This co-operation was intended to provide
high and consistent standards of safety and a level playing field for competition in Europe.
Much emphasis was placed on harmonizing the JAA regulations with those of the USA.
iii) Aviation Regulatory System in India In India, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA) is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation under the Ministry of Civil
Aviation, primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for regulation of air transport
services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil aviation regulations, air
safety and airworthiness standards. It also coordinates all regulatory functions with
International Civil Aviation Organization. The headquarters are located in New Delhi with
regional offices in the various parts of India. There are 14 (fourteen) Regional Airworthiness
Offices and 5 (five) Regional Air Safety offices. iv] Other regulatory authorities that crew
members may be in contact with.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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0.0

Table Of Contents

0.1

Administration And Control Of The Cabin Crew Training


Manual...............................................................................0-1-1

0.1.1

Use Of The Manual ..................................................................... 0-1-2

0.1.2

Responsibility Of The Holder....................................................... 0-1-2

0.1.3

Compilation And Issue ................................................................ 0-1-3

0.2

Specified Terms And Definitions ...................................0-2-1

0.2.1

List Of Symbols And Abbreviations ............................................. 0-2-5

0.3

Guide To The Manual User .............................................0-3-1

0.3.1
0.3.2

Warning, Caution and Note ......................................................... 0-3-1


System of Promulgation ............................................................. 0-3-2

0.3.3

System Of Amendment And Revision ......................................... 0-3-2

0.4

Organisation Structure ....................................................0-4-1

0.4.1

Air Pegasus Organisation Chart.....................................................0-4-1

0.4.2

AirPegasus Inflight Department Organization Chart.....................0-4-2


..

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0.1
Administration and Control Of The Cabin Crew SEP Manual
The Cabin Crew SEP Manual has been prepared in accordance with the
conditions contained in the Air Pegasus Operations Manual and with the
relevant provisions of Rule 38 B of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 and Civil Aviation
Requirements Section 7, series M, Part I. In addition, it contains the applicable
National Rules and Regulations. It reflects valid company policies, Regulations
and Procedures.
In case of any contradiction or discrepancy between the contents of the Cabin
Crew SEP Manual and the specific rules and regulations imposed by a
particular State authority, the Commander shall make every reasonable effort to
comply with those State requirements.
The regulations change from time to time, and while every effort shall be made
to continue compliance with the latest provisions, there may be times when the
manual is out of date with the regulations. Should any such instance come to
light, the matter must be informed to the G.M Inflight Services or the Manager
Training by any suitable means, as soon as possible.
The DGCA has been provided with a copy of the Cabin Crew SEP Manual and
receives all amendments and revisions there to.
The contents of the Cabin Crew SEP Manual have been approved in their
entirety, both internally and by the DGCA prior to initial issue.
This manual details the emergency procedures, safety equipment and cabin
crew emergency drills that are applicable to operations in Air Pegasus
aircraft. It provides the basis for all safety and survival training within the
company.
Language and Comprehension
Air Pegasus declares English as its standard and common language. Thus, the
English language shall be used for
All inter-crew communications, including communications with ground staff
All line operations, including training and evaluations
All training processes and documents
All operational documentatio
an d correspondence of the company
All personnel must be able to understand the English language. In case of any
doubts regarding the comprehension of the terms used in the Operations
Manual, they must seek clarification from their superiors.




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Use Of The Manual

All Air Pegasus Crew and Concerned Departments will be provided with a copy
of the manual for reference. Cabin Crew must carry their personal copy, fully
amended to ALL Safety and Emergency Procedures Training Courses.
The relevant personnel shall adhere to the rules and regulations contained in
the Cabin Crew SEP Manual at all times. All Crew Members shall be
responsible for the proper execution of their duties that;
Are related to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants;
And are specified in the instructions and procedures laid down in the Cabin
Crew SEP Manual.
Personnel shall not deliberately violate any provisions of the Operations
Manuals and its related policies.In the event of wilful or negligent disobedience
to those rules and regulations the personnel concerned may become subject to
disciplinary, legal or penal action.
In case of an inadvertent violation, the employee must bring the violation to the
notice of their Supervisor/Manager, so that repetitions of the violation do not
take place, and/or the policy is revisited for checking the ease of compliance.
Depending upon the nature of the violation, there may be no penal action
against the inadvertent violator, if the violation was reported.
In case the violation was inadvertent, but the violation was not reported, and the
matter came to light, then it shall be construed as a deliberate violation, and
dealt with accordingly.
However nothing contained in the Cabin Crew SEP Manual shall prevent
personnel from exercising their own best judgement during any situation for
which the Manual makes no provisions or in an emergency.
The Commander or the Pilot to whom the conduct of the flight has been
delegated shall, in an emergency situation, take any action he considers
necessary under the circumstances. In such cases he may deviate from rules,
operational procedures and methods in the interest of safety.
All crew connected with the operation of the Company aircraft are expected to
have a thorough knowledge of the contents of the Cabin Crew SEP Manual
and to this end it should be studied frequently.

0.1.2

Responsibility Of The Holder

The manuals are the property of the Company and all individual holders / each
person responsible for a copy of the Cabin CrewSEP Manual in his keeping
(e.g. an office copy being a source of reference for himself and others) are
responsible to incorporate amendments as soon as possible after receipt at the
time specified with the amendment and to record details in the Record of
Revision at the front of the manual. The holder must maintain the manual in
good condition. Any Damage or loss of the manual could require the holder to
pay remuneration for the same. Any loss or theft would need to be reported to
the Cabin Safety Training Department. This manual shall not be produced in
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any form without the permission of the G.M Inflight Services or the Manager
Training.
No hand written amendments should be made to this manual except in
situations requiring immediate amendment or revision in the interest of safety.
Such temporary amendments will be authenticated by signature and stamp of a
responsible person as per standard revision procedure.
All errors, omissions or suggestions regarding the Cabin Crew SEP Manual
are to be reported to theG.M Inflight Services or the Manage Training in the
first instance.
It is prohibited to reveal the contents of this manual to third parties without
authorisation of Air Pegasus
In case of loss/damage of the manual it must be reported immediately to the
Cabin Safety Training Department.
When leaving the company, individuals must personally hand in the revised
Cabin Crew SEP Manual to the In-flight Services Department. The
Department will not accept any manual that is not appropriately revised.

0.1.3

Compilation And Issue

The G.M In-Flight Services with Manager Training are responsible for the
compilation and issue of Cabin Crew6(3MANUAL and
all amendments thereto.
1.

2.

Gender-Reference to the masculine He, Him, His, Himself is


construed as referring equally to the feminine She, Her, Hers,
Herself.
Company the Company is deemed to refer to AIR PEGASUS
unless otherwise stated.

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Specified Terms And Definitions

These terms and definitions are selected for this Cabin Crew SEP Manual
and may be subject to change.
Accident is classified as an occurrence with the operation of an aircraft that
takes place between the time persons board the aircraft with the intention of
flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked in which a person is
fatally or seriously injured , the aircraft sustains substantial damage , or the
aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible
Aeroplane - Means a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in
flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under
given conditions of flight.
Aircraft Means any machine which can derive support in the atmosphere
from reactions of the air, other than reactions of the air against the earths
surface and includes balloons whether fixed or free, airships, kites, gliders and
flying machines.
Aircraft Chocks - A wedge placed in front and rear of the aircraft wheels so
that aircraft position is held firmly.
Airport An aerodrome at which facilities are provided for the shelter, servicing
/ repair of aircraft, for embarkation / disembarkation of guest and loading and
unloading of cargo.
Airport Authority Of India - (International Airport Division) (AAI-IAD)
Airport Authority Of India is a Semi-Government Authority responsible for the
proper administration, maintenance and security of all Airports under its
jurisdiction.
Airport Authority Of India (AAI) (National Airport Division)
Airport Authority Of India is a Semi-Government Authority responsible for the
proper administration, maintenance and security of all Airports other than those
under the jurisdiction of A.A.I. (IAD)
Airworthiness
A quality that conforms to aircraft type design or properly altered condition for
safe operations and:
in the case of an aircraft, is fitness for flight;
in the case of aircraft engines, components or parts, when fitted to an
aircraft will maintain the aircraft's fitness for flight.
Altitude:
Aircraft Altitude The vertical distance of the aircraft measured from Mean
Sea Level.
Cabin Altitude It is the pressure maintained in the aircraft cabin. For eg if the
cabin pressure is equal to 8,000 feet atmospheric pressure, it means that the
cabin altitude is 8,000 feet.

