Effectiveness of The Automated Election System in The Philippines A Comparative Study in Barangay 1 Poblacion Malaybalay City Bukidnon

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN
THE PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE 2010

NATIONAL AND 2013 MIDTERM ELECTIONS IN
BARANGAY 1 POBLACION, MALAYBALAY
CITY, BUKIDNON
KENT WILSON O. ANDALES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES, CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY, IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
MARCH 2014
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
APPROVAL SHEET
The thesis attached hereto entitled EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED
ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE 2010
NATIONAL AND 2013 MIDTERM ELECTIONS IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION,
MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON , prepared and submitted by Kent Wilson Orbase
Andales, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Bachelor of Arts in
Political Science is hereby recommended for approval.
HERMIE P. PAVA, MPoSc, ECNS

Thesis Adviser and Chairman,
Thesis Advisory Committee
MARJORIE T. SOBRADIL, MPA
Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
ANGELITA JACOBE, MA
Member Thesis Advisory Committee
Approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR
OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
MARJORIE T. SOBRADIL, MPA
Chairperson, Department of Social Sciences
EVA N. MENDOZA, Ph.D.
College Research Coordinator
ROLITO G. EBALLE, Ph.D.
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
MARIA ESTELA B. DETALLA, Ph.D.
Director of Research
Research Project No.: 6923
Date of Completion: March 2014
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME
Kent Wilson Orbase Andales
DEGREE
Science
Bachelor of Arts in Political
THESIS TITLE
Effectiveness of the Automated

Election System in the
Philippines: A Comparative
Study on the 2010
National and 2013 Midterm
Elections in Barangay 1
Poblacion, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Date of Birth
August 15, 1993
Place of Birth
Allen Northern Samar
Parents
Mr. Wilson A. Andales
Mrs. Cecile O. Andales
Jeb Carlson O. Andales
Karl Jason O. Andales
Althea Carmelle o. Andales
Siblings
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary
Central Mindanao University

Academic Year: 2010 2014
Secondary
Saint Francis College

Primary
Allen Central Elementary School

Jubasan Elementary School

CURRICULAR AND EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACHIEVEMENTS:
Campus Based Organizations:
League of Political Science Students, Member, 2010-2014

Central Mindanao University Debate Club, Member, 2012-2014
Central Mindanao University Debate Club, Chairperson, 2013-2014
ARTIZAN, CMU Art Organization, Member, 2012-2014
Association of Recognized Student Organization, Vice-President for Non Class ,
2013-2014
Academic Scholar, 2012-2014
League of Political Science Students, Year-level Representative, 2011-2012
League of Political Science Students, Secretary, 2010-2013
Samahan Ng Mga Mag-aarak sa Wiking Filipino, P.I.O, 2013
Membership on National Organizations:
Political Science Student Association of the Philippines, Inc., Member, 2012-2014

Gawan Kalinga, Youth Volunteer, 2013
Bayan Mo I- Patrol Mo, ABS-CBN Bayan Patroller, 2013
Student Publications:
Central Post, Central Mindanao University Official Student Publication Writer,

2013-2014
KYABAAN, College of Arts and Sciences Official Student Publication, Writer,
2012-2013
Conducted Seminars as Guest Speaker/ Lecturer:
Student Council and Organization Management and Governance Enhancement

Seminar Workshop, sponsored by Supreme Student Council and the Office of
Student Affairs, Guest Speaker, 2013
Parliamentary Procedure Training Seminar to the Council/ Organization Officers

from the College of Engineering, sponsored by College of Engineering Council,
Speaker, 2013
Debate Seminar: How to Stand in a Rostrum; Construct Speeches, to the CMU
Laboratory High School Students, sponsored by the CMULHS Social Science
Society, Speaker, 2013
Parliamentary Procedure Training Seminar to the Senior Student Council, cosponsored by the League of Political Science Students and the University Senior
Student Council, Speaker, 2012
Seminars Conventions Attended and Other Involvements:
6th National Convention of Political Science Student Association of the

Philippines, Inc.in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines, National Vice President for
Mindanao, February 6, 2014
1st Runner Up for Regional Championship in the BOMBO Radyo: Debate
Competition, Cagayan de Oro City, Pilgrim Christian College, January 29, 2014
5th National Convention of Political Science Student Association of the
Philippines, Inc.in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, CMDU Delegate, February
5, 2013
I Transform B.E.S.T. Mindanao Wave, CMU Delegate, Davao City, September
2013
Career Guidance Seminar for Senior Students Batch 2014, University
Convention Center, December 4, 2013
Student Leaders and Campus Advisrs Seminar, Farmers Training Center,
Participant, November 15, 2013
Participant on Exhibition Debate, Resolved that Medical Marijuana be
Legalized during the NSTP Drug Awareness Celebration, University Convention
Center, November 30, 2013
ICRC and IHL: International Human Rights Symposion, Valencia City,
Auditoriun, Participant, September, 2013
National Executive Board Meeting: PSSAP, Inc.,West Visayas University and

San Agustine University, Ilo-ilo City, Philippines, VP for Mindanao, Delegate,
August 26, 2013
Opportunities for Sponsored Graduates at the Katholisscher Akademischer
Auslandar-Denist (KAAD), Germany, University Convention Center, Participant,
July 6, 2013
25th Anniversary of Presidential Commission on Good Governance Symposium,
University Convention Center, Participant, July 12, 2012
Developing Ones Self: A Gateway in Building A Better You, Continuing
Educational Center, Bukidnon, Participant, February 11, 2012
Pinoy Youth Summit Leadership Seminar, College of Engineering, Participant,
November 8, 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to express his heartfelt gratitude to everybody who made
this benevolent treatise possible. A thousand words can never express how grateful he
feels because you are always on his side willing to support and to give him courage, to
continue along the way.
This humble work would not have been realized without the contribution, help,
support and prayers of the following persons;
To his parents, Wilson and Cecile, he would like to dedicate this success to both
of you. It would never be possible without your unending support and unconditional love
being given. It is always a blessing to be provided with enough financial support and
being motivated to pursue his dream someday. Youre like a boat standing in a middle of
a stormy ocean; the water may be dark, the wind may be strong, but there is always faith
that we can surpass this struggle. You stand as a torch bearer guiding our journey in this
life we have.
To his siblings; Jeb, KJ and Althea, he is thankful to have you as brothers and
sister. Because your imperfections made his life more meaningful than he has expected.
There may be winds and rainfalls, but the light of the sun always shines bright after this
catastrophes. He hoped that all of you will be able to have the life that each of you
deserved. There is nothing to be in exchange to have brothers and sister like them.
To his relatives, his ates and kuyas who are always there to support and give a
helping hand. To his Uncle Peter, who always give guidance and support during his stay
at Central Mindanao University; for letting him feel at home and being patient for him
always. To his Aunti Begit, Auntie Lyn, Tatay Tote, Ate Jen-jen, Ate Eula, Uncle Bebe
and Auntie Elvie for always being there and letting him spend some time whenever he
visits the house during summer and Christmas vacations. To his Uncle Roldan, Auntie
Evelyn, Auntie Flor, and his nephews: Dave, Andre and Ivan for spending their time and
setting up the mood not to feel homesick because its miles away from home.
To his teachers; Mam Visayan, Mam Porquis, Mam Sobradil and Sir Pava for
introducing him the insights in the field of Political Science in becoming a true political
science analyst.
To his friends and acquaintances from different organizations that he had been
engaging; to the PSSAP executive board of 2013 to 2014, the League of Political Science
Students family, the Gawad Kalinga Youth Bukidnon in CMU, the ARTIZAN and to his
Igsuons, to the KYABAAN and Central Post Student Publication, to the CMU Debate
Club family, to the Supreme Student Council, to the ARSO family, to the Office of
Student Affairs. His college life would never be as challenging and fruitful without every
one of you, that all his passion in service and the perseverance to do good deeds would
never be realized without your guidance and dedication to build him as a true leader.
To his centennial batch in 4th Year Pulitikos, for letting him experience the most
unforgettable memories ever during his college life; to Shannin, Glepcel, Ian, Rany, Bob,
Eric, Czarine, Marlowe, Lisley, Ramsey, Crescente, Niel, Loraine, Miraflor, Kate,
Mayor, ate Dela, Roselle and Dyodora. Although there are times where random
circumstances appears blurry but still you stand and support one another. He hopes to
see you someday as a successful person in the profession that you chose.
This treatise would never be possible without the guidance and corrections of the
advisers; great thanks to Sir Pava, Mam Jacobe and Mam Sobradil for giving your time
and patience to guide and correct this study and especially to Dr Orongan, the
statistician of the study for guiding them in tabulating and interpreting the results.
But above all, to GOD; for giving him the consciousness of mind and convincing
him to never give up, that everything he has been experiencing are just part of knowing
what life really has to offer, that life without pain can never be seen as an existence and
it is not what we think about life but what we live for it.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
CURRICULUM VITAE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
i
ii
iii
vii
viii
xi
xiii
xiv
xv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
Conceptual Framework
12
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
14
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study
23
Respondents of the Study
26
Research Instrument
26
Research Design
26
Statistical Treatment
27
CHAPTER IV
DATA PRESENTATION/ ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
29
Awareness on Advocacy of National Government
34
Awareness on the COMELECs Strategies
39
Level of Effectiveness based on Acceptability
43
Level of Effectiveness Based on Trust
48
Level of Effectiveness Based on Accurateness
52
Problems and Anomalies Encountered
57
Comparison of the Level of Effectiveness
61
Evaluation on who answered Yes
66
Evaluation on who answered No
69
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
73
Finding of the Study
74
Conclusion
79
Recommendation
81
BIBLIOGRAPHY
83
APPENDICES
86
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
Table a
Acceptability/ Adoptability Rate Scale
27
Table b
Trust Rate Scale
27
Table c
Accurateness rate Scale
28
Table d
Comparison of 2010 and 2013 Election Scale
28
Table 1
Distribution of Respondents by Sex
30
Table 2
Distribution of Respondents by Age
31
Table 3
Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status
32
Table 4
Distribution of Respondents by Educational Attainment
32
Table 5
Distribution of Respondents by Annual Income
33
Table 6
Distribution of Respondents by Religious Affiliation
34
Table 7a
Presentation of the Respondents Awareness on the Advocacy of the
35
National Government regarding Automated Election System (AES)
Table 7b
Presentation of the Respondents Awareness about the COMELECs
40
Actions with regards to the AES and the Election itself;

Table 8a
Presentation of the Respondents Acceptability/Adoptability Rate
44
Table 8b
Presentation of the Respondents Level of Trust
49
Table 8c
Presentation of the Respondents responds to the Accurateness of the Two
53
Consecutive Elections.
Table 9
Presentation of the Respondents Problems and Anomalies Encountered
57
During The Two Consecutive Elections.

