Income and Poverty in The U.S.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015
Current Population Reports

Bernadette D. Proctor, Jessica L. Semega, and Melissa A. Kollar
Issued September 2016
P60-256
Acknowledgments
The Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division of the Census Bureau
recognizes Carmen DeNavas-Walt for her 42 years of service with the Census Bureau.
Ms. DeNavas-Walt retired in 2015. She was the primary author of the income section
of the Current Population Reports, Series P-60, for 25 years. Ms. DeNavas-Walt spent
her career com-mitted to providing timely and accurate estimates of income and
earnings and to mea-suring change in these national-level estimates. Her expertise,
dedication, and guidance will be greatly missed.
The Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division of the Census Bureau also
recognizes Edward J. Welniak Jr. for his 24 years of service as the Chief of the Income
Statistics Branch. Mr. Welniak moved to a new position within the Census Bureau in
2016. Mr. Welniak spent his career providing guidance on and improving the collection of income data in the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic
Supplement, the American Community Survey, and two decennial censuses. His
dedication, professionalism, and institutional knowledge are greatly appreciated.
Jessica L. Semega and Melissa A. Kollar prepared the income sections of this
report under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics
Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty section under the direction
of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Trudi J. Renwick,
Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and
Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.
David L. Watt and Susan S. Gajewski, Demographic Surveys Division, and
Tim J. Marshall and Lisa Cheok, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs,
processed the Current Population Survey 2016 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement file.
Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Shawna Everts, Ryan C. Fung,
Chandararith R. Phe, and Tiffani Whaley programmed and produced the
historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham,
Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.
Joseph Croos, Nghiep Huynh, and Rebecca A. Hoop, under the supervision of
David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted
sample review.
Lisa Clement, Survey Director of the Current Population Survey, provided overall
direction for the survey implementation. Lisa Cheok and Aaron Cantu, Associate
Directorate Demographic Programs, and Roberto Picha, Agatha Jung, and
Johanna Rupp of the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed
the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement.
Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant c
ontributions
to the preparation of this report. John Hisnanick, Alexander E. Kellner,
Rachel Lindstrom, Laryssa Mykyta, Jose D. Pacas, Kirby G. Posey,
Sharon M. Stern, Lewis H. Warren, and Bruce H. Webster, Jr. reviewed the contents.
Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data.
Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the
Current Population Survey would be impossible.
Linda Chen, Christine Geter, Donna Gillis, and Anthony Richards of
the Public Information Office provided publication management, graphics
design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media.
George E. Williams of the Census Bureaus Administrative and Customer Services
Division provided printing management.
Income and Poverty in

the United States: 2015
Issued September 2016

P60-256
U.S. Department of Commerce

Penny Pritzker,
Secretary
Bruce H. Andrews,
Deputy Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration
Justin Antonipillai,
Counselor, Delegated Duties of Under Secretary for
Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
John H. Thompson,
Director
Suggested Citation
Proctor, Bernadette D., Jessica L. Semega,
and Melissa A. Kollar
U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports, P60-256,
Income and Poverty
in the United States: 2015,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC,
2016.
ECONOMICS
AND STATISTICS
ADMINISTRATION
Economics and Statistics

Administration
Justin Antonipillai,
Counselor, Delegated Duties of Under Secretary for
Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

John H. Thompson,
Director
Nancy A. Potok,
Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer
Enrique Lamas,
Associate Director for Demographic Programs
David G. Waddington,
Acting Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
Contents
TEXT
Introduction1
Source of Estimates1
Statistical Accuracy2
State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty2
Dynamics of Economic Well-Being3
Supplemental Poverty Measure 4
Income in the United States5
Highlights5
Household Income7
Type of Household7
Race and Hispanic Origin7
Age of Householder7
Nativity7
Region8
Residence8
Income Inequality 8
Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality8
Earnings and Work Experience10
Poverty in the United States12
Highlights12
Race and Hispanic Origin12
Age14
Sex15
Nativity15
Region15
Residence15
Work Experience16
Disability Status16
Educational Attainment16
Families17
Depth of Poverty17
Ratio of Income to Poverty17
Income Deficit18
Shared Households18
Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures20
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures20
Research Files20
CPS Table Creator20
Comments20
U.S. Census Bureau
Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 iii
TEXT TABLES
Table 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2014 and 20156
Table 2. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:
2014 and 20159
Table 3. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2014 and 201513
Table 4. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2014 and 201516
Table 5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected
Characteristics: 201517
Table 6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 201519
TEXT FIGURES
Figure 1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 20155
Figure 2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time,
Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 201510
Figure 3. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 201511
Figure 4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 201512
Figure 5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 201514
Figure 6. Poverty Rates by Age and Sex: 201515
Figure 7. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 201518
iv Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIXES
Appendix A. Estimates of Income 21
How Income Is Measured 21
Business Cycles 21
Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS)
Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2015 22
Cost-of-Living Adjustment 22
Poverty Threshold Adjustment 22
Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty 43
How Poverty Is Calculated 43
Poverty Thresholds for 2015 by Size of Family and Number
of Related Children Under 18 Years 43
Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2015 by Size of Family 43
Appendix C. Replicate Weights 57
References 57
Appendix D. Additional Data and Contacts 59
Customized Tables 59
The CPS Table Creator 59
DataFerrett 59
Public Use Microdata 59
CPS ASEC 59
Taxes and Noncash Benefits 59
Research Files 59
Topcoding 59
Comments 59
APPENDIX TABLES
Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:
1967 to 2015 23
Table A-2. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2015 31
Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2015 37
Table A-4. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time,
Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2015 41
Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:
1959 to 2015 44
Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015 50
Table B-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2015 56
U.S. Census Bureau
Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 v

INTRODUCTION
This report presents data on income
and poverty in the United States
based on information collected in the
2016 and earlier Current Population
Survey Annual Social and Economic
Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by
the U.S. Census Bureau.
Summary of findings:

Real median household income

increased 5.2 percent between
2014 and 2015.1 This is the first
annual increase in median household income since 2007.
The number of full-time, yearround workers increased by

2.4 million in 2015.
The official poverty rate

decreased by 1.2 percentage
points between 2014 and 2015.
The number of people in poverty

fell by 3.5 million between 2014
and 2015.
For most demographic groups, the

2015 income estimates were statistically higher than the 2014 estimates.
1
Real refers to income after adjusting for
inflation. All income values are adjusted to
reflect 2015 dollars. The adjustment is based on
percentage changes in prices between 2015 and
earlier years and is computed by dividing the
annual average Consumer Price Index Research
Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2015 by the annual average
for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947
to 2015 are available in Appendix A. Consumer
prices between 2014 and 2015 increased by
0.1 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau
Source of Estimates
The data in this report are from the 2016 Current Population Survey (CPS)
Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) and were collected in the 50
states and the District of Columbia. The data do not represent residents of
Puerto Rico and U.S. Island Areas.* The data are based on a sample of about
95,000 addresses. The estimates in this report are controlled to independent
national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for March
2016. Beginning with 2010, estimates are based on 2010 Census population
counts and are updated annually taking into account births, deaths, emigration, and immigration.
The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data.
The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institutions, such
as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are not eligible to
be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories are included in the
estimates only if information about them is reported in an interview at their
parents home. Since the CPS is a household survey, people who are homeless
and not living in shelters are not included in the sample. The sample universe
for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than that of the basic CPS since it includes
military personnel who live in a household with at least one other civilian
adult, regardless of whether they live off post or on post. All other Armed
Forces are excluded. For further documentation about the CPS ASEC, see
<www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
* U.S. Island Areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
No group shown on Table 1 (see

page 6) had median income estimates
statistically lower than the 2014 estimates. A few groups had 2015 real
median income that were not statistically different from 2014 estimates.
Poverty rates in 2015 decreased for
most groups. Poverty rates did not
increase for any major group in 2015.
Some groups had poverty rates in

2015 that were not statistically different from 2014.
This report contains two main sections, one focuses on income and
the other on poverty. Each section
presents estimates by characteristics
such as race, Hispanic origin, nativity,
Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 1
and region.2 Other topics, such as

earnings and family poverty rates are
included only in the relevant section.
2
Federal surveys give respondents the option
of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two
basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as
those who reported Asian and no other race (the
race-alone or single-race concept) or as those
who reported Asian regardless of whether they
also reported another race (the race-alone-or-incombination concept). The body of this report
(text, figures, and tables) shows data using the
first approach (race alone). The appendix tables
show data using both approaches. Use of the
single-race population does not imply that it is
the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of
approaches.
In this report, the terms White, not Hispanic
and non-Hispanic White are used interchangeably and refer to people who are not Hispanic
and who reported White and no other race. The
Census Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the
comparison group for other race groups and
Hispanics.
Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this
report for Hispanics overlap with data for race
groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 15.0
percent of White householders who reported only
one race, 4.3 percent of Black householders who
reported only one race, and 2.4 percent of Asian
householders who reported only one race.
Data users should exercise caution when
interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic
population or for race groups because these
populations consist of many distinct groups that
differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture,
and recent immigration status. Data were first
collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians
and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, see <www.census.gov/programs
-surveys/cps.html>.
The small sample size of the Asian population and the fact that the CPS does not use
separate population controls for weighting the
Asian sample to national totals contribute to
the large variances surrounding estimates for
this group. As a result, we are unable to detect
statistically significant differences between some
estimates for the Asian population. The American
Community Survey (ACS), based on a much
larger sample size of the population, is a better
source for estimating and identifying changes for
small subgroups of the population.
The householder is the person (or one of the
people) in whose name the home is owned or
rented and the person to whom the relationship
of other household members is recorded. If a
married couple owns the home jointly, either the
husband or the wife may be listed as the householder. Since only one person in each household
is designated as the householder, the number of
householders is equal to the number of households. This report uses the characteristics of the
householder to describe the household.
Statistical Accuracy
Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some
data collected in February and April). The estimates in this report (which
may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from
a sample of the population and may differ from actual values because
of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences
between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically
significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing
and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise
noted. In this report, the variances of estimates were calculated using both
the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method and the Generalized
Variance Function (GVF) approach. (See Appendix C for a more extensive
discussion of these methods.) Further information about the source and
accuracy of the estimates is available at <www2.census.gov/library
/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty

The Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household
income and poverty by state and other smaller geographic units based
on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). Single-year
estimates are available for geographic units with populations of 65,000
or more. Estimates of income and poverty for all geographic units, including census tracts and block groups, are available by pooling 5 years of
ACS data.
The Census Bureaus Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE)
program produces annual estimates of a select set of income and poverty
measures. Using statistical models, SAIPE produces estimates of median
household income and poverty for states and all counties, as well as
population and poverty estimates for school districts. The SAIPE approach
combines data from a variety of sources, including administrative records,
population estimates, the decennial census, and the ACS, to provide consistent and reliable single-year estimates. In general, SAIPE estimates have
lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later because they
incorporate ACS data in the models.
The 2014 income and poverty estimates from this program are available
at <www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/index.html>. Estimates for 2015 will
be available later this year.
The CPS is the longest-running survey
conducted by the Census Bureau. The
CPS ASEC asks detailed questions
categorizing income into over 50
sources. The key purpose of the CPS
2 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015
ASEC is to provide timely and detailed

estimates of income and poverty and
to measure change in these nationallevel estimates. The CPS ASEC is the
official source of the national poverty
U.S. Census Bureau
estimates calculated in accordance

with the Office of Management and
Budgets Statistical Policy Directive 14
(Appendix B).
The Census Bureau also reports
income and poverty estimates based
on data from the American Community
Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of the
2020 Census program and eliminates
the need for a long-form census
questionnaire. The ACS offers broad,
comprehensive information on social,
economic, and housing topics and provides this information at many levels
of geography.
Since the CPS ASEC produces more
complete and thorough estimates
of income and poverty, the Census
Bureau recommends that people use
it as the data source for national
estimates. State-level estimates of

income, poverty, and other economic characteristics from the ACS
are found in American FactFinder at
<http://factfinder.census.gov>. For
more information on state and local
estimates, see the text box State
and Local Estimates of Income and
Poverty.
The CPS ASEC provides reliable estimates of the net change, from one
year to the next, in the overall distribution of economic characteristics such
as income and earnings. It does not,
however, show how these characteristics change for the same person,
family, or household. Longitudinal
measures of income and poverty based
on following the same people over
time are available from the Survey
of Income and Program Participation
Dynamics of Economic Well-Being

The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
provides monthly data about labor force participation and income sources and amounts. The data yield
insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences
and the economic mobility of U.S. residents. For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame
to measure poverty (e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a
lower poverty rate than the annual measures presented
in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g.,
2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific
findings include:

Income data from the 2008 SIPP panel suggested

that between 2009 and 2012 households experienced less economic mobility than found in earlier
SIPP panels. Overall, 57.1 percent of households
remained in the same income quintile between
2009 and 2012, while the remaining 42.9 percent of
households experienced either an upward or downward movement across the income distribution.
U.S. Census Bureau
(SIPP). Estimates derived from SIPP data

answer questions such as:

What percentage of households

move up or down the income
distribution over time?
How many people remain in

poverty over time?
The text box Dynamics of Economic

Well-Being provides more information
about the SIPP.
The income and poverty estimates
shown in this report are based solely
on money income before taxes and
do not include the value of noncash
benefits, such as those provided by
the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program (SNAP), Medicare, Medicaid,
public housing, or employer-provided
fringe benefits.
Households with householders who had lower levels

of education were more likely to remain in, or move
into, a lower quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education.
During the 4-year period from 2009 to 2012, 34.5

percent of the population had at least one spell of
poverty lasting 2 or more months.
Chronic poverty over the 4-year period from 2009 to

2012 was relatively uncommon, with 2.7 percent of
the population living in poverty all 48 months.
More information based on these data is available in

the Census Bureaus P70 Series Reports, as well as in
table packages and working papers. For more information, see <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/sipp
/publications.html>.
The U.S. Census Bureau has recently reengineered the
SIPP. The redesigned 2014 SIPP panel addresses the
same topic areas of the earlier SIPP panels although
collection methods and reference periods vary. For more
information, see <www.census.gov/sipp/>.
Since the publication of the first official U.S. poverty estimates in 1964,
there has been a continuing debate
about the best approach to measuring income and poverty in the United
States. Recognizing that alternative
estimates of income and poverty can
provide useful information to the public as well as to the federal government, the U.S. Office of Management
and Budgets (OMB) Chief Statistician
formed the Interagency Technical
Working Group on Developing a
Supplemental Poverty Measure. This
group asked the Census Bureau, in
cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS), to develop a
new measure that would enhance
understanding of the economic wellbeing of American families and how
federal policies affect those living in
poverty. Since November 2011, the
Census Bureau has released annual
estimates of the Supplemental Poverty
Measure (SPM).3 Since September
2015, the SPM has been released the
same day as the official poverty estimates, available at <www.census
.gov/hhes/povmeas/methodology
/supplemental/index.html>. The text
box Supplemental Poverty Measure
provides more information about this
initiative.
Supplemental Poverty Measure

In 2010, an interagency technical working group (which included
representatives from the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], the Census
Bureau, the Economics and Statistics Administration, the Council of
Economic Advisers, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
and the Office of Management and Budget) issued a series of suggestions
to the Census Bureau and the BLS on how to develop the Supplemental
Poverty Measure (SPM). Their suggestions drew on the recommendations of a 1995 National Academy of Science report and the extensive
research on poverty measurement conducted over the past 15 years. See
<www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2014/demo/poverty
_measure-how.html>.
The new measure based on these suggestions serves as an additional
indicator of economic well-being and provides a deeper understanding of
economic conditions and policy effects. The new measure creates a more
complex statistical picture incorporating deductions such as tax payments, work expenses, and medical costs in its family resource estimates
as well as additions to reflect noncash resource transfers, such as housing subsides and food assistance programs. Thresholds used in the new
measure are produced by the BLS and derived from Consumer Expenditure
Survey data on spending for basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, and
utilities) and are adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing. The new thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government programs.
The Census Bureau began publishing annual poverty estimates using the
new approach in November 2011. SPM estimates for 2015 will be released
in a separate report, The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2015, Current
Population Reports, P60-258, U.S. Census Bureau, September 2016 at
<www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-258.pdf>.
3
See <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas
/methodology/supplemental/research/Short
_ResearchSPM2010.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES

Highlights

Median household income was

$56,516 in 2015, an increase in
real terms of 5.2 percent from
the 2014 median of $53,718
(Figure 1 and Table 1). This is the
first annual increase in median
household income since 2007,
the year before the most recent
recession.
in median household income for

non-Hispanic White and Black
households since 2007. For Asian
households the 2014 to 2015
percentage change in real median
income was not statistically
significant (Table 1).

The real median income of

non-Hispanic White, Black, and
Hispanic-origin households
increased 4.4 percent, 4.1 percent, and 6.1 percent, respectively, between 2014 and 2015.4
This is the first annual increase
4.4 percent between 2014 and

2015 (Table 1).5, 6

The real median income of

households maintained by a
foreign-born person increased
by 5.3 percent, while the median
income of households maintained
by a native-born person increased
4
The differences between the 20142015
percentage changes in median income for nonHispanic White, Black, and Hispanic households
were not statistically significant.
Real median household income

increased for all regions
(Northeast, Midwest, South, and
West) between 2014 and 2015
(Table 1).
5
Native-born households are those in which
the householder was born in the United States,
Puerto Rico, the U.S. Island Areas of Guam,
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands
of the United States or was born in a foreign
country but had at least one parent who was a
U.S. citizen. All other households are considered
foreign born regardless of the date of entry
into the United States or citizenship status.
The CPS does not interview households in Puerto
Rico. Of all householders, 85.1 percent were
native born; 7.8 percent were foreign-born,
naturalized citizens; and 7.1 percent were not
U.S. citizens.
6
The difference between the 20142015
percentange change in median income for
households maintained by a foreign-born person
and a native-born person was not statistically
significant.
Figure 1.
Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2015
Recession
2015 dollars
80,000
$77,166
70,000
Asian
$62,950
60,000
$56,516
50,000
40,000
White, not Hispanic

All races
$45,148
Hispanic (any race)
$36,898
30,000
Black
20,000
10,000
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. The data points are placed at the
midpoints of the respective years. Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. For more information on recessions,
see Appendix A. For more information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1.
Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2014 and 2015
(Income in 2015 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, s
ampling
error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
2014
Characteristic
Percentage change* in
real median income
(2015 less 2014)
2015
Median income (dollars)
Median income (dollars)
Estimate
Margin of
error1 ()
Number
(thousands)
Estimate
Margin of
error1 ()
Estimate
Margin of
error1 ()
124,587
53,718
645
125,819
56,516
528
*5.2
1.60
Type of Household
Family households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonfamily households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81,716
60,010
15,544
6,162
42,871
22,728
20,143
68,504
81,118
36,192
53,746
32,084
26,703
39,226
815
677
682
1,644
466
523
1,118
82,184
60,251
15,622
6,310
43,635
23,093
20,542
72,165
84,626
37,797
55,861
33,805
29,022
40,762
608
983
995
1,595
776
822
745
*5.3
*4.3
*4.4
3.9
*5.4
*8.7
*3.9
1.46
1.32
3.17
4.37
2.82
3.74
3.51
Race2 and Hispanic Origin of Householder

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98,679
84,228
16,437
6,040
56,932
60,325
35,439
74,382
585
606
759
3,470
99,313
84,445
16,539
6,328
60,109
62,950
36,898
77,166
627
892
845
2,791
*5.6
*4.4
*4.1
3.7
1.58
1.76
2.96
5.47
Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,239
42,540
849
16,667
45,148
1,012
*6.1
2.97
Age of Householder
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94,640
6,370
20,075
21,121
23,566
23,509
29,946
60,531
34,645
54,305
66,770
70,913
60,649
36,938
443
1,297
1,316
1,025
1,365
1,126
585
94,820
6,361
20,047
21,222
23,294
23,896
30,998
63,344
36,108
57,366
71,417
73,857
62,802
38,515
822
1,333
1,121
958
1,867
1,471
772
*4.6
4.2
*5.6
*7.0
*4.2
*3.5
*4.3
1.53
5.41
2.98
2.01
3.23
2.84
2.75
Nativity of Householder
Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106,191
18,396
9,735
8,661
54,741
49,649
59,329
40,842
713
1,142
2,239
780
107,081
18,738
9,856
8,881
57,173
52,295
61,982
45,137
558
1,126
1,325
1,722
*4.4
*5.3
4.5
*10.5
1.68
3.23
4.55
4.39
Region
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22,179
27,459
47,040
27,909
59,278
54,330
49,712
57,754
2,266
1,367
838
1,320
22,347
27,455
47,822
28,195
62,182
57,082
51,174
61,442
1,342
1,336
622
945
*4.9
*5.1
*2.9
*6.4
4.15
3.30
2.04
2.84
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside metropolitan statistical areas3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104,009
40,578
63,431
20,578
55,920
47,905
61,671
45,534
582
974
626
859
107,615
42,615
65,000
18,204
59,258
51,378
64,144
44,657
780
646
952
1,543
*6.0
*7.3
*4.0
2.0
1.75
2.47
1.69
3.64
62,455
46,226
N
50,441
39,667
0.79
218
719
0.014
63,887
47,211
N
51,212
40,742
0.80
225
241
0.005
*1.5
*2.7
1.2
0.60
1.86
1.80
Number
(thousands)
HOUSEHOLDS
All households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS

