Assignment July-Dec 2016 - MS-07

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Course Code
Course Title
Assignment Code
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MS - 07

Information Systems for Managers

MS-07/TMA/SEM - II/2016
All Blocks

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1. Describe the management functions at various levels in the context of relationships between management and
information needs.
Management functions at various levels in the context of relationships between management and information needs are as
followsManagement information systems (MIS), per se------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.
Decision support systems (DSS) are -------------------------------------------------------------------- information from a wide range of
sources to support problem solving and decision making.
Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- company
levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations.
Marketing information systems ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- business.
Office automation systems (OAS) support ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of management.
School management information systems (MIS) --------------------------------------------------------------- learning materials.

There is a two way relationship between organization and Information Systems.

An organization is an open system that ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------change in response to the changes in organization or in its environment. The organization must change as system to stay in tune
with the goals.
Organizations and information --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------between information technology and organizations.

This complex two-way relationship is mediated -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- organizational culture, structure, politics, business processes, and environment.
From a technical view, an ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and labor substituting for each other quite easily.

Managers and Their Information Needs

Information is ------------------------------------------------------- of management.

Managers at different ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and have different information needs.

Some small, knowledge------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, varying by project, product, or discipline.
Technology aside, the politics of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and deciding how people will support these systems.
Operational managers are responsible for daily operations. They make decisions concerning a narrow time span about the
deployment of small groups of clerical and/or shop floor workers.
Middle, or tatical, managers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. That is, they make decisions concerning how and
when specific resources will be utilized. Usually, a middle manager will be responsible for several operational managers.
Responsible for -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- strategic decisions.
While a tactical ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- focuses on what to do.
Strategic managers, and directors---------------------------------------------------------------------------- an impact in the long run.
People in different management levels have different information needs.
Most of the information that managers require is used to make decisions.
The decision making --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viewed these steps as Management Control system.
How information aids decision making:

The more information there ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- carry's.

Information --------------------------------------------------------.

Simulations can ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to determine which decision to make.

Characteristics of Effective Information

-Certain types ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- graphically.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- data will be selected.
-Three ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- as well.
-Thus we ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- management.

Discussion regarding importance of Information in effective business decisionsIn ancient times, people were required to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Investors, on the other hand, needed information
about the organizations, its soundness, and health. In spite of the technological developments, there is an ever-increasing pressure
for more and more information.
Information and Information ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mandatory on the part of the organizations to make full use of information
with the help of technology to service. In an organization, information and technology exist in the form of an information system.
Whenever, an external or internal pressure is anticipated ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------firefighting measures.
There was a swing from integration to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------at the lower levels got involved in their immediate
problems losing sight of the organizations overall goals.
Too many communication channels got established. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to extract from the pile of data.
Returning back to our example, the bank manager may decide the amount of required cash based on the information of total
money withdrawn.
The information makes a person -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The sequence is the following-data
is processed to get information; information makes a person knowledgeable, knowledge adds to the wisdom.
The information should have certain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------it to be accurate. The following is a comprehensive list
of desired characteristics:
1) Accurate: The information should be accurate and error free. The information may be inaccurate due to incorrect data that has
been used to generate information. The data may be inaccurate due to human error. This is commonly referred to as garbage-ingarbage-out (GIGO).
2) Complete: The information must be complete. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the seasons for the dip and might be
planning to boost sales in July. The incomplete information may be useless for him.
3) Economical: We all understand that information has an associated cost and it is expected to be beneficial for the recipient. The
benefit must be much greater than the cost.
4) Flexibility: Let us understand flexibility through an example. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------flexible
enough
to
present different views of data to different people.
5) Reliable and verifiable: Information --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sure, he might like to verify.
6) Relevant: This Characteristic is self-explanatory.
7) Simple: The information ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ important information.
8) Timely: The information ------------------------------------------------------------------------ reading yesterdays newspaper today.
9) Accessible and secure: The information should be easily accessible to authorized persons. At the same time, the information
should be secure from unauthorized users.

The objective of an MIS (----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- form and to provide a synergetic organization in the process.