Table 10
Presentation of Comparison of the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm
61
Elections
Table 11a
For those who favoured YES
66
Table 11b
For those who favoured NO
69
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
12
Figure 2
Map of Malaybalay City
24
Figure 3
Political map of Malaybalay City
25
ABSTRACT
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE 2010 NATIONAL AND 2013
MIDTERM ELECTIONS IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION, MALAYBALAY
CITY, BUKIDNON by Kent Wilson Orbase Andales, Bachelor of Arts in Political
Science, Central Mindanao University, University Town , Musuan, Maramag,
Bukidnon,Philippines, March 2011
Thesis Adviser: Hermie P. Pava, MPOSC, ECNS
This comparative study was conducted in order to assess the effectiveness of the
Automated Election System (AES) in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
by comparing the two consecutive elections; the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm
elections. The study also aimed to; a) find out if the respondents were aware on the
advocacy of the national government in the implementation of R.A 9369 or the Election
Automation Law; b) determine the level of awareness of the respondents on the strategies
and plans of the COMELEC on their advocacy of a clean and honest election; c)
determine the level of effectiveness of the Automated Election System(AES) with respect
to the Acceptability/Adaptability, Trust, and Accurateness; d) identify what are the
problems and irregularities observed under the use of AES in the locality of the
respondents during the conduct of the said elections; and e) ascertain if there is a
difference in the level of effectiveness between 2010 and 2013 national election. The
results of the study showed that the respondents are most aware of the governments
advocacy in a clean and honest election and of the COMELECs strategy on coordinating
instruction with other agencies
The result of the study showed that the respondents have a moderately accepted
the use of the PCOS machines which makes election much easier and faster; they have
moderately trusted the process in the conduct of election procedures and have a
moderately accurate description on the integrity and reliability of the source code of the
PCOS machine. However, the results show that during the 2010 and 2013 elections; the
2010 elections was highly significant on the level of effectiveness of the AES in the
locale with respect to the effectiveness indicators compared to the 2013 Midterm
elections.
Furthermore, the respondents also showed a relatively high observance on the
problem of PCOS malfunction during the AES elections. But overall, mostly of the
respondents was positive in continuing the AES for the succeeding elections with main
reason that it provides a faster and easier election process.
Keywords: Automated Election System, Awareness, Effectiveness, Comparison, 2010
National and 2013 Midterm Election
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Philippines as a notable country located in the orient has a very thoughtprovoking history of governmental functions especially in the arena of political affairs as
observed during elections. But before the advent of Automated Election System in the
country, Philippine elections have undergone a gradual transformation starting from the
manual tallying of votes until it metamorphosed into the present method of election
which is the automated election system that is comparable to the automated election
system as embraced by western countries such as United States of America and most
advanced countries in Europe.
The first Automated Election System or AES in the Philippines was first
conducted to selected areas in the ARMM. Despite the efforts to divest the system with
problems, it was found out that the Philippine automated election system still needs
supplementary improvements, further planning and proper implementation. In the year
2010, The Philippines experienced a significant milestone when it finally adopted
automated election on the historic date of May 10, 2010. Monitoring and evaluations
were considered essential in order to ascertain if indeed the AES was implemented
efficiently and effectively. Assessment is also regarded as vital in the determination of
whether or not the implementation of AES was compliant with the following: election
modernization law (legal); follows the IT standard requirements such as security,
trustworthiness, accuracy, auditability, and reliability (technical); and ensures secret
voting and public counting, transparency and accountability (management). A vital aspect
of the assessment is to validate the AES' goal of electoral reform particularly in
minimizing if not entirely eliminating fraud as well as enhancing electoral democracy

(AES Watch, 2013). In the midst of May 13, 2013 midterms election experience negative
perceptions regarding Automated Election System being adopted in the country
especially on certain grounds of anomalies, frauds and questions of administration.
On May 13, 2013, the Philippines held its midterm national elections and
Filipinos voted for senators on the national level and different local government
positions. The election was also the second time that we have had an automated election
using PCOS, or precinct count optical scan machines. In spite of claims by the Philippine
Commission on Elections (COMELEC) of a peaceful, orderly, and ultimately successful
elections last May 13, 2013, poll watchdogs, civil society groups, IT experts, and netizens
have alleged that the midterm polls were tainted by automated frauds, massive vote
buying, electoral violence, and other various irregularities. The 2013 mid-term automated
elections according to has been declared by independent poll watch groups as a
technological and political disaster: In 2010, a significant number of clustered precincts
in both provinces and cities had delayed transmissions of up to two days; as of May 17 or
four days after this years election, 18,187 clustered precincts or 23% of the total number
failed to transmit election returns affecting if not potentially disenfranchising 8.6M voters
(TJ DIMACALI, 2010).
.
Due to some malfunctions and other related problems that transpired in the
conduct
of
the
automated
election
in
the
Philippines,
this
study
entitled
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE

PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE 2010 NATIONAL AND 2013
MIDTERM ELECTIONS IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION, MALAYBALAY
CITY, BUKIDNON was conceptualized with the hope to determine whether the people
of Barangay 1 Poblacion of Malaybalay City Bukidnon will still opt to automate the next
elections to come or not. The result of this study could be used as a basis to help the
government and its people to formulate the best solutions for the success of the conduct
of future automated elections in the Philippines.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to answer the comparison of the 2010 National and 2013
Midterm Election in Barangay Poblacion 1, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, in order to
determine if the Automated Election System (AES) in the Philippines will still be
relevant, useful and effective in the subsequent elections to come.
Furthermore, the conduct of this study seeks to answers the following questions.
1. Are the respondents aware on the advocacy of the national government in the
implementation of R.A 9369 or the Election Automation Law?
2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents on the strategies of the
COMELEC on their advocacy of a clean and honest election?
3. What is the level of effectiveness of the Automated Election System (AES) with
respect to the following indicators:
a. Awareness
b. Acceptability/Adaptability
c. Trust
4. Is there a difference in the level of effectiveness between 2010 and 2013 national
election?
5. What are the problems and or irregularities observed regarding the use of AES in
the locality of the respondents during the conduct of the election?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study seek to compare the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm Election in
Barangay Poblacion 1,
Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon in order to determine the
effectiveness of the Automated Election System in the Philippines and in the subsequent
elections to come.
Specifically, this study also aimed to:
1. To find out if the respondents were aware on the advocacy of the national
government in the implementation of R.A 9369 or the Election Automation
Law.
2. To determine the level of awareness of the respondents on the strategies and
plans of the COMELEC on their advocacy of a clean and honest election?
3. To
determine
the
level of effectiveness
of the Automated
Election
System(AES) with respect to the following indicators:

a. Awareness
b. Acceptability/Adaptability
c. Trust
4. To ascertain if there is a difference in the level of effectiveness between 2010
and 2013 national election.
5. To identify what are the problems and or irregularities observed regarding the
use of AES in the locality of the respondents during the conduct of the
election.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this study consider its significance for various reasons:
First, to provide a structured description regarding to the comparison of the two
automated elections that were conducted by the COMELEC at the local level.
Secondly, to answer all the rumours and doubts on the credibility of the election
results of the 2010 and 2013 automated elections.
Thirdly, the study will serve as another reference from where the COMELEC can
draw some important inputs in order to improve the conduct of AES in the future
elections.
Fourth, the results of the study will also serve as eye opener for local voters which
will further encourage them to actively participate in the electoral process especially in
the grassroots level.
Lastly, this study will hopefully serve as a ready reference for future researchers
who wish to indulge in the same line of research work in relation to Automated Election
System.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study is limited to know the difference between the automated elections
system adopted during the 2010 national election and 2013 midterm elections based on
the opinions of the registered voters who actually participated and voted under an
Automated Election System (AES).
The study was conducted in Barangay 1 Poblacion of Malaybalay City
Bukidnon because it has the highest population and number of voters among the 46
Barangays of the City.
The pilot test of this study had been conducted in the remaining weeks of
September 2013 and the start of the month of October before the local elections so as not
to confuse the would be respondents in this study who are expected also to participate in
the upcoming barangay and SK elections in October 2013.
The study included 288 randomly chosen voters of both 2010 National and 2013
Midterm elections from Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon as the
respondents of the study. The demographic profiles of the respondents were presented so
as to reveal the distribution of respondents and if they have a bearing on the results of the
study. Some of the questions were highly technical particularly to those relating to the
source code public review and encryption and were attempted to be explained by the
researcher.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Accurateness it refers to the exactness and correctness of the election turn outs
of the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm Election using the Automated Election
System
2. Automated Election System- It is a new way of voting, counting, and
transmitting election results through computerized machine
3. Awareness It is the level of consciousness of the respondents regarding the
implementation of the Automated Election in the Philippines
4. COMELEC- It means Commission on Election; a Constitutional Commission
tasked to supervise and or administer election in the Philippines
5. Comparative Study- It is an analysis of the two succeeding automated election,
the 2010 national and 2013 midterm election
6. Effectiveness It is the term used to describe the results of the Automated
Election System in the Philippines both 2010 and 2013 wherein it uses the
Precinct Count Optical Scan or the PCOS machine
7. Election-
It is a simultaneous organized event every three (3) years in the
Philippines wherein the people could exercise directly their right of suffrage
8. Election Anomalies It refers to the irregularity and inconsistency of the election
turn outs that may result to gain of public office
9. Election Fraud- It is a wrongful or criminal deception in the election intended to
result in personal gain for public office
10. Levels of Acceptability It refers to the adequate and appropriate election result
of both 2010 National Election and 2013 Midterm Election using the Automated
Election System
11. Midterm Election- It refers to a simultaneous organized event in the Philippines
wherein the people could exercise directly their right of suffrage and vote only for
the members of the House of Senate, House of Representatives and the local
government unit officials
12. National Election- It refers to a simultaneous organized event in the Philippines
wherein the people could exercise directly their right of suffrage and vote for the
President, the Vice President, members of the House of Senate, House of
Representatives and the local government unit officials
13. Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machine- It refers to a machine that
scans
votes
,counts/
transmits votes automatically,
stores information on
precincts city, school or site of polling place and number of voters and only
accepts pre-determined number of voters and invalidates ballot that exceeds limit
14. Problems/Irregularities Refers to the difficult situation encountered by the
COMELEC such as election anomalies and fraud in both 2010 national and 2013
midterm elections
15. Registered Voters- A citizen (male or female) of the Philippines, at least
eighteen (18) years of age, not otherwise disqualified by law, have resided in the
Philippines for at least one (1) year and at least (6) months preceding the election
in the Municipality of Kitaotao and have voted in the 2010 automated national
and 2013 midterm election
16. Republic Act- Is an act passed by the congress of the Philippines while the form
of government is Republican government
17. Republic Act No. 9369 It is an act amending R.A No. 843, with an addition to
its original statement, the following statement, to encourage transparency,
credibility, fairness and accuracy of elections, amending for the purpose Batas
Pambansa Blg. 881, as amended, R.A No. 7166 and other related elections laws.
18. Strategies and Plans of the COMELEC It refers to the devised plan of actions
and approaches of the COMELEC to achieve the expected output of the 2010
national and 2013 midterm elections
19. Trust It refers to belief and confidence that the election turn outs of the 2010
national election and 2013 midterm election are accurate and correct
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This is the Conceptual Framework that will serve as the blue print of the research
study. The primary feature of the conceptual framework is the 2010 and 2013 automated
election system in the Philippines. Problems and or irregularities are being stipulated for
the purpose of determining its effectiveness. The level of Effectiveness is being measured
by the following concepts: a. Acceptability; b. Accurateness; c. Awareness and; d.
Trust.
The aforesaid parameters serve as feedback derived from the respondents who
will finally decide whether to continue to adopt or not an Automated Election System in
the future elections in the country.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Free and fair elections are the keystone of any democracy. They are essential for
the peaceful transfer of power. And which taking part in the conduct of public affairs is a
basic human right increasingly prized by people throughout the world. Humankind, at
different times in its history and with varying degrees of success, has sought ways of
involving individuals in community decisions. Today, taking part in the government is
recognized as a basic human right in every region of the world (UN Secretary-General
Report, A/46/609/ and Corr.1, par, 76).
Since democracies do not fight each other and tend to settle internal
disagreements peacefully, likewise said by President George W. Bush It is the practice
of democracy that makes a nation ready for it, and by that every nation can start on this
path (Brancati, 2011).
Election as a big socio-economic activity, mobilizing manpower, finances and
redefining the structure of political and administrative powers had contributed a lot in the
Philippines by common knowledge influence markets, prices, labor market and economic
activities. However, there is a need for a study that details how the impact of an electoral
process contributes to economic growth in sectors and industries (Ballister, et.al. 2010).
The first Filipino experience of a simultaneous automated election occurred on
the historic date of May 10, 2010. This so-called election automation was a result of a
very long and gradual process that started upon the passage of R.A. 8436 also known as
the 1997 Automated Election System Act which had authorized the pilot testing of the
computerized elections in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) held
on September 1996. ARMM was chosen because it was a self-contained region and the
most difficult place to conduct elections due to the existence of remote voting centers and
poor communication and means of transportation facilities. Brought by its success would
mean that automation will be made possible elsewhere. Through a collaborative effort of
the COMELEC and the Philippine Congress, R.A 9369 was passed last January 2007
amending the R.A. 8436. Its amendment widens the technological options in voting,
counting and transmission of votes.
Under R.A. 9369, Automated Election System herein after referred to AES is a
system using appropriate technology which has been demonstrated in voting, counting,
consolidating, canvassing and transmission of election results and other electoral
processes
(www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9369).
The
shift
from
manual
to
automation was supported by several reasons; 1) cumbersome vote tallying, 2) frequent

delays in the canvassing and transmission, 3) prone to human manipulations and
interventions (manual system), and 4) prevalent cases of election anomalies and frauds
such as vote-buying, ballot switching, flying voters, etc. After the conduct of the May
2010 National Elections both positive and negative reactions arise, through a cooperative
effort of the officials and concerned citizens of the country, Philippines was able to take
another huge step for progress.
Republic Act 9369 (Election Automation Law), principally authored by Sen.