Men with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female-to-male earnings ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
N Not applicable.
1
A margin of error is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and
subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margins of error shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see
Standard Errors and Their Use at <www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
2
Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who
reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept).
This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a
variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census
2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders,
and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
3
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see
About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <www.census.gov/population/metro/>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
The number of men and women

working full time, year round
with earnings increased by 1.4
million and 1 million, respectively, between 2014 and 2015
(Table 1).7
The real median earnings of men
and women who worked full time,
year round between 2014 and
2015 increased by 1.5 percent
and 2.7 percent, respectively
(Table 1).8
The 2015 female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.80, not statistically different from the 2014 ratio
(Table 1 and Figure 2).
Household Income
Median household income was
$56,516 in 2015, a 5.2 percent
increase from the 2014 median in real
terms, but 1.6 percent lower than the
median in 2007, the year before the
most recent recession, and 2.4 percent lower than the median household
income peak that occurred in 1999
(Figure 1 and Table A-1).9
Type of Household
Real median incomes in 2015 of
family households, $72,165, and
nonfamily households, $33,805,
increased 5.3 percent and 5.4 percent,
respectively, from their 2014 medians
(Table 1).10 This is the first annual
increase in median household income
for family households since 2007. The
most recent increase for nonfamily
households was in 2009.
7
increase in the number of male and female fulltime, year-round workers with earnings was not
statistically significant.
8
percentage change in median earnings for men
and women who worked full time, year round
was not statistically significant.
9
The difference between the 1999 and 2007
median household incomes was not statistically significant. The difference between the
20072015 and 19992015 percentage changes
(1.6 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively)
10
percentage change in median income for family
and nonfamily households was not statistically
significant.
U.S. Census Bureau
For family households, married-couple

households had the highest median
income in 2015 ($84,626), followed
by households maintained by men
with no wife present ($55,861). Those
maintained by women with no husband present had the lowest median
income ($37,797).
Race and Hispanic Origin
The real median income of nonHispanic White ($62,950), Black
($36,898), and Hispanic-origin
($45,148) households increased
4.4 percent, 4.1 percent, and 6.1 percent, respectively, between 2014 and
2015.11 Among the race groups, Asian
households had the highest median
income in 2015 ($77,166), though
the 2014 to 2015 percentage change
in their real median income was not
statistically significant (Table 1 and
Figure 1). Non-Hispanic White and
Black households last experienced an
annual increase in median income in
2007. Asian households last annual
increase was in 1999. For Hispanic
households, the most recent annual
increase was in 2013.
Comparing the 2015 real median
income of non-Hispanic White households with that of other households
shows that the ratio of Asian to
non-Hispanic White income was 1.23,
the ratio of Black to non-Hispanic
White income was 0.59, and the ratio
of Hispanic to non-Hispanic White
income was 0.72. Between 1972 and
2015, the changes in the Black to nonHispanic White income ratio and the
Hispanic to non-Hispanic White income
ratio were not statistically significant.
The 2015 Asian to non-Hispanic White
income ratio was not statistically different from the 1987 ratio.12
11
percentage changes in median income for nonHispanic White, Black, and Hispanic households
were not statistically different.
12
The first year that income data for the
Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations
were collected in the CPS ASEC was 1972.
Income data for the Asian population was first
available in 1987.
Age of Householder
Households maintained by householders aged 25 and over had their
real median income increase between
2014 and 2015. Specifically, households maintained by householders
aged 45 to 54 had the highest median
income in 2015 ($73,857), followed
by those with householders aged 35
to 44 ($71,417), those with householders aged 55 to 64 ($62,802),
householders aged 25 to 34
($57,366), and householders 65 and
older ($38,515). Households maintained by householders aged 15 to 24
years had the lowest median income
($36,108), not statistically different
from 2014 (Table 1).
Nativity
Between 2014 and 2015, the real
median income of households maintained by a foreign-born person
increased 5.3 percent, from $49,649
to $52,295. The median income of
households maintained by a nativeborn person increased 4.4 percent,
from $54,741 to $57,173.13 The
2015 median income of households
maintained by a noncitizen ($45,137)
increased 10.5 percent from 2014;
while the median income of households maintained by a naturalized
citizen ($61,982), was not statistically different from the 2014 median
(Table 1).
In 2015, households maintained by a
naturalized citizen ($61,982) had the
highest median household income,
followed by households maintained
by a native-born person ($57,173).
Households maintained by a noncitizen had the lowest median household
income ($45,137) (Table 1).
13
percentage change in median income for
households maintained by a foreign-born person
(5.3 percent) and a native-born person (4.4 percent) was not statistically significant.
Region14
Income Inequality
Households in all regions experienced an increase in real median

income between 2014 and 2015.
Median household income increased
4.9 percent in the Northeast, 5.1
percent in the Midwest, 2.9 percent
in the South, and 6.4 percent in the
West.15 Households with the highest
median household incomes were in
the Northeast ($62,182) and the West
($61,442), followed by the Midwest
($57,082) and the South ($51,174)
(Table 1).16
The Census Bureau reports various measures of income inequality:

(1) the Gini index; (2) the shares of
aggregate household income received
by quintiles; (3) the ratio of income
percentiles; (4) the Theil index; (5) the
mean logarithmic deviation of income
(MLD); and (6) the Atkinson measure.18 The Gini index is a statistical
measure of income inequality ranging from 0 to 1, with a measure of
1 indicating perfect inequality (one
household having all the income and
the rest having none) and a measure
of 0 indicating perfect equality (all
households having an equal share
of income). The Theil index and the
MLD are similar to the Gini index in
that they are single statistics that
summarize the dispersion of income
across the entire income distribution.
The Atkinson measure is useful in
determining which end of the income
distribution contributed most to
inequality.
Residence
Households within metropolitan
areas experienced a 6.0 percent
increase in real median household
income between 2014 and 2015, from
$55,920 to $59,258 (Table 1). The real
median income of households inside
principal cities of metropolitan areas
increased 7.3 percent between 2014
and 2015.17 The change in median
income of households outside metropolitan areas was not statistically
significant. In 2015, households inside
metropolitan areas but outside the
principal cities had the highest median
income ($64,144), while households
outside metropolitan areas had the
lowest ($44,657).
14
The Northeast region includes Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
and Vermont. The Midwest region includes
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South
region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state
equivalent. The West region includes Alaska,
Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
15
percentage changes in median household income
for all regions, except for the difference between
the South and West, were not statistically
significant.
16
The difference between the 2015 median
household incomes for the Northeast and the
West was not statistically significant.
17
percentage change in median household income
for households within metropolitan areas and
households inside principal cities of metropolitan
areas was not statistically significant.
The money income Gini index was

0.479 in 2015, not statistically different from 2014. Changes in inequality
between 2014 and 2015 were not
significant as measured by the shares
of aggregate household income by
quintiles. On the other hand, in 2015,
the 90th to 10th percentile income
ratio was 12.23, a 4.7 percent decline
from 12.83 in 2014. Changes in
inequality between 2014 and 2015
were not statistically significant as
measured by the other indicators: the
Theil index, the MLD, or the Atkinson
measure (Table 2 and A-2).
Since 1993, the earliest year available for comparable measures of
income inequality, the Gini index
18
For an explanation of these inequality
measures, see James Foster, Suman Seth, Michael
Lokshin, and Zurab Sajaia, A Unified Approach
to Measuring Poverty and Inequality: Theory and
Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013,
<https://openknowledge.worldbank.org
/bitstream/handle/10986/13731
/9780821384619.pdf>.
was up 5.5 percent (Table A-2).19, 20, 21

Comparing changes in household
income at selected percentiles shows
that income inequality has increased
from 1999 (the year that household
income peaked before the 2001 recession) to 2015 (Table A-2). Incomes
at the 50th and 10th percentiles
declined 2.4 percent and 9.9 percent,
respectively, while income at the
90th percentile increased 5.7 percent
between 1999 and 2015. Since 1999,
the 90th to 10th percentile income
ratio (10.42 in 1999 and 12.23 in
2015) has increased 17.4 percent.
Households in the lowest quintile had
incomes of $22,800 or less in 2015.
Households in the second quintile
had incomes between $22,801 and
$43,511, those in the third quintile
had incomes between $43,512 and
$72,001, and those in the fourth quintile had incomes between $72,002
and $117,002. Households in the
highest quintile had incomes of
$117,003 or more. The top 5 percent
of households in the income distribution had incomes of $214,463
or more.
Equivalence-Adjusted Income
Inequality
Another way to measure income
inequality is to use an equivalenceadjusted income estimate that takes
into consideration the number of
people living in the household and
how these people share resources and
take advantage of economies of scale.
For example, the money-incomebased distribution treats an income of
19
Exercise caution when making direct comparisons with years earlier than 1993 because
of substantial methodological changes in the
1994 CPS ASEC. In that year, the Census Bureau
introduced computer-assisted interviewing and
increased income reporting limits.
20
For further discussion of how high incomes
reported in the CPS ASEC affect income distribution measures, see Jessica Semega and Ed
Welniak, Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted
Income Values on Income Distribution Measures
Using the Current Population Surveys Annual
Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), April
2007, <www.census.gov/library/working
-papers/2007/demo/semega-01.html>.
21
The calculated percentage change is different due to rounded components.
U.S. Census Bureau
$30,000 for a single-person household and a family household similarly, while the equivalence-adjusted
income of $30,000 for a single-person
household would be more than twice
the equivalence-adjusted income of
$30,000 for a family household with
two adults and two children. The
equivalence adjustment used here is
based on a three-parameter scale22
that reflects:
1. On average, children consume
less than adults.
2. As family size increases, expenses
do not increase at the same rate.
3. The increase in expenses is larger
for a first child of a single-parent
22
The three-parameter scale used here is
the same as the one used in the Supplemental
Poverty Measure. For details on the derivation of the three-parameter scale, see Liana
Fox, The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2015,
Current Population Reports, P60-258, U.S.
Census Bureau, September 2016 <www2.census
.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-258
.html>.
family than the first child of a

two-adult family.
Based on equivalence-adjusted
income, changes in inequality
between 2014 and 2015 were not statistically significant as measured by
the Gini index and the Theil index, but
income inequality decreased as measured by the MLD and the Atkinson
measures (Table 2).23 The equivalenceadjusted Gini index was 0.462 in
2015, and the Theil index was 0.396.
The share of aggregate equivalenceadjusted income in the lowest quintile
increased 3.0 percent between 2014
and 2015 while the changes in the
other quintiles were not statistically
significant. The MLD was 0.623 in
2015, a 3.8 percent decrease from
2014. The Atkinson measure calculated with e=0.75 decreased 1.8
percent between 2014 and 2015.
Table A-3 shows equivalence-adjusted
measures of the income distribution
Table 2 shows several income inequality measures, including aggregate

income shares and the Gini index,
using both money income and equivalence-adjusted income for 2014 and
2015. For both 2014 and 2015, the
Gini index was lower when based on
an equivalence-adjusted income estimate than on the traditional moneyincome estimate, suggesting a more
equal income distribution. Generally,
the income shares in the lower
quintiles are higher with equivalenceadjusted income than money income
while the reverse is true for the higher
quintiles. This redistribution would
be expected because the lower end of
the income distribution has a higher
concentration of single-person households and smaller family sizes than
those at the upper end of the distribution. Thus, equivalence-adjusting
increases the relative income of
people living in lower-income groups.
23
Income inequality decreased for the
tkinson measure calculated with e=0.75, but
A
the difference was not statistically significant for
the Atkinson measure calculated with e=0.25 and
e=0.50.
Table 2.
Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:

2014 and 2015
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs
-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
2014
Measure
Shares of Aggregate Income by

Percentile
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Middle quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalenceadjusted
income
Money
income
Percentage change2,*
2015
Equivalenceadjusted
income
Money
income
Equivalenceadjusted
income
Money
income
Margin
Esti- of error1
mate
()
Margin
Esti- of error1
mate
()
Margin
Esti- of error1
mate
()
Margin
Esti- of error1
mate
()
Margin
Esti- of error1
mate
()
Margin
Esti- of error1
mate
()
3.1
8.2
14.3
23.2
51.2
21.9
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.15
0.33
0.39
3.3
9.0
14.8
22.9
50.0
21.8
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.32
0.39
3.1
8.2
14.3
23.2
51.1
22.1
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.32
0.38
3.4
9.0
14.8
22.9
49.8
21.8
0.06
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.33
0.38
1.9
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.9
2.31
1.46
1.12
0.89
0.88
2.53
*3.0
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.4
2.37
1.31
1.05
0.86
0.92
2.55
0.480
0.611
0.419
0.0034
0.0120
0.0090
0.464
0.648
0.397
0.0033
0.0126
0.0088
0.479
0.596
0.420
0.0033
0.0111
0.0085
0.462
0.623
0.396
0.0035
0.0117
0.0085
0.3
2.4
0.2
0.98
2.49
2.95
0.5
*3.8
0.1
1.03
2.44
3.12
0.102
0.200
0.307
0.0018
0.0030
0.0040
0.096
0.192
0.301
0.0018
0.0029
0.0039
0.101
0.199
0.303
0.0017
0.0028
0.0038
0.096
0.190
0.295
0.0017
0.0029
0.0040
0.2
0.6
1.1
2.43
2.02
1.74
0.6
1.1
*1.8
2.56
2.11
1.77
1
A margin of error is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number,
when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margins of error shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using
replicate weights. For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
2
Calculated estimate may be different due to rounded components.
Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 2.
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers

15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2015
100
Recession
Ratio in percent
90
80 percent
80
70
Female-to-male earnings ratio
60
50
40
60
Earnings in thousands (2015 dollars)
50
$51,212
Earnings of men
40
$40,742
Earnings of women
30
20
10
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. The data points are placed at
the midpoints of the respective years. Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960.
For more information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error,
and definitions, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
as well as the Gini index, MLD, Theil

index, and Atkinson measures for
income years 1967 to 2015.
Earnings and Work Experience
The 2015 real median earnings of
men ($51,212) and women ($40,742)
who worked full time, year round
increased 1.5 percent and 2.7 percent,
respectively, between 2014 and 2015
(Table 1 and Figure 2).24, 25 This is the

first significant annual increase in
24
A full-time, year-round worker is a person
who worked at least 35 hours per week (full
time) and at least 50 weeks during the previous
calendar year (year round). For school personnel,
summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if
they are scheduled to return to their job in the
fall. For detailed information on work experience, see Table PINC-05, Work Experience in
2015People 15 Years Old and Over by Total
Money Earnings in 2015, Age, Race, Hispanic
Origin, and Sex at <www.census.gov/data
/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty
/cps-pinc/pinc-05.html>.
25
percentage change in median earnings for men
and women who worked full time, year round
median earnings for men or women

since 2009. The 2015 female-to-male
earnings ratio was 0.80, not statistically different from 2014. The femaleto-male earnings ratio has not experienced a statistically significant annual
increase since 2007.
Between 2014 and 2015 the total
number of people with earnings,
regardless of work experience,
increased by about 3.3 million. The
number of men and women full-time,
year-round workers increased by 1.4
million and 1 million, respectively,
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 3.
Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2015
90
Numbers in millions
Recession
86.4 million
80
77.0 million
70
63.9 million
60
Male workers
50
47.2 million
Male full-time, year-round
workers
40
Female workers
30
Female full-time, year-round

workers
20
10
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. The data points are placed at the midpoints
of the respective years. Data on number of workers are not readily available before 1967. Data are for people aged 15 and older beginning in
1980 and people aged 14 and older for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. For more information on recessions,
see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
between 2014 and 2015 (Figure 3 and

Table A-4).26 An estimated 73.9 percent of working men with earnings
and 61.3 percent of working women
with earnings worked full time, year
26
increase in the number of men and women fulltime, year-round workers was not statistically
significant.
U.S. Census Bureau
round in 2015, not statistically different from 2014.

In real terms, the 2015 median earnings of full-time, year-round working
women in 2015 were 1.5 percent
higher than their 2007 median, the
year before the most recent recession.
The real median earnings of full-time,
year-round working men were not

statistically different in 2015 than
in 2007.
POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES27

Highlights

The official poverty rate in 2015

was 13.5 percent, down 1.2 percentage points from 14.8 percent
in 2014 (Figure 4 and Table 3).28
For most demographic groups,

2015 poverty rates and estimates
of the number of people in poverty decreased from 2014 (Table 3
and Table 4).
Between 2014 and 2015, poverty

rates decreased for all three major
age groups. The poverty rate for
children under age 18 dropped
1.4 percentage points, from 21.1
percent to 19.7 percent. Rates for
people aged 18 to 64 dropped
1.1 percentage points, from 13.5
percent to 12.4 percent. Poverty
rates for people aged 65 and
older decreased 1.1 percentage
In 2015 there were 43.1 million

people in poverty, 3.5 million
less than in 2014 (Figure 4 and
Table 3).
The Office of Management and Budget

determined the official definition of poverty
in Statistical Policy Directive 14. Appendix B
provides a more detailed description of how the
Census Bureau calculates poverty.
28
All percentages shown in this report
are rounded to one decimal place but differences between estimates are calculated using
unrounded numbers. Therefore, published
estimates of the differences may not equal the
result of subtracting the rounded numbers. In
this report, the change in the poverty rate for all
people is presented as 1.2 percentage points,
resulting from using the more precise estimates
of 13.54 percent for 2015 and 14.77 percent
for 2014.
27
The 2015 poverty rate was 1.0

percentage point higher than in
2007, the year before the most
recent recession (Figure 4).
points, from 10.0 percent to 8.8

percent (Table 3 and Figure 5).29
Race and Hispanic Origin
For non-Hispanic Whites the poverty
rate decreased to 9.1 percent in 2015,
down from 10.1 percent in 2014. The
number in poverty decreased to 17.8
million, down from 19.7 million. The
poverty rate for non-Hispanics Whites
was lower than the poverty rates for
other racial groups. Non-Hispanic
Whites accounted for 61.4 percent of
the total population and 41.2 percent
of people in poverty (Table 3).
29
Since unrelated individuals under 15 are
excluded from the poverty universe, there were
364,000 fewer children in the poverty universe
than in the total civilian noninstitutionalized
population.
Figure 4.
Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2015

50
Recession
Numbers in millions
45
43.1 million
Number in poverty
40
35
30
25
20
25
Percent
20
Poverty rate
15
13.5 percent
10
5
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection,
sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 3.
People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2014 and 2015

(Numbers in thousands, margin of error in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on
confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
2014
Below poverty
2015
Below poverty
Change in poverty
(2015 less 2014)2,*
Characteristic
Margin of
Margin of
error1 () Percent error1 ()
Total
Number
Margin of
error1 ()
Percent
Margin of
error1 ()
Number
Percent
0.3
318,454
43,123
926
13.5
0.3
*3,534
*1.2
12.7
11.6
20.7
23.5
42.9
40.8
46.6
23.1
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
5.0
4.8
5.6
0.6
258,121
82,199
72,558
23,459
1,344
563
701
58,988
29,893
8,589
13,962
4,923
559
231
321
12,671
844
243
441
201
81
34
49
417
11.6
10.4
19.2
21.0
41.6
41.0
45.9
21.5
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
4.9
4.9
5.5
0.6
*2,722
*879
*1,025
*582
109
35
67
*702
*1.1
*1.1
*1.5
*2.5
1.3
0.1
0.8
*1.6
640
524
363
208
12.7
10.1
26.2
12.0
0.3
0.3
0.9
1.2
245,536
195,450
41,625
18,241
28,566
17,786
10,020
2,078
705
548
416
189
11.6
9.1
24.1
11.4
0.3
0.3
1.0
1.0
*2,523
*1,867
*735
59
*1.1
*1.0
*2.1
0.6
13,104
427
23.6
0.8
56,780
12,133
444
21.4
0.8
*971
*2.2
154,639
161,164
20,708
25,949
443
524
13.4
16.1
0.3
0.3
156,009
162,445
19,037
24,086
470
548
12.2
14.8
0.3
0.3
*1,671
*1,863
*1.2
*1.3
Age
Under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aged 18 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aged 65 and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,556
196,254
45,994
15,540
26,527
4,590
406
533
176
21.1
13.5
10.0
0.5
0.3
0.4
73,647
197,260
47,547
14,509
24,414
4,201
449
566
203
19.7
12.4
8.8
0.6
0.3
0.4
*1,031
*2,114
*389
*1.4
*1.1
*1.1
Nativity
Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
273,628
42,175
19,731
22,444
38,871
7,786
2,347
5,439
774
285
146
241
14.2
18.5
11.9
24.2
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.9
275,398
43,056
20,084
22,973
35,973
7,150
2,255
4,895
811
329
151
284
13.1
16.6
11.2
21.3
0.3
0.7
0.7
1.0
*2,898
*636
92
*544
*1.1
*1.9
0.7
*2.9
Region
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55,725
67,130
118,193
74,756
7,020
8,714
19,531
11,391
341
358
466
454
12.6
13.0
16.5
15.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
55,779
67,030
119,955
75,690
6,891
7,849
18,305
10,079
387
377
604
421
12.4
11.7
15.3
13.3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
129
*865
*1,227
*1,312
0.2
*1.3
*1.3
*1.9
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . . .
Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside metropolitan statistical areas4 . . . .
265,788
99,182
166,606
50,016
38,416
18,708
19,708
8,241
895
664
659
526
14.5
18.9
11.8
16.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.7
274,046
103,617
170,429
44,408
35,718
17,368
18,350
7,405
932
649
695
638
13.0
16.8
10.8
16.7
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.8
*2,698
*1,340
*1,357
*836
*1.4
*2.1
*1.1
0.2
Work Experience
Total, aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . 196,254
All workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,712
Worked full-time, year-round . . . . . . . . . . 103,379
Less than full-time, year-round. . . . . . . . . 44,332
Did not work at least 1 week. . . . . . . . . . . .
48,542
26,527
10,155
3,091
7,064
16,372
533
270
148
231
424
13.5
6.9
3.0
15.9
33.7
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.7
197,260
150,229
105,695
44,534
47,031
24,414
9,457
2,537
6,920
14,957
566
297
136
263
399
12.4
6.3
2.4
15.5
31.8
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.7
*2,114
*698
*554
144
*1,415
*1.1
*0.6
*0.6
0.4
*1.9
Disability Status5
Total, aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . .
With a disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
With no disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196,254
15,429
179,905
26,527
4,403
22,055
533
195
471
13.5
28.5
12.3
0.3
1.1
0.3
197,260
15,276
181,069
24,414
4,358
20,000
566
191
526
12.4
28.5
11.0
0.3
1.1
0.3
*2,114
45
*2,056
*1.1
Z
*1.2
Educational Attainment
Total, aged 25 and older . . . . . . . .
No high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college, no degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelors degree or higher. . . . . . . . . . . . .
212,132
24,582
62,575
56,031
68,945
25,163
7,098
8,898
5,719
3,449
485
218
279
207
168
11.9
28.9
14.2
10.2
5.0
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.2
215,015
23,453
62,002
57,660
71,900
22,957
6,171
8,016
5,550
3,221
526
240
277
200
176
10.7
26.3
12.9
9.6
4.5
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
*2,207
*928
*882
169
*228
*1.2
*2.6
*1.3
*0.6
*0.5
Total
Number
PEOPLE
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
315,804
46,657
857
14.8
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related children under age 18. . . . . . . . .
Related children under age 6. . . . . . . .
In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reference person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256,308
81,730
72,383
23,470
1,558
652
832
57,937
32,615
9,467
14,987
5,504
668
266
388
13,374
741
228
403
197
104
40
63
372
Race3 and Hispanic Origin