Examples1. In McDonalds they implement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------help managers and staff

understand the business performance and plan its future direction.

2. 3M, whose best-known --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- system and all its senior executives get their information from the online database.

3. British-based retailer Marks & Spencer ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for supplying products to stores after studying its customer database.

4. Louises Trattoria, a 13-unit chain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and that its

patronage was skewed more female. It then revised its strategy accordingly.
Thus we saw that most of ------------------------------------------------------- getting better results in following ways.
1. It creates a bank of information about individual customers.
2. It uses that information to ------------------------------------------------- the ability to target goods and services more accurately.
3. It can be used to --- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------at risk from competition.
4. It can fuel sales growth by --------------------------------------------------------------------- goods and services.
5. It can increase sales effectiveness.
6. It can support low-cost ------------------------------------------------------------------- in markets where margins are being eroded.

2. Describe the role of transaction processing system in management functions. Briefly mention the subsystems
of operations management.
Transaction processing systemTransaction processing is a style of -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------or software/hardware combination, that supports
transaction processing.
A transaction processing system -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, examples of such
an activity would be using a credit card, making a reservation or making a cash withdrawal at an ATM.
There are two types of transaction processing:
Batch transaction processing: this is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i.e. the processing of an invoice or cheques in a banking system.
Real time transaction processing: this is a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to
on-line database i.e. withdrawal from a bank account, Library loans.

Role of transaction processing system in the development information systemTransaction Processing Systems (TPS) = the information system that support business processes, mainly accounting & finance
transactions, with some sales, personnel, & production activities as well.

TPS is the -------------------------------------------------------------- systems.

It monitors, collects-------------------------------------------------------------------------- core business transactions.
These data are input --------------------------------------------------------------------, DSS, and CRM.
To provide all the -------------------------------------------------------- running properly and efficiently.
To provide the ------------------------------------------------------------------------based applications.
To ensure ---------------------------------------------------------------- & information.
To safeguard assets & security of information.

Transaction processing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- different types of systems in this lesson.

A functional information --------------------------------------------------------------------- activities performed in the functional area.

The specific IS applications in any ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ functional system, or they can be completely independent.
Functional information ----------------------------------------------------- to form the organization-wide information system.
Information systems ------------------------------------------------------------------: operational, managerial, and strategic.
Consider for a moment all the events that ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------customers come in to exchange items and deal
with warranty issues.
All of these events are referred to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and process the detailed information necessary to update data on the fundamental operations of an organization.
A transaction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. For example, customer orders, receipts,
invoices, payments, etc. The actual processing of transactions includes the collection, editing, manipulation and storage of data.
The result of processing a transaction is that the records of an organization are updated to reflect the new conditions at the time of
the last processed transaction.
There are many different types of transaction processing systems, such as payroll, inventory control, order entry, accounts
payable, accounts receivable and others. Transaction processing produces valuable input into many other systems in an

organization, such as management information systems and decision support systems. A TPS serves as the foundation for these
other systems. A TPS tracks routine operations but does not provide much support for decision making.
For example, in the case of a bank ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- account:
deposits, withdrawals, transfers, fees, interest paid, etc. This provides a good description of the account activity.
Now let's say the customer comes into the bank and requests a car loan. The account activity is useful information but not enough
for the bank to make a decision on the car loan. This requires combining information from different sources and analyzing the
financial profile of the customer.
Apart from variety of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of Information system in any organization.

Modules for Marketing Information SystemThe user of the information ----------------------------------------------------------------- that owns the transaction system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- processing.
People from the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and perform validation.

A marketing information system ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,

gathered
continuously from sources inside and outside an organization.
Furthermore, an overall Marketing Information System can be defined as a set structure of procedures and methods for the
regular, planned collection, analysis and presentation of information for use in making marketing decisions.Control reporting
systems support the efforts of marketing mangers to control the efficiency and effectiveness of selling and distribution of products
and services. Analytical reports provide information on firms actual performance versus planned marketing objectives.
The main benefit of MkIS systems is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------with real time
applications that support market based approaches.