Richard Gordon, was studied and evaluated, taking into consideration every provision
that should be followed by the COMELEC in the implementation of its activities with
regard to the automation. RA 9369 as the primary basis for every automation-related
activity should be understood clearly so that no ambiguity will be used as justification for
any extra-constitutional step that the COMELEC may take.
There are serious flaws in COMELECs Automated Election System (AES),
ranging from the technical/technological aspects, to management, and infrastructural
systems. At the concluding write-up of this report (October 26, 2009), the serious flaws,
weaknesses, vulnerabilities, and problems found by this study serve as a basis for
pointing out the imperative of contingency and continuity plans which the COMELEC
should have already done at this point.
Already, COMELEC officials including Chairman Jose Melo and the poll bodys
executive director, Jose Tolentino, have admitted there could be manual election in 25%
to 50% of the precinct areas nationwide. But conducting manual election is one issue,
whether the AES system to be implemented in the rest of the country could run flawlessly
and without hitches is another but thats the critical observations found affirmed
increasingly by many people including other critics, political groups, and other
stakeholders in the election are beginning to give rise to proposals that alternative
contingency plans including a more comprehensive poll watching should be prepared to
at least mitigate the anticipated electronic fraud as well as local/national failure of
elections. The political implications of these scenarios will be dealt with in other forums
and studies.
"Like
the
proverbial two-edged
sword,
Information
and
Communications
Technologies (ICTs) must be seen as tools that can either serve or subvert a purpose.
Their design and use, particularly in a context as sensitive as national elections, must be
exercised with careful forethought and diligence, especially in light of the vast amount of
resources they entail," the report said.
According to the study: Overall voter turnout was lower in 2010 than 2004, the
drop in the turnout for rural compared to non-rural municipalities was significant and
substantial this effect is even stronger when only considering low-income communities.
Thus, contrary to expectations the automation of voting seems to have disenfranchised
relatively poorer voters from rural areas, where the bulk of Filipino voters live. The old
systems supposedly favoured more literate, wealthier, more educated voters.
The study was presented by a group of Filipino and foreign academics assembled
by the Angara Center. The group is composed of John V.C. Nye, professor of economics
at George Mason University and executive director of the Angara Center; Desiree
Desierto, professor of economics at the University of the Philippines; and Alberto
Simpser, assistant professor at the University of Chicagos Department of Political
Science. Their presentation is titled What Can We Learn from the 2010 Philippine
Elections Data: Computerization, Turnout, and Voting.
The highlights of the results include: (1) more registered voters, but lower overall
turnout in 2010 compared to 2004; (2) higher decline in turnout for rural vs. nonrural
areas; (3) bigger drop in turnout in low-income than high-income regions within the rural
areas (Doronila, 2013).
Sorting through the tallies of the senatorial race from the first to the 16th canvass
reports, Ateneo University professor Lex Muga noted the peculiar pattern. Using the
election data released from the news website Rappler.com, the blog Radar Sweep
meanwhile discovered the same pattern in all 11 intervals checked.
An article entitled, Hacking Our Democracy author Prof. Rene Azurin warned
that the uniformity of the senatorial race results wherein no ranking changes occurred
from the beginning to every lull in the counting pointed to the pre-programming of the
automated system in order to ensure a 9-3 victory for the ruling party. Azurin cites former
COMELEC IT director Ernie del Rosario who said:
The progressive tallies follow some sort of deterministic linear equation devoid of
the influence of any probabilistic parameter or variable. This can only mean one thing
it is a pre-designed results reporting mechanism that fits the 9-3 survey instead of a tally
of the actual votes. I will call it the 9-3 Formula. Notice that the rankings of the
candidates in the entire tally (1st to 33rd place) from the time the first report was
published to subsequent ones are practically unchanged. What happened to the
individual candidates known bailiwicks that should have caused some ranking
movements in the tallied results? Smoothened by the 9-3 linear formula?
In a Facebook post, Center for People Empowerment in Governance IT consultant
Pablo Manalastas comments: The correct test to determine a conspiracy is NOT to
check the national averages to see how close to 60-30-10 we can get, because this is
exactly what the law of large numbers tells us that we will get. The more correct indicator
of a conspiracy is if we get the same 60-30-10 figures in a precinct-by-precinct
comparison, provided that the precinct figures were used to get the national canvass.
This fear of automated fraud is aggravated by the COMELECs lack of

transparency in the conduct of the automated polls, as pointed out by Kontra Daya:
The Comelec failed to implement the basic security safeguards mandated under
R.A. 9369 or the Poll Automation Law, particularly the review of the PCOS source code
by political parties and citizens groups prior to the elections. The so-called PCOS
source code review that was supposedly started days before the polls was worthless in
terms of ensuring the integrity of the machines. It was nothing but a publicity stunt by
COMELEC Chair Sixto Brillantes Jr. in a vain attempt to silence critics.
An hour after the voting ended last elections, the Parish Pastoral Council for
Responsible Voting (PPCRV) which is the official citizen arm of the Comelec announced
the partial and unofficial results from 1,418 precincts wherein more than 10 million of the
votes were obtained by administration senatorial candidate Grace Poe.
When independent poll watchdogs pointed out that the figure was bloated, the
PPCRV reportedly had Smartmatic change the script of the source code saying the data
was incorrectly formatted and double counted. The error is significant, as a maximum of
1,000 voters per precinct should only yield a total of around 1,418,000 maximum votes.
That Smartmatic can change the script of the source code during the canvassing shows
serious problems with the entire automated system.
Dr. Carol Araullo questions why a foreign corporation is allowed to control the
country's elections?
More pernicious and fatal to our democratic processes, or the appearance thereof,
is the virtual enthronement, if the Commission on Elections is to have its way, of the
current
automated
election
system designed
and
operationalized
by
foreign
multinational company, SMARTMATIC, to a seat of honor in running and controlling

Philippine elections. The COMELEC's all too hasty proclamation of the first six winning
senatorial candidates based only on 23 percent of 301 Certificates of Canvass also did not
help win the confidence of the public.
In response to accusations, COMELEC Chairperson Sixto Brillantes questioned
the motives of those questioning the conduct of the polls and accused them of engaging
in a conspiracy. He warned them to shut up or face legal charges. Various groups are
calling for a manual recount as the only way to ensure the validity of the election results
(Mongaya, 2013).
There is a need for a high-level, technical-business process, commonly known as the
Chief Information Officer (CIO) that will oversee the efficient and cost-effective utilization of
ICT. The CIO must be able to balance the expectations for quality project management and
adherence
to
best
practices
in
AES
implementation
with
desire
for
good
governance" (GM ANEWS.TVhttp://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/194666/scitech/new-study-underscoresloopholes-in-automated-election June 28, 2010 11:20pm).
The Commission or the OSCEs Office for Democratic Institutions and Human
Rights (ODIHR), local observers, and often by both concurrently is expected that election
observers will be impartial and observation is generally seen to boost transparency and
enhance the accountability of election officers (Bargiacchi et al. 2011, Binder 2009).
Election monitors can perform a range of goals including confidence-building, conflict
prevention, reporting, verifying, and legitimising elections (Anglin, 1998). International
election observers are now present at more than four out of every five elections in the
developing world (Hyde, 2010).
Most studies on election-related issues identify a range of causes and advocate a
range of interventions to address these (Haider 2011, Sisk 2008, Schimpp & McKernan
2001, Global Commission 2012). Causes of election-related problems include structural

conditions, electoral system choice, the competence of electoral administration and the
nature and functioning of the security sector (Sisk 2008, Schimpp & McKernan 2001).
In a paper titled Electoral Quality and its Consequences in Comparative
Perspectives, Simpser said every electoral system is concerned with electoral quality:
Are elections clean? Do citizens vote in large numbers? Clean elections raise issues such
as whether there is fraud or other kinds of manipulation. According to the paper, quality
and turnout take three broad patterns: Tighter races have greater turnout; competitive
ballot-box stuffing and vote-buying further boosts turnout; excessive manipulation by
rulers deters opponents turnout.
For clean elections voter participation tends to be higher in tight races. Voter
participation tends to be higher in tight races. Turnout enhances manipulation, votebuying or coercing people to show up to votemanipulation that inflates figures, ballotbox stuffing and tampering with total votes. Manipulation is excessive when not
needed to win; excessive manipulation yields large margins of victory.
Certain cases actually arise like Political monopoly which further discourages
rivals from mobilizing voters, and opposition sympathizers from voting.
The study points out that there is a strong relationship between electoral quality
and turnout.
manipulation
The relationship is contingent on high competitiveness, where marginal

increases
turnout,
manipulation decreases turnout.
and
on
low
competitiveness,
where
excessive
The Commission on Elections must have the capacity to investigate and punish
wrongdoing. Allegations of manipulation must be investigated vigorously and promptly.
The public must not view manipulation as inevitable (Doronila, 2013).
As a result, the literature generally suggests that electoral support interventions
should address the whole electoral cycle and allow for specifically designed response
measures to prevent, mitigate and/or resolve election-related violence (Haider, 2011).
They include reviewing the legal framework,
building the capacity of election
administration bodies, improving planning and budgeting, civic and voter education,
strengthening
electoral
dispute
resolution
mechanisms,
violence
monitoring,
non-
violence training and improving evaluation (Haider 2011, Schimpp & McKernan 2001,
Global Commission 2012). Other interventions such as providing incentives to promote
cooperation between rival parties may also help to reduce the likelihood of electoral
violence (Sisk, 2008).
Most studies acknowledge that transforming electoral systems can take time and
fundamental transformation. The Global Commission (2012, 26), for example, states that
in many contexts long-term electoral security requires addressing rule of law issues and
infusing, the institutions of democracy with the ethos of democracy.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology that is used in this study. The first section
describes the research locale, next is the respondents, and third is research instrument,
then the research design and statistical treatment applied. The third part describes the
parameters that are required in assessing the level of effectiveness of the Automated
Election System in Barangay 1 POblacion, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. Subsequent sections
explicate the conducted survey and analysis to investigate the effectiveness of AES in
Barangay 1 Poblacion.
A. Locale
Malaybalay City, the capital city of Bukidnon is located in the central part of the
province. It is bounded in the east by the municipality of Cabanglasan and the Pantaron
Range, which separates Bukidnon from the provinces of Agusan del Sur and Davao del
Norte; on the west by the municipality of Lantapan and Mount Kitanglad; on the north by
the municipality of Impasug-ong; and on the south by Valencia City and the municipality
of San Fernando.The whole eastern and southeastern border adjoining Agusan del Sur
and Davao del Norte is elevated and densely forested mountains, which is one of the few
remaining forest blocks of Mindanao. The nearest sea and air ports are in Cagayan de Oro
City, which is 91 kilometers away (http://www.malaybalaycity.gov.ph/index.php/aboutmalaybalay-city/geographical-location.html).
Malaybalay City is a first class component city in the province of Bukidnon,

Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 144,065 inhabitants in
25,632 households. The city
is predominantly rural, with
only 16% of the population in
urban
areas,
urbanizing
46%
40%
barangays
in
Population
in
and
rural
areas.
is
evenly
distributed in the urban and

rural areas. The urban areas
are generally found on the
confines
of
the
Sayre
Highway that traverses the

city. The locale of this study
is located at Barangay Poblacion where it is situated near the Municipal Government
office. Residents of the said area are thereby expected to have high level of awareness
regarding this matter, provided that the result drawn from the said Barangay does not
give conclusive analysis for the whole city.
Figure 3. Political Map of Malaybalay City
B. Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the registered voters of Barangay 1 Poblacion in
the Municipality of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon who voted in the two AES in 2010 and
2013. There are about two hundred and eighty-eight (288) respondents whereas 70.1 % or
202 of it were Female and about 29.9% or 86 of which were Male. The ages range from
from 22 84 years old. The study was purposive in the identification of respondents in
this study.
C. Research Instrument
The data of the study were gathered using the structured survey questionnaires
with a LIKERT-SCALE DESIGN to be distributed to the registered voters of Barangay
Poblacion. A Pre-test was conducted to determine the reliability of the research
instrument to be subjected to statistical interpretation before it will be finally used in the
study.
D. Research Design
The data gathered were summarized and analyse using the following methods: a.)
Descriptive method for problem 1, 2 & 5 (Socio-economic status of the voters, Level of
effectiveness with respect to the underlying aspects, and the problems encountered by the
AES). Problem 4 will use T-Test to determine also the difference in the level of
effectiveness between 2010 and 2013 Automated Election.
E.
Statistical Treatment
The following were the statistical treatment used by the researcher to qualify the
data presented as the result to the survey conducted to the respondents of Barangay 1
Poblacion, Malaybalay City,.
Questions regarding the Level of Effectiveness of the Automated Election System
uses the Acceptability/Adoptability. There were 5 qualitative descriptions given and
results has mean value that ranges are stated in the table below;
Table a. Acceptability/ Adoptability Rate Scale
RATE
QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION
4.51 5.0
Highly Acceptable
3.51 4.5
Moderately Acceptable
2.51 3.5
Poorly Acceptable
1.51 2.5
Not Acceptable
1 -1.50
Undecided.
On the other hand, the Level of Effectiveness of the Automated Election System
in the Philippines (Trust Rate), were also have five qualitative descriptions with a
corresponding numerical value as stated in the table below.
Table b. Trust Rate Scale
RATE
4.51 5.0
Highly Trusted
3.51 4.5
Moderately Trusted
2.51 3.5
Poorly Trusted
1.51 2.5
Not Trusted
1 -1.50
Undecided.
At the same time, the Level of Effectiveness of the Automated Election System in
the Philippines about its results (Accurateness Rate) was also provided with five
qualitative descriptions with a corresponding rating value as stated in the table below.
Table c. Accurateness Rate Scale
RATE
4.51 5.0
Highly Accurate
3.51 4.5
Moderately Accurate
2.51 3.5
Poorly Accurate
1.51 2.5
Not Accurate
1 -1.50
Undecided.
The Presentation of Comparison of the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm Election
has
also
three
qualitative
** - p < 0.01 More significant;
descriptions
with
corresponding
numerical value.
* - p < 0.05 Less significant; ns - Not significant.
The Problems Encountered in the Automated Election System five qualitative

descriptions with a corresponding numerical value;
Table d. Comparison of 2010 and 2013 Election Scale
RATE
5.51 6
Highly Observable
4.51 5.0
Relatively High Observable
3.51 4.5
Average Observable
2.51 3.5
Low Observable
1.51 2.5
Dont Know
1 -1.50
Undecided
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the study based on the respondents answers to
the distributed questionnaire. All the data were analysed, interpreted and discussed in
relation to the questions raised. Tables and figures were used to present the results, and
then the interpretation and analysis follow.
A survey was conducted through the distribution of questionnaires to the target
respondents in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
The survey dealt with the comparison of the Automated Election System used in the 2010
National and 2013 Midterm Elections as rated by the respondents of Barangay 1
Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents by Sex
SEX
No. of the Respondents
PERCENT
Male
86
29.9
Female
202
70.1
Total
288
100.0
Sex. For the equal representation of both male and female voters for about two hundred
and eighty-eight (288) respondents; 70.1 % or 202 of it were Females and about 29.9% or
86 of which were Males. Thus, Table 1 shows that most of the respondents of Barangay 1
Poblacion, Malaybalay City, were female rather than male.
Table 2. Distribution of Respondents by Age
AGE
No. of Respondents
PERCENT
Less than 30
58
20.1
31 to 50 years old
165
57.3
51 and above
65
22.6
Total
288
100.0
Age. The respondents were strategically randomly chosen especially those who have
voted in the 2010 and 2013 Automated Elections regardless of their age. The age of the
respondents were divided into three with respect to their range. Table 2 shows that among
the two hundred and eighty-eight respondents (288) of Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City Bukidnon; 58 of it or 20.1% falls in the ages of less than 30, 165 or
57.3% of it were ages from 31 to 50 years old and about 65 or 22.6% were from the ages
ranging 51 and above. Thus, the table implies that majority of the respondents of the
study belongs to the age bracket 31 50 years of age.
Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status

MARITAL STATUS
Single
42
14.6
Married
243
84.4
Separated
.3
Widowed/ Widower
.7
Total
288
100.0
Marital Status. The marital status of respondents was classified as Single, Married,
Separated and Widowed. Among the 288 respondents taken from the chosen locale; 42 or
14.6% of which are Single; 243 or 84.4% are Married; 1 or 0.3% is separated and 2 or
0.7% are Widowed. The Table 3 shows that most of the respondents have a civil status of
married and followed by those who are single.
Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Educational Attainment

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
No. of Respondents
PERCENT
Elementary
High School
28
106
9.7
36.8
College
154
53.5
Total
288
100.0
Educational Attainment. To determine the educational attainment of the respondents,

respondents were identified as those that are Elementary Graduate, High school Graduate
and College Graduate. Among the 288 respondents from the chosen locale; 28 or 9.7%
attained elementary, 106 or 36.8% attained high school and 153 or 53.5% of which
attained college.
Thus, Table 4 shows that most of the respondents from Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon are those who have attained the college and high school level
followed by those who have attained elementary level.
Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Annual Income

ANNUAL INCOME
No. of Respondents
PERCENT
10,000 to 12,000
12,000, to 15,000
30
20
10.4
6.9
15,000 to 20,000
65
22.6
20,000 and above
173
60.1
Total
288
100.0
Annual Income. For determining the annual income received by the respondents, a
certain range was used such as from ten to twelve thousand (10,000-12,000), twelve to
fifteen thousand (12,000-15,000), fifteen to twenty thousand (15,000-20,000) and twenty
thousand and above (20,000-above). Among the 288 respondents, 173 or 60.1% of the
respondents has their annual income of 20,000 and above, 65 or 22.6% has 15,000 to
20,000, and 30 or 10.4% has 10,000 to 12,000 while 20 or 6.9% has 12,000 to 15,000 of
their income. Thus, Table 5 shows the percentage of respondents according to their
annual income where most of the respondents from Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon has their annual income of 20,000 and above.
Table 6. Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Religious Affiliation

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
No. of Respondents
PERCENT
Roman Catholic
216
75.0
Islam
1.0
Born Again Christian

Iglesia ni Cristo
Seventh Day Adventist
23
22
13
8.0
7.6
4.5
Others
Total
11
288
3.8
100.0
Religious Affiliation. Among the 288 respondents taken out from Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon; 216 or 75.0% are Roman Catholics; 3 or 1.0% are Islam; 23
or 8.0% are Born Again Christians; 22 or 7.6% are Iglesia ni Cristo; 13 or 4.5% are
Seventh Day Adventist while 11 or 3.8% are part of other religions such as Jehovas
Witness and Judaism.
The Table 6 shows that a big percentage of the respondents were Roman Catholics
compared to the other religion such as the Iglesia ni Cristo, Born Again Christian, Islam
and others.
Awareness
Awareness of the Respondents on the Advocacy of the National Government
regarding Automated Election System (AES)
Table 7a presents the awareness of the respondents regarding the advocacy of the
National Government on Automated Election System at Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. It presents the frequency of the respondents who answered
Yes and No with regards to the government advocacies on the Automated Election
System.
Table 7a reveals that out of 288 respondents, 132 respondents were aware of RA 9369 or
the Election Automation Law while 156 respondents were not aware about it. This
implies that even if the respondents had successfully voted during the previous election,
majority of them were still not aware about this existing law on Automated Election.
Regarding about the PCOS machine and its functions as presented by the government in
casting votes, 91 respondents were aware while 197 respondents were not aware about its
function even if they voted in the said elections. There are 164 respondents who agrees
that the result of elections under AES were accurate while 124 of the respondents does
not; this implies that majority of the respondents believe that with the use of AES,
election results will be accurate. There were 140 of the respondents who were aware
about the possibility of eradicating election frauds and anomalies with the use of PCOs
machines while 148 respondents were not; saying that the possibility of eradicating
election frauds cannot be fully achieve by only using the PCOs machines because as to
them the main cause of these frauds were on the people itself. With the governments
initiative of establishing public review of the new source code, 169 respondents were
aware while 119 respondents were not. This is because the discussion of the new source
code in the public review were not prioritized during the voters-education in Poblacion.
There were 136 respondents who were aware of the governments initiative to educate
the Board of Election Canvassers regarding the use of PCOS while 152 respondents were
not. This implies that majority are not aware or has no interest whether the Board of
Election Canvassers were well trained or knowledgeable during the conduct of the said
elections. For the preparation of the adjudicators to handle election-related disputes 127
of the respondents were aware while 161 respondents were not; thus there have been no
election-disputes that were reported to the Barangay 1 Poblacions attention, and they
were not aware of the need or existence of adjudicators.
As shown in Table 7a; in the indicators on the awareness of the respondents, the
awareness on the governments advocacy about clean and honest election ranked first
where about 256 of the respondents were AWARE that this advocacy of the government
is more likely to be observed during the conduct of elections. It also implies that this
awareness contributes to the success of the result of the election. As the respondents
attested that no election-related disputes arise because they believe in the existence of the
governments advocacy on a clean and honest election.
The advocacy of the government with regards to the LGUs providing enough information
about the PCOs machine and its advantages ranked second with about 190 of the
respondents who affirm that they are AWARE of this. Majority of the respondents had
observed PCOS machine had made the election process in the consolidation and casting
of votes much easier and faster compared to the old conventional way which is manual
tallying of votes.
Third in rank in the advocacy awareness of the respondents to the governments initiative
was on the action providing build in secrecy of counting of votes; whereas 188 of the
respondents were able to see that their votes are confidentially protected and where
nobody can see whom they are voting. That they are aware that the government is doing
their part to protect their right in keeping their votes confidential during the conduct of
election.
The results in Table 7a shows that there were 197 respondents from Barangay 1
Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon who are NOT AWARE on the information about
the function of PCOS machine presented by the government in casting their votes. This
ranked first and the reason why majority of the respondents were not aware about the
function of the PCOS machine is that, during the voters education as relayed by some of
the respondents, the information not disseminated well about how really the PCOS
function and as to how will it possibly cast their vote. Furthermore, they said that only in
the process of shading and putting their ballots in the PCOS was the only one which is
emphasized well during the said seminar orientation.
The results in Table 7a shows that a higher number of the respondents of
Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon were aware about the advocacies of
the government on clean and honest elections. The respondents were also AWARE about
the local government in providing enough information on the PCOs machine and its
advantages during the voters education seminars. They were also aware on the
government action on providing built-in secrecy of counting of votes as well as to the

initiative of establishing public review of source code.
The respondents were also AWARE that the election results in the locale are all accurate
considering the AES. In contrast, the respondents were least aware of the PCOS machine
and its function, the governments action in preparing adjudicators to handle electionrelated disputes and the information about RA 9369 or Election Automation Law.
Awareness of the Respondents on the COMELECs Strategies with regards to the