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244,253
195,208
41,112
17,790
31,089
19,652
10,755
2,137
Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55,504
Sex
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the
90 percent confidence level.
Z Represents or rounds to zero.
1
A margin of error is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the margin of error in
relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margins of error shown in this table
are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see Standard
Errors and Their Use at <www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
2
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two
basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who
reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported
Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination
concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race
U.S. Census Bureau
population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census
Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such
as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available
from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one
race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other
Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
4
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical
areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information,
see About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <www.census.gov/population/metro/>.
5
The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability
status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and
Economic Supplements.
Figure 5.
Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2015

50
Recession
Percent
45
40
35
Aged 65 and older
30
25
Under age 18
20
19.7 percent
15
12.4 percent
10
8.8 percent
Aged 18 to 64
5
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
the midpoints of the respective years. Data for people aged 18 to 64 and aged 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965.
For information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error,
The poverty rate for Blacks decreased

to 24.1 percent in 2015, down from
26.2 percent in 2014. The number
in poverty decreased to 10.0 million,
down from 10.8 million. For Asians,
the 2015 poverty rate and the number in poverty were 11.4 percent
and 2.1 million; neither estimate was
statistically different from 2014. The
poverty rate decreased for Hispanics
to 21.4 percent in 2015, down from
of Hispanics in poverty decreased to
12.1 million, down from 13.1 million.
Age
In 2015, poverty rates and numbers in poverty declined for all three
major age groups. Poverty in 2015
decreased for people aged 18 to
64, to 12.4 percent and 24.4 million, down from 13.5 percent and
26.5 million in 2014. For people aged

65 and older, the 2015 poverty rate
declined to 8.8 percent in 2015 from
10.0 percent in 2014, while the number in poverty declined to 4.2 million,
down from 4.6 million (Table 3 and
Figure 5).
For children under age 18, 19.7 percent and 14.5 million were in poverty
in 2015, down from 21.1 percent
and 15.5 million in 2014. Children
represented 23.1 percent of the total
population in 2015 and 33.6 percent
of the people in poverty.
Related children are people under
age 18 related to the householder
by birth, marriage, or adoption, who
are not themselves householders or
spouses of householders.30 The poverty rate and the number in poverty

for related children under age 18
were 19.2 percent and 14.0 million
in 2015, down from 20.7 percent and
15.0 million in 2014. For related children in married-couple families, 9.8
percent and 4.8 million were in poverty in 2015, down from 10.6 percent
and 5.2 million in 2014. For related
children in families with a female
householder, 42.6 percent and 7.9
million were in poverty in 2015, down
from 46.5 percent and 8.5 million in
30
Official poverty estimates for people
under the age of 18 are compiled in two ways:
estimates for all people under the age of 18 and
estimates for related children. In 2015, estimates
for all people under the age of 18 included an
additional 1.1 million individuals. About 701,000
were members of unrelated subfamilies. The rest
were unrelated individuals between the ages of
15 and 17, householders and spouses of householders under 18 years of age.
U.S. Census Bureau
2014. The 2015 poverty estimates for

related children in male householder
families were 25.9 percent and 1.3
million, not statistically different from
2014.31
The poverty rate and the number in
poverty for related children under
age 6 were 21.0 percent and 4.9 million in 2015, down from 23.5 percent
and 5.5 million in 2014. About half
(49.5 percent) of related children
under age 6 in families with a female
householder were in poverty. This
was more than four times the rate of
their counterparts in married-couple
families (10.1 percent).
Sex
In 2015, 12.2 percent of males were
in poverty, down from 13.4 percent in
2014. About 14.8 percent of females
were in poverty in 2015, down from
16.1 percent in 2014 (Table 3).
Gender differences in poverty rates
were more pronounced for those aged
18 to 64. The poverty rate for women
aged 18 to 64 was 14.2 percent while
the poverty rate for men aged 18 to
64 was 10.5 percent. The poverty rate
for women aged 65 and older was
10.3 percent while the poverty rate
for men aged 65 and older was 7.0
percent.32 For children under age 18,
the 19.9 percent poverty rate for girls
was not statistically different from the
19.5 percent poverty rate for boys
(Figure 6).
Nativity
Of all people, 86.5 percent were
native born and 13.5 percent were
foreign born. The poverty rate and the
31
In the text of this report, families with a
female householder with no husband present are
referred to as families with a female householder.
Families with a male householder with no wife
present are referred to as families with a male
householder.
32
The poverty rate for females aged 65 and
older was not statistically different from the
poverty rate for males aged 18 to 64.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 6.
Poverty Rates by Age and Sex: 2015

(In percent)
Female
Aged
65 and older
Male
10.3
7.0
14.2
Aged
18 to 64
10.5
19.9
Under
age 18
19.5
Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error,

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
number in poverty for the native-born

population decreased to 13.1 percent and 36.0 million in 2015, down
from 14.2 percent and 38.9 million in
2014. Among the foreign-born population, 16.6 percent and 7.2 million
lived in poverty in 2015, down from
18.5 percent and 7.8 million in 2014
(Table 3).
Within the foreign-born population
in 2015, 46.6 percent were naturalized U.S. citizens, while the remaining
were not citizens of the United States.
The poverty rate and the number
in poverty in 2015 for foreign-born
naturalized citizens was 11.2 percent,
and 2.3 million, not statistically different from 2014. The poverty rate
and the number in poverty for those
who were not U.S. citizens decreased
in 2015 to 21.3 percent, down from
in poverty decreased to 4.9 million,
down from 5.4 million.
Region
In 2015, the poverty rate and the
number in poverty decreased in three
of the four regions. The 2015 poverty rate and number in poverty for
the Northeast was 12.4 percent and
6.9 million, not statistically different from 2014. In 2015, the Midwest
poverty rate declined to 11.7 percent
from 13.0 percent in 2014, while
the number in poverty decreased to
7.8 million from 8.7 million. For the
South, the 2015 poverty rate was
15.3 percent, down from 16.5 percent
in 2014, while the number in poverty decreased to 18.3 million from
19.5 million. The poverty rate for the
West in 2015 was 13.3 percent, down
from 15.2 percent in 2014, while the
million from 11.4 million. The South
had the highest poverty rate in 2015
relative to the other three regions
(Table 3).33
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical areas,
the poverty rate decreased to 13.0
percent in 2015, down from 14.5
33
The difference in the poverty rates for the
Northeast and the Midwest was not statistically
significant.
Table 4.
Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2014 and 2015

(Numbers in thousands, margin of error in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. Families as of March of the following year. For information on
2014
Characteristic
FAMILIES
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of Family
Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female householder,
no husband present. . . . . . . .
Male householder,
no wife present . . . . . . . . . . .
2015
Below poverty
Change in poverty
(2015 less 2014)2,*
Below poverty
Margin of
Margin of
Total Number error1 () Percent error1 ()
Margin of
Margin of
Total Number error1 () Percent error1 () Number Percent
81,730
9,467
228
11.6
0.3 82,199
8,589
243
10.4
0.3
*879
*1.1
60,015
3,735
141
6.2
0.2 60,258
3,245
142
5.4
0.2
*489
*0.8
15,553
4,764
171
30.6
0.9 15,630
4,404
160
28.2
0.9
*360
*2.5
6,162
969
69
15.7
1.0
939
71
14.9
1.0
29
0.8
6,311
1
A margin of error is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when
added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margin of errors shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate
weights. For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
2
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
percent in 2014. The number in poverty decreased to 35.7 million, down

from 38.4 million. Among those living
outside metropolitan statistical areas,
the poverty rate was 16.7 percent in
2015, not statistically different from
2014. However, the number in poverty decreased to 7.4 million, down
from 8.2 million.
The 2015 poverty rate for those living inside metropolitan areas but not
in principal cities was 10.8 percent,
million from 19.7 million. Among
those who lived in principal cities, the
2015 poverty rate was 16.8 percent,
number in poverty was 17.4 million in
2015, down from 18.7 million.
from 6.9 percent in 2014. For those

who worked full time, year round,
2.4 percent were in poverty in 2015,
down from 3.0 percent in 2014.
Those working less than full time,
year round had a poverty rate in 2015
of 15.5 percent which was not statistically different from 2014 (Table 3).
Among those aged 18 to 64 who
did not work at least 1 week during
the calendar year, the poverty rate
decreased to 31.8 percent in 2015
from 33.7 percent in 2014 (Table 3).
Those who did not work at least
1 week in 2015 represented 23.8
percent of all people aged 18 to 64,
while they made up 61.3 percent of
people aged 18 to 64 in poverty.
Disability Status
Work Experience
For people aged 18 to 64 with a disability, the 2015 poverty rate (28.5
percent) and number in poverty (4.4
million) were not statistically different
from 2014. For people aged 18 to 64
without a disability, the poverty rate
and the number in poverty decreased
to 11.0 percent and 20.0 million in
2015, down from 12.3 percent and
22.1 million in 2014.
In 2015, 6.3 percent of workers aged

18 to 64 were in poverty, a decline
Among people aged 18 to 64, those

with a disability represented 7.7
Within metropolitan areas, people in

poverty were more likely to live in
principal cities. In 2015, 37.8 percent
of all people living in metropolitan
areas lived in principal cities, while
48.6 percent of poor people in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities
(Table 3).
percent of all people, compared with

17.9 percent of people aged 18 to 64
in poverty.
Educational Attainment
In 2015, 26.3 percent (6.2 million) of
people aged 25 and older without a
high school diploma were in poverty,
a decline from 28.9 percent (7.1 million) in 2014. The 2015 poverty rate
for those with a high school diploma
but with no college was 12.9 percent
(8.0 million), down from 14.2 percent (8.9 million) in 2014. For those
with some college but no degree,
a decline from 10.2 percent in 2014.
The number of these individuals
in poverty remained unchanged at
5.6 million in 2015 (Table 3).
Among people with at least a bachelors degree, 4.5 percent were in poverty in 2015, a decline from 5.0 percent in 2014. The number in poverty
decreased to 3.2 million, down from
3.4 million in 2014 (Table 3). People
with at least a bachelors degree in
2015 represented 33.4 percent of all
people aged 25 and older, compared
with 14.0 percent of people aged 25
and older in poverty.
U.S. Census Bureau
Families
The poverty rate for families in 2015
was 10.4 percent, representing 8.6
million families, a decline from 11.6
percent and 9.5 million families in
2014 (Table 4).
For married-couple families, the
poverty rate decreased to 5.4 percent
and the number in poverty decreased
to 3.2 million in 2015, down from 6.2
percent and 3.7 million in 2014. The
poverty rate and the number in poverty also decreased for families with
a female householder to 28.2 percent
and 4.4 million in 2015, down from
30.6 percent and 4.8 million in 2014.
For families with a male householder,
neither the poverty rate nor the number in poverty showed any statistical
change between 2014 and 2015. For

families with a male householder,
representing 939,000 families.
Depth of Poverty
Categorizing a person as in poverty
or not in poverty is one way to
describe his or her economic situation. The income-to-poverty ratio and
measures of income deficit or surplus
describe additional aspects of economic well-being. While the poverty
rate shows the proportion of people
with income below the relevant poverty threshold, the income-to-poverty
ratio gauges the depth of poverty and
shows how close a familys income is
to its poverty threshold. The incometo-poverty ratio is reported as a
percentage that compares a familys or

an unrelated persons income with the
applicable threshold. For example, a
family with an income-to-poverty ratio
of 125 percent has income that is 25
percent above its poverty threshold.
The income deficit or surplus shows
how many dollars a familys or an individuals income is below (or above)
their poverty threshold. For those
with an income deficit, the measure is
an estimate of the dollar amount necessary to raise a familys or a persons
income to their poverty threshold.
Ratio of Income to Poverty
Table 5 presents the number and
the percentage of people with specified income-to-poverty ratiosthose
Table 5.
People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected
Characteristics: 2015
(Numbers in thousands, margin of error in thousands or percentage points as a
ppropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on
Income-to-poverty ratio1
Under 0.50
Characteristic
Total
Margin of
error2
Number
()
Under 1.25
Under 1.50
MarMarMar
Mar
gin of
gin of
gin of
gin of
Per- error2
error2 Per- error2
error2
cent
() Number
() cent
() Number
()
Under 2.00
Margin of
Per- error2
cent
()
Number
Mar
gin of
error2
()
Margin of
Per- error2
cent
()
1,198
31.7
0.4
All people. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
318,454
19,444
589
6.1
0.2
56,912 1,048 17.9
0.3
71,681 1,116
22.5
0.3 100,894
Age
Under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aged 18 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aged 65 and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,647
197,260
47,547
6,537
11,572
1,335
300
388
127
8.9
5.9
2.8
0.4
0.2
0.3
18,725
31,632
6,556
475 25.4
636 16.0
263 13.8
0.6
0.3
0.6
23,117
39,226
9,338
492
701
302
31.4
19.9
19.6
0.7
0.4
0.6
30,756
55,348
14,789
493
772
345
41.8
28.1
31.1
0.7
0.4
0.7
Sex
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156,009
162,445
8,484
10,960
314
350
5.4
6.7
0.2
0.2
25,208
31,705
529 16.2
619 19.5
0.3
0.4
31,989
39,693
579
640
20.5
24.4
0.4
0.4
45,868
55,025
645
669
29.4
33.9
0.4
0.4
Race3 and Hispanic Origin

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245,536
195,450
41,625
18,241
12,555
8,355
4,549
1,133
445
5.1
365
4.3
276 10.9
151
6.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.8
38,504
24,091
12,538
2,638
839
658
453
209
15.7
12.3
30.1
14.5
0.3
0.3
1.1
1.1
49,245
31,256
15,180
3,275
866
692
438
228
20.1
16.0
36.5
18.0
0.4
0.4
1.1
1.2
71,104
46,475
19,843
4,465
978
823
456
256
29.0
23.8
47.7
24.5
0.4
0.4
1.1
1.4
Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56,780
4,839
275
8.5
0.5
16,328
510 28.8
0.9
20,278
522
35.7
0.9
27,921
523
49.2
0.9
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related children under age 18. . . .
Related children under age 6. . .
In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . .
258,121
82,199
72,558
23,459
1,344
58,988
12,464
3,666
6,121
2,341
396
6,585
516
4.8
148
4.5
293
8.4
154 10.0
75 29.4
285 11.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
4.8
0.4
40,272
11,603
18,106
6,296
662
15,978
954
278
466
214
87
461
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.9
5.1
0.6
51,477 1,029
14,822
309
22,399
489
7,747
230
791
97
19,414
508
19.9
18.0
30.9
33.0
58.8
32.9
0.4
0.4
0.7
1.0
5.1
0.6
74,400
21,812
29,927
10,291
961
25,532
1,119
337
493
230
107
591
28.8
26.5
41.2
43.9
71.5
43.3
0.4
0.4
0.7
1.0
4.4
0.6
15.6
14.1
25.0
26.8
49.3
27.1
The estimates for people with income below 100 percent of their poverty thresholds (under 1.00) can be found in Table 3.
2
A margin of error is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and subtracted from
the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margins of error shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see Standard Errors and Their
Use at <www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
3
Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who
reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept).
This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a
variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census
2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders,
and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
1
U.S. Census Bureau
below 50 percent of poverty (Under

0.50), those below 125 percent of
poverty (Under 1.25), those below
150 percent of poverty (Under 1.50),
and those below 200 percent of poverty (Under 2.00).
Figure 7.
Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees

of Poverty: 2015
(In percent)
Total
In 2015, 19.4 million people reported

family income below one-half of
their poverty threshold. They represented 6.1 percent of all people
and 45.1 percent of those in poverty. Approximately 17.9 percent of
individuals had family income below
125 percent of their threshold, 22.5
percent had family income below 150
percent of their poverty threshold
while 31.7 percent had family income
below 200 percent of their threshold
(Table 5).
Of the 19.4 million people in 2015
with family income below one-half of
their poverty threshold, 6.5 million
were children under age 18, 11.6 million were aged 18 to 64, and 1.3 million were aged 65 and older (Table 5).
The demographic makeup of the
population differs at varying degrees
of poverty (Figure 7). In 2015 children
represented:

23.1 percent of the overall

population.
19.7 percent of the people in

families with income above 200
(Figure 7).
28.1 percent of people in families

with income between 100 percent
and 200 percent of their poverty
threshold.
33.6 percent of the population in

families with income below 50
percent of their poverty threshold.
By comparison, people aged 65 and

older represented:

14.9 percent of the overall

population.
23.1
61.9
14.9
Population with
income-to-poverty ratios
200% and above
From 100% to 199%
19.7
65.2
28.1
From 50% to 99%
33.7
Below 50%
33.6
Children under
age 18
53.5
54.2
59.5
People aged
18 to 64
15.1
18.3
12.1
6.9
People aged
65 and older
Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions,
see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.

families with income above 200
(Figure 7).

families with income between 100
percent and 200 percent of their
poverty threshold.
6.9 percent of people in families

with income below 50 percent of
their poverty threshold.
Income Deficit
The income deficit for families in
poverty (the difference in dollars
between a familys income and its
poverty threshold) averaged $10,118
in 2015, which was not statistically
different from the inflation-adjusted
2014 estimate. The average income
deficit was larger for families with a
female householder ($10,759) than
for married-couple families ($9,456)
(Table 6).
The average per capita income deficit

was also larger for families with a
female householder ($3,219) than for
married-couple families ($2,501).34
For unrelated individuals, the average
income deficit for those in poverty
was $6,873 in 2015. The $6,658
deficit for women was lower than the
$7,151 deficit for men.
Shared Households
Shared households are defined as
households that include at least one
additional adult, a person aged 18
or older, who is not the householder,
spouse, or cohabiting partner of the
householder. Adults aged 18 to 24
who are enrolled in school are not
counted as additional adults.
34
The income deficit per capita is computed
by dividing the average deficit by the average
number of people in that type of family. Since
families with a female householder were smaller
on average than married-couple families, the
larger per capita deficit for female householder
families reflects their smaller average family size
as well as their lower average family income.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 6.
Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2015
(Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in t housands, deficits and surpluses and their margin of error in dollars. For information on
confidentiality protection, sampling error, n
onsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
Size of deficit or surplus
Average deficit
Deficit or
surplus per
or surplus
(dollars)
capita (dollars)
Characteristic
$1,000 $2,500 $5,000 $7,500 $10,000 $12,500 $15,000
Under
to
to
to
to
to
to
or
Total $1,000 $2,499 $4,999 $7,499 $9,999 $12,499 $14,999
more
Margin of
Esti- error1
()
mate
Margin of
Esti- error1
mate
()
Below Poverty Threshold, Deficit

All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,589
Married-couple families . . . . . . . . . .
3,245
Families with a female householder,
no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . .
4,404
Families with a male householder,
no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
939
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,671
482
242
836
376
1,304
556
1,184
410
886
339
806
239
840
350
2,251 10,118
732 9,456
178
303
2,907
2,501
54
83
180
339
603
637
448
484
423
1,290 10,759
236
3,219
73
60
1,312
121
1,985
145
2,347
138
1,209
99
897
82
4,921
66
Z
611
110
3,041
6,873
180
110
73,610
57,013
621
307
903
456
1,568
725
1,659
920
1,851
1,057
1,909
1,139
1,805
1,141
63,295 82,483
938 26,603
51,267 92,683 1,162 29,509
333
397
11,225
242
341
672
543
568
574
475
7,811 42,299 1,212 14,057
434
5,372
46,317
72
1,064
106
1,426
171
3,171
196
2,469
226
2,963
196
2,252
189
2,834
230
Z
9,402
6,873
Above Poverty Threshold, Surplus

All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married-couple families . . . . . . . . . .
Families with a female householder,
no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . .
Families with a male householder,
no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,217 58,203 2,792 20,326 1,059

30,139 37,608
780 37,608
780
Z Represents or rounds to zero.