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Differential Pressure - The pressure difference between cabin pressure and


the atmospheric pressure (cabin pressure minus atmospheric pressure).
Apron / Tarmac A paved surface area where aircraft is parked for loading /
unloading / servicing.
Auxiliary Power Unit - APU is a self contained unit which makes the a/c
independent of external pneumatic and electrical power supply.
Air Traffic Control Unit - A generic term meaning variously, area control
centre, approach control office or aerodrome control tower.
Authority The term Authority as used in this manual means the National
Aviation Authority (NAA) of the state of the operator. In this manual, it Implies
the DGCA of India Director General Of Civil Aviation.
Bay - A defined area on the apron for a single aircraft.
Centre Of Gravity - It is the point which the weights of all the various parts of
an aircraft pass. It is in effect, the imaginary point through which the a/c can be
suspended and remain balanced. The C of G can move within certain limits
without upsetting the balance of the a/c.
Circuit Breaker - The circuit breaker is a device that opens the circuit
automatically when electrical current of more than its rating flows through it by
getting tripped.
Commander - The Pilot designated by the operator responsible for the
operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time. He may delegate the
conduct of the flight to another qualified pilot.
Co-Pilot A pilot serving in any piloting capacity, other than as Pilot-incommand or Commander, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for
the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction for a license or rating.
Crew Member A person assigned by an operator for duty on an aircraft during
flight time.
Cabin Crew Member- A crew member required by CAR- to be carried on a
flight for the purpose of performing duties assigned by the operator or the
Commander of the aircraft, in the interest of safety of passengers, but who shall
not act as a flight crew member.
Certificate Of Registration - Aircraft must be registered with the Government
of India, to this each aircraft is given a Certificate of Registration.
Certificate Of Airworthiness After the issue of certificate of registration the
aircraft must be test flown for its airworthiness and if it is worthy, a certificate of
airworthiness is issued to make the aircraft to be used for operational purposes.
Dangerous Goods Articles or substances which are capable of posing
significant risk to health, safety or property when transported by air and which
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are classified as such in the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations ( DGR) and
the ICAO Technical Instructions.
DGCA Director General Of Civil Aviation.
The regulatory authority for civil aviation in India. Responsible for promoting
regulations and monitoring of all activities related to civil aviation which may
directly or indirectly affect the safety and airworthiness of a/c occupants
Including licensing of personnel, registration and issue/renewal of certificate of
airworthiness etc. Also responsible for investigation of air accidents.
Emergency Area - A defined area in an aircraft which is designated to a cabin
crew member for the purpose of carrying out mandatory checks, drills and
preparation for emergencies
Flight An aircraft movement from its point of origin to its final destination.
Charter Flight A revenue flight which does not normally operate on regular
published schedules.
Delayed Flight - A flight operating behind the published schedule.
Test Flight A flight operating locally to check performance of engines and/or
airframe to meet engineering requirements. (No cabin crew required).
Practice Flight Flight to give flying practice to the flight deck crew. It is also
called training flight.
Ferry Flight A flight to transfer an aircraft from one station to another. No
guests and cabin crew shall be carried on a Damaged ferry / substandard
flight.
Scheduled Flight A flight operating in accordance with the regular published
timetable.
Flight Crew Member A licensed crew member charged with duties essential
to the operation of an aircraft during flight time.
Fuselage It is the central body of the aircraft designed to accommodate the
crew, guests and cargo. It is the structural body to which the wings,
empennage, landing gears and engine are attached.
I. A. T. A. International Air Transport Association, having its offices in
Montreal, Canada and in Geneva, Switzerland. A voluntary world trade
organisation of scheduled airlines in Havana, Cuba in 1945. It works closely
with I. C. A. O.
Inboard - The direction towards the centre line of an aircraft
I. C. A. O. International Civil Aviation Organisation headquartered in
Montreal, Canada. An international organisation of Civil Aviation Authorities of
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member countries. It works closely with I. A. T. A., and seeks to ensure high
standards of flight safety.
Incident An occurrence other than an aircraft accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations
Minimum Equipment List (MEL) A list which provides for the operation of
aircraft, subject to specified conditions, with particular equipment inoperative,
prepared by the operator in conformity with, or more restrictive than, the MMEL
established for the aircraft type.
Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) A list which provides for the
operation the aircraft, subject to specified conditions with particular equipment
inoperative. This is issued by the Manufacturer
Outboard - The direction away from the centre line of an aircraft
Passenger A person other than a crew member travelling or about to travel
on an aircraft.
Passenger Classification:
Adult - persons of an age of 12 years and above;
Children persons of an age of 2 years and above but less than 12 years.
Infants
persons who are less than 2 years of age (who has not yet reached
his/her second birthday).
Pilot Flying (PF): The pilot, who for the time being, is in charge of the controls
of an aircraft.
Runway A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the
landing and take off of aircraft.
Serious Injury An injury, which is sustained by a person in an accident and which:
i)
requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours commencing within seven
days from the date the injury was received ; or
ii)
results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures or fingers, toes
or nose)
iii)
involve lacerations which cause severe hemorrhage, nerve muscle or
tendon damage ; or
iv)
involves injury to any integral organ ; or
v)
involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5
per cent of the body surface
vi)
Involves verified exposure to infectious substances or injurious radiation.
Surveillance
A continuing, but intermittent, inspection or audit of a system or combination of
systems and procedures.
Taxiway - A specially prepared area over which aircraft may taxi to and from
the runway.
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Visibility: is a measure of the degree of transparency of atmosphere and is


expressed in terms of maximum distance at which any object can be seen and
recognised as such person with normal eye-sight and under proper illumination.
Winds:
Head Wind Wind which blows approximately parallel and opposite direction to
the line of flight of an aircraft, which retards the ground speed of the aircraft.
Tail Wind - Wind which blows approximately parallel and same direction to the
line of flight of an aircraft, which increases the ground speed of the aircraft.

0.2.1

List Of Symbols And Abbreviations And Terms


A line in the margin indicates corrections.

*
AAI
ABP
ACN

Remark(s) for the concerning subject.


Airport Authority Of India
Able Bodied Passenger
Aircraft Crew Notice

AIC

Aeronautical information Circular

A/C
AC
AMC
APU
ASB
ATC
ATTN
BCF
BCRC
BGM
C
CAM
CAPT
CAR
C/C
CCIC
CIDS
CLG
CLR
COMD
CAT
CO2
CRM
DGCA
ECAM

Aircraft
Advisory Circulars
Acceptable Means Of Compliance
Auxillary Power unit
Automatic Survival Beacon
Air Traffic Control
Attendant
Bromo Chloro Di Fluoro Methane
Bulk Crew Rest Compartment
Back Ground Music (Boarding Music)
Celsius (Temperature)
Cabin Assignment Module
Captain / Commander
Civil Aviation Requirements
Cabin Crew
Cabin Crew In charge
Cabin Intercommunication Data System
Ceiling
Clear
Command
Clear Air Turbulence
Carbon Dioxide
Crew Resource Management
Director General Of Civil Aviation
Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring
Page 5

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL


Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd
Issue 01

EMER
ELT
ET
EVAC
FA
FAP
ft
F/D
F/O
FWD
hrs
I.A.T.A.
ints
ICAO
IEM
INOP
LAV
ltr
lb(s)
LHS
LEP
LSU
MEL
MMEL
Min
MRT
O2
PA
pax
p/b sw
PIM
PO
psi
PSU
PTT
RHS
ROR
SEP
STCR
TOC

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

INTRODUCTION
ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF THE MANUAL

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 2

Emergency
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Extended Range Operations with Two-Engined Aircraft
Evacuation
Flight Attendant
Flight Attendant Panel
feet
Flight Deck
First Officer
Forward
Hours
International Air Transport Association
Integral
International Civil Aviation Organisation
Interpretative And Explanatory Material
Inoperative
Lavatory
Litre
pounds
Left Hand Side
List of Effective Pages
Lavatory Service Unit
Minimum Equipment List
Master Minimum Equipment List
Minutes
Manual Release Tool
Oxygen
Public Address
Passenger(s)
push button switch
Programme and Indication Module
Portable Oxygen
Pounds per square inch
Passenger Service Unit
Push to Talk
Right Hand Side
Record of Revisions
Safety and Emergency Procedures
Stretcher
Table of Contents

Page 6

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL


Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd
Issue 01

TRE
UM
WCHR
WCHS
WCHC
WDO
YC
ROTR
GPU

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

INTRODUCTION
ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF THE MANUAL

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 2

Type Rating Examiner


Unaccompanied Minor
Wheelchair Ramp
Wheelchair Steps
Wheelchair Cabin (or Carry)
Window
Economy Class
Record of Temporary Revisions
Ground Power Unit

Terms
-Captain / Pilot-in-Command / Commander are used synonymously.
-Co-pilot / First Officer are used synonymously.
- Shall / will indicate mandatory compliance.
-Should / may are recommendatory but desirable.