AES and the Election itself
Table 7b presents the strategies of the COMELEC with regards to the Automated
Election System (AES) and the election; the frequency of the respondents who answered
Yes or No as well as the corresponding rank of the presented strategies based on the
frequency.
As shown on Table 7b it reveals that among 288 respondents; with regards to the mock
election, only 102 were aware while the 186 respondents were not. This is because most
of them were not able to witness mock election in the barangay. According to them, only
in selected precincts that mock election was observed but not in their precincts. For the
observation of the recount of ballots only 93 respondents were aware that there was,
while 195 respondents affirms that there were none. Addition to that, 133 respondents
affirmed that there was voters education, while 155 respondents say there were none;
this is because according to some of the respondent who chose this option sometimes
there were no announcements or relayed information relayed to them whether if there
will be a conduct of voters education. Even if there was, they had no time to attend
because they have to prioritize more their livelihood compared in going to the seminar on
voters education.
The respondents level of awareness on the strategies of the COMELEC on coordinating
with other governmental agencies was the highest in rank in comparison with the other
actions since the respondents were able to really see the presence of other agencies such
as the police during the entire duration of the election and implementation of the
Automated Election System in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. There

were 250 respondents who affirmed the existence of this COMELECs strategy in the
research locale. They also attested that with the efforts of other local agencies and the
cooperation in the coordination of instruction, it provides a smooth flow in the conduct of
election within Barangay 1 Poblacion.
Second in rank was the security of the polling and canvassing places with a total of 219
respondents who affirmed it was present; this was related to the highest ranking observed
strategy of the COMELEC which was on the coordinating of instruction among local
government bodies, and the coordination of the police and other local offices to secure a
peaceful process of election. With the cooperation of these agencies it brought up the
increase in the security of the polling and canvassing centers.
The third in rank was about the PCOS machine final testing and sealing whereas 216 of
the respondents affirmed that before the conduct of the said election, they double check
whether the machine, if it is working or not. The result implies that the COMELEC was
still running a double check to ensure that in the conduct of the actual election there was
no malfunction but even if there is, it can be minimized since they already conducted a
testing and sealing beforehand.
The results in Table 7b says that the respondents were AWARE of the strategies of the
COMELEC with regards to the coordinating of instruction to other local agencies and
having security on the polling and canvassing precincts. They were also aware about the
voters education being conducted and as well as the final testing and sealing of the PCOS
machines.
Some of the respondents were NOT AWARE about the strategies of the COMELEC on
the conduct of a ballot recount. Thus, the respondents were not aware of such occurrence
since the voters / electorates of the research locale both accepted the results. The
occurrence of ballot recount has seldom happened in their locality because according to
them there has been no case that the election result was contested.
Level of Effectiveness Based on Acceptability or Adoptability Rate

Table 8a presents the acceptability indicators for the level of effectiveness, the
mean value, and the qualitative description of its level of acceptability, the rank of each
indicator and the average mean for both the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections.
As shown on Table 8a, it reveals that the acceptability of the respondents on the
following indicators presented were as follows; on the 2010 National election it rated as
MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE with the mean of 4.02 considering if AES was
successful while for the 2013 Midterm election it has a mean of 4.06 which implies that it
was MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE. It signifies that there was an increase with
regards to the acceptability of the respondents from the year 2010 to 2013 Midterm
elections. In the next indicator which was about, if the AES was fast, credible and has
reliable election results where for the 2010 National election it has 3.96 mean whereas it
was rated as MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE, while during the 2013 Midterm election
it has a mean of 4.06 which rated as MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE. There was an
increase to their acceptability because the respondents had attested that compare to the
2010 National election, the respondents confirmed that during the 2013 Midterm
elections it provides a fast, credible or even more reliable results due to its secondary
application in the conduct of election. And with regards to their acceptability on the use
of PCOS Machines if it makes election much easier and faster in counting, consolidation
and transmission of votes for the 2010 National election it has a mean of 4.38 which has a
description to be MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE while for the 2013 Midterm
election it has a mean of 4.20 which rated as MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE.
Although they have the same qualitative description still there is a decrease to its mean
from year 2010 until 2013. It is because the respondents were expecting more during the
second implementation of AES in fact they are expecting it to be more faster especially
on the casting of votes. But what happen is that, some of them had experience a delay in
the voting procedure and they didnt expect that it would take them more time lining up
just to cast their votes, which is why there is a decrease on their acceptability. To the
fourth statement, if frauds and anomalies were lessen with use of AES, during the 2010
National election it has a mean of 4.13 rated as MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE while
for the 2013 Midterm election it has a mean of 4.04 rated as MODERATELY
ACCEPTABLE. With regards to the convenience of the respondents if the use of the
PCOS makes them comfortable in voting, the 2010 National election got a mean of 4.05
rated as MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE while for the 2013 Midterm election it has a
mean of 3.77 which was rated also as MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE to the
respondents. Thus, there was a decrease to the mean value even if there were similar
qualitative description which implies that the respondents were lesser comfortable during
the 2013 Midterm election with regards to the use of the AES.
Table 8a reveals that the acceptability indicator on the use of PCOS machines if it makes
the election process much easier and faster in counting, consolidation and transmission of
votes has obtained the highest mean of 4.38 and with a qualitative description of
MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE for the 2010 National election and also has the
qualitative description of MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE for the 2013 Midterm
election with a mean of 4.20. Although with the same qualitative description, there is a
significant decrease on the mean value from 2010 to 2013 elections which means that the
respondents have a little bit lower acceptability rate during the 2013 Midterm election.
This can be said because of their previous experience during the 2010 National election
which was the first time to use the PCOS machine. The respondents have already
compared the changes in the process from the other with the given experience secondary
experience.
Regarding the acceptability indicator which was about the new system as a fast, credible
and reliable election results, it gained the lowest mean value of 3.96 with the qualitative
description of MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE for the 2010 National election and is
now the second highest for the 2013 Midterm election with the mean of 4.06 or
MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE qualitative description. Thus, it can be said that
although with the same qualitative description, the acceptability rate has significantly
increased from the 2010 to 2013 Midterm election. This is because with the experience
from the 2010 National election, the respondents can attest and compare that there was
indeed lesser election frauds and anomalies during the 2013 Midterm election and the
respondents believed that with the help of AES their votes will be secured which
coincides to their observance to the COMELECs strategies in putting up high security on
the polling and canvassing centers.
Furthermore, the average mean for the acceptability of the 2010 National election was
4.11 which has a qualitative description of MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE compared
with the average mean of the 2013 Midterm election which is 4.03 with a qualitative
description of MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE. Thus, there is a decrease in the level
of acceptability of the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
from the 2010 National to the 2013 Midterm election. Considering that the lowest in rank
on the research locales acceptability was on the part of the new system as a fast, credible
and reliable election result, it was possible that the decrease was brought up by the issue
of some irregularities specially on the delay of transmissions and on the process of the
casting of votes which affected the way how they respond to the indicator given.
Level of Effectiveness Based on Level of Trust

Table 8b presents the trust indicators for the level of trust, the mean value, and the
qualitative description of its level of acceptability, the rank of each indicator and the
average mean for both the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections.
Table 8b presents the response of the respondents according to the second
indicator which was on their level of trust to the AES. As shown in the results, it reveals
that among 288 respondents; the response for the first statement, for the new system or
source code: the 2010 National elections has a mean of 3.95 rated as MODERATELY
TRUSTED while for the 2013 Midterm elections it has a mean of 4.10 rated as
MODERATELY TRUSTED; this implies that their level of trust increases compare to
the first conduct of automated election. For the second statement, which refers to the
voters turnouts,
the 2010
National election has a mean of 4.04
rated
as
MODERATELY TRUSTED while for the 2013 Midterm elections has a mean of 4.07
rated as MODERATELY TRUSTED, there was an increase with which was supported
by the fact that there was an increase of voters within the research locale and by that it
affected the increase of the voters turnout. In the third statement, with regards to the
process of conduct of the election procedures: during the 2010 National election it has a
mean of 4.10 rated as MODERATELY TRUSTED while the 2013 Midterm election it
has a mean 4.16 which is Moderately Trusted; but there was an increase during the 2013
Midterm elections. For the fourth statement, with regards to the ballot design for the 2010
National election it has a mean of 4.00 rated as MODERATELY TRUSTED while the
2013 Midterm election has a mean of 4.05 rated as MODERATELY TRUSTED; there
was a little change but it remains similarly the same because there were no or slight
changes with the ballot design at all.. For the fifth statement, which was regarding on the
transmission of results; during the 2010 National election it has a mean of 3.94 which has
a qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED while the 2013 Midterm
election has a mean of 3.99 rated as MODERATELY TRUSTED; there was just a little
bit of increase in the mean but it doesnt have any impact at all. For the last statement,
which is about the PCOS machine to be as the new way of counting votes; during the
2010 National election it has a mean of 3.98 rated as MODERATELY TRUSTED and
while during the 2013 Midterm election it has a mean of 3.92 rated as MODERATELY
TRUSTED. There was a decrease to the level of trust to the respondents; this implies that
the first-hand experience of the respondents affected their response when they used the
PCOS machine for the second time.
The process in the conduct of the election procedures in 2010 National elections
gained the highest mean of 4.10 with a qualitative description of MODERATELY
TRUSTED and has also gained as highest for 2013 Midterm elections with a mean of
4.16 with a qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED. This shows that
even though they obtain similar qualitative description, there is an increase in the level of
trust from the 2010 National to the 2013 Midterm election. Caused by the shifting of
election process from a manual to an automated system of voting during the 2010
National election, people tend to wary and be cautious of the process and procedures
because sometimes it is too complicated and highly technical. The views and opinion of
the respondents were also affected by the first-hand experience of the process and
procedure of the automated election system, thus, their level of trust becomes higher.
For the 2010 National elections; the new system about the new source code got the
lowest mean of 3.95 with a qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED and
also the transmission result which got 3.95 for its mean and has a qualitative description
of MODERATELY TRUSTED while for the year 2013 the one who got the lowest rank
is the statement on that the PCOS Machine as the new way of counting of votes with a
mean of 3.92 and has a qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED.
Furthermore, the average mean of the 2010 National election is 4.01 or with the
qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED as compared to the average
mean of the 2013 Midterm election is 4.04 or with the qualitative description of
MODERATELY TRUSTED. There was an increase with the average mean but its
minimal. The result simply implies that the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon has a higher level of trust towards the Automated Election
System during the 2013 Midterm election compared to the 2010 National election.
Level of Effectiveness Based on Level of Accurateness