1
A margin of error is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when
added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margins of error shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate
weights. For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256sa.pdf>.
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
In 2016, the percentage and number of shared households remained

higher than in 2007, the year before
the most recent recession.35 In 2007,
17.0 percent of all households were
shared households, totaling 19.7 million shared households. In 2016, 19.1
percent of all households were shared
households, totaling 24.1 million
shared households.
From 2015 to 2016, changes in the
percentage and number of shared
households were not significant.
35
While poverty estimates are based on
income in the previous calendar year, estimates
of living arrangements, including shared households, reflect household composition at the time
of the survey. The CPS ASEC is collected during
the months of February, March, and April of
each year.
U.S. Census Bureau
Changes in the percentage and

number of additional adults residing
in shared households were also not
significant.
In 2016, an estimated 27.2 percent
(11.9 million) of adults aged 25 to 34
were additional adults in someone
elses household, representing an
increase from 25.8 percent (11.1 million) in 2015. Of young adults aged
25 to 34, 16.0 percent (7.0 million)
lived with their parents in 2016, an
increase from 15.1 percent (6.5 million) in 2015.
It is difficult to assess the precise
impact of household sharing on
overall poverty rates. Adults aged 25
to 34 living with their parents in 2016
had an official 2015 poverty rate of

6.8 percent (when the entire familys
income is compared with the threshold that includes the young adult as
a member of the family). However, if
poverty status had been determined
using only the young adults own
income, 39.4 percent of those aged
25 to 34 would have been below the
poverty threshold for a single person
under age 65. However, although
6.6 percent of families including at
least one adult child of the householder were in poverty in 2015, the
poverty rate for these families would
have increased to 12.0 percent if the
young adult were not living in the
household.
Alternative/Experimental
Poverty Measures
The poverty estimates in this report
compare the official poverty thresholds to money income before taxes,
not including the value of noncash
benefits. This money income measure does not completely capture
the economic well-being of individuals and families, and there are many
questions about the adequacy of the
official poverty thresholds. Families
and individuals also derive economic
well-being from noncash benefits,
such as food and housing subsidies,
and their disposable income is determined by both taxes paid and tax
credits received. The official poverty
thresholds developed more than 50
years ago do not take into account rising standards of living or such things
as childcare expenses, other workrelated expenses, variations in medical costs across population groups,
or geographic differences in the
cost of living. For more details, see
the text box Supplemental Poverty
Measure on page 4. Poverty estimates using the Supplemental Poverty
Measure (SPM) address many of these
concerns. For more information on
SPM estimates for 2015 see <www2
.census.gov/library/publications
/2016/demo/p60-258.pdf>.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)Based Measures
The Census Bureau also computes
alternative poverty measures based
on the 1995 recommendations of
the National Academy of Sciences
(NAS) Panel on Poverty and Family
Assistance. The NAS-based measures,
which use both alternative poverty

thresholds and an expanded income
definition, provide a consistent
time series available from 1999 to
the p
resent <www.census.gov
/prod/2001pubs/p60-216.pdf>.36
The estimates for 2015 for the NASbased measures can be found at
<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas
/data/nas/tables/index.html>.
Research Files
The Census Bureau makes available
microdata research files that provide
the variables used to construct SPM
estimates and NAS-based alternative
measures at <www.census.gov/hhes
/povmeas/data/public-use.html>. An
expanded version of the CPS ASEC
public use file includes estimates of
the value of taxes and noncash benefits at <http://thedataweb.rm.census
.gov/ftp/cps_ftp.html>.
CPS Table Creator
CPS Table Creator is a Web-based tool
designed to help researchers explore
alternative income and poverty
measures. The tool is available at
<www.census.gov/cps/data
/cpstablecreator.html>. Table Creator
allows researchers to produce poverty and income estimates for various demographic groups using their
own combinations of threshold and
resource definitions and to see the
incremental impact of the addition
or subtraction of a single resource
element.
36
However, many of the elements of these
measures are no longer being updated.
Researchers can also estimate poverty rates using alternative poverty

thresholds. Many other countries use
relative poverty measures with thresholds that are based on a percentage
of median or mean income.37 Table
Creator allows researchers to estimate
poverty rates using a relative poverty
threshold calculated as any percentage of mean or median equivalence
adjusted income. For example, using
poverty thresholds based on 50
percent of median income rather than
the official poverty thresholds would
increase the overall poverty rate
from 14.8 percent to 22.9 percent
in 2014.38
COMMENTS
The Census Bureau welcomes the
comments and advice of data and
report users. If you have suggestions
or comments on this report, please
write to:
Trudi J. Renwick
Assistant Division Chief,
Economic Characteristics
Social, Economic, and Housing
Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Washington, D.C. 20233-8500
Or send e-mail to:
trudi.j.renwick@census.gov
37
For example, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) uses
a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median
income. The European Union defines poverty
as an income below 60 percent of the national
median equalized disposable income after social
transfers.
38
This example used the OECD Equivalence
Scale (1) to adjust the thresholds for family size
and composition.
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX A. ESTIMATES OF INCOME
How Income Is Measured

For each person 15 years and older
in the sample, the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks
questions on the amount of money
income received in the preceding calendar year from each of the following
sources:
1. Earnings
2. Unemployment compensation
3. Workers compensation
4. Social security
5. Supplemental security income
6. Public assistance
7. Veterans payments
8. Survivor benefits
9. Disability benefits
Business Cycles
Peak month
Year
Trough month
Year
November
1948
October
1949
July
1953
May
1954
August
1957
April
1958
April
1960
February
1961
December
1969
November
1970
November
1973
March
1975
January
1980
July
1980
July
1981
November
1982
July
1990
March
1991
March
2001
November
2001
December
2007
June
2009
Source: National Bureau of Economic Research

Cambridge, MA 02138
<www.nber.org>
10. Pension or retirement income

11. Interest
12. Dividends
13. Rents, royalties, and estates and
trusts
14. Educational assistance
15. Alimony
16. Child support
17. Financial assistance from outside
of the household
18. Other income
It should be noted that although the
income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the
demographic characteristics, such as
age, labor force status, and household
composition, are as of the survey date.
The income of the household does not
include amounts received by people
who were members during all or part
of the previous year if these people no
longer resided in the household at the
time of the interview. The ASEC collects income data for people who
U.S. Census Bureau
are current residents but did not

reside in the household during the
previous year.
Data on income collected in the ASEC
by the Census Bureau cover money
income received (exclusive of certain
money receipts such as capital gains)
before payments for personal income
taxes, social security, union dues,
Medicare deductions, etc. Therefore,
money income does not reflect the
fact that some families receive noncash benefits, such as Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance/food stamps,
health benefits, subsidized housing,
and goods produced and consumed
on the farm. In addition, money
income does not reflect the fact that
noncash benefits are also received by
some nonfarm residents, which often
take the form of the use of business
transportation and facilities, full or
partial payments by business for
retirement programs, medical and
educational expenses, etc. Data users
should consider these elements when

comparing income levels. Moreover,
readers should be aware that for many
different reasons there is a tendency
in household surveys for respondents
to underreport their income. Based on
an analysis of independently derived
income estimates, the Census Bureau
determined that respondents report
income earned from wages or salaries
more accurately than other sources of
income, and that the reported wage
and salary income is nearly equal to
independent estimates of aggregate
income.
Business Cycles
Business cycle peaks and troughs used
to delineate the beginning and end of
recessions, as shown in the text box
above, are determined by the National
Bureau of Economic Research, a private
research organization. The data points
in the time series charts in this report
use July as a reference.
Cost-of-Living Adjustment
Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS)
Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2015
Year
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
CPI-U-RS1 index
(December 1977 = 100)
37.5
40.5
40.0
40.5
43.7
44.5
44.8
45.2
45.0
45.7
47.2
48.5
48.9
49.7
50.2
50.7
51.4
52.1
52.9
54.4
56.1
58.3
60.9
63.9
66.7
68.7
73.0
80.3
86.9
91.9
97.7
104.4
114.3
127.1
139.2
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CPI-U-RS1 index
(December 1977 = 100)
147.6
153.8
160.2
165.7
168.7
174.4
180.8
188.6
197.9
205.1
210.3
215.5
220.0
225.3
231.4
236.4
239.6
244.7
253.0
260.1
264.3
270.2
277.5
286.9
296.2
304.6
316.3
315.2
320.3
330.4
337.3
342.2
347.8
348.2
1
The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index Research Series
(CPI-U-RS) for 1977 through 2015. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by
applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947-to-1976 CPI-U.
Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years data and
2015 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2015 by the annual average for the earlier
year(s).
For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www.bls.gov/cpi/cpiurs.htm>.
In order to accurately assess changes

in income and earnings over time,
an adjustment for changes in the
cost of living is required. The Census
Bureau uses the research series of
the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS),
provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1977 through 2015,
to adjust for changes in the cost of
living. The index used to make the
constant dollar conversions is shown
in the text box Annual Average
Consumer Price Index Research Series
(CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All
Items: 1947 to 2015.
Poverty Threshold Adjustment
The Office of Management and
Budgets (OMB) Statistical Policy
Directive 14 directed the Census
Bureau to use the CPI-U to update
the poverty thresholds each year
for changes in the cost of living.
These thresholds are compared to
current year (unadjusted for inflation) money income. If, alternatively,
the CPI-U-RS index had been used to
inflation-adjust poverty thresholds
from previous years, current poverty
rates would be lower. This is because
the CPI-U-RS results in a smaller cost
of living adjustment over time than
the CPI-U.
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau
125,819
124,587
123,931
122,952
122,459
121,084
119,927
117,538
117,181
116,783
116,011
114,384
113,343
112,000
111,278
109,297
108,209
106,434
103,874
102,528
101,018
99,627
98,990
97,107
96,426
95,669
94,312
93,347
92,830
91,124
89,479
88,458
86,789
85,407
83,918
83,527
82,368
80,776
77,330
76,030
74,142
72,867
71,163
69,859
68,251
66,676
64,778
63,401
62,214
60,813
Number
(thousands)
See footnotes at end of table.
ALL RACES
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19958. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19949. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199310 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199211 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198712 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198513 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198414 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197915 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197616 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197517 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197417, 18. . . . . . . . . . . .
1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197219 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197120 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196721 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

origin of householder
and year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
11.6
12.6
12.5
12.5
12.7
12.7
12.4
11.6
11.6
11.1
10.9
11.4
11.3
11.4
11.0
10.7
10.4
10.2
11.0
11.6
11.7
11.8
12.7
13.1
13.2
12.8
12.4
12.1
12.7
13.1
13.4
13.6
13.4
14.0
14.2
13.7
13.5
13.1
12.9
13.3
13.3
13.7
13.2
13.2
13.6
14.5
14.5
14.4
14.7
16.0
Under
$15,000
10.5
10.9
11.2
11.2
11.4
11.0
11.3
10.8
10.7
10.4
10.3
10.6
10.4
10.5
10.4
10.3
10.1
10.3
10.4
10.7
11.3
11.6
11.7
11.5
11.7
11.1
10.8
10.7
10.5
10.7
10.8
11.0
11.7
11.8
11.7
11.7
11.5
11.2
11.5
12.1
12.1
12.3
11.4
11.5
11.1
11.0
10.6
10.5
10.9
11.3
$15,000
to $24,999
10.0
10.1
9.8
10.3
10.4
10.9
10.6
10.5
10.3
10.2
9.6
9.7
10.5
10.0
10.3
10.1
9.8
9.7
9.7
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.5
9.9
9.9
10.6
10.2
10.3
10.9
11.2
11.3
11.2
11.7
11.2
10.9
10.9
10.8
11.1
11.1
11.0
10.0
10.5
11.2
10.9
10.7
10.9
11.4
$25,000
to $34,999
12.7
13.1
13.1
13.5
13.5
13.6
13.1
13.8
13.8
12.9
14.3
13.7
13.3
13.2
13.3
13.6
13.5
13.7
13.7
13.7
14.3
14.3
14.1
14.6
14.5
14.7
14.9
14.6
14.0
14.4
14.5
14.8
14.9
15.6
15.8
15.0
15.3
15.0
14.5
15.5
15.6
16.1
16.3
15.5
15.8
16.7
17.1
17.2
18.7
19.5
$35,000
to $49,999
16.7
17.0
17.1
17.4
17.4
17.5
17.2
17.3
17.2
17.9
17.6
17.8
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.8
18.0
18.0
18.5
18.7
18.0
18.9
18.6
18.6
18.9
19.4
20.0
19.6
19.7
19.7
20.0
20.4
20.2
20.3
20.6
21.1
21.5
21.3
22.1
21.8
22.2
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.9
23.6
23.7
24.5
24.3
23.2
$50,000
to $74,999
Percentage distribution
12.1
11.5
11.9
12.1
11.8
11.4
12.2
12.4
12.5
12.3
12.5
12.6
12.8
12.6
12.9
12.7
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
13.6
12.8
12.5
12.6
13.1
12.8
13.2
13.5
13.5
13.2
13.2
12.9
12.9
12.6
12.4
13.1
13.2
14.0
13.6
13.5
13.4
12.7
13.3
13.7
13.5
12.5
12.5
12.4
11.7
10.5
14.1
13.4
12.9
12.6
12.8
12.7
13.0
13.3
13.6
14.4
13.9
13.6
13.7
14.1
14.2
14.4
14.3
14.3
14.1
13.4
12.6
12.6
12.1
12.0
11.7
12.1
12.2
12.6
12.4
12.3
11.9
11.3
10.7
10.0
9.9
10.0
9.9
10.3
10.4
9.5
9.0
8.7
9.0
9.7
9.1
7.8
7.8
7.7
6.5
5.7
6.2
5.7
5.9
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.4
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
6.1
5.6
5.7
5.0
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.8
5.2
5.3
5.1
4.8
4.9
4.8
5.2
5.0
5.1
4.5
4.1
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.6
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
$200,000
and over
56,516
53,718
54,525
52,850
52,666
52,751
53,568
54,988
55,376
57,423
56,663
56,224
55,629
55,823
55,871
56,531
57,790
57,909
56,510
54,506
53,407
52,664
51,065
50,478
50,725
51,145
52,684
53,367
52,432
52,032
51,388
49,631
48,720
47,283
47,585
47,712
48,518
50,146
50,242
48,370
48,066
47,281
48,553
50,141
49,148
47,130
47,593
47,965
46,245
44,335
Estimate
321
392
665
281
216
265
353
235
151
160
243
188
246
242
183
173
182
270
334
252
269
304
233
236
240
246
269
294
256
246
266
269
222
215
215
250
249
238
203
182
178
192
186
191
188
183
174
177
167
161
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
79,263
75,825
76,513
73,915
73,577
73,431
73,262
75,093
75,325
77,286
78,257
76,878
75,871
76,118
76,217
77,924
78,634
77,889
75,359
73,193
70,909
69,451
68,268
66,938
64,309
64,380
65,810
67,425
65,513
64,708
63,487
61,079
59,694
57,507
57,347
57,000
57,704
59,569
59,134
57,380
56,538
55,211
56,779
57,987
57,202
54,203
54,497
54,568
52,320
49,586
Estimate
403
447
676
508
435
388
391
268
266
270
302
290
286
278
286
311
310
404
407
409
397
380
367
362
270
265
278
294
293
266
258
242
220
215
212
208
211
225
227
175
174
172
178
176
177
172
174
172
167
161
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
(Income in 2015 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated
using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, s
ampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2015Con.
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90,682
90,030
88,893
87,212
86,106
85,059
84,511
83,737
82,387
81,795
81,675
80,968
80,163
79,734
78,519
77,284
76,576
75,328
74,376
73,182
72,845
71,872
70,766
68,028
66,934
65,353
64,392
62,984
61,965
60,618
59,463
57,575
56,248
55,394
54,188
Total
99,313
98,679
98,807
97,774
97,705
96,964
96,306
95,489
95,297
95,112
94,705
93,588
92,880
91,962
91,645
Number
(thousands)
WHITE ALONE22
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WHITE23
2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19958. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19949. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199310 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199211 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198712 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198513 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198414 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197915 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197616 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197517 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197417, 18. . . . . . . . . . . .
1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197219 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197120 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196721 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

and year
9.3
9.2
8.8
9.4
10.1
10.0
10.1
10.9
11.2
11.1
10.8
10.5
10.2
10.8
11.1
11.6
11.8
11.7
12.1
12.5
11.9
11.9
11.5
11.4
11.9
11.9
12.3
11.8
11.9
12.3
13.1
13.2
13.1
13.5
14.7
9.9
10.9
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.6
9.9
10.1
9.5
9.4
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.6
Under
$15,000
10.1
9.8
10.0
9.9
10.3
10.9
11.1
11.3
11.0
11.1
10.7
10.3
10.3
9.9
10.2
10.3
10.5
11.1
11.3
11.1
11.1
10.8
10.5
11.0
11.3
11.4
11.7
10.7
10.8
10.4
10.4
10.0
9.8
10.1
10.5
10.1
10.5
10.9
10.7
11.0
10.5
11.0
10.5
10.4
10.2
9.9
10.2
10.1
10.2
10.0
$15,000
to $24,999
9.8
9.5
9.6
9.5
9.9
10.0
10.2
10.5
10.3
10.4
10.4
9.8
9.8
10.4
10.1
10.1
10.7
11.0
11.1
11.0
11.5
11.0
10.6
10.7
10.5
10.9
10.9
10.6
9.7
10.1
10.8
10.5
10.2
10.5
11.0
9.9
9.8
9.6
10.0
10.3
10.7
10.4
10.2
10.0
10.0
9.4
9.5
10.2
9.9
10.1
$25,000
to $34,999
13.5
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.6
14.3
14.3
14.1
14.6
14.5
14.9
15.0
14.6
14.0
14.4
14.6
14.9
15.1
15.9
16.0
15.1
15.4
15.1
14.5
15.5
15.7
16.1
16.3
15.4
15.8
16.8
17.2
17.2
18.9
19.8
12.7
13.1
12.9
13.4
13.4
13.7
13.2
13.8
13.5
12.8
14.1
13.8
13.1
13.3
13.0
$35,000
to $49,999
18.0
18.2
18.3
18.8
19.0
18.4
19.3
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.9
20.5
20.1
20.5
20.5
20.6
21.0
21.0
21.1
21.2
21.8
22.3
22.0
22.7
22.6
22.8
23.1
23.3
23.3
23.8
24.4
24.6
25.4
25.4
24.3
16.9
17.5
17.5
17.9
17.8
18.0
17.5
17.8
17.6
18.2
17.8
18.1
17.9
17.9
18.0
$50,000
to $74,999
13.1
13.6
13.6
13.5
13.4
14.1
13.5
13.1
13.3
13.8
13.5
13.8
14.1
14.1
13.9
13.9
13.5
13.6
13.2
13.0
13.8
13.9
14.7
14.3
14.3
14.1
13.3
14.0
14.5
14.1
13.2
13.1
13.2
12.4
11.1
12.6
12.1
12.6
12.8
12.4
11.9
12.7
12.9
13.0
12.7
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.0
13.5
15.2
15.0
15.1
14.9
14.1
13.2
13.2
12.9
12.7
12.5
12.9
12.9
13.2
13.1
13.1
12.6
12.0
11.4
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.6
10.9
11.0
10.0
9.6
9.3
9.7
10.4
9.7
8.3
8.3
8.2
7.0
6.1
15.0
14.0
13.4
13.2
13.5
13.3
13.8
14.0
14.3
15.1
14.6
14.2
14.5
14.8
15.0
5.5
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.1
5.0
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.4
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.3
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.4
6.6
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.6
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
5.6
5.4
5.5
4.9
4.5
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
6.4
6.1
6.0
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.2
5.3
5.1
$200,000
and over
59,596
60,441
60,227
59,456
57,403
55,918
55,276
53,857
53,256
53,329
53,595
54,950
56,137
55,429
54,822
54,026
52,341
51,398
49,586
49,817
50,411
51,186
52,577
52,230
50,865
50,351
49,445
50,777
52,550
51,561
49,296
49,571
50,057
48,151
46,234
60,109
56,931
57,740
56,226
55,442
55,027
56,213
57,291
57,588
59,575
59,569
58,928
58,545
58,804
59,398
Estimate
280
267
305
298
364
289
289
302
310
258
260
252
273
327
276
262
279
259
224
226
233
263
250
230
214
208
180
191
200
198
188
191
183
179
168
381
355
526
432
396
237
275
170
167
176
173
257
230
231
241
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
81,008
81,550
80,719
78,777
76,448
73,724
72,219
71,277
69,939
67,213
67,099
68,465
70,233
68,307
67,474
66,131
63,586
62,157
59,894
59,711
59,389
60,032
61,917
61,325
59,622
58,713
57,251
58,882
60,229
59,427
56,166
56,404
56,593
54,201
51,398
82,226
78,981
79,190
77,169
76,821
76,735
76,545
77,930
78,371
80,398
81,239
80,056
78,937
79,366
79,265
Estimate
348
350
457
464
465
436
419
415
404
300
292
306
325
322
291
283
267
241
233
234
225
230
247
247
192
189
188
191
191
193
183
185
189
179
174
470
524
771
554
479
445
440
300
302
306
339
331
325
318
323
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80,818
80,527
79,819
78,577
77,936
77,240
76,932
77,004
75,697
75,107
75,625
75,035
74,495
74,067
73,120
72,067
71,540
70,586
69,648
69,214
68,996
68,106
67,203
64,836
63,721
62,365
61,533
60,164
59,236
58,005
Total
84,445
84,228
84,432
83,641
83,792
83,573
83,314
83,158
82,884
82,765
82,675
82,003
81,628
81,148
81,166
Number
(thousands)
WHITE ALONE,
NOT HISPANIC22
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WHITE, NOT
HISPANIC23
2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19958. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19949. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199310 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199211 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198712 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198513 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198414 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197915 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197616 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197517 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197417, 18. . . . . . . . . . . .
1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197219 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