Page 7

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL


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Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

INTRODUCTION
ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF THE MANUAL

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 2

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Page 8

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

0.3

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GUIDE TO THE MANUAL


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 3

Guide To The Manual User

The Cabin Crew SEP Manual is divided into chapters 0-10 and each page
within the Chapter is numbered and shows its Amended status. Each Chapter is
divided into Sections consecutively numbered within the Chapters.
A Table of Contents precedes every Chapter for that Chapter.
Pagination (Top)
For e.g.
1

CABIN CREW
SEP MANUAL

CHAPTER
PAGE

0-1
1

INTRODUCTION

4
1

Air Pegasus Corporate Logo

Cabin Crew SEP Manual

Chapter and Page Number

At top, name of the Chapter and bottom name of the Sub


Chapter

Pagination (Bottom): Issue Number, Revision Number and Date

0.3.1

Warning, Caution And Note

WARNING: An operating procedure, technique, etc which may result in


personal injury or loss of life if not carefully followed.
CAUTION: An operating procedure, technique, etc which may result in damage
to equipment if not carefully followed.
Note: An operating procedure, technique, etc considered essential to be
emphasised.
Page 1

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

0.3.2

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GUIDE TO THE MANUAL


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 3

System Of Promulgation

Amendments/ Revisions or Safety Notice, which are required in the interest of


safety, must be published immediately or promulgated by a SAFETY Circular to
Cabin Crew as detailed below.
Name
Safety
Circular

Prepared By

Authorised By

Nature of
Information

Manager Training

G.M Inflight Services

Safety

These circulars will be sent to the cabin crew through the intranet or email and
will be displayed on all notice boards in the briefing room. A copy of this circular
will be issued to each cabin crew against a signature. Record of the same must
be maintained by the Cabin Safety Training Department.
A Safety Circular should have a validity of six months from the end of the month
during which the circular was prepared, by which time the circulars contents
must be incorporated in the manual.
Signing in for duty is verification that cabin crew are up to date with all circulars
and amendments pertaining to SEP. Ignorance is not an acceptable excuse for
any contravention of the above.
All information which is a re-iteration of existing procedures will be issued as
Safety Adverts

Page 2

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GUIDE TO THE MANUAL


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 3

Aviation cannot exist without amendments. Amending the Cabin Crew SEP
Manual will take some time, but is really very simple when just a few rules of
thumb are taken into account.
Revision Letter: An Introduction revision Letter will be provided
identifying the revised pages and briefly describing the reason for
their revision. Personnel are required to carefully take note of the
change.
The filing instructions are as follows:
REMOVE: The page must be removed. It may be replaced by a new
page if associated with an INSERT instruction. If not the page is
cancelled. All Pages with a REMOVE instruction must be destroyed
and discarded
INSERT: The page must be inserted. If not associated with a
REMOVE instruction, the page is new for the operator fleet and does
not replace an existing one.
White pages- permanent information that are new, corrected or
altered.
Yellow Pages (Temporary Revisions) - When it becomes
necessary to effect the changes to the Cabin Crew SEP MANUAL
at a very short notice or to effect the changes limited to a defined
period of time a Temporary Revision will be published either in the
form of a revised reprint of the effected page on yellow paper or by a
circular issued by the appropriate department. The page(s) affected
shall be entered in the Temporary Revision Record. The temporary
Revision should be bought to the attention of DGCA immediately
and, unless limited to a defined period of time, be followed by a
normal amendment as soon as practicable.
They shall be followed by a formal amendment as soon as practical.
If authorities approval / acceptance is required the Authority DGCA
will be informed without undue delay.
Record Of Revision (ROR): Holder must revise the manual at the
date specified in the amendment and complete the ROR.
List Of Effective Pages (LEP): With each normal amendment an
updated List of Effective Pages will be issued, which will enable the
owner to check whether his manual is up-to-date. The List of
Effective pages must be inserted in to the Cabin Crew SEP
Manual after the ROR page and must be a part of the Cabin Crew
SEP Manual.
A Black Vertical Line shall be used to outline revised or newly
published paragraphs on the pages.
Page 3

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GUIDE TO THE MANUAL


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 3

The Cabin Crew 6(3 Manual, its applicable parts and the amendments
shall be distributed as expeditiously as possible. Cabin Crewmembers will
receive notification, via a SAFETY Circular that an amendment is to be collected
from the SEP Office or (Publication Office) or Manager$GPLQ. A distribution list
for the various parts of the Cabin Crew 6(3 Manual is maintained by the
Cabin Safety Training Department together with a record of crewmembers
acknowledgements for incorporation of revisions.
Only published amendments should be used to update the Cabin Crew 6(3
Manual, hand written amendments shall not be made.

Page 4

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 4

0.4 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Page 1

HEAD SECURITY
VP IN-FLIGHT
VP FLIGHT OPERATION
HEAD OPERATION
VP FLIGHT SAFETY

COO / Head Operation

CFO

CHRO

HEAD LEGAL

HEAD MARKETING

HEAD ENGINEERING

0.4.1 Air Pegasus Organisation Chart

MANAGING DIRECTOR / CEO

Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 0 - 4

Page 2

Roistering Asst
Cabin Crew

Roster Planning

SEP

Instructor

(Nodal Officer)

Manager
Training Administration

G M Inflight Service

V P Flight Operations

CCIC

Administration

Manager

0.4.2 Air Pegasus Inflight Department Organisation Chart

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

1.0

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

Revision 00

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER - 1

Table Of Contents

1.1

Cabin Crew Training And Checking ..............................1-1-1

1.1.1

Minimum Requirements ............................................................. 1-1-1

1.1.2

Training ....................................................................................... 1-1-1


1.1.2.1
Initial Training ............................................................. 1-1-1
1.1.2.2
Type Training ............................................................. 1-1-1
1.1.2.3
Conversion Training ................................................. .. 1-1-1
1.1.2.4
Differences Training ................................................. .. 1-1-2
1.1.2.5
Recurrent Training .................................................... 1-1-2
Refresher Training/ Extended Refresher Training.........1-1-2
1.1.2.6

1.1.3

Responsibility Of An Operator ..................................................... 1-1-2

1.1.4

Familiarisation Flights.................................................................. 1-1-3

1.1.5

Aircraft Visits ............................................................................... 1-1-3

1.1.6

Refresher Training ...................................................................... 1-1-4

1.1.7

Situation Management Training .................................................. 1-1-4

1.1.8

Competency check ...................................................................... 1-1-4


1.1.8.1
Pass Criteria ............................................................... 1-1-5
1.1.8.2 Procedures In the event Of A Check Failure ................... 1-1-5

1.1.9

Absenteeism ............................................................................... 1-1-5

1.1.10

Cabin Crew Incharge ....................................................................1.1.6

1.1.11

Operation On More Than One Aircraft Type ............................... 1-1-6

1.1.12

Human Factors and Crew Resource Management Training ....... 1-1-7

1.1.13

Safety Emergency Procedure Card ............................................. 1-1-7

1.1.14

Cabin Crew Training Personnel .................................................. 1-1-8

1.1.15

Training Methods ........................................................................ 1-1-8

1.1.16

Training Records ......................................................................... 1-1-8

1.1.17

Validity of training ........................................................................ 1-1-9

1.2
1.2.1

Crew Responsibilities........................................................1.2.1
Cabin Crew Responsibilities........................................................ 1-2-1

Page 1

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1

1.2.2

Legal Documents ......................................................................... 1-2-2

1.2.3

On- board Responsibilities........................................................... 1-2-2

1.2.4

Commander Authority, Duties and Responsibilities .................. 1-2-2

1.2.5

Cabin Crew Duties ....................................................................... 1-2-3