Table 8c presents the indicators for the level of accurateness, the mean value, and
the qualitative description of its level of acceptability, the rank of each indicator and the
average mean for both the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections.
The result presents the level of accurateness of the AES in Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon whereas on Table 8c, it reveals that among 288 respondents;
Regarding an election with the new system, if it was accurate and was credible with
regards to the election results: for the year 2010 National election it has a mean of 4.06
rated as MODERATELY ACCURATE while during the 2013 Midterm election it has a
mean of 4.09 and rated as MODERATELY ACCURATE; it implies that the level of
accurateness of the AES increases during the second time of its implementation. The
casting of election results in Barangay 1 Poblacion; for the year 2010 has a mean of 4.08
which was MODERATELY ACCURATE while during the 2013 Midterm elections it
has a mean of 4.10 rated to be MODERATELY ACCURATE, the increase of the mean
was made possible because the respondents become more familiar of the use of the PCOS
machine since it is their second time of using it on the conduct of the election process.
Regarding the responsibility of the facilitators during the conduct of the election process
with the 2010 National election it has mean of 4.16 rated MODERATELY
ACCURATE while for the 2013 Midterm election it has mean of 4.18 which rated also
as MODERATELY ACCURATE; there was a sudden increase because according to
the respondents the facilitators during the election was more trained than before and with
the fact that they were also teachers they respect and trust that the result will be accurate
because of this factors. With regards to the integrity and reliability of the source code of
the PCOS machine for the 2010 National election, it has a mean of 4.23 rated as
MODERATELY ACCURATE while for 2013 Midterm election has a mean of 4.20
rated as MODERATELY ACCURATE; there was a decrease to its mean by the year
2013 for the reason that the technicalities of the new source code was never made clear to
them for which it was least mentioned during the voters education seminar that they
attended. Some of them also argued that, we can never neglect that fact that possible
human interventions were possible, thats why it affected their view on the reliability of
the new source code. For the last statement, with regards for a faster transmission of
election results to the canvassing centers; during the year 2010 National election it has a
mean of 4.08 and was rated MODERATELY ACCURATE while for the 2013 Midterm
election it has a mean of 4.24 rated also to be MODERATELY ACCURATE; its
increase was brought by the experience that it is their second time of having an
automated election that is why they can attest that there is a change regarding the
transmission process, whereas most of them find it faster in projecting the results during
the year 2013.
The integrity and reliability of the source code of the PCOS machine ranked first which
gained
the
highest
mean
value
of
4.23
with
the
qualitative
description
of
MODERATELY ACCURATE for the 2010 National elections; while compared with
the 2013 Midterm election where the statement of faster transmission of election results
to canvassing centers gained the highest mean of 4.24 or with a qualitative description of
MODERATELY ACCURATE. The difference between the two automated elections
can be explained that during the 2010 National election, the concern of the voters was on
the facilitators or people operating the PCOS machine since it is very important to display
a high accurate performance as to appease the doubts of the voters towards the new
system. On the other hand, since the PCOS machines have already been used in the
previous elections, the accuracy of the transmission of results is held primary priority.
The one with regards on providing a credible result for the 2010 National elections was
on its lowest rank which has a mean value of 4.06 with a qualitative description of
MODERATELY ACCURATE which remain the same to the 2013 Midterm elections
with a mean of 4.09 and a qualitative description of MODERATELY ACCURATE.
This further explained that since the Automated Election System was a new encounter for
the voter, thus, the accuracy level as perceived by the respondents is low, however, as it
has been already used and tested, the level of accurateness has rapidly increased.
Lastly, the average mean shows that the 2010 National election has gained a mean value
of 4.12 or with the description of MODERATELY ACCURATE while during the year
2013 Midterm election where the mean value is higher with 4.16 or with the qualitative
description
of MODERATELY ACCURATE.
This
implies that the level of
accurateness of the Automated Election System was higher during the 2013 Midterm
elections than that of the 2010 National election. This was caused by the idea that it was
their second time of experience AES in the conduct of election and therefore their firsthand experience help them compared where they find the 2013 election to be more
accurate compare to the previous one.
Respondents Problems and Anomalies Encountered during

The Two Consecutive Elections
Table 9 shows about the respondents encountered problems and anomalies

during the conduct of the consecutive elections of 2010 National and 2013 midterm
elections. For the identification of the problems or irregularities observed regarding the
use of AES in the locality of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City for the conduct of
election, the respondents were asked to rate their level of awareness on the presence of
such problems and irregularities. The result reveals that the lower the mean the lower of
its observance.
As the result shows, the observance of the following problems encountered whereas
follows; For the failure of immediate transmission ranked second with the mean 4.40 and
it was Average in Observance. Some of the respondents confirmed that on their voting
precincts the facilitators failed to transmit the results for the first time and have to do it
twice maybe due to the unstable connection in transmitting to the servers. For the lack of
specialized PCOS technicians it has mean of 4.07 and was Average of Observance due
to the lack of technicians designated with the precincts. One of the respondents said that
they even find difficulties because sometimes the technicians where not there or does not
know on how to fix the problem with the machine.
For the non-observance of call time it has a mean of 2.48 and was Low in tendencies of
Observance because they really started on time as attested by the respondents, they even
start around 6:30 just to cater those who will be facilitating the election and those who are
disabled and elderly. There were no times of brownouts which has a mean of 2.22 which
they Do not Know or they are not aware if there were any observance of it because as far
as they were concerned there has no chance that during the election day there were brown
outs in the place. For electoral violence it has mean of 1.97 as determined to be that they
Do not Know or they are not awareabout its Observance because as to them there were
no signs of electoral violence in the area; and with regards ballot rejection. It has a mean
of 3.39 as to be Low In Observance because although there were ballot rejection still
only few of the respondents appear to have experienced it. For transmission problems
from the machine to canvassing centers it has a mean of 2.15 where they Do not Know if
there were any observance about it because they say that some of them were not really
interested on checking if their votes were transmitted or not and sometimes they went
there to vote only and afterwards they left the polling precinct. Lastly, if there was
manipulation of unauthorized personnel which has a mean of 1.86 where they also Do
not Know or they are not ware if there is any tendencies observable about it.
As the result reveals that the malfunction of the PCOS machine ranked first in and
was relatively high in observance while the delay of transmission and the lack of
technician was Averagely Observed, these were the top three problems which the
respondents from Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay, City Bukidnon had relevantly
observed during the conduct of the election process. It becomes one of the big factors
why some of them would like to change back into manual tallying of votes but majority
of the respondents was open-minded that these problems were technical and there can be
possible solution to this. That is why, as to them they really want to pursue another
election following the AES.
On other cases like non observance of call time and ballot rejection it was low in
observance,
while brownouts,
electoral violence, transmission problems from the
machine to canvassing centers, manipulation of unauthorized personnel was responded

by the respondents as to they Dont Know if these problems exist.
Furthermore, the average mean of the problems encountered was 3.03 which was
determined to scale as Low in Observance; which implies that problems and anomalies
observed in the locales were just minimal and can possibly be regulated in the next
conduct of elections.
Comparison of the Level of Effectiveness of the

2010 National and 2013 Midterm Election
Table 10 shows the comparison of the level of effectiveness with regards to the projected
indicators affecting the effectiveness of the AES during the two consecutive elections
(2010 National and 2013 Midterm Elections) in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon with respect to the different indicators namely; Acceptability, Level of Trust
and Accurateness. Whereas, symbols like ** indicates that the results probability is less
than 0.01 rated to be more significant **P<0.01 is highly significant, * indicates that the
results probability is less than 0.05 which was rated to be less significant or *P<0.05 is
significant; and ns which if the probability does not fall any of the given variable
therefore it rated as not significant or NS, Not significant.
The acceptability indicator in year 2010 which has a mean of 4.109028 and standard
deviation of .5082474, compare on the year 2013. It has mean of 4.025694 and standard
deviation of .4713753 whose t-value was 2.88 and has a probability of 0.004** or with
the description Highly Significant. It can be seen through the mean comparing the
2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections that there is a decrease with the mean as to
the decrease in their acceptability of the effectiveness for the 2013 Midterm elections.
This means that the acceptability was highly significant during the 2010 National and
2013 Midterm elections in assessing the level of effectiveness of the automated election
system. Based on Table 8a the 2010 National election was has higher degree of
significant even though they are the same with the 2013 having a moderately acceptable
qualitative description. Although they have similar qualitative description but still
during the 2010 National elections it gained a higher mean value with the use of the
AES, it makes the election process much easier and faster in counting, consolidation
and transmission of votes.
As presented in the trust indicator
in year 2010 of the National elections it has a
mean of 4.008333 and standard deviation of .5318432 while 2013 Midterm elections has
mean of 4.038690 and standard deviation of .4846264 whose t-value was -1.738 and has
a probability of .083ns or Not Significant due to the minimal changes observed with the
mean of the 2010 and 2013 elections. That as seen there has been no distinct change at
all, that is why it has no significance as to the effectiveness of the AES in the two
elections. Furthermore, the average mean of the 2010 National election is 4.01 or with the
qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED as compared to the average
mean of the 2013 Midterm election is 4.04 or with the qualitative description of
MODERATELY TRUSTED. There was an increase with the average mean but its
minimal. The result simply implies that the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon has a higher level of trust towards the Automated Election
System during the 2013 Midterm election compared to the 2010 National election.
Furthermore, on the last indicator of effectiveness which is accurateness in year
2010 which has a mean of 4.120833 and a standard deviation of .3970053 whereas on the
year 2013 it has mean of 4.161806 and standard deviation of .4825161 whose t-value was
-2.113 and has a probability of 0.035* which has a Significant impact in determining the
level of effectiveness of AES in the research locale. It can be seen through the mean
comparing the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections that there is an increase with
the mean as to an increase in the level of effectiveness to the accuracy of the 2013
Midterm elections. Based on Table 8c the 2010 National election has gained a mean
value of 4.12 or with the description of MODERATELY ACCURATE while during the
year 2013 Midterm election where the mean value is higher with 4.16 or with the
qualitative description of MODERATELY ACCURATE. This implies that the level of
accurateness of the Automated Election System was higher during the 2013 Midterm
elections than that of the 2010 National election. This was caused by the idea that it was
their second time of experience AES in the conduct of election and therefore their firsthand experience help them compared where they find the 2013 election to be more
accurate compare to the previous one.
Therefore, the result reveals that the acceptability rate of the respondents for year
2010 National elections has a larger mean than the 2013 Midterm election which implies
that the decrease of acceptance due to the variation of the rates of its result was based on
the experience of the respondents comparing the 2010 election as faster and easier on
their part. In the level of trust of the respondents; although there were slight changes from
the mean of 4.008 of 2010 National elections to mean of 4.038 of the 2013 Midterm
elections this does not gives a bigger impact due to the minimal changes that it gained as
rated according to its probability which doesnt fall from any of the two since its higher
than the required value rated. For the level of accurateness, it showed that during the year
2013 it was rated to be more accurate compared to the 2010 National election. Brought
up by the idea that it was their second time of experience AES in the conduct of election
and therefore their first-hand experience help them compare where they find the 2013
election to be more accurate compare to the previous 2010 National elections.
Evaluation of the Respondents on the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm Elections
Automated Election System
Evaluation (favored yes)

In assessing the respondents preference on whether or not to continue using the
Automated Election System, the respondents were made to answer Yes or No and to rank
their reasons from 1 being the highest and 5 being the lowest choosing from the reasons
provided. In order to determine the general perception of the respondents, the answers
presented were ranked by basis of the frequency or number of voters who chose the
corresponding reason. In the research locale of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon among two hundred eighty- eight (288) respondents; 240 or 80% of which
favored the continuity of the usage of the AES who answered Yes.
The statement that the Automated Election System provides fast and easier
process was ranked first since 143 of the 240 respondents who answered Yes chose it.
For the second option that it provides credible election results it has ranked as 4 th whereas
19 out of the 240 respondents who answered Yes chose it. In the third option saying that
it is reliable has ranked 2nd whereas 52 of 240 respondents who answered Yes chose it.
For the fourth option if it is precise and accurate ranked 5 th whereas 2 of the 240
respondents who answered Yes chose it, while for the last option about if it is efficient
and effective it ranked 3rd whereas 24 of the 240 respondent who answered yes chose it.
The statement that the AES provides fast and easier process was ranked first among all
the reasons provided since the respondent of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon has observed it during the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections.
Furthermore, the respondents stated that the AES system has made the conduct of
election become speedy and more comfortable for them.
The statement that the it is efficient and effective ranked last not because the
system is not reliable, but because of the experience of the respondents from the elections
conducted in the country even before AES has left a deep feeling of doubt and has made
the respondents more watchful of the new system.
Table 11a shows the larger percentage of the respondents (240 out of 300
respondents) answered Yes for continuing the use of PCOS machine for the succeeding
elections in the country especially
for the 2016 Presidential Election. For the reason
where the PCOS machine provides a faster and easier process was the most favored
reason of the respondents from Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
Although with the problems identified in the earlier part of the presentation of results,
majority of the respondents still chose to continue an election with the usage of the PCOS
machine through the succeeding elections to come. In addition, most of the respondents
believe that using the PCOS machine would help develop and improve the electoral
process of the country. The results show that the people of Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon are very positive or are supporting the use of PCOS machine
for the succeeding the elections to come.
Evaluation of the Respondents on the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm Elections
Automated Election System
Evaluation (favored no)
In assessing the respondents preference on whether or not to continue using the
Automated Election System, the respondents were made to answer Yes or No and to rank
their reasons from 1 being the highest and 5 being the lowest choosing from the reasons
provided. In order to determine the general perception of the respondents, the answers
presented were ranked by basis of the frequency or number of voters who chose the
corresponding reason. In the research locale of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon among two hundred eighty- eight (288) respondents; 48 or 20% of which does
not favored the continuity of the usage of the AES who answered No.
For the respondents who answered No; the reason with the highest rank is the
Delay of transmission result with a frequency count of 19 of the 48 respondents who
answered No. Second in rank is the reason of PCOS malfunction with a frequency of 14
out of 48. For the third ranked reason, the high risk of human intervention with a
frequency count of 4 out of 48 respondents. The statements on the election result with a
frequency of 8 out of 48 respondents who chose No ranked as the second lowest while
the mismatch of election results ranked last with the frequency count of 3 out of 48 each.
With regards to the statement of delay of transmission result which ranked first of the
reasons why the respondents do not want to continue the Automated Election System.
This is not to say that the PCOS machine is ineffective but rather its like other machines
which have certain unexpected problems, like for the connection and transmission from
the locale precinct and to the central server. Most of the respondents who suggested this
reason have experienced this problem during elections; however, they remain obvious
only to the minority.
Furthermore, throughout the conduct of the study, there were some who opposed
to the continuance of the use of PCOS machine for the succeeding elections since
according to a few, the Automated and Manual system of election are not entirely
different because of the delay of the transmission, thus, it is better to revert back to
manual voting during elections and as argued by them that there might be possible human
intervention which caused the delay.
Table 11b shows the larger percentage of the respondents (48 out of 288
respondents) answered No for continuing the use of PCOS machine for the succeeding
elections in the country especially that of the 2016 Presidential Election.
This implies
that a small percentage of the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City,