and year
9.0
8.8
8.3
8.7
9.3
9.4
9.3
10.2
10.5
10.5
10.3
10.0
9.7
10.2
10.6
11.1
11.4
11.1
11.6
12.1
11.6
11.6
11.3
11.2
11.7
11.6
12.0
11.7
11.8
12.2
9.3
10.4
10.1
10.0
10.0
10.1
9.8
9.3
9.4
8.9
8.9
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.2
Under
$15,000
9.6
9.3
9.5
9.5
9.9
10.4
10.5
10.9
10.6
10.8
10.4
9.9
10.0
9.6
9.8
9.9
10.1
10.8
11.0
10.8
10.9
10.6
10.3
10.8
11.1
11.2
11.4
10.5
10.6
10.1
9.6
10.0
10.3
10.2
10.4
10.1
10.5
9.9
9.9
9.7
9.4
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.6
$15,000
to $24,999
9.5
9.1
9.2
9.1
9.5
9.6
9.8
10.3
10.1
10.1
10.2
9.6
9.6
10.2
9.9
9.9
10.6
10.8
11.0
10.9
11.3
10.9
10.4
10.5
10.4
10.8
10.8
10.4
9.5
9.9
9.4
9.4
8.8
9.6
9.8
10.2
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.1
9.2
9.7
9.4
9.6
$25,000
to $34,999
13.1
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
14.1
14.1
13.9
14.4
14.3
14.7
14.9
14.4
13.9
14.2
14.5
14.8
15.0
15.8
15.9
14.9
15.2
15.0
14.3
15.3
15.5
16.0
16.2
15.2
15.6
12.2
12.6
12.5
12.9
13.0
13.2
12.8
13.6
12.9
12.4
13.6
13.2
12.7
12.8
12.6
$35,000
to $49,999
17.9
18.1
18.3
18.9
19.0
18.6
19.6
19.4
19.5
19.6
20.1
20.6
20.2
20.6
20.7
20.7
21.2
21.1
21.3
21.4
21.9
22.4
22.1
22.8
22.7
22.9
23.2
23.4
23.3
23.9
16.7
17.4
17.8
18.0
17.9
18.0
17.5
17.8
17.7
18.0
17.7
18.0
17.7
17.9
18.0
$50,000
to $74,999
13.3
13.8
13.9
13.9
13.9
14.6
13.9
13.4
13.7
14.2
13.8
14.1
14.4
14.4
14.2
14.2
13.8
13.8
13.5
13.3
14.1
14.1
14.9
14.5
14.6
14.4
13.6
14.3
14.7
14.4
13.0
12.3
13.0
13.2
12.8
12.3
13.1
13.2
13.5
13.0
13.4
13.6
13.6
13.3
13.8
15.9
15.7
15.7
15.6
14.8
13.9
13.9
13.4
13.2
13.1
13.4
13.3
13.7
13.6
13.6
13.0
12.4
11.7
10.9
10.9
11.0
10.9
11.2
11.3
10.3
9.9
9.5
9.9
10.6
10.0
15.9
14.8
14.2
14.0
14.3
14.1
14.6
14.8
15.1
16.0
15.4
15.0
15.2
15.6
15.8
5.8
6.4
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.3
4.9
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.4
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
6.0
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.2
6.0
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.2
4.8
4.2
4.0
3.9
3.6
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.5
6.9
6.7
6.5
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.7
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.6
5.7
5.5
$200,000
and over
61,989
62,790
62,834
61,675
59,767
58,365
57,458
55,595
55,216
55,119
54,875
56,206
57,344
56,956
56,329
55,254
53,518
52,465
50,860
50,652
51,139
52,093
53,318
53,214
51,874
51,377
49,818
51,211
53,012
52,296
62,950
60,325
61,387
59,292
58,851
58,397
59,204
60,163
61,130
62,781
61,626
61,635
61,371
61,569
61,788
Estimate
257
252
397
355
312
400
300
294
323
341
270
262
281
335
313
285
273
291
256
255
260
108
295
280
292
299
264
252
248
248
542
368
542
622
371
346
485
308
248
282
221
209
281
298
242
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
83,595
84,032
83,366
81,299
78,897
75,954
74,575
73,092
71,783
68,920
68,538
69,981
71,639
69,702
68,793
67,444
64,824
63,237
61,467
60,588
60,137
60,821
62,633
62,049
60,359
59,467
57,952
59,545
60,902
60,116
85,585
82,560
82,652
80,731
80,359
80,161
79,721
80,908
81,575
83,657
84,340
83,261
81,884
82,330
81,833
Estimate
379
377
494
497
N
N
447
434
428
318
306
317
351
327
319
310
294
283
263
259
250
274
274
267
285
265
280
260
258
269
531
580
863
642
532
504
500
330
334
337
373
368
356
349
348
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16,539
16,437
16,009
16,108
15,872
15,583
15,265
14,730
14,595
14,551
14,354
14,002
13,809
13,629
13,465
Total
17,322
17,198
16,723
16,855
16,559
16,165
15,909
15,212
15,056
14,976
14,709
14,399
14,151
13,969
13,778
Number
(thousands)
BLACK ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK ALONE24
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

and year
21.7
22.4
22.9
22.6
23.6
24.4
23.9
21.6
21.2
21.2
20.8
21.6
21.6
21.3
20.7
21.5
22.2
22.3
22.4
23.5
24.3
23.6
21.5
21.1
21.2
20.7
21.5
21.4
21.2
20.6
Under
$15,000
14.2
14.4
14.0
14.8
15.2
14.5
14.0
13.9
13.4
13.2
13.9
14.7
12.7
13.5
13.8
14.1
14.4
14.0
14.7
15.0
14.5
14.1
13.8
13.4
13.2
13.8
14.7
12.7
13.5
13.7
$15,000
to $24,999
11.9
12.7
12.4
12.5
11.7
12.3
12.4
13.3
12.6
12.3
11.3
11.2
12.9
12.2
12.3
11.8
12.6
12.5
12.5
11.7
12.3
12.5
13.3
12.6
12.1
11.2
11.2
12.9
12.3
12.2
$25,000
to $34,999
13.6
14.4
14.7
14.7
14.3
13.4
14.3
14.8
16.0
14.0
16.2
15.0
15.3
14.0
15.4
13.5
14.5
14.9
14.9
14.3
13.4
14.2
14.7
16.0
14.1
16.3
15.0
15.2
13.9
15.4
$35,000
to $49,999
15.9
15.1
15.1
15.0
15.0
15.3
15.0
15.3
15.7
16.6
15.8
15.9
15.5
16.9
15.9
16.0
15.1
15.2
14.9
15.0
15.3
14.8
15.3
15.7
16.6
16.0
15.9
15.7
16.8
15.9
$50,000
to $74,999
8.9
8.2
7.6
8.2
8.6
8.5
9.3
9.6
9.0
9.6
9.2
9.2
10.0
9.3
9.5
9.0
8.3
7.4
8.2
8.6
8.4
9.3
9.6
9.0
9.5
9.1
9.2
10.0
9.5
9.4
8.8
8.1
8.4
7.8
7.7
7.4
7.3
7.6
8.0
8.8
8.4
8.1
7.9
8.7
8.1
8.8
8.2
8.7
7.9
8.0
7.5
7.4
7.6
8.0
8.9
8.5
8.2
8.0
8.6
8.2
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.5
2.6
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.5
2.0
$200,000
and over
36,898
35,439
35,943
35,205
34,398
33,965
34,922
35,995
37,669
38,771
37,581
37,451
37,762
38,203
38,240
37,211
35,694
36,391
35,385
34,808
34,110
34,957
36,179
37,809
38,971
37,773
37,568
37,938
38,259
38,439
Estimate
513
462
872
741
816
536
542
435
485
543
283
365
393
497
515
546
473
792
712
824
583
511
462
483
532
280
358
348
481
506
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
54,352
51,289
51,339
50,499
49,280
49,801
48,873
50,867
51,226
53,306
53,049
51,525
50,985
51,716
52,712
54,805
51,680
52,580
50,578
49,716
50,065
49,462
51,125
51,387
53,534
53,480
51,856
51,143
51,954
53,138
Estimate
861
692
1,206
901
777
846
681
580
548
594
656
559
552
554
609
867
694
1,346
886
762
815
682
570
537
585
656
564
543
550
619
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
13,315
13,174
12,838
12,579
12,474
12,109
11,577
11,655
11,281
11,269
11,083
10,671
10,486
10,561
10,192
9,922
9,797
9,480
9,236
8,916
8,961
8,847
8,586
8,066
7,977
7,776
7,489
7,263
7,040
6,809
6,578
6,180
6,053
5,870
5,728
Number
(thousands)
BLACK23
2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19958. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19949. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199310 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199211 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198712 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198513 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198414 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197915 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197616 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197517 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197417, 18. . . . . . . . . . . .
1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197219 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197120 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196721 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

and year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
20.1
19.0
19.8
22.4
22.2
23.0
23.6
25.4
27.2
27.9
27.9
26.7
26.4
27.4
28.0
27.9
27.3
27.5
29.1
28.8
28.5
27.0
25.6
25.8
25.1
25.5
26.5
25.2
24.1
25.6
26.8
26.4
25.6
26.5
29.1
Under
$15,000
13.2
12.9
13.2
14.1
13.8
14.8
15.1
14.6
14.8
15.6
14.1
14.5
14.0
14.9
14.8
14.7
15.2
16.8
16.3
16.5
16.5
17.2
17.0
15.7
18.7
17.6
17.8
16.7
18.1
17.1
16.9
16.2
17.2
18.3
18.7
$15,000
to $24,999
12.2
12.7
11.3
11.8
12.2
12.0
11.8
12.1
12.4
11.1
11.6
10.9
11.3
11.8
11.8
12.2
12.9
13.4
13.3
12.8
13.8
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.3
12.6
15.0
12.9
13.8
14.5
14.8
15.4
15.5
15.3
$25,000
to $34,999
15.0
14.6
14.9
14.1
14.8
14.8
15.0
14.1
14.5
14.4
14.0
14.4
14.8
14.0
15.1
14.2
14.1
14.2
14.1
14.6
14.1
14.6
14.4
14.5
15.3
15.0
16.4
16.2
16.1
16.3
16.5
16.4
17.1
17.0
16.8
$35,000
to $49,999
17.0
17.7
16.6
16.3
16.8
15.6
16.3
15.0
14.4
15.3
16.2
16.5
16.0
14.4
14.4
15.6
15.8
14.4
14.6
15.7
15.1
15.6
15.8
17.0
15.7
16.9
15.9
16.0
17.2
15.4
15.9
15.9
16.0
14.7
12.9
$50,000
to $74,999
10.1
9.8
10.1
9.6
9.7
10.3
8.3
8.9
7.8
8.1
8.0
8.6
8.3
8.6
8.1
8.1
8.0
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.4
8.5
7.8
6.9
7.3
6.8
7.2
6.9
7.8
6.0
6.7
5.6
5.2
4.3
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.0
7.3
6.8
7.6
6.7
6.2
5.4
6.0
6.1
7.1
6.6
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.1
4.6
3.4
4.1
4.4
4.7
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.9
3.2
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.3
3.0
3.4
2.4
2.2
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
$200,000
and over
39,452
40,830
39,715
36,841
36,897
35,335
34,608
33,280
31,561
31,053
31,929
32,860
33,385
31,598
31,290
31,125
31,140
29,280
28,139
28,233
28,289
29,489
30,869
31,388
30,016
29,940
29,683
30,198
30,933
30,096
29,119
30,172
30,257
28,394
26,844
Estimate
465
541
740
577
635
695
590
619
624
634
671
750
679
659
599
611
605
563
528
453
475
556
564
664
403
371
437
364
482
451
433
414
446
412
447
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
52,542
53,920
54,730
49,613
48,552
48,844
46,983
46,309
43,996
42,138
42,516
43,660
44,300
43,288
42,249
41,759
40,630
39,050
37,426
37,148
37,161
38,272
39,609
40,113
38,459
38,253
37,052
37,556
38,412
38,018
36,083
36,842
36,021
34,581
32,257
Estimate
554
546
785
663
697
954
804
665
730
571
555
589
602
632
581
568
527
480
462
465
450
471
487
524
342
341
329
334
382
405
371
398
383
364
360
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6,328
6,040
5,818
5,759
5,560
5,374
5,212
4,687
4,573
4,494
4,454
4,273
4,123
4,040
3,917
4,071
3,963
3,742
3,308
3,125
2,998
2,777
2,040
2,233
2,262
2,094
1,958
1,988
1,913
N
Total
6,640
6,333
6,160
6,111
5,872
5,705
5,550
4,940
4,805
4,715
4,664
4,500
4,346
4,235
4,079
Number
(thousands)
ASIAN ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASIAN ALONE25
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASIAN AND
PACIFIC
ISLANDER23
2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19958. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19949. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199310 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199211 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198712 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

and year
9.4
8.1
9.5
9.8
10.4
11.0
10.9
10.4
13.0
10.8
10.9
9.3
8.7
8.6
10.7
9.7
10.3
10.4
10.9
10.3
9.9
10.1
10.8
10.9
9.2
8.9
10.1
9.2
12.1
9.0
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.9
10.2
10.0
9.9
10.9
10.7
9.2
8.8
10.0
9.2
11.9
9.2
Under
$15,000
6.9
6.8
7.1
7.7
7.9
7.5
9.8
10.0
8.9
9.3
8.2
8.2
8.0
10.5
11.0
6.7
7.0
7.9
7.6
7.1
8.6
8.4
6.9
7.6
7.4
6.9
7.5
6.9
8.4
7.2
6.9
6.9
7.8
7.3
7.1
8.7
8.4
6.9
7.6
7.3
6.8
7.5
6.9
8.4
7.1
$15,000
to $24,999
7.9
7.4
6.8
7.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
7.3
9.1
8.7
9.3
7.8
7.5
9.0
7.8
6.2
7.7
5.2
7.6
7.4
8.3
7.8
8.2
7.5
7.6
7.2
6.5
7.9
5.6
8.3
6.1
7.7
5.5
7.7
7.4
8.2
8.1
8.2
7.5
7.6
7.1
6.4
7.8
5.9
8.3
$25,000
to $34,999
11.5
10.9
11.8
12.2
10.6
11.7
12.1
12.6
11.6
11.5
12.4
12.4
12.5
11.6
10.7
10.2
9.7
10.4
11.5
10.6
10.8
9.5
9.9
11.5
9.3
10.1
9.3
9.6
9.3
11.6
10.3
9.7
10.7
11.6
10.7
10.8
9.9
10.3
11.7
9.5
10.3
9.5
9.6
9.3
11.5
$35,000
to $49,999
16.6
15.8
16.0
18.6
19.2
18.8
19.1
17.3
15.0
19.0
17.7
18.5
20.0
18.6
18.9
15.5
15.6
16.8
16.5
17.4
17.0
17.7
15.9
14.1
16.5
16.9
17.6
17.9
16.7
17.4
15.5
15.7
16.5
16.4
17.7
16.8
17.6
15.7
14.1
16.4
17.1
17.5
18.1
16.9
17.7
$50,000
to $74,999
13.1
14.4
13.2
11.6
14.4
12.6
14.3
14.0
13.9
13.4
14.2
14.0
14.9
14.6
13.0
12.2
11.8
12.4
11.6
12.4
12.6
11.7
12.6
12.9
12.7
12.7
12.6
13.4
13.9
12.8
12.2
12.2
12.7
11.7
12.3
12.6
11.8
12.5
13.0
12.9
12.9
12.6
13.5
13.9
12.8
17.9
18.0
16.6
18.8
16.6
17.7
15.4
16.4
17.8
16.5
15.3
17.9
17.1
15.5
17.4
16.8
18.4
16.9
16.6
16.9
17.7
16.5
16.9
17.4
19.3
17.7
18.6
17.7
17.6
17.6
16.7
18.4
16.8
16.8
16.7
17.6
16.4
16.8
17.5
18.9
17.7
18.7
17.6
17.5
17.4
8.2
9.7
9.4
7.5
7.9
8.1
5.8
6.5
6.1
6.1
7.2
6.7
5.0
7.3
7.1
10.5
9.7
8.5
8.9
8.8
7.5
9.9
8.9
9.7
9.2
10.3
8.2
9.2
8.6
8.4
10.5
9.5
8.6
8.8
8.7
7.4
9.6
8.9
9.4
9.4
10.3
8.1
9.2
8.5
8.4
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
8.6
8.8
9.6
6.3
5.6
4.8
6.0
5.5
4.7
4.6
4.6
5.2
6.3
4.3
3.4
12.1
9.8
11.5
8.7
9.1
7.8
8.4
9.9
8.5
8.9
9.3
9.7
8.3
7.9
7.7
12.0
9.8
11.2
8.8
9.2
8.0
8.3
9.8
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.7
8.1
7.7
7.5
$200,000
and over
71,802
76,737
72,514
67,775
66,648
65,120
62,769
64,072
61,960
62,588
61,880
67,652
66,653
62,143
64,341
77,166
74,382
73,652
68,240
70,854
68,638
69,856
72,323
72,257
75,565
75,515
74,148
72,155
71,778
69,332
76,761
74,915
73,743
68,547
70,385
68,497
69,061
71,886
72,180
75,305
75,118
74,092
72,086
71,215
68,882
Estimate
1,714
1,309
2,556
1,886
1,853
2,334
1,575
2,428
3,047
1,806
1,997
2,004
1,802
2,554
2,392
1,697
2,109
3,421
1,750
1,951
1,651
1,712
1,400
1,526
1,583
1,968
864
1,533
1,410
1,213
1,399
1,983
3,248
1,854
1,793
1,648
1,593
1,585
1,556
1,584
1,901
885
1,453
1,588
1,042
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
97,939
100,189
95,889
87,498
86,741
85,089
85,355
83,191
81,183
77,571
78,567
81,661
82,859
77,692
N
105,417
97,674
102,984
92,343
94,354
90,258
91,952
100,318
94,877
97,187
103,793
97,210
96,012
90,172
92,283
105,132
98,255
102,850
92,933
94,666
90,407
91,005
99,544
95,029
96,665
102,894
97,089
95,527
89,450
91,531
Estimate
2,312
2,080
2,430
2,527
2,688
3,052
3,443
2,964
3,269
2,133
2,316
2,312
2,411
2,321
N
2,227
1,922
4,544
2,346
1,895
2,185
1,844
2,038
1,655
1,715
2,234
1,715
1,857
1,597
1,800
2,199
1,929
4,298
2,305
1,955
2,164
1,748
1,955
1,637
1,653
2,154
1,694
1,803
1,539
1,740
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
16,667
16,239
16,088
15,811
15,589
14,939
14,435
13,298
13,425
13,339
12,973
12,519
12,178
11,693
11,339
10,499
10,034
9,579
9,060
8,590
8,225
7,939
7,735
7,362
7,153
6,379
6,220
5,933
5,910
5,642
5,418
5,213
4,883
4,326
4,085
3,980
3,906
3,684
3,291
3,304
3,081
2,948
2,897
2,722
2,655
Number
(thousands)
See footnotes on next page.
HISPANIC
(ANY RACE)26
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20094. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20045. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19958. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19949. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199310 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199211 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198712 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198513 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198414 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197915 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197616 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197517 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197417, 18. . . . . . . . . . . .
1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197219 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic

and year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
13.6
14.6
15.3
15.7
16.4
15.8
15.8
14.7
15.1
13.9
13.6
13.9
13.5
13.6
13.1
12.8
12.3
13.1
16.2
17.9
17.2
19.2
19.2
18.6
18.8
17.4
17.3
17.3
18.5
18.7
18.2
19.2
19.3
20.5
19.5
16.8
17.5
15.9
15.5
16.0
18.0
17.7
14.8
13.9
13.5
Under
$15,000
13.0
14.1
14.7
13.7
14.4
13.7
13.9
13.9
13.6
12.9
13.3
13.7
13.2
13.6
13.0
13.5
13.4
13.9
14.1
14.0
16.0
16.8
15.8
15.6
15.3
14.8
15.5
13.7
13.4
14.9
16.0
16.0
15.2
15.6
16.4
15.1
15.6
14.2
14.7
15.5
16.9
16.9
16.2
15.8
17.0
$15,000
to $24,999
12.7
12.4
14.4
13.3
13.1
14.0
14.1
13.5
13.1
13.5
11.3
12.1
14.2
13.5
13.8
12.8
12.1
13.0
12.4
13.4
14.0
13.5
12.7
13.5
13.7
13.5
12.0
12.1
13.5
12.4
12.6
12.7
14.0
13.1
13.2
13.8
13.6
14.4
14.1
14.3
13.6
15.0
14.9
14.7
14.3
$25,000
to $34,999
15.1
15.6
15.1
16.2
15.8
16.6
14.8
15.7
17.1
15.4
17.7
17.3
15.9
16.9
16.4
16.4
16.7
17.2
16.8
15.9
16.2
16.1
15.9
17.0
16.8
16.6
16.9
16.5
16.0
16.9
15.9
16.0
15.2
17.4
17.7
17.7
17.8
17.2
17.6
19.1
18.4
18.2
18.8
19.3
21.3
$35,000
to $49,999
18.1
18.0
15.7
16.9
17.4
17.3
17.6
17.6
17.0
19.0
18.6
18.7
19.3
18.0
18.6
18.5
19.5
18.3
17.8
18.5
16.7
16.0
17.0
17.2
16.9
18.1
19.0
18.3
18.6
17.5
17.9
18.7
18.8
17.8
17.4
19.7
18.8
20.5
21.4
20.2
19.7
20.0
21.3
22.3
20.7
$50,000
to $74,999
10.8
10.7
10.0
10.7
9.7
9.1
10.2
10.5
9.8
11.1
10.9
10.4
10.3
10.7
11.0
11.3
11.5
10.6
10.1
9.1
9.5
9.2
9.1
8.7
9.3
9.4
9.7
11.2
10.0
10.0
9.7
8.9
9.7
8.8
8.9
9.8
9.6
9.9
9.9
8.9
8.6
7.6
8.4
8.5
8.3
9.7
9.7
8.8
8.8
8.4
8.4
8.6
9.1
9.3
9.3
9.4
8.9
8.7
9.1
9.2
9.5
9.5
9.7
8.5
7.5
7.0
6.5
7.0
6.7
6.5
7.1
6.9
7.5
6.9
6.5
7.5
6.7
5.9
5.5
5.2
5.7
5.3
6.1
5.4
4.8
4.1
3.4
4.3
4.6
3.7
3.7
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.2
2.9
3.2
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.7
3.0
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.7
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
3.2
2.2
2.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
$200,000
and over
45,148
42,540
40,383
41,681
40,265
40,705
40,909
42,022
41,737
44,215
44,414
43,652
43,002
42,522
43,611
44,934
45,649
43,751
41,171
39,221
37,477
35,330
37,069
36,979
37,415
38,523
39,289
40,471
39,209
38,605
37,879
36,701
36,933
36,011
35,806
38,272
37,398
39,731
39,366
37,946
36,256
35,521
38,619
38,846
38,910
Estimate
615
517
1,209
562
551
576
633
555
535
594
594
433
602
592
635
570
658
636
793
700
727
770
688
743
773
801
806
785
994
839
987
857
926
912
946
1,048
1,014
1,145
954
666
773
785
846
882
760
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
63,612
57,600
58,627
55,602
55,148
55,172
55,871
57,697
56,773
58,103
59,454
57,210
57,565
57,305
59,136
59,416
60,526
57,474
55,631
52,853
51,169
48,221
49,986
48,944
47,721
49,016
49,216
51,680
50,060
49,487
47,830
45,859
45,925
43,851
44,190
45,959
45,680
48,072
46,500
44,781
42,845
42,169
44,737
45,132
44,724
Estimate
837
657
1,732
750
721
626
717
633
588
612
682
575
704
634
790
751
871
1,020
1,183
1,066
1,184
1,082
1,247
1,029
750
784
811
888
1,061
916
786
746
895
842
896
878
910
966
941
691
697
749
728
735
760
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
N Not available .
Z Represents or rounds to zero .
The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage . All of the approximately
98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions . The redesigned income
questions were implemented to a subsample of the 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design . Approximately
68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the
remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions . The source of these 2013 estimates is
the por tion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the redesigned income questions, approximately 30,000 addresses .
2
The source of these 2013 estimates is the por tion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions
consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses .
3
Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls .
4
Median income is calculated using $2,500 income intervals . Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau
expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more . Medians falling in the upper
open-ended inter val are plugged with $250,000 . Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a
plug of $100,000 was used .
5
Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC .
6
Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion .
7
8
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample
reduction, and revised editing of responses on race .
9
Introduction of 1990 census sample design .
10
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing . In addition, the 1994 ASEC
was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items . Limits either increased or
decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999;
supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits increased to
$99,999; child suppor t and alimony limits decreased to $49,999 .
11
Implementation of 1990 census population controls .
12
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system .
13
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 . Full implementation of 1980 census-based
sample design .
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design .
Implementation of 1980 census population controls . Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from
51 possible sources of income .
16
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation . Before this year, all medians were derived
using linear inter polation .
17
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were
derived using linear inter polation .
18
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system . Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions .
19
Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design .
20
Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls .
21
Implementation of new CPS ASEC processing system .
22
Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races . White alone refers to people
who repor ted White and did not repor t any other race category . The use of this single-race population does not imply that it
is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches . Information
on people who repor ted more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or
African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder . About 2 .9 percent of people repor ted more
than one race in Census 2010 .
23
For the year 2001 and earlier, the CPS allowed respondents to repor t only one race group .
24
Black alone refers to people who repor ted Black and did not repor t any other race category .
25
Asian alone refers to people who repor ted Asian and did not repor t any other race category .
26
Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this repor t for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups . Being
Hispanic was repor ted by 15 .0 percent of White householders who repor ted only one race, 4 .3 percent of Black householders
who repor ted only one race, and 2 .4 percent of Asian householders who repor ted only one race . Data users should exercise
caution when inter preting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups because these populations
consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration . Data were
first collected for Hispanics in 1972 .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 through 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements .
15
14
Table A-2.
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2015

(Income in 2015 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality
measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nations Income Distribution: 19471998. For information on confidentiality
protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
Measures of income
dispersion
2015
2014
20131
20132
2012
2011
20103
20094
2008
2007
2006
2005
MEASURE
Household Income at
Selected Percentiles
10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,259
22,800
43,511
56,516
72,001
117,002
162,180
214,462
12,290
21,457
41,233
53,718
68,290
112,391
157,660
206,806
12,413
21,368
41,754
54,525
68,378
112,165
158,151
208,725
12,618
21,266
40,892
52,850
66,649
107,767
152,630
199,437
12,631
21,265
41,049
52,666
66,669
107,460
150,718
197,333
12,646
21,354
40,595
52,751
65,798
107,055
151,348
196,021
12,894
21,742
41,310
53,568
66,857
108,742
150,865
196,206
13,389
22,594
42,586
54,988
68,271
110,470
152,041
198,846
13,387
22,801
42,933
55,376
69,051
110,350
152,248
198,154
13,903
23,195
44,697
57,423
70,875
114,314
155,467
202,336
14,107
23,552
44,405
56,663
70,533
114,067
156,349
204,561
13,700
23,276
43,692
56,224
69,980
111,299
153,031
201,468
Household Income Ratios

of Selected Percentiles
90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.23
9.41
3.80
2.07
5.13
0.40
12.83
9.64
3.85
2.09
5.24
0.40
12.74
9.77
3.83
2.06
5.25
0.39
12.10
9.38
3.78
2.04
5.07
0.40
11.93
9.28
3.79
2.07
5.05
0.41
11.97
9.18
3.72
2.03
5.01
0.41
11.70
9.02
3.67
2.04
5.00
0.41
11.36
8.80
3.62
2.01
4.89
0.41
11.37
8.69
3.60
2.00
4.84
0.41
11.18
8.72
3.54
2.00
4.93
0.41
11.08
8.69
3.63
2.02
4.84
0.42
11.17
8.66
3.61
1.99
4.78
0.42
Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,457
32,631
56,832
92,031
202,366
350,870
11,689
31,123
54,103
87,935
194,276
332,729
11,797
31,352
54,683
87,989
196,742
340,329
11,855
31,044
53,239
84,983
188,453
327,995
11,861
30,656
52,833
84,751
187,783
328,330
11,844
30,777
52,527
84,394
187,611
328,223
11,952
31,017
53,450
85,748
184,146
312,218
12,761
32,320
54,720
86,933
188,731
326,314
12,832
32,494
55,188
87,804
188,309
324,431
13,204
33,656
57,120
90,435
192,014
328,299
13,345
33,829
56,689
89,729
197,693
349,617
12,932
33,202
56,194
88,385
193,680
341,228
Shares of Household Income

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
8.2
14.3
23.2
51.1
22.1
3.1
8.2
14.3
23.2
51.2
21.9
3.1
8.2
14.3
23.0
51.4
22.2
3.2
8.4
14.4
23.0
51.0
22.2
3.2
8.3
14.4
23.0
51.0
22.3
3.2
8.4
14.3
23.0
51.1
22.3
3.3
8.5
14.6
23.4
50.3
21.3
3.4
8.6
14.6
23.2
50.3
21.7
3.4
8.6
14.7
23.3
50.0
21.5
3.4
8.7
14.8
23.4
49.7
21.2
3.4
8.6
14.5
22.9
50.5
22.3
3.4
8.6
14.6
23.0
50.4
22.2
0.479
0.596
0.420
0.480
0.611
0.419
0.482
0.606
0.428
0.476
0.578
0.415
0.477
0.586
0.423
0.477
0.585
0.422
0.470
0.574
0.400
0.468
0.550
0.403
0.466
0.541
0.398
0.463
0.532
0.391
0.470
0.543
0.417
0.469
0.545
0.411
0.101
0.199
0.303
0.102
0.200
0.307
0.103
0.202
0.307
0.100
0.196
0.298
0.101
0.198
0.300
0.101
0.198
0.300
0.097
0.191
0.293
0.097
0.190
0.288
0.096
0.188
0.285
0.095
0.185
0.281
0.099
0.192
0.289
0.098
0.192
0.289
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
176
485
321
283
790
1,110
1,531
200
250
387
392
521
670
1,085
1,506
291
262
466
665
764
649
1,768
2,101
175
221
324
281
510
730
764
2,307
223
247
346
216
533
624
955
1,420
17
187
377
265
492
598
1,012
1,557
142
128
142
353
472
182
962
1,228
94
118
180
235
192
344
705
971
91
118
174
151
294
337
642
1,015
93
128
143
160
306
343
674
980
96
129
209
243
192
430
664
1,178
93
130
152
188
306
391
652
1,356

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.105
0.096
0.033
0.013
0.046
0.003
0.219
0.117
0.035
0.015
0.060
0.004
0.321
0.146
0.055
0.025
0.069
0.005
0.167
0.133
0.045
0.014
0.051
0.004
0.211
0.114
0.031
0.013
0.056
0.004
0.082
0.094
0.030
0.012
0.042
0.003
0.130
0.076
0.026
0.010
0.031
0.003
0.095
0.063
0.022
0.010
0.030
0.003
0.091
0.063
0.023
0.010
0.029
0.003
0.089
0.064
0.021
0.009
0.031
0.003
0.090
0.069
0.025
0.011
0.032
0.003
0.090
0.076
0.028
0.010
0.031
0.003

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128
217
326
470
1,532
4,832
123
202
304
463
1,657
5,004
200
350
487
694
2,740
9,181
123
237
362
501
1,930
6,042
109
192
257
400
1,672
5,322
122
191
270
408
1,395
4,439
111
214
298
440
1,376
4,365
46
40
52
84
929
2,930
45
40
53
83
910
2,850
46
42
54
86
921
2,897
48
41
53
87
1,110
3,649
47
42
52
84
1,039
3,338

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.20
0.23
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.20
0.24
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.17
0.36
0.46
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.24
0.30
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.20
0.26
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.17
0.23
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.18
0.23
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.33
0.30
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.33
0.30
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.33
0.29
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.34
0.31
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.34
0.31
0.0020
0.0067
0.0052
0.0021
0.0073
0.0054
0.0037
0.0124
0.0107
0.0025
0.0079
0.0067
0.0020
0.0068
0.0059
0.0018
0.0067
0.0050
0.0019
0.0066
0.0049
0.0028
0.0064
0.0001
0.0027
0.0063
0.0001
0.0027
0.0062
0.0001
0.0028
0.0063
0.0002
0.0028
0.0063
0.0001
0.0010
0.0017
0.0023
0.0011
0.0018
0.0025
0.0021
0.0033
0.0043
0.0013
0.0022
0.0028
0.0011
0.0018
0.0023
0.0010
0.0016
0.0021
0.0010
0.0016
0.0021
0.0011
0.0018
0.0024
0.0011
0.0017
0.0023
0.0011
0.0018
0.0024
0.0014
0.0021
0.0027
0.0013
0.0020
0.0026
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2015Con.
Measures of income
dispersion
20045
2003
2002
2001
20006
19997
1998
1997
1996
19958
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,685
23,196
43,509
55,629
69,301
110,423
151,660
197,190
13,577
23,176
43,815
55,823
70,172
111,943
152,321
198,611
13,991
23,603
43,972
55,871
70,038
110,686
150,336
197,619
14,306
24,057
44,598
56,531
70,952
111,783
152,116
201,475
14,564
24,663
45,417
57,790
71,806
112,533
154,144
199,864
14,722
24,384
45,421
57,909
71,695
112,745
153,365
202,061
14,097
23,421
44,191
56,510
70,246
108,994
147,215
192,119
13,573
22,683
43,009
54,506
67,755
105,314
143,849
186,399
13,407
22,222
41,772
53,407
66,218
102,346
138,513
179,878
13,409
22,255
41,595
52,664
64,914
100,649
135,538
174,641

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.08
8.50
3.57
2.00
4.76
0.42
11.22
8.57
3.57
2.01
4.83
0.42
10.75
8.37
3.54
1.99
4.69
0.42
10.63
8.38
3.57
1.98
4.65
0.43
10.58
8.10
3.46
1.95
4.56
0.43
10.42
8.29
3.52
1.96
4.62
0.42
10.44
8.20
3.41
1.93
4.65
0.42
10.60
8.22
3.43
1.94
4.64
0.42
10.33
8.09
3.40
1.93
4.61
0.42
10.11
7.85
3.32
1.92
4.52
0.42

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,854
32,890
55,726
87,867
190,021
331,130
12,882
33,091
56,171
88,911
189,536
326,343
13,161
33,463
56,389
88,698
189,373
330,691
13,569
34,094
57,068
89,478
195,412
348,687
13,979
34,904
58,125
90,357
195,803
347,374
14,109
34,642
57,986
90,249
192,456
334,507
13,403
33,843
56,629
87,582
185,332
323,034
13,019
32,549
54,759
84,814
180,822
317,322
12,933
31,746
53,398
82,644
173,820
302,787
12,897
31,523
52,711
81,029
169,094
291,833

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
8.7
14.7
23.2
50.1
21.8
3.4
8.7
14.8
23.4
49.8
21.4
3.5
8.8
14.8
23.3
49.7
21.7
3.5
8.7
14.6
23.0
50.1
22.4
3.6
8.9
14.8
23.0
49.8
22.1
3.6
8.9
14.9
23.2
49.4
21.5
3.6
9.0
15.0
23.2
49.2
21.4
3.6
8.9
15.0
23.2
49.4
21.7
3.6
9.0
15.1
23.3
49.0
21.4
3.7
9.1
15.2
23.3
48.7
21.0
0.466
0.543
0.406
0.464
0.530
0.397
0.462
0.514
0.398
0.466
0.515
0.413
0.462
0.490
0.404
0.458
0.476
0.386
0.456
0.488
0.389
0.459
0.484
0.396
0.455
0.464
0.389
0.450
0.452
0.378
0.097
0.190
0.286
0.095
0.187
0.283
0.095
0.186
0.279
0.098
0.189
0.282
0.096
0.185
0.275
0.092
0.180
0.268
0.093
0.181
0.271
0.094
0.183
0.272
0.093
0.179
0.266
0.090
0.175
0.261
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
130
163
246
227
390
616
1,149
93
129
210
242
244
411
652
918
94
136
206
183
292
302
593
939
98
133
205
173
284
324
577
1,012
99
140
223
182
261
330
667
1,281
100
135
164
270
216
351
643
1,126
97
142
225
334
362
340
558
1,115
102
134
281
252
315
467
595
974
95
135
272
269
346
357
641
885
96
125
227
304
286
379
587
1,039

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.088
0.069
0.025
0.011
0.032
0.003
0.091
0.062
0.021
0.011
0.032
0.003
0.083
0.062
0.022
0.009
0.030
0.003
0.083
0.063
0.023
0.010
0.029
0.003
0.085
0.070
0.026
0.009
0.029
0.003
0.083
0.065
0.024
0.010
0.029
0.003
0.082
0.069
0.024
0.010
0.032
0.003
0.091
0.065
0.022
0.011
0.034
0.003
0.087
0.063
0.022
0.011
0.032
0.003
0.084
0.064
0.023
0.010
0.031
0.003

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
41
54
83
1,028
3,350
46
43
54
85
974
3,126
47
42
54
83
1,022
3,311
48
43
55
84
1,154
3,794
50
44
55
84
1,142
3,752
48
44
55
85
1,006
3,169
48
45
55
83
1,049
4,809
47
43
53
80
1,077
5,004
44
42
53
77
1,047
4,915
45
42
51
77
986
4,587

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
0.31
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
0.30
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
0.31
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.35
0.32
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
0.32
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.35
0.31
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.35
0.44
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.35
0.45
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.35
0.45
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.35
0.44
0.0029
0.0063
0.0001
0.0028
0.0054
0.0001
0.0029
0.0052
0.0001
0.0030
0.0051
0.0002
0.0030
0.0049
0.0002
0.0041
0.0058
0.0001
0.0042
0.0069
0.0002
0.0043
0.0067
0.0002
0.0043
0.0064
0.0002
0.0043
0.0063
0.0002
0.0013
0.0020
0.0026
0.0012
0.0018
0.0024
0.0012
0.0020
0.0025
0.0014
0.0022
0.0027
0.0013
0.0021
0.0026
0.0013
0.0021
0.0027
0.0015
0.0023
0.0029
0.0016
0.0025
0.0030
0.0016
0.0024
0.0030
0.0015
0.0024
0.0029
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.
Measures of income
dispersion
19949
199310
199211
1991
1990
1989
1988
198712
1986
198513
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,706
21,250
39,885
51,065
63,467
99,460
134,347
173,817
12,419
20,952
39,876
50,478
62,681
97,431
132,075
169,073
12,418
20,862
39,969
50,725
62,752
96,044
128,402
163,950
12,600
21,376
40,745
51,145
62,934
96,360
128,827
163,659
12,879
21,993
41,633
52,684
63,693
97,132
130,377
166,707
13,293
22,332
42,463
53,367
65,264
99,161
132,844
169,392
12,642
21,920
41,407
52,432
64,529
97,436
129,034
164,933
12,453
21,563
40,929
52,032
63,890
96,560
127,388
161,578
12,347
21,150
40,455
51,388
62,785
94,908
124,564
159,148
12,392
20,890
39,304
49,631
60,888
91,574
120,111
151,308

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.57
8.18
3.41
1.95
4.68
0.42
10.64
8.07
3.37
1.94
4.65
0.42
10.34
7.86
3.27
1.91
4.60
0.42
10.22
7.66
3.21
1.89
4.51
0.42
10.12
7.58
3.17
1.85
4.42
0.42
9.99
7.59
3.17
1.86
4.44
0.42
10.21
7.52
3.16
1.86
4.45
0.42
10.23
7.49
3.11
1.86
4.48
0.42
10.09
7.52
3.10
1.85
4.49
0.41
9.69
7.24
3.05
1.85
4.38
0.42

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,209
30,426
51,257
79,762
167,682
289,709
11,891
30,144
50,529
78,525
163,602
280,796
12,014
30,103
50,717
77,854
150,854
239,432
12,268
30,813
51,183
78,022
149,614
233,486
12,608
31,723
52,399
79,002
153,315
244,138
12,913
32,126
53,402
80,778
157,907
255,122
12,451
31,425
52,559
79,450
151,681
239,224
12,243
31,114
52,020
78,631
149,536
235,594
11,918
30,657
51,301
77,283
146,279
229,156
11,797
29,896
49,624
74,646
139,433
215,085

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
8.9
15.0
23.4
49.1
21.2
3.6
9.0
15.1
23.5
48.9
21.0
3.8
9.4
15.8
24.2
46.9
18.6
3.8
9.6
15.9
24.2
46.5
18.1
3.8
9.6
15.9
24.0
46.6
18.5
3.8
9.5
15.8
24.0
46.8
18.9
3.8
9.6
16.0
24.2
46.3
18.3
3.8
9.6
16.1
24.3
46.2
18.2
3.8
9.7
16.2
24.3
46.1
18.0
3.9
9.8
16.2
24.4
45.6
17.6
0.456
0.471
0.387
0.454
0.467
0.385
0.433
0.416
0.323
0.428
0.411
0.313
0.428
0.402
0.317
0.431
0.406
0.324
0.426
0.401
0.314
0.426
0.414
0.311
0.425
0.416
0.310
0.419
0.403
0.300
0.092
0.180
0.268
0.092
0.178
0.266
0.080
0.160
0.242
0.078
0.156
0.237
0.078
0.156
0.236
0.080
0.158
0.239
0.078
0.155
0.236
0.077
0.155
0.238
0.077
0.155
0.237
0.075
0.151
0.231
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
123
239
233
294
324
594
984
89
126
238
236
347
365
462
840
88
126
247
240
316
318
424
830
92
131
243
246
267
350
462
837
99
135
252
269
266
373
500
941
98
138
266
294
294
308
801
905
98
137
237
256
337
343
524
1,025
98
138
238
246
280
331
461
753
99
140
239
266
258
369
568
665
95
137
227
269
292
300
511
1,263

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.087
0.066
0.024
0.010
0.031
0.003
0.085
0.063
0.022
0.011
0.033
0.003
0.081
0.062
0.021
0.010
0.032
0.003
0.082
0.061
0.021
0.011
0.032
0.003
0.087
0.063
0.022
0.010
0.032
0.003
0.095
0.062
0.021
0.009
0.031
0.003
0.089
0.066
0.023
0.010
0.032
0.003
0.088
0.060
0.020
0.010
0.033
0.003
0.093
0.059
0.018
0.011
0.034
0.003
0.085
0.077
0.028
0.010
0.032
0.003

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
41
51
79
989
4,617
44
42
50
78
989
4,674
43
43
50
73
548
1,954
44
42
49
73
523
1,856
46
44
49
74
577
2,103
46
44
52
76
637
2,402
46
44
52
73
578
2,170
46
44
52
74
567
2,224
45
43
52
72
535
1,853
46
42
50
71
488
1,664