A. Sales Management - Sales ------------------------------------------------------------------- plan and monitor the performance of the
sales organization. In most firms, this system produces sales analysis reports, which provide information analysis of:
a) Product -----------------------------------------b) Product profitability on a product-by-product basis,
c) The -------------------------------------------------- and sales branch,
d) Sales -----------------------------------------------.
B. Sales Forecasting - Sales ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------upon the wrong level of activity.
C. Advertising and Promotion - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sales revenue without an equivalent increase in costs.
D. Marketing Research - Market research focuses on the entire market for an organizations product. One purpose of market
research is to assess the overall size of the market for each product line and for each product within a product line. Potential
market size can change rapidly as economic conditions and technology change.
The market research information ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- effective decisions. It also
provides marketing managers with information to help them plan and control the market research projects of the firm.
Subsystems of Operations Management1. Computer-aided design (CAD) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and to test these
objects by simulating real-world conditions.
Modeling with CAD systems offers a number of advantages over traditional drafting methods that use rulers, squares, and
compasses. For example, designs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to
modeling
cutaway drawings, in which the internal shape of a part is revealed, and to illustrating the spatial relationships among a system of
parts.
To understand CAD it is also useful to understand what -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------succeeded in penetrating beyond the mechanicalrepresented by geometrical (rule-based) modeling.
2. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------be
highly integrated. Computer-aided design and manufacturing systems are commonly referred to as CAD/CAM.
Recent technical developments have fundamentally impacted the utility of CAD/CAM systems. For example, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAM initiatives. Finally, CAD-CAM software continues to evolve in
such realms as visual representation and integration of modeling and testing applications.
3. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is the --------------------------------------------------------------------he entire
production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions.

Although manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers, the main advantage is the ability to
create automated ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- based on real-time input
from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.
There are three major challenges to development of a smoothly operating computer-integrated manufacturing system:

Integration of components from different suppliers: When different machines, such as CNC, conveyors and robots,
are using different ------------------------------------------------------------------- the batteries) may cause problems.
Data integrity: The higher the degree of automation, the more critical is the integrity of the data used to control the
machines. While the CIM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in ensuring that there
are proper safeguards for the data signals that are used to control the machines.
Process control: Computers may be used to assist the human operators of the manufacturing facility, but there must -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- designers of the control software.

4. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (CFD), Multibody dynamics (MBD), and optimization.
Software tools that have been developed to -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------aided
engineering is used in many fields such as automotive, aviation, space, and shipbuilding industries.
In regard to information networks, CAE systems are individually considered a single node on a total information network and
each node may interact with other nodes on the network.
CAE systems can provide support to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- to place information views
on the business process. Reference architecture is the basis from which information model, especially product and manufacturing
models.

3. How do Information systems contribute the Total Quality Management (TQM)? Justify your answer with
examples.
Information systems for Total Quality Management have been significantly implemented on most organizations and each has been
widely researched. Many organizations are ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------customer
centric practices for delivering quality.

The TQM principle, practices and techniques can be applied to all functions within an organization including information system,
marketing, finance and research and development. The effects of IT on business performance have been frequently studied and
reported.

Specific IT applications might impact ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ the needs of the

customers.
It is anticipated that application of IT in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The role of
IT in quality Improvement is:

Increasing quality awareness

Online information about the quality level

Reducing quality costs

Today more and more businesses are ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------product properly

to potential customers, and even the secretary who avoids typing mistakes.

Total quality management encompasses all of the functions within an organization. TQM is based on quality management
concepts developed by American quality experts. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a
shift in focus to the workers and an increased respect for product and service quality but also lowered costs.

Information systems can fill a special role in corporate quality programs for a number of reasons. First, IS is deeply involved with
the daily work of other departments throughout the organizations. IS analysis usually have taken a leading role in designing,
developing, and supporting such varied departmental -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the corporation, IS personnel can be valuable members of any quality project team.

The IS staff in effective information systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------program,

which will normally be organized as a project and will usually be heavily task-oriented.
The information systems staff is the source of ideas on the application of technology to quality issues; often they are also the
people who can make that technology available to the quality project.