1.2.6

Chain Of Command ..................................................................... 1-2-4

1.3

Crew Regulations And Health Requirements ...............1-3-1

1.3.1

Alcoholic Drinks ........................................................................... 1-3-1

1.3.2

Statutory Health Requirements .................................................... 1-3-3

1.3.3

Blood Donation ............................................................................ 1-3-3

1.3.4

Meal Precautions Prior To And During Flight ............................... 1-3-3

1.3.5

Fatigue......................................................................................... 1-3-3

1.3.6

Illness Or Incapacitation While On Duty ...................................... 1-3-4

1.3.7

Accident / Illness .......................................................................... 1-3-4

1.3.8

Crew Activity During Layover ....................................................... 1-3-5

1.4

Flight Time Limitations

1.4.1

Cabin Crew Flight Time Limitation ...............................................1.4.1

1.4.1.1

Flight & Flight Duty Time Limitation ............ ...........................1.4.1

1.4.1.2 Responsibility Of All Cabin Crew ........................................... 1-4-1


1.4.2

Definitions .................................................................................... 1-4-1

1.4.3

Flight Crew FDTL......................................................................... 1-4-2


1.4.3.1
Flight Time Limitation And Rest Periods ..................... 1-4-2

1.4.4
1.4.5

Reporting Times .......................................................................... 1-4-3


Records .......................................................................................1-4-3

1.5 Cabin Crew Compliment And Seating ....................................1-5-1


1.5.1

Carriage Of Cabin Crew .............................................................. 1-5-1

1.5.2

Cabin Crew Seating ..................................................................... 1-5-1

1.6

Miscellaneous Civil Aviation Requirements .................1-6-1

1.6.1

Safety Instructions Cards............................................................. 1-6-1


Page 2

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

1.7

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

Revision 00

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER - 1

Theory Of flight ................................................................1-7-1

1.7.1

Parts Of An Aircraft ..................................................................... 1-7-2

1.7.2

The Three Movements Of The Aircraft Around Its Axis ............... 1-7-2

1.8

Meteorology .....................................................................1-8-1

1.8.1

Solar Energy ............................................................................... 1-8-1

1.8.2

Air ................................................................................................ 1-8-1

1.8.3

Clouds ......................................................................................... 1-8-1

1.8.4

Condensation Trails .................................................................... 1-8-1

1.8.5

Pressurisation ............................................................................ 1-8-1

1.8.6

Precipitation ............................................................................... 1-8-1

Page 3

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Page 4

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

1.1

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

Cabin Crew Training And Checking

Rule 38 B of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 (hereinafter referred to as the Aircraft


Rules), stipulates the requirements for carriage of cabin crew on aircraft
operated for public transport of passengers. Further, the rule also specifies the
minimum requirements to be ensured by the operator for cabin crew including
compliance with the training programme. This CAR is issued under the
provisions of Rule 133A of the Aircraft Rules for guidance and compliance.
Scope
In order to meet the aforesaid provisions of the Aircraft Rules in a uniform
manner this Civil Aviation Requirement sets out the requirements regarding
cabin crew and to impart necessary training to them, which each airline/operator
should comply.

1.1.1

Minimum Requirements (CAR OPS 1.995)

Air Pegasus shall ensure that each cabin crew member


1. At least 19 years of age.
2. Has passed 10+2 examination from a recognised Board or University.
3. Has passed an initial medical examination or assessment and is medically
fit to discharge the duties specified in the Operations Manual.
4. Remains medically fit to discharge the duties specified in Operations
Manual Part A.
5. Is competent to perform the duties as cabin crew as specified in the
Operations Manual.
6. Is able to reach the safety equipment and opem and close the owerhead
bins in the aircraft from a standing position and feet firmly placed on the
floor when seated on the jump seat(brace position).
The following training courses are provided by Air Pegasus for cabin crew
members. The specific syllabus for each of the training courses is detailed in
Chapter 1A. The syllabus shall indicate the duration of each applicable phase of
the training courses, which shall include both practical and theoretical sessions.
The training time allocated for each phase shall take into account the number of
trainees and instructors as well the training methods and facilities to be used.

1.1.2
1.1.2.1

Training
Initial Training

Required for all new cabin crew trainees joining Air Pegasus. The syllabus
of this training complies with the requirements specified in CAR-section 7,
series M part I, and which is approved for this purpose by DGCA.
This Initial Training, and the associated check requirements, must be
satisfactorily completed prior to the new cabin crew member undertaking type
training.

1.1.2.2

Type Training

For all new cabin crew trainees prior to being first assigned to operate as a
cabin crew member.
1.1.2.3 Conversion Training Before being assigned to operate another
aircraft type. A cabin Attendant performing regular duties on one type of aircraft
Page 1

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL


Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd
Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GENERAL
CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

cannot perform duties on any other type of aircraft until he/she has undergone
an approved course of Conversion training.
The Conversion training shall be conducted by cabin attendant instructor who is
familiar with the type of aircraft including the emergency procedures.

1.1.2.4 Differences Training


Before operating on a variant of an aircraft type currently operated, or with
different equipment, equipment location, or safety procedures on currently
operated aircraft types or variants.

1.1.2.5 Recurrent Training


Air Pegasus shall ensure that each cabin crew member annually undergoes
Recurrent Training, in accordance with a formalised and approved syllabus that
complies with the requirements specified in CAR-section 7, series M, Part I, and
which ensures the continued proficiency with all equipment relevant to the
aeroplane types currently operated. The syllabi for cabin crew Recurrent Training
are specified in chapter 1A and shall include theoretical and practical instruction,
as well as individual practice, in the actions assigned to each cabin crew member,
for normal and emergency procedures and drills, whichare relevant to the type(s)
and/or variant(s) of aeroplanes on which they operate.

1.1.2.6 Refresher/Extended Refresher Training


Cabin crew member who have been absent from all flying duties or ongoing
leave will undergo the training, as follows:

1.1.3

LEAVE DURATION

TYPE OF COURSE

3Months-6Months
6 Months-12Months
12Months-18Months
More than 18Months

Refresher Training
Recurrent Training
Extended Recurrent
Initial & Type Training

Responsibility of the operator


An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member successfully
completes appropriate training before undertaking assigned duties.
An operator shall ensure that cabin crew training are approved by
DGCA and conducted by a DGCA approved instructors.
An operator shall ensure that the appropriate CAR requirements are
included in the cabin crew training.
An operator shall ensure that Type Training and Conversion trainings
are conducted in a structured and realistic manner and Differences
training is in a structured manner.
An operator shall ensure that during type, conversion and differences
training, adequate training is given on the location, removal and use
of all safety and survival equipment carried on the aircraft, as well as
all normal and emergency procedures related to the aircraft type,
variant and configuration to be operated.
Page 2

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

1.1.4

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

Familiarisation Flights
Each cabin crew shall undergo familiarization flights of 4 Sectors on
each type of aeroplane after successful completion of type training
prior to operating as cabin crew.
The cabin crew member undergoing the familiarization flights shall be
additional to the minimum number of cabin crew required to be
carried in accordance with the Rule.
Familiarization flights shall be conducted under the supervision of the
Cabin Crew Incharge.
Familiarization flights shall be structured and involve the cabin crew
member in the participation of the safety related pre-flight, in-flight
and post flight duties.
Familiarization flights shall be operated with the cabin crew in the
operators uniform.
Familiarization flights shall form a part of the training record for each
cabin crew member.
Cabin Crew absent from flying duties for a long period of time (more
than 18 months) will undergo 02
Familiarization Flights prior to being released for solo operations

Note:
However, such check is not required for a cabin attendant who has
previously acquired experience on any large passenger carrying aircraft of the
same group. Cabin Attendant receiving operating experience/check shall not be
assigned as a required crew member.

1.1.5

Aircraft Visits

The purpose of the aircraft visit is to familiarize each cabin crew with the aircraft
environment and its equipment. Accordingly, minimum 2 aircraft visit should be
conducted by the approved instructors. For Type / Conversion training the
aircraft visit should provide an overview of the aircraft exterior, interior and
systems including the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)

Interphone and public address system;


Evacuation alarm system;
Smoke detection system;
Safety/emergency equipment;
Flight deck;
Cabin crew stations;
Toilet compartments;
Galley, galley security.
Cargo areas if accessible from the passenger compartment during
flight;
Crew rest areas;
Exit location and its environment.
Page 3

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

1.1.6

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

Refresher training

An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member who has been absent
from all flying duties from 3 months to 6 months (which may be due to
leave, Sickness etc.) completes refresher training specified in the Operations
Manual covering the following:
a)
Emergency procedures including pilot incapacitation;
b)
Evacuation procedures including crowd control techniques;
c)
The operation and actual opening of all normal and emergency exits
for passenger evacuation in an aircraft or representative training
device;
d)
Demonstration of the operation of all other exits; and
e)
The location and handling of emergency equipment, including oxygen
systems, and the donning of lifejackets, portable oxygen and
protective breathing equipment.