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.36
0.45
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.36
0.45
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
0.38
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.34
0.37
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
0.39
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
0.40
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
0.38
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.19
0.35
0.41
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.19
0.35
0.37
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.35
0.37
0.0042
0.0061
0.0002
0.0042
0.0061
0.0002
0.0038
0.0055
0.0001
0.0038
0.0056
0.0001
0.0039
0.0053
0.0001
0.0040
0.0053
0.0001
0.0041
0.0055
0.0001
0.0038
0.0055
0.0001
0.0038
0.0057
0.0001
0.0037
0.0056
0.0001
0.0015
0.0023
0.0028
0.0015
0.0024
0.0029
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0007
0.0013
0.0018
0.0008
0.0014
0.0019
0.0008
0.0014
0.0020
0.0007
0.0013
0.0018
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.
Measures of income
dispersion
198414
1983
1982
1981
1980
197915
1978
1977
197616
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,383
20,649
38,645
48,720
59,540
89,941
118,305
148,887
11,902
20,260
37,673
47,283
57,820
87,381
114,365
143,763
11,939
19,816
37,689
47,585
57,585
85,870
113,243
141,748
12,157
20,072
37,522
47,712
58,033
85,799
112,077
138,079
12,328
20,487
38,420
48,518
58,901
86,242
112,057
138,790
12,505
21,325
39,603
50,146
60,930
88,345
114,358
142,753
12,737
21,072
39,843
50,242
60,285
87,677
113,398
140,264
12,481
20,436
38,491
48,370
58,670
85,535
109,093
135,431
12,329
20,479
38,154
48,066
58,122
83,621
107,226
132,612

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.55
7.21
3.06
1.85
4.36
0.42
9.61
7.10
3.04
1.85
4.31
0.43
9.48
7.15
3.00
1.82
4.33
0.42
9.22
6.88
2.91
1.81
4.27
0.42
9.09
6.77
2.86
1.78
4.21
0.42
9.14
6.69
2.87
1.77
4.14
0.43
8.90
6.66
2.80
1.75
4.16
0.42
8.74
6.63
2.80
1.77
4.19
0.42
8.70
6.48
2.76
1.74
4.08
0.43

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,815
29,430
48,770
73,431
135,022
203,821
11,440
28,737
47,512
71,297
130,901
197,779
11,300
28,594
47,333
70,395
129,110
195,089
11,512
28,676
47,505
70,813
126,493
187,968
11,808
29,387
48,493
71,443
127,382
190,357
12,204
30,354
50,046
73,442
131,801
201,012
12,290
30,184
49,839
73,009
130,345
198,401
11,886
29,257
48,395
70,909
126,450
193,442
11,943
29,239
48,085
69,829
123,590
188,308

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.0
9.9
16.3
24.6
45.2
17.1
4.0
9.9
16.4
24.6
45.1
17.0
4.0
10.0
16.5
24.5
45.0
17.0
4.1
10.1
16.7
24.8
44.3
16.5
4.2
10.2
16.8
24.7
44.1
16.5
4.1
10.2
16.8
24.6
44.2
16.9
4.2
10.2
16.8
24.7
44.1
16.8
4.2
10.2
16.9
24.7
44.0
16.8
4.3
10.3
17.0
24.7
43.7
16.6
0.415
0.391
0.290
0.414
0.397
0.288
0.412
0.401
0.287
0.406
0.387
0.277
0.403
0.375
0.274
0.404
0.369
0.279
0.402
0.363
0.275
0.402
0.364
0.276
0.398
0.361
0.271
0.073
0.147
0.225
0.072
0.147
0.226
0.072
0.146
0.226
0.070
0.141
0.220
0.069
0.140
0.216
0.070
0.141
0.216
0.069
0.139
0.213
0.069
0.139
0.213
0.068
0.137
0.211
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
124
237
222
272
320
406
743
95
127
206
215
254
290
505
688
94
127
215
215
264
318
434
816
143
130
225
250
293
255
420
768
140
134
233
249
241
301
477
737
140
146
241
238
253
256
460
789
140
147
213
203
277
324
377
767
132
143
221
182
242
249
517
663
133
144
220
178
242
288
375
765

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.079
0.056
0.020
0.010
0.030
0.003
0.088
0.056
0.019
0.010
0.031
0.003
0.084
0.062
0.021
0.010
0.032
0.003
0.114
0.059
0.020
0.009
0.030
0.003
0.110
0.057
0.019
0.010
0.031
0.003
0.108
0.059
0.020
0.009
0.031
0.003
0.102
0.059
0.020
0.010
0.033
0.003
0.102
0.056
0.018
0.009
0.032
0.003
0.099
0.059
0.020
0.010
0.032
0.004

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
41
50
72
428
1,358
45
41
48
68
414
1,279
47
42
47
66
415
1,307
48
40
50
65
390
1,231
47
44
49
66
422
1,433
49
46
52
67
469
1,532
50
47
53
67
467
1,514
50
46
50
68
478
1,611
49
45
49
64
474
1,625

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.35
0.36
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.36
0.36
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.20
0.36
0.36
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.20
0.35
0.35
0.03
0.08
0.14
0.20
0.35
0.36
0.03
0.08
0.14
0.20
0.36
0.35
0.04
0.09
0.14
0.21
0.37
0.35
0.04
0.09
0.14
0.21
0.37
0.36
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.21
0.37
0.36
0.0037
0.0055
0.0001
0.0037
0.0056
0.0001
0.0038
0.0057
0.0001
0.0038
0.0056
0.0001
0.0036
0.0051
0.0001
0.0038
0.0050
0.0001
0.0039
0.0054
0.0001
0.0039
0.0054
0.0001
0.0041
0.0054
0.0001
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.
Measures of income
dispersion
197517
197417,18
1973
197219
197120
1970
1969
1968
196721
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,261
20,035
37,601
47,281
56,818
81,581
104,580
128,738
12,605
21,074
39,091
48,553
57,763
83,833
108,098
132,689
12,521
20,973
40,329
50,141
59,671
85,915
110,899
138,088
11,956
20,527
39,534
49,148
58,429
83,629
107,450
134,592
11,213
19,837
37,817
47,130
55,649
79,350
101,798
126,010
11,040
20,096
38,498
47,593
55,995
79,890
101,763
126,284
11,298
20,440
39,223
47,965
56,724
79,474
100,841
124,643
11,013
19,847
37,627
46,245
53,932
75,780
95,561
118,555
10,117
18,620
36,310
44,335
51,535
73,488
93,350
117,929

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.53
6.43
2.74
1.73
4.07
0.43
8.58
6.30
2.76
1.74
3.98
0.44
8.86
6.58
2.78
1.73
4.10
0.42
8.99
6.56
2.75
1.71
4.07
0.42
9.08
6.35
2.68
1.69
4.00
0.42
9.22
6.28
2.67
1.69
3.98
0.42
8.93
6.10
2.62
1.67
3.89
0.43
8.68
5.97
2.58
1.65
3.82
0.43
9.23
6.33
2.70
1.68
3.95
0.43

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,656
28,633
46,977
68,262
120,520
182,891
12,068
29,994
48,336
69,809
123,683
187,998
12,111
30,451
49,945
71,853
128,562
198,026
11,571
29,888
48,778
70,030
125,722
194,865
10,921
28,864
46,801
66,534
117,892
180,824
10,855
29,404
47,348
66,741
118,154
181,353
11,046
29,823
47,656
66,753
117,325
180,589
10,786
28,919
45,869
63,984
111,185
169,985
9,931
27,515
43,925
61,459
110,605
174,472

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
10.4
17.0
24.7
43.6
16.5
4.3
10.6
17.0
24.6
43.5
16.5
4.2
10.4
17.0
24.5
43.9
16.9
4.1
10.4
17.0
24.5
43.9
17.0
4.1
10.6
17.3
24.5
43.5
16.7
4.1
10.8
17.4
24.5
43.3
16.6
4.1
10.9
17.5
24.5
43.0
16.6
4.2
11.1
17.6
24.5
42.6
16.3
4.0
10.8
17.3
24.2
43.6
17.2
0.397
0.361
0.270
0.395
0.352
0.267
0.400
0.355
0.270
0.401
0.370
0.279
0.396
0.370
0.273
0.394
0.370
0.271
0.391
0.357
0.268
0.386
0.356
0.273
0.397
0.380
0.287
0.067
0.136
0.210
0.067
0.134
0.207
0.068
0.136
0.210
0.070
0.140
0.216
0.068
0.138
0.214
0.068
0.138
0.214
0.067
0.135
0.209
0.067
0.135
0.208
0.071
0.143
0.220
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128
148
220
192
252
345
473
693
134
178
230
186
269
238
390
876
134
176
243
191
291
277
401
630
132
177
238
188
238
324
542
846
131
172
224
183
235
386
292
506
131
180
229
174
251
207
327
627
137
183
229
177
229
217
389
772
131
179
215
167
227
245
514
532
130
174
205
161
236
292
689
503

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.097
0.059
0.019
0.010
0.035
0.004
0.096
0.068
0.022
0.009
0.036
0.004
0.100
0.063
0.018
0.010
0.037
0.004
0.109
0.070
0.021
0.010
0.038
0.004
0.107
0.060
0.016
0.011
0.040
0.004
0.115
0.064
0.017
0.008
0.037
0.004
0.113
0.066
0.020
0.008
0.036
0.004
0.115
0.060
0.016
0.009
0.036
0.004
0.136
0.065
0.016
0.010
0.040
0.004

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
44
48
64
477
1,675
52
48
48
65
481
1,635
52
52
52
67
520
1,765
51
51
51
66
547
1,926
52
47
47
63
517
1,874
54
49
49
65
534
1,940
51
51
46
63
543
2,001
54
48
48
60
508
1,869
50
50
43
56
552
2,017

of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.21
0.37
0.36
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.21
0.38
0.36
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.39
0.38
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.39
0.38
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.22
0.39
0.38
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.40
0.39
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.40
0.39
0.04
0.11
0.17
0.23
0.40
0.39
0.04
0.10
0.17
0.23
0.41
0.41
0.0056
0.0059
0.0001
0.0066
0.0058
0.0001
0.0040
0.0057
0.0001
0.0069
0.0060
0.0001
0.0063
0.0061
0.0001
0.0078
0.0060
0.0001
0.0066
0.0058
0.0001
0.0042
0.0057
0.0001
0.0044
0.0060
0.0001
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0007
0.0012
0.0017
0.0007
0.0013
0.0018
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0008
0.0014
0.0020
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0008
0.0014
0.0020
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
1
The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance
coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of
health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a
subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000
addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013
CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income
questions. The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which
received the redesigned income questions, approximately 30,000 addresses.
2
The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received
the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses.
3
Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.
4
Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data,
the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000
or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with $250,000. Before
2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of $100,000 was used.
5
The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
6
Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.
7
8
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions,
7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race.
9
Introduction of 1990 census sample design.
10
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing.
In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on
selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories:
earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits
increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.

Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 . Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design .
14
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 censusbased sample design .
15
Implementation of 1980 census population controls . Questionnaire expanded to allow the
recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income .
16
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation . Before this year,
all medians were derived using linear interpolation .
17
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from
published data, which were derived using linear interpolation .
18
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system . Questionnaire expanded to ask 11
income questions .
19
20
21
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and
Economic Supplements .
11
12
13
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.20
STANDARD ERRORS
Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.096
0.192
0.301
0.096
0.190
0.295
0.0020
0.0076
0.0054
0.0011
0.0017
0.0024
0.0021
0.0071
0.0052
0.0011
0.0018
0.0024
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.19
0.464
0.648
0.397
3.3
9.0
14.8
22.9
50.0
2014
0.462
0.623
0.396
3.4
9.0
14.8
22.9
49.8
2015
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MEASURES
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measures of income dispersion
0.0021
0.0034
0.0044
0.0039
0.0123
0.0111
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.37
0.098
0.194
0.301
0.467
0.635
0.409
3.4
8.8
14.7
22.8
50.3
20131
0.0013
0.0022
0.0028
0.0026
0.0083
0.0067
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.25
0.095
0.188
0.293
0.459
0.620
0.392
3.5
9.1
14.9
22.9
49.6
20132
0.0012
0.0019
0.0024
0.0022
0.0072
0.0062
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.21
0.097
0.192
0.298
0.463
0.629
0.405
3.4
9.0
14.8
22.9
49.9
2012
0.0010
0.0016
0.0022
0.0019
0.0073
0.0053
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.18
0.097
0.191
0.297
0.463
0.626
0.404
3.4
9.0
14.8
22.8
50.0
2011
0.0010
0.0016
0.0023
0.0019
0.0080
0.0048
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.18
0.093
0.185
0.290
0.456
0.617
0.382
3.4
9.2
15.0
23.1
49.2
20103
0.0011
0.0017
0.0023
0.0021
0.0069
0.0053
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.21
0.094
0.186
0.289
0.456
0.605
0.390
3.6
9.3
15.0
22.9
49.4
2009
0.0007
0.0012
0.0015
0.0018
0.0043
0.0001
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.23
0.49
0.091
0.180
0.278
0.450
0.568
0.377
3.7
9.4
15.1
22.8
48.9
2008
0.0008
0.0012
0.0016
0.0018
0.0042
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.48
0.089
0.175
0.271
0.444
0.548
0.368
3.8
9.5
15.3
22.9
48.5
2007
0.0009
0.0014
0.0017
0.0018
0.0042
0.0001
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.23
0.49
0.093
0.182
0.278
0.452
0.557
0.393
3.8
9.4
14.9
22.5
49.3
2006
0.0009
0.0013
0.0017
0.0018
0.0043
0.0001
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.23
0.49
0.092
0.181
0.280
0.450
0.571
0.386
3.8
9.5
15.1
22.6
49.1
2005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0017
0.0018
0.0042
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.49
0.091
0.179
0.276
0.447
0.559
0.380
3.8
9.6
15.2
22.7
48.7
20044
(Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports,
Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nations Income Distribution: 19471998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and
definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2015
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.49
STANDARD ERRORS
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.089
0.174
0.267
0.090
0.176
0.272
0.0019
0.0039
0.0001
0.0008
0.0013
0.0016
0.0018
0.0041
0.0001
0.0008
0.0012
0.0016
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.48
0.443
0.523
0.373
4.0
9.6
15.2
22.7
48.4
2002
0.445
0.548
0.373
3.9
9.5
15.2
22.8
48.6
2003
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MEASURES
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0009
0.0014
0.0018
0.0019
0.0039
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.22
0.49
0.091
0.177
0.270
0.446
0.527
0.386
4.0
9.6
15.2
22.4
48.8
2001
0.0009
0.0014
0.0017
0.0019
0.0037
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.22
0.49
0.090
0.174
0.263
0.442
0.501
0.380
4.1
9.8
15.2
22.3
48.6
20005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0018
0.0026
0.0046
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.48
0.088
0.171
0.260
0.441
0.492
0.366
4.0
9.7
15.3
22.6
48.4
19996
0.0010
0.0015
0.0019
0.0027
0.0048
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.48
0.088
0.172
0.262
0.439
0.506
0.369
4.0
9.8
15.4
22.7
48.1
1998
0.0010
0.0016
0.0020
0.0027
0.0047
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.48
0.089
0.173
0.263
0.440
0.500
0.374
4.0
9.8
15.4
22.6
48.3
1997
0.0010
0.0016
0.0020
0.0028
0.0045
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.23
0.48
0.088
0.170
0.256
0.437
0.474
0.370
4.0
9.8
15.5
22.7
47.9
1996
0.0010
0.0015
0.0019
0.0027
0.0044
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.48
0.085
0.166
0.251
0.433
0.463
0.356
4.1
9.9
15.6
22.8
47.6
19957
0.0010
0.0015
0.0019
0.0027
0.0042
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.48
0.087
0.169
0.256
0.436
0.474
0.363
4.0
9.8
15.6
22.8
47.8
19948
0.0009
0.0015
0.0018
0.0027
0.0041
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.48
0.087
0.169
0.256
0.436
0.472
0.363
3.9
9.8
15.6
23.0
47.7
19939
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0024
0.0038
0.0001
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.24
0.45
0.074
0.149
0.230
0.413
0.419
0.299
4.1
10.3
16.3
23.7
45.5
199210
4.3
10.6
16.5
23.7
45.0
1991
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0024
0.0037
0.0001
0.04
0.11
0.16
0.24
0.45
0.072
0.144
0.223
0.406
0.402
0.289
definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf )
Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2015Con.
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
0.04
0.11
0.16
0.24
0.45
STANDARD ERRORS
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.073
0.145
0.222
0.072
0.144
0.220
0.0025
0.0035
0.0001
0.0005
0.0009
0.0013
0.0025
0.0035
0.0001
0.0005
0.0009
0.0012
0.04
0.11
0.16
0.23
0.45
0.408
0.393
0.298
4.4
10.5
16.3
23.4
45.4
1989
0.406
0.388
0.293
4.4
10.6
16.3
23.5
45.1
1990
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MEASURES
Incomes of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0006
0.0010
0.0013
0.0026
0.0036
0.0001
0.04
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.45
0.070
0.141
0.216
0.402
0.380
0.285
4.4
10.7
16.5
23.7
44.7
1988
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0024
0.0035
0.0001
0.04
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.44
0.069
0.139
0.215
0.399
0.381
0.281
4.4
10.8
16.7
23.8
44.4
198711
0.0004
0.0008
0.0011
0.0024
0.0035
0.0001
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.44
0.068
0.137
0.212
0.397
0.375
0.276
4.5
10.8
16.6
23.8
44.3
1986
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0024
0.0035
0.0001
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.44
0.067
0.135
0.208
0.394
0.369
0.269
4.6
10.9
16.7
23.7
44.1
198512
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0023
0.0035
0.0001
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.44
0.065
0.132
0.205
0.389
0.366
0.261
4.6
11.0
16.8
24.0
43.6
198413
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0023
0.0035
0.0001
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.44
0.065
0.132
0.207
0.389
0.373
0.260
4.6
11.0
16.9
24.0
43.5
1983
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0023
0.0036
0.0001
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.43
0.064
0.129
0.203
0.384
0.370
0.255
4.7
11.1
17.0
23.9
43.2
1982
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0023
0.0035
0.0001
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.24
0.42
0.060
0.123
0.194
0.373
0.352
0.241
5.0
11.4
17.2
24.0
42.4
1981
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0022
0.0031
0.0001
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.42
0.058
0.119
0.186
0.367
0.330
0.234
5.2
11.6
17.3
24.0
41.9
1980
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0023
0.0030
0.0001
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.42
0.058
0.118
0.184
0.366
0.322
0.234
5.3
11.7
17.2
23.8
41.9
197914
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.42
STANDARD ERRORS
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0023
0.0032
0.0001
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0023
0.0032
0.0001
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0024
0.0032
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.41
0.056
0.113
0.177
0.359
0.311
0.227
5.6
11.8
17.4
23.8
41.5
197615
10
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0026
0.0033
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.41
0.055
0.110
0.171
0.354
0.295
0.221
5.8
12.1
17.3
23.6
41.2
197416, 17
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0027
0.0032
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.42
0.057
0.114
0.176
0.360
0.298
0.230
5.6
12.0
17.2
23.5
41.7
1973
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0029
0.0033
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.42
0.057
0.115
0.177
0.362
0.302
0.233
5.6
11.9
17.2
23.4
41.9
197218
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0028
0.0032
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.42
0.057
0.113
0.175
0.359
0.300
0.229
5.7
12.0
17.2
23.4
41.7
197119
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0035
0.0031
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.42
0.056
0.113
0.175
0.357
0.299
0.228
5.7
12.1
17.3
23.4
41.5
1970
0.0004
0.0008
0.0011
0.0062
0.0030
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.41
0.055
0.110
0.169
0.353
0.283
0.224
5.8
12.2
17.3
23.4
41.3
1969
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0070
0.0030
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.41
0.054
0.109
0.169
0.351
0.285
0.220
5.8
12.3
17.4
23.4
41.1
1968
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011
0.0025
0.0031
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.42
0.058
0.116
0.179
0.362
0.303
0.238
5.6
12.0
17.1
23.2
42.1
196720
12
11

Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 . Full implementation of
1980 census-based sample design .
13
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based
sample design .
14
Implementation of 1980 census population controls . Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of
up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income .
15
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation . Before this year, all
medians were derived using linear interpolation .
16
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data
which were derived using linear interpolation .
17
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system . Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income
questions .
18
19
20
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic
Supplements .
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0024
0.0034
0.0001
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.42
0.056
0.114
0.176
0.359
0.306
0.227
5.6
11.9
17.3
23.6
41.6
197516
1
The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage . All of
the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage
questions . The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses
using a probability split panel design . Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of
income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were
eligible to receive the redesigned income questions . The source of these 2013 estimates is the por tion of the
CPS ASEC sample which received the redesigned income questions, approximately 30,000 addresses .
2
The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income
questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses .
3
4
Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC .
5
Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion .
6
7
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000
household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race .
8
Introduction of 1990 census sample design .
9
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing . In addition, the
1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items .
Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social
security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to
$24,999; veterans benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999 .
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.057
0.116
0.180
0.057
0.116
0.180
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.42
0.362
0.315
0.231
5.5
11.7
17.3
23.7
41.7
1977
0.363
0.315
0.231
5.4
11.8
17.3
23.7
41.8
1978
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MEASURES
Incomes of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A-3.
Table A-4.
Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex
and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2015
(People 15 years and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years and older as of the following year for previous years. Before
1989, earnings are for civilian workers only. Earnings in 2015 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors
were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function.
See Appendix C for more information. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions,
see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
Total workers
Male
Year
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Female
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Median
earnings
(dollars)
Estimate
41,615
40,685
40,934
40,603
39,141
39,353
39,988
Standard
error
140
130
308
444
427
175
173
Male
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Median
earnings
(dollars)
Total
77,066
75,639
74,892
74,598
74,252
73,178
72,789
With
earnings
76,974
75,572
74,821
74,545
74,188
73,094
72,716
Estimate
30,246
28,427
27,870
28,222
27,751
27,980
28,812
Standard
error
107
288
287
370
141
139
142
Full-time, year-round workers