For example, with the help of IS departments, statistical analysis software is becoming more widely used in the drive for
quality.
Benchmark: Many companies have been --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Companies may use external industry
standards, standards set by other companies, internally developed high standards, or some combination of the three.

IS Contributes to these Efforts in Many Ways: IS staff participates in re-engineering projects and helps to design and build the
systems that make the quality processes possible. Any study of quality programs shows that information is a top concern to those
involved, and IS is often central to the collection of that information. To improve production or sales, for example, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------related data found in existing systems.

Use Customer Demands as a Guide to Improving Products and Services: Improving customer service, making customer
service the number one priority, will improve the quality of the product itself.

Reduce Cycle Time: Experience indicates that the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and

end, workers will be better aware of what came just before, and so are less likely to make mistakes.

Improve the Quality and Precision of the Design: Quality and precision in design will eliminate many production problems.
Computer-aided design (CAD) software has made dramatic quality improvements possible in a wide range of businesses from
aircraft manufacturing to production of razor blades.

Increase the Precision of Production: For ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------process

itself. In this way, products with more precise designs can also be produced more efficiently.

Include Line Workers in any Quality Process: Experience has -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in the ways described above.

For example, many IS departments are criticized for failure to use customer demands as a guide to improving their products and
services. On the other hand, non-IS departments often fail to consider contributions the IS staff might make to their quality project
and so do not reach out to involve them. It is not uncommon for IS to be viewed only as technical support with little to contribute
to the planning or content of the quality program.

4. Why is data mining being put to use in more and more businesses? Also, briefly mention some popular data
mining techniques. .
Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mining is
the analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases" process, or KDD.
Although data mining is still in its infancy, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, patterns,
exceptions and anomalies that might otherwise go unnoticed.
For businesses, data mining is used to discover patterns and relationships in the data in order to help make better business
decisions. Data mining can help spot sales trends, develop smarter marketing campaigns, and accurately predict customer loyalty.
Specific uses of data mining include:

Market segmentation -----------------------------------------------------------------------------products from your company.

Customer churn - Predict which ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Fraud detection - Identify which transactions are most likely to be fraudulent.

Direct marketing - Identify which prospects -------------------------------------------------------- highest response rate.

Interactive marketing - -------------------------------------------------------- site is most likely interested in seeing.

Market basket analysis - Understand what ------------------------------------------------- together; e.g., beer and diapers.

Trend analysis - Reveal the ---------------------------------------------------------- this month and last.

Data mining technology can generate new business opportunities by:

Automated prediction of trends and behaviors: Data mining --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------similarly to given events.

Automated discovery of previously unknown patterns: Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------credit card transactions and identifying anomalous data that could represent data entry keying errors.
Using massively parallel computers, companies dig through volumes of data to discover patterns about their customers and
products. For example, grocery chains have found that when men go to a supermarket to buy diapers, they sometimes walk out
with a six-pack of beer as well. Using that information, it's possible to lay out a store so that these items are closer.
AT&T, A.C. Nielson, and American Express are ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and increase profitability!
Similarly, financial analysts are plowing through vast sets of financial records, data feeds, and other information sources in order
to make investment decisions. Health-care organizations are examining medical records to understand trends of the past so they
can reduce costs in the future.
Why is data mining being put to use in more and more businesses? Here are some basic reasons:

In todays world, an ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and interpret all that data to find useful patterns.

A data warehouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------analysis and query tools to discern useful patterns.

In recent times, many data mining tools suitable for a wide range of applications have appeared in the market. The tools
and products are now mature enough for business use.

Data mining needs substantial computing -------------------------------- components are available and are becoming very
affordable.

Organizations are placing enormous -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------may be properly targeted with products and services. Data mining enables companies to find answers
and discover patterns in their customer data.

Finally, competitive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ competitors are already using data mining.

Data Mining Techniques

Data mining covers a broad range of techniques. Each technique has been heavily researched in recent years, and several mature
and efficient algorithms have evolved for each of them. The main techniques are:
Cluster detection, Decision trees, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the important features of some of these techniques.
The model structure refers to how the technique is perceived, not how it is actually implemented. For example, a decision tree
model may ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------different layers of nodes and terminate the discovery at the output node.