1.1.7

Situation Management Training

It is mandatory that all Cabin crew are provided with Situation Management
Training, on the concepts of How to cope with unusual flight situations which is
based on the syllabus of CRM.

1.1.8

Competency Check

An operator shall ensure that during or following completion of the


training required by this CAR, each cabin crew member undergoes a
check covering the training received in order to verify his/her
proficiency in carrying out safety and emergency duties.

Note:

Fire and Smoke, Water survival and Emergency evacuation trainings


which require individual practical participation shall be subjected for
drill and assessed for satisfactory performance by the approved
instructor before the competency checks.
The competency checks shall be accomplished by the method
appropriate to the type of training and shall consist of:

b.

1.
2.

Written test (may include computer based assessment )and


Oral cum Practical check.

Written examination shall be conducted by the accepted approved


instructor/s in co-ordination with the DGCA office. Oral cum practical
examination should be conducted by the accepted approved instructor/s
and DGCA may participate in the examination.

Page 4

CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL

GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

1.1.8.1 Pass Criteria


The pass criteria for examinations and tests are as follows:

First Aid

SEP

Type Of Exam
Written Examination
Practical Examination
Written Examination
(Type/Conversion)
Practical Examination

Initial
80%
80%

Recurrent
80%
80%

80%

80%

1.1.8.2 Procedures In the Event Of A Check Failure


Initial Training
First Aid Training
Trainees who fail the First Aid Examination will be permitted to Re-sit for
the examination after 02 days of corrective training / practice.
Trainees who fail the Re-sit shall be disqualified from the class and
referred to*0 in-Flight services.

Written / Practical Examination - SEP


Trainees who fail the written or Practical Examination will be permitted to
re-sit the examination after 05 days of corrective training under approved
instructor or shall be required to join the next available batch.
Trainees who fail the written / Practical Examination on the second
attempt shall be disqualified from the class and referred to *0 In-flight
Services.
In the event of a major failure (score of less than 50%), the failed course
shall be repeated.

Recurrent Training
Crew members who fail the recurrent exam, shall be rostered for 05 days
(03 days of self study and 02 days of corrective training) prior to reexamination.
The re-sit examination shall be conducted on the 5th day on completion of
self-study corrective training.
Cabin crew who fail the re-sit examination will be referred to *0 In-flight
services.

1.1.9

Absenteeism

Initial Training
Trainees who attain less than 95% attendance during Initial and Type classroom
training,shall be disqualified from the class and relegated to the next available
Initial and Type training class subject to the course availability and number of
attendees in that class.
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CABIN CREW SEP MANUAL


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Issue 01

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GENERAL
CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

Note: The syllabus for the day (absent) must be completed prior to appearing
for the DGCA written exam.
Trainees who are absent for any hands on practical training which include slide
drill, ditching drill, fire drill during the Initial and Type training shall not be
permitted to appear for the DGCA written examination until they successfully
complete the said training with the next available practical training slot.

Recurrent Training
Cabin crew who are absent from class for 01 day, with or without prior leave
shall be disqualified from the class and re-rostered to attend the next available
recurrent class.

1.1.10 Cabin Crew Incharge ( CCIC)


Whenever two or more cabin crew members are assigned to a flight, the
operator shall nominate an experienced senior cabin crew member who shall be
responsible to the Pilot-in-Command for the conduct and coordination of Cabin
Safety and Emergency Procedure(s) specified in the Operations Manual. Such
senior cabin crew member shall have a minimum of one year experience as
operating cabin crew and has a Total flying experience of 1000 hrs, has attained
the age of 21 years, demonstrates good leadership qualities and has completed
an appropriate training

1.1.11 Operation On More Than One Aircraft Type


No cabin crew shall perform duties on more than three types of aircraft. Variants
of an aircraft type are considered to be different types if they are not similar in
all the following aspects:
1.
Emergency exit operation;
2.
Location and type of safety equipment; and
3.
Emergency procedures.

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GENERAL
CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

Human Factors and Crew Resource Management Training


(CAR OPS 1.1005 and 1.1015)

An operator shall provide initial and recurrent CRM training for each
cabin crew member. The cabin crew member should not be assessed.
CRM training should utilise all available resources (e.g. crew members,
aircraft systems and supporting facilities) to achieve safe and efficient
operations.
Emphasis should be placed on the importance of effective co-ordination
and two-way communication between flight crew and cabin crew in
various abnormal and emergency situations.
Emphasis should be placed on co-ordination and communication within
the crew in normal operational situations including the use of correct
terminology, common language, and effective use of communications
equipment.
Initial and recurrent CRM training should, wherever practicable, include
combined flight crew and cabin crew in practice in aircraft evacuations.
Combined flight crew and cabin crew training should, wherever
practicable, include joint discussion of emergency scenarios.
Cabin crew should be trained to identify unusual situations that might
occur inside the passenger compartment, as well as an activity outside
the aircraft that could affect the safety of the aircraft or its occupants.
There should be an effective liaison between flight crew and cabin crew
training departments. Provision should be made for flight and cabin crew
instructors to observe and comment on each other's training.
Recurrent CRM training can be part of, and included in, other recurrent
training.
The nature of operations as well as the associated crew operating
procedures and areas of operations which produce particular difficulties.
Adverse climatological conditions and unusual hazards should also be
addressed.
Awareness of flight crew management of various emergency situations
and consequential effects on the operation of the aircraft; &
Where practicable, the participation of the senior cabin crew member in
flight simulator Line Orientated Flying Training exercises

1.1.13 Safety Emergency Procedures Card


The DGCA requires that all cabin crew members must hold a valid Safety
Emergency Procedures Card (which may be considered as an approval to
operate on a specific aeroplane type. The cabin crew Safety Emergency
Procedures Card is valid for 1 year, must be renewed annually after the
sucessful completion of recurrent training.

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Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

1.1.14 Cabin Crew Training Personnel


The above cabin crew training required to comply with shall be conducted by an
approved:
SEP Instructor
AVSEC Instructor
First Aid Instructor
DGR Instructor
CRM Facilitator

1.1.15 Training Methods


Cabin Crew Training shall be conducted by the use of representative training
devices (e.g. mock-up facilities, emergency evacuation trainers), video
presentations, aeroplane visits and other suitable methods. Air Pegasus shall
ensure a reasonable balance between the different training methods is achieved.
A representative training device may be used for the training of cabin crew as
an alternative to the use of the actual aeroplane. Depending upon the actual
training and testing intended to be given, such a training device shall accurately
represent the aeroplane in the following particulars:
Layout of the cabin in relation to the exits, galley areas and safety
equipment stowage;
Type and location of passenger and cabin crew seats;
Where practicable, exits in all modes of operation (particularly in relation to
the method operation, their mass and balance and operating forces); and
Safety equipment of the type provided in the aeroplane (such equipment
may be training use only items and, for oxygen and protective breathing
equipment, units charged with or without oxygen may be used.
The facilities and training methods to be used for the various parts of cabin crew
training courses, and the type of instructor who shall conduct the training, shall
be clearly indicated in the applicable syllabus, which is contained in this manual.