Bukidnon were not in favor of continuing the use of PCOS machine for the succeeding
elections especially for the 2016 Presidential Election.
That even if the minority affirms that there was a delay in the transmission of results and
some PCOS machine malfunctions, still these problems were just technical and possible
solutions can be made to answer this issue. Furthermore, no matter what would be the
technical problems of the AES, for the reason that it provides fast and easier process, the
respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon favored to continue an
election with the use of the AES.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of the Study

The purpose of the study is to compare the two consecutive elections; the 2010
National and 2013 Midterm elections. The study aimed to answer the following
objectives: a) To find out if the respondents were aware on the advocacy of the national
government in the implementation of R.A 9369 or the Election Automation Law; b) to
determine the level of awareness of the respondents on the strategies and plans of the
COMELEC on their advocacy of a clean and honest election c) to determine the level of
effectiveness of the Automated Election System (AES) with respect to the following
indicators: 1) Acceptability/Adaptability, 2) Trust, 3) Accurateness; d) to identify what
are the problems and or irregularities observed regarding the use of AES in the locality of
the respondents during the conduct of the election; e) to ascertain if there is a difference
in the level of effectiveness between 2010 and 2013 national election.
The respondents of the study were the registered voters of Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon who actually voted during the 2010 National and 2013
Midterm elections
using
the
Automated
Election
System.
The identification of
respondents for the study was purposive to meet the necessity of the study being only
registered voters for the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm election. Research in the
library and internet search were made as additional sources of the study. The data
collected were presented using contingency tables to analyse the relation and comparison
between two or more categorical variables. The data presented were then gathered and
analysed through the following methods; Socio-economic status of the voters, level of
effectiveness with respect to the underlying aspects, and the problems encountered by the
AES. A T-Test was also used to determine the difference in the level of effectiveness
between 2010 and 2013 Automated Election with respect to the different Effectiveness
indicators.
Findings of the Study
Results show that respondents in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon were mostly positive on the use of automated election system and that there
were differences found between the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections as
perceived by the respondents.
Regarding the first question on whether the respondents were AWARE of the
advocacy of the national government in the implementation of R.A 9369 or the Election
Automation Law, results show that the top three advocacy indicators that obtained the
highest frequency which the respondents are most aware of where the following; a) the
governments advocacy about clean and honest election on AES, b) Local Government
provides you enough information about the use of PCOS machine and its advantages
and c) the governments action of providing built in secrecy of counting the votes. In
contrast, the respondents were least aware of the PCOS machine and its functions as
presented by the government in casting your votes for the reason that sometimes the
respondents could not find a free time to attend the voters education seminars in their
place for they will rather prioritize their means of livelihood rather than doing something
else which does not allow them to earn a living.
However, with the efforts of both National and the local government, more
respondents were interested towards Automated Election System, thus, the respondents of
Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon have a high degree of awareness of
the Automated Election System and the advocacies of the government in relation to its
implementation.
With regards to the question on the level of effectiveness of the Automated
Election System (AES) with respect to the indicators: Acceptability/Adaptability, Trust
and Accurateness; the results show that the respondents have a high rate of acceptability
to the use of PCOS machines in making election much easier and faster in counting,
lesser election frauds and anomalies with a qualitative description of MODERATELY
ACCEPTABLE for both elections during the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm
elections. However, there was a decrease in the level of acceptability of the respondents
of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon from the 2010 National to the 2013
Midterm election. Considering that the lowest in rank on the research locales
acceptability was on the part of the new system as a fast, credible and reliable election
result, it was possible that the decrease was brought up by the issue of some irregularities
specially on the delay of transmissions and on the process of the casting of votes which
affected the way how they respond to the indicator given. The average mean of the two
elections dictate that most of the voters admit to the fact that through the use of PCOS
machines, a faster and more comfortable means of election had been made possible.
There were no more hassles to the respondents because they find ease with this new
process in casting their votes, compared to the slower process during the manual voting
where it was so time consuming and sometimes you have to accompany others specially
those who find difficulties in writing on ballots.
Furthermore, there was a high level of trust with regards to the process in the
conduct of election procedures as presented with an average mean of 4.03 which has a
qualitative description of MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE for the 2010 National and
2013 Midterm elections. However, there is a significant difference when it comes to the
mean value since there was an increase on the 2013 Midterm elections especially on the
process of the conduct of the election. Moreover, the average mean of the 2010 National
election has a qualitative description of Moderately Trusted similar to that of the 2013
Midterm election with a qualitative description of MODERATELY TRUSTED making
this election more trusted by the respondents.
Lastly, the results show that there is a difference on the respondents view of the
degree of accurateness for the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections. As for the
2010 National election, the integrity and reliability of the source code of the PCOS
machine was the highest in rank with a qualitative description of Moderately Accurate. In
comparison, for the 2013 Midterm election, the faster transmission of election results to
the canvassing centers gained the highest rank with the qualitative description of
MODERATELY ACCURATE. Finally, the average mean of the 2010 National election
which was 4.12 only has a qualitative description of MODERATELY ACCURATE as
compared to the 2013 Midterm election increased where it has a mean value of 4.16
resulted to be also Moderately Accurate but with a higher mean value. Thus, with the
results using the three indicators, it can be said that the Automated Election System has a
high level of effectiveness as rated by the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion,

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
As for the question whether there was a difference in the level of effectiveness
between 2010 National and 2013 Midterm election; the results show that the
Effectiveness indicators: acceptability, trust and accurateness have a more significant
rating according to the respondents. The acceptability indicator has a higher mean during
the 2010 National and decreased during the 2013 Midterm elections with this significant
decrease its probability with a qualitative description to be more significant , as well as
the trust indicator which decrease the mean value from 2010 to 2013 Midterm elections
but falls a probability which has a qualitative description to be not significant, while
compare to the accurateness indicator have a lower mean and standard deviation for the
2010 National election as compared to the 2013 Midterm election showing a significant
increase although both fall the probability and description to be less significant. This
shows an important increase in the level of effectiveness with respect to its indicators
which are rated as more significant. The respondents believe that using the Automated
Election System, the acceptability of the use of PCOS machines in making election much
easier and faster in counting and the trust to the facilitators during the conduct of the
election process have a difference for the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections with
respect to the increase in the mean and standard deviation.
However, there was a difference on the level of accurateness on the process in the
conduct of the election procedures for the 2010 National elections and of the transmission
of the results for the 2013 Midterm elections. Thus, it can be said that with respect to the
difference in the mean and standard deviation of the indicators; acceptability, trust and
accurateness, the level of effectiveness for the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm elections
has a significant difference as rated by the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
Conclusion
The result of the study encompassing the level of effectiveness of the 2010
National and 2013 Midterm elections paved to the advancement in the exercise of the
democratic rights of every citizens in the country. The respondents from Barangay 1
Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, were mostly positive towards the Automated
Election System; affirming the continuity of the use of AES for the coming 2016 National
election and for the succeeding elections to come. Moreover, the results have shown that
the respondents have a high degree of awareness on the Automated Election System; to
its purpose, to the advocacies of the local government towards its implementation and as
well as to the plans and strategies of the COMELEC in promoting a clean and honest
election.
It reveals that the decrease of their level of responses was brought up by the issue
of some irregularities especially on the delay of transmissions and on the process of the
casting of votes which affected the way how they respond to the indicator given to them.
Furthermore, even though there were some who disagree to its continuity, still, a
high percentage of respondents favoured the continuity of the use of Automated Election
System or the PCOS Machine for the upcoming 2016 National elections and for the
succeeding elections to come believing that it is precise and accurate, it is reliable, it has
efficient and effective turnouts, it provides credible election results and it provides faster
and easier process. Majority of the respondents of Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon were positive on the Automated Election System.
Recommendations
Based on the data gathered, analysis and findings of the study, the following
recommendations were made for future utilization and further studies.
1) Similar studies must be conducted to other municipalities and cities of
Bukidnon or to larger areas such as in the Provincial or National level in order
to have a more comprehensive result.
2) Replications of the study is also recommended specifically in enhancing the
number of sample respondents and relating such variables such as the
demographic profile (age, gender, marital status, income and religion) so as to
determine the influence of such factors to the opinions of the respondents.
3) The determination on the level of effectiveness of the Automated Election
System has been measured by its indicators (Acceptability, Trust and
Accurateness). The researcher also recommends future studies to add more
indicators so that the study on AES will be more equipped with knowledge
and understanding to serve as guidelines in the subsequent elections to come.
4) This study was focused on the comparison of the two elections which
involved the use of the Automated Election System, thus, it is also
recommended to conduct a study comparing the 2010 Presidential elections
and the upcoming 2016 Presidential elections also with the use of the AES.
5) For the COMELEC, it is recommended that they intensify their programs on
voters education and the purpose and functions of the Automated Election
System. Furthermore, the conduct of Mock election and PCOS machine final
testing and sealing should be more transparent for the knowledge of the
voters. This study will also serve as a reference in the consideration of

continuing the use of the Automated Election System for the succeeding
elections and for the improvement of the system to eradicate the occurrence of
future problems and anomalies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Book Source
Automated Election System Watch (AES Watch), A Primer on the Automated
Election Systemin the Philippines, Second Release: February 18, 2013.
Ballester, et. al., A Study on the Impact of Election Spending on the Philippine
Economy, 2010.
Brancati, 2011, Time to Kill: The Impact of Election Timing on Post-Conflict
Stability, George W. Bush, Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the
National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, DC, November 6, 2003; See also
1994 State of the Union Address, Transcript of Clintons Address, NewYork Times,
January 26, 1994, p. A17.
Republic Act 9369, Election Automation Law
UN Secretary-General Report, A/46/609/ and Corr.1, par, 76
B. Internet Source
Anglin, D., 1998, International Election Monitoring: The African Experience,
African
Affairs,
Vol.
http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/389/471.full.pdf+html
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accessed
August
15,
2013, 5:34pm
Bargiacchi, F., Bakken, M., Guerin, P., and Gomes, R. G., 2011, The Electoral
Cycle Approach:
Effectiveness and Sustainability of Electoral Assistance, ISPI working paper, Istituto
di Studi di
Politica Internazionale.
http://www.ispionline.it/ad/electoral/ISPI%20WP%20%20Sustainability%20and%20
Effectivenss%20of%20Electoral%20Assistance%20%20The%20Electoral%20Cycle
%20Approach.pdf accessed July 15, 2013, 4:23pm
Doronila, 2013, Philippine Daily Inquirer, / http://opinion.inquirer.net/45881/impactof-automated-poll#ixzz2ZErdIwrJ
accessed July 28, 2013, 3:23pm
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy & Security (GCEDS), 2012,

Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving the Integrity of Elections
Worldwide, The Report of the Global Commission on 10 Elections, Democracy &
Security, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Kofi
Annan
Foundation.
http://www.global-commission.org/sites/global-
commission.org/files/DeepeningDemocracyFinalReport.pdf
Haider, H., 2008, Election-related Conflict, GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report,
University of Birmingham. http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD548.pdf
Haider, H., 2011, Electoral Support Interventions, GSDRC Helpdesk Research
Report,
University
of
Birmingham.
http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Helpdesk&id=770 accessed July 23, 2013,

4:45pm
Mongaya,
2013,
http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/05/25/philippine-elections-
tainted-by-allegations-of-automated- fraud/ accessed August 15, 2013, 3:35pm
Schimpp, M. and McKernan, A. F., 2001, Elections and Conflict: An Issues Paper,
Elections
and
Political
Processes
http://pdf.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACW678.pdf
Division,
USAID.
Sisk, T., 2008, Elections in Fragile States: Between Voice and Violence, paper
presented
at the annual meeting of the ISA's 49th Annual Convention, Bridging Multiple
Divides, 2629 March, San Francisco
http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p253347_index.html
accessed
July
23,
2013,
8:45am
TJ DIMACALI, New Study Underscores loopholes in Automated Election

GMANEWS.TVJune
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http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/194666/scitech/new-study-underscoresloopholes-in-automated-election accessed August 24, 2013, 10:40pm
www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9369 accessed July 23, 2013, 10:15am

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11:20pm
APPENDICES
Republic of the Philippines

October 9, 2013
HON. IGNACIO ZUBIRI
Office of the City Mayor

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Sir:
Pax Et Bonum!
The undersigned is a 4th year Political Science Student of Central Mindanao University. I
am writing to your good office because I am on the process of complying my
Undergraduate Thesis entitled AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2010 NATIONAL
ELCTION AND 2013 MIDTERM ELECTION IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION,
MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON.
In connection to the title of my study, I would like to ask your permission to allow me to
conduct my study and distribute questionnaires in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon.
Your favourable response to this request will be highly appreciated. Rest assured that the
data collected will be utilized only for the use of this study.
Thank you and more power.
Yours truly,
Researcher
Noted by:
HERMIE P. PAVA, MPolSci, ECNS
Adviser
Republic of the Philippines

October 9, 2013
HON. GABRIEL ALIMA
Office of the Barangay Captain

Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Sir:
Pax Et Bonum!
am writing to your good office because I am on the process of complying my
Undergraduate Thesis entitled AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2010 NATIONAL
ELCTION AND 2013 MIDTERM ELECTION IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION,
MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON.
In connection to the title of my study, I would like to ask your permission to allow me to
conduct my study and distribute questionnaires in Barangay 1 Poblacion, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon.
Your favourable response to this request will be highly appreciated. Rest assured that the
data collected will be utilized only for the use of this study.
Thank you and more power.
Yours truly,
Researcher
Noted by:
HERMIE P. PAVA, MPolSci, ECNS
Adviser
October 9, 2013
Dear Respondents,
am conducting a thesis entitled,
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM: A
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2010 NATIONAL ELECTION
AND 2013 MIDTERM ELECTION IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION, MALAYBALAY
CITY, BUKIDNON.
In connection with this, I would like to ask for your permission and cooperation to
answer the provided questionnaires sincerely. It is to gather relevant information
regarding the study mentioned. Please feel free to provide necessary information in the
space provide below.
All possible answers written thereto will be treated with outmost confidentiality.
Thank you so much for your time and for the information you will be giving. God Bless!
Yours truly,
Researcher
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED

ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE
STUDY ON THE 2010 NATIONAL AND 2013 MIDTER
ELECTIONS IN BARANGAY 1 POBLACION,
MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON
(For Registered Voters in the 2010 National and 2013 Midterm Elections)
Instructions : Please provide the necessary information in the space provided.

PART I: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Name: (Optional) ______________________________ Gender: ________
Address: ___________________________________ Age: _____
Marital status:
[ ] Single
[ ] Married
Annual Income:
[ ] 10,000-12,000
[ ] 12,000-15,000
[ ] Divorced/separated
[ ] 15,000-20,000
[ ] Widowed
[ ] 20,000-UPWARDS
[ ] Dont know
[ ] Others: please specify:

___________________
Educational Attainment:
[ ] No formal Education
[ ] Elementary
[ ] High School
[ ] College
[ ] Others: Please specify:
____________________
Religious Affiliation:
[ ] Roman Catholic
[ ] Islam
[ ] Born Again Christian
[ ] Iglesia Ni Cristo
[ ] Seventh Day Adventist
[ ] Others: Please Specify _______________________
Election Participated:
2010 National Elections
2013 Midterm Elections
PART II. AWARENESS

Instruction: Please put a check ( ) on your corresponding answers for the questions
provided below.
AWARENESS ON THE ADVOCACY OF THE NATIONAL

GOVERNMENT REGARDING AUTOMATED
ELECTION SYSTEM (AES)
Are you aware of RA 9369 or the Election Automation Law?
Are you aware of the PCOS machine and its functions as presented by
the government in casting your votes?
Are you aware of the governments advocacy about clean and honest
election on AES?
Does your Local Government provides you enough information about
the use of PCOS machine and its advantages?(e.g Voters Education)
Do you agree that the election results in your locale are all accurate
considering the AES?
YES
NO
If there are others, please specify:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
PART II. LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Below are some of the common strategies and plans of the COMELEC during
election. This part is to measure the level of awareness of the electorates in the actions
provided in their locale from the two AES that had passed.
Direction: Please check the box that correspond your choice based on your awareness
from the strategies and plans of the COMELEC in your respective locale.
AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS ON THE

STRATEGIES OF THE COMELEC ON
THE USE OF PCOS MACHINE
PCOS machine Final Testing and Sealing
YES
NO
Mock Election
Security of Polling and canvassing places
Coordinating Instruction
Recount of Ballots
Voters Education

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
PART III. LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS

Direction: Please put a check ( ) on the box provided on the right side to measure your
acceptability, awareness, trust as well as the underlying technical aspects of AES and its
efficiency, if any there be.
A. ACCEPTABILITY/ADOPTABILITY RATE
SCALE:
HA- Highly Acceptable
MA- Moderately Acceptable
PA- Poorly Acceptable
NA- Not Acceptable
U- Undecided
Do you accept the following instances listed below from the two automated
elections wherein Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) Machines were used?
ACCEPTABLITY
INDICATORS
Automated
Elections System is
successful
New system has a
credible and
reliable election
results
Use of PCOS
machines makes
election much
easier and faster in
counting,
consolidation and
transmission of
votes
Lesser election
frauds and
anomalies
Use of PCOS
MAY 10, 2010

NATIONAL ELECTION
HA MA PA NA U
MAY 13, 2013, MIDTERM

ELECTION
HA MA PA NA U
machines makes
me comfortable
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
B. TRUST RATE
Direction: Please put a check ( ) on the box provided on the right to measure your trust
of the two automated elections in the Philippines.
SCALE:
HT Highly Trusted
MT Moderately Trusted
PT Poorly Trusted
NT Not Trusted
U - Undecided
Do you trust the following instances listed below from the two automated
elections wherein Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) Machines were used?
TRUST
INDICATORS
New system is
accurate and has
credible
election results
Casting of
election results
in your
community
The
responsibility of
the facilitators
during the
conduct of the
election process
The integrity
and reliability of
MAY 10, 2010 NATIONAL

ELECTION
HT MT PT NT
U
MAY 13, 2013 MIDTERM

ELECTION
HT MT
PT
NT
U
the source code

of the PCOS
machine
Faster
transmission of
election results
to the
canvassing
centers
The PCOS as
the medium in
casting the votes
of electorates

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
C. ACCURATENESS RATE
Direction: Please put a check ( ) on the box provided on the right to measure your
insights about the accurateness of the two automated elections in the Philippines.
SCALE:
HA- Highly Accurate
PA- Poorly Accurate
MA- Moderately Accurate

NA- Not Accurate
U- Undecided
Do you think that there was an accurate casting of election results wherein the
automated election in the country uses the Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machine?
MAY 10, 2010 NATIONAL
MAY 13, 2013 MIDTERM
ELECTION
ELECTION
ACCURATENESS
INDICATORS
HA
MA
PA
NA
HA
MA
PA
NA
New system
(new source code)
Voters Turnouts
The process in the
conduct of the
election procedures
Ballot design
preparation
Transmission of
Results

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Part IV. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

Direction: Below are some of the listed election frauds and anomalies usually occur in
an election. This part is to measure the level of awareness of the electorates in the
growing problems commonly appear in the election processes. Rate the following from 1
to 6 where 6 being the highest and 1 being the lowest.
SCALE:
6 - Highly Observable
5 - Relatively High
4 - Average
3 - Low
2 Dont Know
1 - Undecided
PROBLEMS
Failure of immediate transmission
(delay in transmission on election results)
PCOS machines malfunction
Lack of specialized PCOS machine
technicians
Non observance of call time
Brownouts
Electoral Violence
Ballot rejection
Transmission problems from the machine
to canvassing centers
Election results manipulation by the
unauthorized person
]

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
PART V. EVALUATION
Direction: Please put a check corresponding to your given choice if you are in favour or
not and please rank your reasons,1 being the highest and 5 being the lowest.
Based on the experience of the two Automated Election System(AES) in the

Philippines which were concluded last 2010 and just recently this year 2013 national
election, are you still in favour of the same method of election for the subsequent
elections to come particularly the upcoming 2016 Presidential Election? Why or Why
not?
YES
NO
Please rank your reasons:
Please rank your reasons:
It provides fast and easier process
Delay in transmission of results
It provides credible election result
PCOS machine malfunction
It is reliable
intervention
High risk of Human
It is precise and accurate
Election result manipulation
It is efficient and effective
Mismatch of election results

turnouts
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
_______________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
_______________________

Effectiveness of The Automated Election System in The Philippines A Comparative Study in Barangay 1 Poblacion Malaybalay City Bukidnon

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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN

THE PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE 2010

KENT WILSON O. ANDALES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

HERMIE P. PAVA, MPoSc, ECNS

Kent Wilson Orbase Andales

Bachelor of Arts in Political

Effectiveness of the Automated

August 15, 1993

Allen Northern Samar

Mr. Wilson A. Andales

Mrs. Cecile O. Andales

Jeb Carlson O. Andales

Karl Jason O. Andales

Althea Carmelle o. Andales

Central Mindanao University

Saint Francis College

Allen Central Elementary School

Jubasan Elementary School

Campus Based Organizations:

League of Political Science Students, Member, 2010-2014

Membership on National Organizations:

Political Science Student Association of the Philippines, Inc., Member, 2012-2014

Central Post, Central Mindanao University Official Student Publication Writer,

Conducted Seminars as Guest Speaker/ Lecturer:

Student Council and Organization Management and Governance Enhancement

Parliamentary Procedure Training Seminar to the Council/ Organization Officers

Seminars Conventions Attended and Other Involvements:

6th National Convention of Political Science Student Association of the

National Executive Board Meeting: PSSAP, Inc.,West Visayas University and

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Respondents of the Study

Awareness on Advocacy of National Government

Awareness on the COMELECs Strategies

Level of Effectiveness based on Acceptability

Level of Effectiveness Based on Trust

Level of Effectiveness Based on Accurateness

Problems and Anomalies Encountered

Comparison of the Level of Effectiveness

Evaluation on who answered Yes

Evaluation on who answered No

Finding of the Study

Acceptability/ Adoptability Rate Scale

Trust Rate Scale

Accurateness rate Scale

Comparison of 2010 and 2013 Election Scale

Distribution of Respondents by Sex

Distribution of Respondents by Age

Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status

Distribution of Respondents by Educational Attainment

Distribution of Respondents by Annual Income

Distribution of Respondents by Religious Affiliation

Presentation of the Respondents Awareness on the Advocacy of the

National Government regarding Automated Election System (AES)

Presentation of the Respondents Awareness about the COMELECs

Actions with regards to the AES and the Election itself;

Presentation of the Respondents Acceptability/Adoptability Rate

Presentation of the Respondents Level of Trust