The scientific community makes use of data mining to a moderate extent, but the technology has widespread applications in the
commercial arena. Most of the tools target the commercial sector. Consider the following list of a few major applications of data
mining in the business area.
Customer Segmentation: This is one of the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------their customers. Cluster detection algorithms discover clusters of customers sharing the same characteristics.
Market Basket Analysis: This very ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- such as upscale auction houses use these algorithms to find customers to whom they can sell higher-value items.
Risk Management: Insurance companies --------------------------------------------- risks associated with potential customers.
Fraud Detection: Credit card -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Such patterns can expose fraudulent use of the cards.
Delinquency Tracking: Loan companies --------------------------------------------------------------------------- on repayments.
Demand Prediction: Retail and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for specific products.

Real-World Examples
Details about who calls whom, how --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------prospects
for
additional services by measuring daily household usage for selected periods. For example, households that make many lengthy
calls between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of additional lines,
functions, and equipment.

The ability to accurately gauge customer response -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------timely minimum or small payments. The bank discovered that cutting minimum payment requirements for small, targeted
customer categories could increase average balances and extend indebtedness periods, generating more than $25 million in
additional interest earned.
Merck-Medco Managed Care is a mail-order business which sells drugs to the country's largest health care providers: Blue Cross
and Blue Shield state organizations-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and spot trends that help
pinpoint which drugs are the most effective for what types of patients. The results are more effective treatments that are also less
costly. Merck-Medco's data mining project has helped customers save an average of 10-15% on prescription costs.

5. Write short notes on:

a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) & File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange
or transfer hypertext.
Development of HTTP was initiated by --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of HTTP in
common use, occurred in RFC 2068 in 1997, although this was obsoleted by RFC 2616 in 1999.
A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, then supported by major web browsers and already supported by
major web servers.
HTTP functions as a requestresponse --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------client.
The
response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body.
A web browser is an example of a user agent (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search
providers (web crawlers), voice browsers, mobile apps, and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content.
HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------for
clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers.
HTTP is an application layer protocol -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (TCP)
is
commonly used. However HTTP can be adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), for
example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP).

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on
a computer network.

FTP is built on a client-server model ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) is

sometimes also used instead, but is technologically different.
The first FTP client applications were --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nd hardware,
and FTP has been incorporated into productivity applications, such as web page editors.
FTP may run in active or passive mode, which ----------------------------------------------------- both cases, the client creates a TCP
control connection from a random, usually an unprivileged, port N to the FTP server command port 21.

In active mode, the client starts ---------------------------------------- on port M. It sends the FTP command PORT M to
inform the server on which port it is listening. The server then initiates a data channel to the client from its port 20, the FTP
server data port.

In situations where the client is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------from an arbitrary client port to the

server IP address and server port number received.

Both modes were updated in September 1998 to support IPv6. Further changes were introduced to the passive mode at that time,
updating it to extended passive mode.
The server responds over the control ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------message sent
over the control connection.
Data transfer can be done in any of three modes:

Stream mode: Data is sent as a continuous stream, relieving FTP from doing any processing. Rather, all processing is
left up to TCP. No End-of-file indicator is needed, unless the data is divided intorecords.
Block mode: FTP breaks the data ----------------------------- data field) and then passes it on to TCP.
Compressed mode: Data is compressed using a simple algorithm (usually run-length encoding).

Some FTP software also implements a ------------------------------------------------- the command that enables it. This mode was
described in an Internet Draft, but not standardized.
============================================================================================

b) Business software solutions provided by Microsoft

Microsoft Business Solutions offers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, manufacturers,
wholesale distributors, and service companies.

Microsofts Integrated Applications

S.N.

Applications

Description

Analytics

Manage budgets---------------------------------------------------------------- relationships in

any part of your business.

------------------------------

Deliver access to the data, applications, and services your employees, customers, and
business partners need ------------------------------------------------------ with you.

Customer -----------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------, track customer activity, and

organize sales and after-sales.

E-commerce

Let ----------------------------- Web sites or by connecting their system directly to yours.

---------------------Management

Set up and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and

optimize workloads across resources.