1.1.16 Training Records Cabin Crew


Air Pegasus shall record the completion of all training and checking.
These Records shall be maintained as given below.
An individual personal file shall be maintained for every crew member.
The file shall have a copy of the individuals age and educational proof to
qualify to become a cabin crew.
This file shall have a copy of the master record sheet which makes
available at a glance the validity of the crew licence on various aircrafts and
also the types of trainings the crew has undergone.
The personal file should also contain the various assessments that each
crew undergoes during the course of training. E.g. Written examination
sheet, Viva assessment form, Familiarization flight form etc.
Air Pegasus shall make available to DGCA and the concerned cabin crew, on
demand, the records of all initial, type, differences, familiarization,
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GENERAL
CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

conversion, recurrent and refresher training. All training documents will be


maintained for 12 months after the cabin crew has left the employ of the
operator.
DGCA may monitor the training programme of the cabin crew from time to time.
1.1.17

Validity of Training
TYPE OF TRAINING

First Aid

12

SEP Training ( Recurrent)

Crew Resource Management

Period in Month
24
36

Dangerous Goods
Fire Drill

Ditching Drill

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GENERAL
CABIN CREW TRAINING AND CHECKING
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 1

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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GENERAL

Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


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1.2.
1.2.1

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Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 2

Crew Responsibilities
Cabin Crew Responsibilities

A crew member shall be responsible for the proper execution of his duties that
are related to the safety of the aeroplane and its occupants.
A crew member is responsible to ensure that his Safety Emergency
Procedure Card is valid. Whenever a crew member is aware that rating or
other requirement is about to expire without renewal action in hand, he
shall at once notify the Rostering section to ensure all necessary steps for
revalidation are taken.
(Joint responsibility is delegated to the Chief Pilot Training and Rostering
Section to ensure that no crew member shall perform a flying duty unless his
licence, rating, medical certificate, recency and any other qualification that he
might require for the particular flight are appropriate, current and valid for the
duration of the flight; and the proficiency of crew members to perform their
duties is periodically tested.
Note: Specific Cabin Crew duties are detailed in the CCTM Chapter 3 AND
Chapters on Specific Aircraft Type.
A crew member shall:
Report to Commander any incident that has endangered or may have
endangered safety.
Accidents and occurrences, which may have safety implications.
Deficiencies and / or unserviceability of safety equipment and systems.
Make use of Air Pegasus reporting schemes Voyage Reports/ Air
Safety Reports
In all such cases a copy of the same shall be communicated to the Commander
concerned.
CCIC - Responsibility
The CCIC is responsible to the Commander for cabin safety from the
time the aircraft is accepted for a flight, until all passengers have been
disembarked at the end of the flight.
The CCIC must also ensure that relevant emergency equipment remains
easily accessible for immediate use.
The CCIC will provide the Pilot-In-Command with the names and work
positions of all the operating cabin crew members prior to each originating
flight.

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CABIN CREW RESPONSIBILITIES


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 2

Legal Documents

Cabin crew MUST carry the following valid documents:


Company Identity Card.
Airport Entry Pass.
Safety Emergency Procedures Card.
Safety Emergency Procedure Handbook. (SEP Handbook).
Circulars.
Working hand Torch

Each crew member is responsible for the validity of his documents and their
timely issue, renewal and extension.
The loss of any personal document must be reported immediately to the
Company Personnel Department and the Crewing Section. When leaving the
Company all documents, which have been provided by the company, must be
returned to the company.

1.2.3

On-board Responsibilities

Cabin Crew are responsible for the safety of all passengers on the aircraft from
the time passengers board the aircraft until the time they disembark.

1.2.4

Commander Authority, Duties And Responsibilities

The Commander exercises the final authority in relation to the operation of the
aircraft. He is responsible for its safety as well as the safety of the passengers,
crew and cargo as long as he retains responsibility. Therefore, he must take all
measures required for safety, whether on ground, in-flight, during take-off,
landing or taxiing.
The responsibility of the Commander for the safety of the aircraft and its cargo
begins when he takes control of the aircraft. It ends when he hands the aircraft
over to the authorised ground personnel or to the next flight crew taking charge.
Finally, his responsibility also ends when he has parked the aircraft and locked
and sealed it.
From the time he reports for duty until the completion of the flight he is solely
responsible for the delay, postponement, cancellation, re-routing and diversion
of flight.
All persons on board the aircraft must obey all lawful directions given by the
Commander to ensure its and their safety. The Commander has the authority to
impose any measures he deems appropriate, including restraint, upon any
person who, in his opinion, has committed or about to commit an offence
against penal law. This authority extends also to acts committed by any person
which the Commander feels will jeopardise the safety of the aircraft, its
occupants or cargo. Furthermore, any such action may be undertaken in order
to enable the Commander to deliver such a person to the Authority.
The Commander has the authority to disembark any person or any part of the
cargo, which in his opinion may represent a potential hazard to the safety of the
aircraft or its occupants. He must not allow any person who appears to be under
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Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 2

the influence of alcohol or drugs to be carried on the aircraft. Inadmissible


passengers, deportees or persons in custody whose carriage may pose a risk to
the safety of the aircraft or its occupants may be refused transportation by the
Commander.
The Commander must ensure that all operational procedures and checklists
given in and required by the Operations Manual are compiled with. In an
emergency situation requiring immediate and decisive action, he may take any
measures he considers necessary under the circumstances. In such cases, and
only in order to ensure the safety of the aircraft and its occupants and cargo, he
may deviate from rules, operational procedures and methods.
The Commander sets priorities. His decisions must give absolute priority to
safety, and have due regard for economy, passenger comfort and adherence to
schedule.
Notwithstanding his overall responsibility, he is authorised to delegate tasks to
his crew and to other suitable personnel. It is his duty to co-ordinate, supervise
and check the tasks of his crew. He encourages teamwork and ensures that his
crew members receive all information essential for the performance off their
tasks.
He shall not allow any crew member to perform any activity during take-off,
initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe
operation of the aircraft.
The Commander shall ensure that, during a particular flight, the entire crew
adheres to duty and rest time limitations.

1.2.5

Cabin Crew Duties

On duty, always refer to the Commander by his title.


Introductions should be made pre-flight.
A cabin crew must check on the flight deck crew every 20 mins.
If the flight deck crew are busy on the radio / briefing, wait for
acknowledgement before speaking / passing anything to them.
Drinks must be given in crew cups and passed around the outside of the
Commander / First officer.
Cutlery in the Flight Deck Great care should be taken of cutlery on the
flight deck. A lost item could cause a serious situation if it finds its way
into the mechanism of the aircraft controls.
Spilled liquids etc. in the Flight Deck Spilled liquids can cause the
malfunction of safety-critical electronic or electrical equipment and
extreme care must be exercised when handling drinks in the Flight Deck.
The Commander will make a defect symptom entry in the Technical log
when a drink has been spilt on any electrical panel
Ensuring that all customs, health and safety regulations are complied
with.
Ensuring all Cabin related documentation is completed and closed.
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Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 2

Chain Of Command

The Chain of Command will be in the following order.


ATR 72-500
Commander
First Officer
Cabin Crew Incharge
Cabin Crew

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GENERAL
CREW REGULATION AND HEALTH REQUIREMENT

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 3

1.3

Crew Regulations And Health Requirements

1.3.1

Alcoholic Drinks - Aircraft Rule 24 Prohibition Of


Intoxicated Persons From Entering The Aircraft

If as a result of the effects of alcohol crew member is either incapable of


discharging his duties or the ability to carry them out is impaired, it will be
understood that he has committed gross misconduct, the penalty for which will
be dismissal without notice or prior warnings.
No Person acting as, or carried in aircraft for the purpose of acting as pilot
commander, navigator, engineer, cabin crew or other operating member of the
crew thereof, shall have taken or used any alcoholic drink, sedative, Narcotics,
psychoactive substances or stimulant drug or preparation within 12 hours of the
commencement of the flight or take or use any such preparation in the course of
the flight, and no such person shall, while so acting or carried, be in a state of
intoxication or have detectable blood alcohol whatsoever in his breath, urine or
blood alcohol analysis or in a state in which by reason of his having taken any
alcohol, sedative, Narcotics or stimulant drug or preparation his capacity so to
act is impaired, and no other person while in a state of intoxication shall enter or
be in an aircraft.
No operator operating a domestic air transport service in India shall serve any
alcoholic drink on board such an air transport service, and no guest travelling on
such a service shall consume any alcoholic drink while on board.
The holders of licenses shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and
related ratings while under the influence of any psychoactive substance which
might render them unable to safely and properly exercise the privileges of the
licences and ratings.
The holders of licences shall not engage in problematic use of substances

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GENERAL
CREW REGULATION AND HEALTH REQUIREMENT

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 3

CAR Pre-Flight Medical:


All Cabin Crew will be subjected to a pre-flight/post flight medical examination
on a random basis. The Representatives of Air Safety Directorate / DMS (CA)
of DGCA & Chief of Flight Safety of Air Pegasus at their discretion may order
a breath analyser check for any of the crew prior to or on completion of a flight.
Their acceptance of the examination shall be recorded by their own signature
inthe undertaking form, prior to the administration of the test. Once the crew
member signs the undertaking , the doctor will carry out the pre/ post flight
medical examination.Incase of a positive result the crew member will be
subjected to a further test after a gap of 15 minutes in the presence of a Duty
Officer(Flight Dispatch) and / or higher officer in the organization. If at stations
where Duty officer is unavailable, then the Airport Manager or station Manager
may act as a witness. If the first or the Second test is Satisfactory, flight
Then the Crew shall be Cleared for the flight A third test shall not be done.
Any crew if after reporting for duty, reports Sick, when breath analyser checks
are carried out, will also be subjected to the breath analyser check. If any crew
refuses to subject himself for this check shall be treated as alcohol positive and
his name will be reported to DGCA and kept off the roster. This is as per DGCA
guidelines.

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1.3.2

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CREW REGULATION AND HEALTH REQUIREMENT

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 3

Statutory Health Requirements

No person may serve as a crew member knowing that he has a physical


deficiency or mental condition that would render him unable to meet the
requirements of his current medical certificate, to discharge his responsibilities
to a safe standard or could endanger the safety of the aircraft or its occupants.
Crew members should not undertake flying duties whilst under the influence of
alcohol, Narcotics, drugs or any medicine that is not approved by the DGCA
medical examiner for use of crew members like sleeping tablet.

1.3.3

Blood Donation

Following a blood donation the volume of the blood lost is made up in a matter
of some hours but the cellular content can take some weeks to return to the
previous level. Crew members should not volunteer as blood donors whilst
actively flying.
A crew member must not donate blood within 24 hrs before a flight assignment.

1.3.4

Meal Precautions Prior To And During Flight

Cases of acute food poisoning in the air continue to occur sporadically and
surveys of incapacitation of flight crew in flight show that of these cases, gastrointestinal disorders pose by far the most common threat to flight safety.
No other illness can put a whole crew out of action so suddenly and so severely,
thereby immediately and severely endangering a flight, as food poisoning.
Any food, which has been kept in relatively high ambient temperatures for
several hours after preparation, should be regarded with extreme suspicion.
This applies particularly to the cream or pastry, which is commonly part of a set
aircraft meal. The re-heating process usually used in aircraft for the main course
of a meal rarely destroys food poisoning organisms and the toxins they produce.
These toxins are tasteless and cause no unpleasant odours.
Since the most acute forms of food poisoning frequently come on suddenly 1-6
hours after contaminated food is eaten, common sense rules should be
observed as far as practicable in respect of meals taken within 6 hours of a
flight.
For any crew member, before and during flight it is essential to avoid eating
easily perishable foods as well as foods and drinks served cold. This is most
important with milk and cream products, mayonnaise, sauces, salads, meat pies
and other meat products.
In order to eliminate, as far as possible, the risk of food poisoning, the
Commander and First Officer should not partake of the same dishes before or
during a flight.

1.3.5

Fatigue

Any crew member shall not commence a flight duty or continue a flight duty
after an intermediate landing if he is aware that he is too fatigued or will be too
fatigued before next landing.
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CREW REGULATION AND HEALTH REQUIREMENT

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 3

The basic responsibility in fatigue management rests with the individual crew
member who should report for duty in a reasonably rested state and in an
emotionally fit state to perform his expected duty. This includes attention to such
factors as sleep, personal fitness and health, life style and activities prior to
flight. Due allowance for any adverse effects of these factors should be taken
into account to ensure that fatigue which would significantly affect operating
performance is not encountered during flight duties. In case of fatigue Crew
Member must consult a qualified doctor.

1.3.6

Illness Or Incapacitation While On Duty

Any crew member who becomes ill or incapacitated while on flight duty or
during a stop over period at an outstation must report the matter to the
commander at the earliest opportunity.
Commanders should be aware that a sudden deterioration in health might be an
indication of the onset of a dangerous or infectious complaint. Carriage of a
flight crew or cabin crew member who is ill is not authorized without permission
from the medical examiner. Carriage of ill crew member could prejudice the
Company's position in several ways:
International health regulations;
Liability to the staff member concerned, should a serious illness ensue; and
Invalidation of the insurance of the aircraft;
The Commander must ensure that a doctor is called at the earliest opportunity
to examine the crew member concerned. A certificate must be obtained stating
whether the individual is fit for duty, or alternatively for travel. The Commander
is authorized to arrange any tests necessary to ascertain the condition of the
individual concerned.
A written report must be submitted by the Commander and the crew member as
soon as practicable after return to the main base. The Commander should
arrange for the arrival time of the crew member at the main base to be notified
to the Human Resources Department.
The Commander has an overall responsibility for ensuring that all of the crew
are fit for duty, even if a report of Sickness is not received. Where any doubt
exists, the Commander must ensure that the individual concerned is seen by a
doctor and that the report from that doctor is forwarded to the main base, if
possible on the flight concerned and, filing this, at the earliest opportunity.
In the case of the Commander being incapacitated the normal devolution of
command to the first officer applies.

1.3.7

Accident / Illness

Accidents or illness must be reported immediately to


The Commander (when away from base) and
The Crew Scheduling Department when not on duty.
The crew member must inform the Company about the expected duration of
illness, and any change in duration.
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CREW REGULATION AND HEALTH REQUIREMENT

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 3

The crew member must produce a medical certificate for such period of illness
from a medical practitioner recognised by the Company within 48 hours of
reporting Sick.
Sickness report from an authorised Medical Examiner approved by Air Pegasus
or endorsed by Air Pegasus approved Medical Examiner within 24 hours reporting
on duty.

1.3.8

Crew Activity During Layover

Crew during at a slip station are to refrain from participating in any dangerous
sports or activities that may result in them being unable to continue with their
flying duties.

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Air Pegasus Pvt Ltd


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1.4
1.4.1

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

FLIGHT TIME LIMITATIONS


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 4

Flight Time Limitations


Cabin Crew Flight Time Limitations

Cabin Attendant FDTL is based on CAR Sec 7, Series J, Part I, Issue I, dated
4th August 1997.

1.4.1.1 Flight
And
Flight
Duty
Time
Domestic/International Operations (FDTL)

Limitations

No Cabin Crewmember is to be scheduled for any flight in excess of limitations


laid down in Table 1.4.3.1. In between two flight duty periods an individual flight
crew will be provided with a rest period as stipulated therein. When due
circumstances beyond the control of the Air Pegasus ( Such as unanticipated
Technical Delay, Adverse We ather Conditions etc) the flight duty time gets
extended, then such extension shall be limited to 4 hrs in any particular
case and shall not be more than 6 hours (Domestic Operations) during
any period of 30 consecutive days. In such a case the period of rest shall be
extended pro rata by twice the amount of time by which the flight duty time has
been extended.
It is responsibility of crew scheduling to ensure that no Cabin crewmember is
permitted to exceed the limits of FDTL laid down by the DGCA. This
responsibility rests equally with each crew member to ensure that he / she does
not exceed the Limits of FDTL as laid down by D.G.C.A. Any flight duty/ flight,
planned in exceedance of the laid down rules, is to be brought to the urgent
attention of the Rostering staff.

1.4.1.2 Responsibility Of All Cabin Crew


A

It is the responsibility of all aircrew to make the optimum use of the


opportunities and facilities for rest provided by the airline and to plan
their rest periods properly, so as to minimize the risk of fatigue. In
accordance with the provisions below, it is the responsibility of each
flight crew not to fly if he / she are suffering from such fatigue as may
endanger the safety of the aircraft or its occupants. All flight crew are,
however, reminded that the provisions of this paragraph are not
intended to cover instances where normal tiredness resulting from the
physical and mental effort of a flight is likely. Individual crew members
should make the best use of their rest periods, in order to prevent
cumulative sleep deficits.
It is the responsibility of Cabin Crew Rostering Department to ensure
that no Cabin Crew member is permitted to exceed the limits of FDTL
laid down by the DGCA. This responsibility rests equally with each
crew member to ensure that he/she does note exceed the limits of
FDTL as laid down by the DGCA. Any Flight Duty /Flight, planned in
exceedance of the laid down rules, is to be brought to the urgent
attention of the Rostering staff.
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1.4.2
A

C
D
E

1.4.3

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

FLIGHT TIME LIMITATIONS


Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 4

Definitions:
Flight Duty Time : Flight duty time is the total time commencing from
the time of reporting at the airport for the purpose of operating a flight
and ending with the termination of a flight or a series of flights (Chocks
on plus 15 minutes).
Flight Time: The total time from the moment the chocks are
removed for the purpose of pushback/ taxi to the moment it comes to
rest at the end of the flight or series of flights (Chock ON ).
Rest Period: The period during which a flight crew is not assigned
any duty.
Flight Crew: Flight crew means the pilots who fly the aircraft and shall
also include a flight engineer and flight navigator.
Cabin Crew: Cabin Crew means all Cabin Attendants Assigned duties
in the cabin of the aircraft.