Financial Management

Control your ----------------------------------------------------- process, purchasing, fixed

assets, and cash flow. Perform reconciliation and collections.

HR Management

Manage ----------------------------------------------------------------- registration, to skills

development and processing of payroll and benefits.

-------------------

Coordinate your entire -------------------------------------------------- and supply and

capacity requirements planning, to scheduling and shop floor.

Project
------------Accounting

Manage ---------------------------------------------------, and organize contracts and billing.

10

Retail Management

Run retail operations ---------------------------------------------------------, speed up lines

and tasks, control inventory, and automate purchasing.

11

Supply Chain
Management

Organize ---------------------------------------------------------------------, demand planning,

and online collaboration with suppliers.

Microsoft carries out these business --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Microsoft

Solomon which offers solutions for analytics, CRM, e-commerce, financial management, project management and SCM.
Presented below is a systematic presentation of the integrated applications covered by Microsoft and the business solutions it
offers.
Microsofts Integrated Applications and its Business Solutions
S.N.

Applications

Description

Analytics

Axapta, -----------------------------------------------------------, Solomon

Portals

Great Plains, ----------------------------------------- Enterprise Portal

Customer Relationship
Management

Axapta, Solomon, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contact Manager

E-commerce

Axapta, Great Plains, ------------------------------------------ Business Manager

Great --------------------------------------------, Solomon

Field Service
Management
Financial Management

HR Management

Great Plains, -------------------------------------------- Axapta

Manufacturing

Great Plains----------------------------------------------- Axapta

Project Management &

Accounting

Great Plains, ------------------------------------- Solomon

10

Retail Management

Great Plains, ---------------------------- Axapta

11

Supply Chain
Management

Great Plains, -----------------------------------, Business network

Great Plains, -----------------------------------------------------------, Axapta

So, you can see that there is a solution for virtually everything that your business needs. All the information that is given in the
preceding sections is an attempt to highlight the issue that there are solutions aplenty and the need is to use them effectively to
gain business advantage.
==========================================================================================

c) Features of JAVA

Java is a set of computer software and --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------standalone

Java applications, Java applets run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications and can be
embedded in HTML pages.
Features of a language are nothing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to the industry
programmers. Some important features of java are;

1. Simple
It is --------------------------------- factors:

It is free from pointer due ------------------------------------------------------------------------ write a Java program without

pointers then internally it is converted into the equivalent pointer program].
It have Rich set of API (---------------------------------------------------).
It have Garbage Collector --------------------------------------- location for improving performance of a Java program.

It contains user -------------------------------------------- applications.

2. Platform Independent
A program or technology is said to be platform ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. (Platform represents O.S).

3. Architectural Neutral
Architecture represents processor.
A Language or Technology is said to be ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the real world
without considering there architecture and vendor (providers) irrespect to its development and compilation.

The languages like C, CPP are treated as architectural dependent.

4. Portable
If any language supports ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ like C, CPP,
Pascal are treated as non-portable language. It is a portable language.
According to SUN micro system.

5. Multithreaded
A flow of control is known as thread. ------------------------ is known as multithreaded Language. It is multithreaded Language.
6. Distributed
Using this language we can create ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------so that even problem occurred in one server will never be reflected on any client system.
Note: In this architecture same application is distributed in multiple server system.
7. Networked
It is mainly design for web ------------------------------------------------------- network based applications.
8. Robust
Simply means of Robust is ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pointer concept, Exception Handling. All these points makes It robust Language.
9. Dynamic
It support Dynamic -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'new' 'new' operator is known as dynamic memory allocation operator.
10. Secure
It is more secured language --------------------------- into byte code after compilation which is not readable by human.
11. High performance

It have high performance because of following reasons;

This language uses ------------------------------- Performance of this language is high.
Garbage collector, collect the unused memory space and improve the performance of application.
It have no pointers so ------------------------------------- very easily.
It support multithreading, ------------------------------------------- to execute the program.
12. Interpreted
It is one of the highly interpreted programming languages.
13. Object Oriented
It supports OOP's concepts ---------------------------------------- can read our oop's concepts in detail.

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