Flight Crew FDTL


Flight time / flight duty time limitations applicable to all Cabin Crew
personnel are given in succeeding paragraphs.

1.4.3.1 Flight Time Limitation & Rest Period / Domestic Air


Operations & Neighboring Countries
The maximum number of hours any Domestic air carrier can schedule its cabin
crew members to do flight time shall be as follows:
DAILY LIMITS
DOMESTIC/
NEIGHBOURING
COUNTRIES

FLIGHT
TIME
8 HRS

FLIGHT
DUTY
TIME
11 HRS

7
CONSECUTIVE
DAYS

30
CONSECUTIVE
DAYS

365
CONSECUTIVE
DAYS

30 HRS

125 HRS

1000 HRS

No air carrier operating domestic routes and flights to neighboring countries


may schedule a flight crew member for more than 8 hours of flight time during
any 24 consecutive hours without a rest period of 16 hours or more.
On a domestic flight, where the flight time is less than 8 hours a pro-rata rest
period of twice the flight time shall be provided but the rest period in no case
shall be less than 8 hours.

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CHAPTER - 1 - 4

No air carrier may assign any flight crew member to any duty with the air carrier
during any required rest period.
Each crew shall be relieved from all duty for at least 24 consecutive hours
during any 7 consecutive days.
Flight crew shall neither be detailed nor undertake any duty( Domestic
Operations) between period embracing 00:00 hrs to 05:00 hrs local time if
during the previous day he / she performed flight duty between the period
embracing 00:00 hrs to 05:00 hrs local time.
No Domestic air carrier shall require any cabin attendant to operate more than
six sectors per day, each sector comprising of one take off and one landing of
the aeroplane on the aeroplane on which he/she is operating as cabin attendant

1.4.4

Reporting Times

The reporting time for flight duty is 60 mins prior to departure for all Domestic
Flights.

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1.5.1

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GENERAL
CABIN CREW COMPLEMENT AND SEATING
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 5

Cabin Crew Complement And Seating


Carriage of Cabin Crew

The minimum Cabin Crew complement on Air Pegasus aircraft for the purposes
of public transport is defined as per Aircraft Rules 1937, 38B.
(1) No aircraft registered in India shall be operated for public transport of
passengers unless the following minimum number of cabin crew are on board
the aircraft for the purpose of performing such duties as may be assigned in the
interest of the safety of passengers, by the operator or the Pilot-in-command of
the aircraft, namely:For an aeroplane having a seating
capacity of not less than 10 and
not more than 50 passengers.
For an aeroplane having a
seating capacity of more than
50 passengers
AIRCRAFT
ATR 72- 500

1.5.2

One cabin crew.


Two cabin crew plus one cabin crew for
each unit (or part of a unit) of 50
passenger seats above a seating
capacity of 99 passengers.
MINIMUM NUMBER OF CABIN CREW
2

Cabin Crew Seating

The cabin crew shall be located


(i)
during take-off and landing as near as possible to the floor level
exits, and
(ii)
at any other time, at a suitable place in the aircraft, so as to provide
the most effective exit of passengers in the event of emergency
evacuation.

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1.6.1

AP / 02 - CCSEPM

GENERAL
MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS

Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 6

Miscellaneous Civil Aviation Requirements


Safety Instructions Cards
CAR Section 2 Series X Part VII Para 3

All guest aircraft with AUW (All Up Weight) of 15,000 kgs and above, operated
by scheduled, non-scheduled and private operators, shall provide guests safety
information briefing card at every guest seat location and use symbology to
convey the instructions in a clear and concise manner.

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AP / 02 - CCSEPM

THEORY OF FLIGHT
Revision 00

CHAPTER - 1 - 7

Theory Of Flight

Aviation history was made in 1903 when the Wright brothers flew the first
heavier-than-air craft. Whilst it was only off the ground for less than one minute
it was the start of the modern aviation. Passenger travel began in the 1920s
and the industrys first stewardess was hired in 1930.
Have you ever wondered how an aircraft gets off the ground? We tend to take it
all for granted. The answer lies in the knowledge of physics.
Like a bird, there are four basic forces acting on an aircraft during its flight
these are
Weight
Lift
Drag
Thrust

Birds have wings of almost infinitely variable geometry giving lift to keep them
airborne and thrust to propel them forward.
Aircraft wings are designed in such a way to take advantage of this principle. A
cross section of a wing shows the upper surface to be curved and the bottom to
be straight. The air passing over the top of the wing has further to go than the
air passing under the wing. For the top air to get to the back of the wing at the
same time as the bottom air it must move faster.
This causes an area of relatively low pressure above the wing compared with
relatively high pressure below the wing. When there is more pressure under the
wing than over it, lift is created. This air movement happens when the aircraft
moves forward.
The force moving the aircraft forward is called thrust and is created by the
propellers or jet engines. Air is drawn in, compressed and combined with fuel
producing energy to rotate and power the fan of the engine. The rest of the
energy escapes at the rear of the engine as a continuous and powerful exhaust
jet-providing thrust. The cycle is self-sustaining.
The weight of any aircraft determines the amount of lift required in order to fly.
The jet engine must apply the amount of thrust required to move the aircraft
quickly enough down the runway to provide the necessary lift.
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Air cannot flow quickly around large, bulky objects this creates drag. Drag is a
force that slows the aircraft down. When drag exceeds thrust, the aircrafts
speed is decreased. The larger the aircraft the greater the lift needed.

1.7.1

Parts Of An Aircraft

Primary Controls
The collective term for the ailerons, elevators and rudder, which control the
motion of the aircraft in roll, pitch and yaw respectively.
Ailerons
It is hinged to the trailing edge of the wings and govern the movement of the
aircraft in roll by their differential movement.
Elevators
It is hinged to the trailing edge of the stabilizer and govern the motion of an
aircraft in pitch.
Rudder
It is hinged to the trailing edge of the vertical stabiliser. Governs the motion of
the aircraft in Yaw.

1.7.2

The Three Movements Of The Aircraft Around Its Axis


Are:

Pitching
Angular motion about lateral axis (movement of the nose Up or Down),
governed by the elevators.
Rolling
Angular motion about horizontal axis, (movement of the wings Up or Down),
governed by the ailerons.
Yawing
Angular motion about normal axis (movement of nose left or right), governed by
the rudder.

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Meteorology

Meteorology is defined as the science dealing with the phenomena of the


atmosphere, especially weather and weather conditions.
Planet earth is unique as its atmosphere sustains life. Weather, the state of the
atmosphere, strongly influences our daily routine as well as our general life
patterns. Virtually all of our activities are affected by the weather, but out of all
mans endeavours, none is influenced more by the weather than aviation.

1.8.1

Solar Energy

The earth receives energy from the sun in the form of solar radiation. The earth
and its atmosphere reflect about 55% of the radiation and absorb the remaining
45% converting it to heat.

1.8.2

Air

Air is a mixture of several gases. When completely dry it is about 78% nitrogen,
21% Oxygen and 1% other gases. However, air is never completely dry; it
always contains some water and vapour.

1.8.3

Clouds

There are three types of clouds, CIRRUS, STRATUS and CUMMULUS. To


pilots clouds are weather posts in the sky. They give an indication of air motion
stability and moisture.

1.8.4

Condensation Trails

The condensation trail is generally defined as a cloud like streamer generated in


the wake of aircraft flying in clear cold humid air. They are also known as
contrails, vapour trails or cotton trails.

1.8.5

Pressurisation

All modern commercial jets are pressurised to stimulate as near as possible the
conditions that you are used to on the ground.

1.8.6

Precipitation

This is the term used to denote drizzle, rain, snow, sleet and hail. Precipitation
occurs when these particles grow in size and weight and the atmosphere can no
longer suspend them and they fall.

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