Female
Number of
Median
workers
earnings
(thousands)
(dollars)
Total
63,891
62,466
61,240
60,781
59,028
58,014
56,294
With
earnings
63,887
62,455
61,240
60,769
59,009
57,993
56,283
Estimate
51,212
50,441
50,892
50,910
50,994
50,799
52,128
Standard
error
136
132
578
250
482
500
532
Median
earnings
(dollars)
Total
47,232
46,246
44,629
45,081
44,059
43,702
43,184
With
earnings
47,211
46,226
44,629
45,068
44,042
43,683
43,179
Estimate
40,742
39,667
39,473
39,843
39,012
39,118
40,101
Standard
error
146
437
708
369
373
162
159
Femaletomale
earnings
ratio
0.796
0.786
0.776
0.783
0.765
0.770
0.769
2015. . . . . . .
2014. . . . . . .
20131. . . . . .
20132. . . . . .
2012. . . . . . .
2011. . . . . . .
20103. . . . . .
Total
86,466
84,539
83,916
83,605
83,070
81,418
80,893
With
earnings
86,435
84,494
83,855
83,555
83,003
81,366
80,856
20094. . . . . .
2008. . . . . . .
2007. . . . . . .
2006. . . . . . .
2005. . . . . . .
20045. . . . . .
2003. . . . . . .
2002. . . . . . .
2001. . . . . . .
20006. . . . . .
81,979
84,088
84,532
83,980
82,987
81,503
80,554
80,548
80,300
80,572
81,934
84,039
84,482
83,928
82,934
81,448
80,508
80,500
80,209
80,494
40,135
40,256
41,879
42,178
41,688
40,759
41,299
41,693
41,987
42,597
130
118
121
126
341
202
102
108
106
107
73,063
74,600
74,382
73,761
72,544
72,016
71,446
71,500
71,308
71,758
72,972
74,538
74,295
73,683
72,476
71,930
71,372
71,411
71,232
71,657
28,755
28,237
29,582
28,761
28,004
27,926
28,356
28,231
27,914
27,893
103
107
104
180
174
99
104
99
106
106
56,072
59,875
63,000
63,070
61,515
60,103
58,784
58,774
58,728
59,619
56,053
59,861
62,984
63,055
61,500
60,088
58,772
58,761
58,712
59,602
52,061
51,043
51,570
49,680
50,229
51,190
52,408
51,945
51,239
51,269
162
160
171
103
109
113
116
321
345
139
43,253
44,163
45,640
44,682
43,369
42,414
41,922
41,900
41,651
41,744
43,217
44,156
45,613
44,663
43,351
42,380
41,908
41,876
41,639
41,719
40,076
39,350
40,126
38,223
38,665
39,199
39,593
39,791
39,111
37,796
116
117
117
217
98
99
107
105
221
140
0.770
0.771
0.778
0.769
0.770
0.766
0.755
0.766
0.763
0.737
19997. . . . . .
1998. . . . . . .
1997. . . . . . .
1996. . . . . . .
19958. . . . . .
19949. . . . . .
199310 . . . . .
199211 . . . . .
1991. . . . . . .
1990. . . . . . .
79,360
77,323
76,731
76,165
74,681
74,326
73,287
73,142
72,064
72,380
79,322
77,295
76,694
76,121
74,619
74,264
73,198
73,120
72,040
72,348
42,801
41,788
39,538
38,800
38,665
37,441
36,263
36,265
37,107
37,867
206
339
180
185
244
293
212
190
187
179
71,153
68,950
67,851
66,744
65,657
64,803
63,808
62,535
61,959
61,946
71,053
68,846
67,736
66,661
65,557
64,706
63,660
62,408
61,796
61,732
26,240
25,746
24,621
24,118
23,680
22,669
22,453
22,397
21,873
21,554
231
234
159
164
158
207
220
222
212
141
58,318
56,957
54,933
53,801
52,675
51,597
49,838
48,554
47,987
49,181
58,299
56,951
54,909
53,787
52,667
51,580
49,818
48,551
47,888
49,171
51,783
51,365
49,599
48,369
48,677
48,833
49,131
49,998
49,948
48,699
194
193
473
173
178
196
189
189
375
364
40,890
38,819
37,715
36,457
35,502
34,182
33,552
33,296
32,491
31,758
40,871
38,785
37,683
36,430
35,482
34,155
33,524
33,241
32,436
31,682
37,447
37,584
36,783
35,678
34,769
35,144
35,138
35,391
34,893
34,876
161
171
228
250
212
174
155
169
166
223
0.723
0.732
0.742
0.738
0.714
0.720
0.715
0.708
0.699
0.716
1989. . . . . . .
1988. . . . . . .
198712 . . . . .
1986. . . . . . .
198513 . . . . .
198414 . . . . .
1983. . . . . . .
1982. . . . . . .
1981. . . . . . .
1980. . . . . . .
72,093
70,496
69,624
68,783
67,852
66,513
65,216
64,827
65,362
64,861
72,045
70,467
69,545
68,728
67,809
66,454
65,138
64,730
65,233
64,730
39,465
39,696
39,568
38,766
37,361
37,007
36,387
36,266
37,674
38,384
192
218
290
287
284
206
199
205
215
266
61,586
60,873
59,557
57,932
56,592
55,596
53,413
52,299
52,504
51,988
61,338
60,658
59,359
57,686
56,296
55,226
53,108
51,820
51,940
51,448
21,667
21,370
21,203
20,673
19,602
18,855
18,633
18,132
18,065
18,147
144
152
140
171
198
183
136
132
130
148
49,698
48,303
47,048
45,912
44,952
43,836
41,548
40,135
41,811
41,923
49,678
48,285
47,013
45,912
44,943
43,808
41,528
40,105
41,773
41,881
50,459
51,336
51,803
52,129
50,843
50,465
49,538
49,722
50,679
50,989
207
225
216
223
296
259
226
210
178
258
31,428
31,334
29,982
28,493
27,470
26,587
25,288
23,845
23,488
23,025
31,340
31,237
29,912
28,420
27,383
26,466
25,166
23,702
23,329
22,859
34,652
33,907
33,764
33,503
32,832
32,125
31,503
30,701
30,020
30,675
233
243
158
175
172
189
192
208
125
134
0.687
0.660
0.652
0.643
0.646
0.637
0.636
0.617
0.592
0.602
197915 . . . . .
1978. . . . . . .
1977. . . . . . .
197616 . . . . .
197517 . . . . .
197417, 18. . . .
1973. . . . . . .
197219 . . . . .
197120 . . . . .
1970. . . . . . .
64,769
63,101
61,959
60,703
59,509
60,102
59,816
58,194
57,303
56,265
63,422
62,903
61,704
60,450
59,268
59,752
59,438
57,774
56,886
55,821
39,444
40,467
39,336
39,029
38,763
39,551
41,412
40,502
38,568
38,972
265
197
203
178
208
N
N
N
N
N
51,462
49,214
47,333
45,659
43,725
43,694
42,835
40,723
39,910
39,682
49,839
48,398
46,194
44,565
42,926
42,650
41,583
39,470
38,485
38,273
18,208
17,507
16,658
16,277
15,839
15,450
15,588
16,128
15,588
14,876
155
160
146
152
168
N
N
N
N
N
42,469
41,078
39,325
38,214
37,316
N
39,643
38,234
36,868
36,193
42,437
41,036
39,263
38,184
37,267
37,916
39,581
38,184
36,819
36,132
51,831
52,463
52,127
50,980
51,120
51,441
53,356
51,708
49,066
48,857
204
180
246
201
200
221
N
N
N
N
22,248
21,131
19,544
18,372
17,738
N
17,547
16,976
16,353
15,805
22,082
20,914
19,238
18,073
17,452
16,945
17,195
16,675
16,002
15,476
30,924
31,185
30,714
30,686
30,068
30,224
30,217
29,919
29,198
29,006
158
173
139
152
152
147
N
N
N
N
0.597
0.594
0.589
0.602
0.588
0.588
0.566
0.579
0.595
0.594
1969. . . . . . . 55,700 55,273

1968. . . . . . . 55,095 54,026
196721 . . . . .
54,412 53,222
196622 . . . . .
53,016
N
23
1965 . . . . .
N
N
1964. . . . . . . 51,978
N
1963. . . . . . . 51,039
N
196224 . . . . .
50,639
N
196125 . . . . .
49,854
N
1960. . . . . . . 50,033
N
39,446
38,475
37,365
37,784
35,570
35,228
37,476
33,749
32,711
31,527
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
39,060
38,279
36,971
35,295
N
33,146
32,188
31,418
30,433
30,585
37,737
35,695
34,391
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
14,660
15,003
14,592
15,131
15,264
14,302
13,772
13,475
12,978
12,814
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
37,055
37,099
36,695
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
37,008
37,068
36,645
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
47,038
45,774
44,577
43,883
42,047
41,457
40,510
39,518
38,808
37,608
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
15,678
15,336
15,141
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
15,374
15,013
14,846
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
28,456
26,620
25,758
25,257
25,197
24,521
23,879
23,433
22,994
22,819
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0.605
0.582
0.578
0.576
0.599
0.591
0.589
0.593
0.592
0.607
U.S. Census Bureau
N Not available.
1
coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of
health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a
subsample of the 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000
addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013
CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income
questions. The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which
received the redesigned income questions, approximately 30,000 addresses.
2
The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received
the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses.
3
4
Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the
Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or
more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with $250,000.Before 2009,
the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of $100,000 was used.
5
The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
6
Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.
7
8
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions,
7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race.
9
Introduction of 1990 census sample design.
10
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing.
In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on
selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories:
earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental
security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits
increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.
Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full
implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.
14
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980
census-based sample design.
15
Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the
recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.
16
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this
year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation.
17
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from
published data, which were derived using linear interpolation.
18
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask
11 income questions.
19
Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design.
20
Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.
21
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.
22
Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions.
23
Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only.
24
Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls.
25
Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design. Implementation of first hotdeck
procedure to impute missing income entries.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2016 Annual Social
and Economic Supplements.
11
12
13
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF POVERTY

How Poverty Is Calculated
Following the Office of Management and Budgets (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of
dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).
Poverty Thresholds for 2015 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years
(Dollars)
Related children under 18 years
Size of family unit
None
One
One person (unrelated individual):

Under age 65
Aged 65 and older
12,331
11,367
Two people:
Householder under age 65
Householder aged 65 and older
15,871
14,326
16,337
16,275
Three people
Four people
Five people
Six people
Seven people
Eight people
Nine people or more
18,540
24,447
29,482
33,909
39,017
43,637
52,493
19,078
24,847
29,911
34,044
39,260
44,023
52,747
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight or
more
19,096
24,036
28,995
33,342
38,421
43,230
52,046
24,120
28,286
32,670
37,835
42,536
51,457
27,853
31,670
36,745
41,551
50,490
31,078
35,473
40,300
49,159
34,077
38,999
47,956
38,668
47,658
45,822
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
If a familys total money income is

less than the applicable threshold,
then that family and every individual in it are considered in poverty.
The official poverty thresholds are
updated annually for inflation using
the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The
official poverty definition uses money
income before taxes or tax credits
and excludes capital gains and noncash benefits (such as Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program benefits
and housing assistance). The thresholds do not vary geographically.
Example: Suppose Family A consists
of five people: two children, their
mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family As poverty threshold in
2015 is $28,995. Each member of
Family A had the following income in
2015:
Mother
Father
Great-aunt
First child
Second child
Total:
U.S. Census Bureau
$11,000
$9,000
$10,000
0
0
$30,000
Since their total family income,

$30,000, was higher than their
threshold ($28,995), Family A would
not be considered in poverty.
the Official U.S. Poverty Measure

by Gordon M. Fisher, available at
<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas
/publications/orshansky.html>.
While the thresholds, in some sense,

represent the needs of families, they
should be interpreted as a statistical
yardstick rather than as a complete
description of what people and families need to live. Many government
assistance programs use different
income eligibility cutoffs. While
official poverty rates and the number
of people or families in poverty are
important, other poverty indicators
are considered in the section Depth
of Poverty Measures and other
approaches to setting thresholds
and defining resources are discussed
in the section Alternative Poverty
Measures.
Weighted Average Thresholds: Since

some data users want a summary of
the 48 thresholds to get a general
sense of the poverty line, the following table provides the weighted
average thresholds for 2015. The
weighted average thresholds are
based on the relative number of families of each size and composition and
are not used in computing poverty
estimates.
For a history of the official poverty

measure, see Poverty: The History of
the Official Poverty Measure available
at <www.census.gov/topics
/income-poverty/poverty/about
/history-of-the-poverty-measure
.html> or The Development of
the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds
and Their Subsequent History as
Weighted Average Poverty

Thresholds in 2015 by Size of
Family
(Dollars)
One person
Two people
Three people
Four people
Five people
Six people
Seven people
Eight people
Nine people or more
12,082
15,391
18,871
24,257
28,741
32,542
36,998
41,029
49,177
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
Table B-1.
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015
(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,
nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf )
All people
Below poverty
Race, Hispanic origin,

and year
People in families
Families with female
All families
householder, no
husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
Unrelated individuals
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
ALL RACES
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
318,454
315,804
313,096
312,965
310,648
43,123
46,657
46,269
45,318
46,496
13.5
14.8
14.8
14.5
15.0
258,121
256,308
256,070
254,988
252,863
29,893
32,615
32,786
31,530
33,198
11.6
12.7
12.8
12.4
13.1
48,497
48,019
49,951
47,007
47,085
14,719
15,905
17,170
15,606
15,957
30.4
33.1
34.4
33.2
33.9
58,988
57,937
55,400
56,564
56,185
12,671
13,374
12,707
13,181
12,558
21.5
23.1
22.9
23.3
22.4
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
308,456
306,130
303,820
301,041
298,699
46,247
46,343
43,569
39,829
37,276
15.0
15.1
14.3
13.2
12.5
252,316
250,200
249,384
248,301
245,443
33,126
33,120
31,197
28,564
26,509
13.1
13.2
12.5
11.5
10.8
48,103
46,454
45,315
44,027
43,961
16,451
15,911
14,746
13,812
13,478
34.2
34.3
32.5
31.4
30.7
54,517
54,250
53,079
51,534
51,740
12,416
12,449
11,678
10,710
10,189
22.8
22.9
22.0
20.8
19.7
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
296,450
293,135
290,617
287,699
285,317
36,460
36,950
37,040
35,861
34,570
12.3
12.6
12.7
12.5
12.1
245,199
242,389
240,754
238,903
236,921
25,915
26,068
26,544
25,684
24,534
10.6
10.8
11.0
10.8
10.4
43,223
42,244
42,053
41,311
40,529
13,199
13,153
12,832
12,413
11,657
30.5
31.1
30.5
30.0
28.8
49,884
49,526
48,609
47,594
47,156
9,977
10,425
9,926
9,713
9,618
20.0
21.1
20.4
20.4
20.4
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
281,475
278,944
276,208
271,059
268,480
32,907
31,581
32,791
34,476
35,574
11.7
11.3
11.9
12.7
13.3
233,911
231,909
230,789
227,229
225,369
23,215
22,347
23,830
25,370
26,217
9.9
9.6
10.3
11.2
11.6
39,261
38,375
38,580
39,000
38,412
11,223
10,926
11,764
12,907
13,494
28.6
28.5
30.5
33.1
35.1
46,392
45,624
43,977
42,539
41,672
9,226
8,653
8,400
8,478
8,687
19.9
19.0
19.1
19.9
20.8
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
266,218
263,733
261,616
259,278
256,549
36,529
36,425
38,059
39,265
38,014
13.7
13.8
14.5
15.1
14.8
223,955
222,792
221,430
219,489
217,936
27,376
27,501
28,985
29,927
28,961
12.2
12.3
13.1
13.6
13.3
38,584
38,908
37,253
37,861
36,446
13,796
14,205
14,380
14,636
14,205
35.8
36.5
38.6
38.7
39.0
40,727
39,484
38,538
38,038
36,842
8,452
8,247
8,287
8,388
8,075
20.8
20.9
21.5
22.1
21.9
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
251,192
248,644
245,992
243,530
240,982
35,708
33,585
31,528
31,745
32,221
14.2
13.5
12.8
13.0
13.4
212,723
210,967
209,515
208,056
206,877
27,143
25,232
24,066
24,048
24,725
12.8
12.0
11.5
11.6
12.0
34,795
33,795
32,525
32,164
31,893
13,824
12,578
11,668
11,972
12,148
39.7
37.2
35.9
37.2
38.1
36,845
36,056
35,185
34,340
32,992
7,773
7,446
6,760
7,070
6,857
21.1
20.7
19.2
20.6
20.8
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
238,554
236,594
233,816
231,700
229,412
32,370
33,064
33,700
35,303
34,398
13.6
14.0
14.4
15.2
15.0
205,459
203,963
202,288
201,338
200,385
24,754
25,729
26,458
27,933
27,349
12.0
12.6
13.1
13.9
13.6
31,152
30,878
30,844
30,049
28,834
11,944
11,600
11,831
12,072
11,701
38.3
37.6
38.4
40.2
40.6
31,679
31,351
30,268
29,158
27,908
6,846
6,725
6,609
6,740
6,458
21.6
21.5
21.8
23.1
23.1
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
227,157
225,027
222,903
215,656
213,867
31,822
29,272
26,072
24,497
24,720
14.0
13.0
11.7
11.4
11.6
198,541
196,963
195,860
191,071
190,757
24,850
22,601
19,964
19,062
19,505
12.5
11.5
10.2
10.0
10.2
28,587
27,565
26,927
26,032
25,404
11,051
10,120
9,400
9,269
9,205
38.7
36.7
34.9
35.6
36.2
27,714
27,133
26,170
24,585
23,110
6,490
6,227
5,743
5,435
5,216
23.4
22.9
21.9
22.1
22.6
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
212,303
210,864
209,362
207,621
206,004
24,975
25,877
23,370
22,973
24,460
11.8
12.3
11.2
11.1
11.9
190,844
190,630
190,436
189,361
189,193
19,632
20,789
18,817
18,299
19,577
10.3
10.9
9.9
9.7
10.3
24,204
23,580
23,165
21,823
21,264
9,029
8,846
8,462
8,178
8,114
37.3
37.5
36.5
37.5
38.2
21,459
20,234
18,926
18,260
16,811
5,344
5,088
4,553
4,674
4,883
24.9
25.1
24.1
25.6
29.0
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
204,554
202,183
199,517
197,628
195,672
25,559
25,420
24,147
25,389
27,769
12.5
12.6
12.1
12.8
14.2
188,242
186,692
184,891
183,825
182,558
20,405
20,330
19,175
20,695
22,771
10.8
10.9
10.4
11.3
12.5
20,153
19,673
17,995
18,048
17,788
7,797
7,503
6,879
6,990
6,898
38.7
38.1
38.2
38.7
38.8
16,311
15,491
14,626
13,803
13,114
5,154
5,090
4,972
4,694
4,998
31.6
32.9
34.0
34.0
38.1
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
193,388
191,413
189,710
187,258
184,276
28,510
33,185
36,055
36,436
38,625
14.7
17.3
19.0
19.5
21.0
181,117
179,281
177,653
176,076
173,263
23,809
28,358
30,912
31,498
33,623
13.1
15.8
17.4
17.9
19.4
17,240
16,371
N
N
N
6,861
7,524
7,297
7,646
7,781
39.8
46.0
44.4
47.7
50.3
12,271
12,132
12,057
11,182
11,013
4,701
4,827
5,143
4,938
5,002
38.3
39.8
42.7
44.2
45.4
1961
1960
1959
181,277
179,503
176,557
39,628
39,851
39,490
21.9
22.2
22.4
170,131
168,615
165,858
34,509
34,925
34,562
20.3
20.7
20.8
N
N
N
7,252
7,247
7,014
48.1
48.9
49.4
11,146
10,888
10,699
5,119
4,926
4,928
45.9
45.2
46.1
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015Con.
All people
Below poverty

and year
People in families
All families
householder, no
husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE10
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
245,536
244,253
243,346
243,085
242,147
28,566
31,089
31,287
29,936
30,816
11.6
12.7
12.9
12.3
12.7
198,571
197,607
198,041
197,001
196,378
19,444
21,072
21,486
19,944
21,328
9.8
10.7
10.8
10.1
10.9
29,396
29,134
30,428
28,795
28,707
8,205
8,680
9,796
8,404
8,691
27.9
29.8
32.2
29.2
30.3
45,963
45,409
43,924
44,998
44,509
8,717
9,476
9,132
9,544
8,940
19.0
20.9
20.8
21.2
20.1
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
241,334
239,982
242,047
240,548
239,133
30,849
31,083
29,830
26,990
25,120
12.8
13.0
12.3
11.2
10.5
196,709
195,441
197,938
197,763
195,944
21,456
21,543
20,701
18,558
17,141
10.9
11.0
10.5
9.4
8.7
29,636
28,032
28,163
27,010
27,159
8,999
8,721
8,283
7,340
7,188
30.4
31.1
29.4
27.2
26.5
43,295
43,324
43,010
41,810
41,931
8,809
8,971
8,580
7,982
7,505
20.3
20.7
19.9
19.1
17.9
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
237,619
235,430
233,741
231,866
230,376
24,416
24,872
25,327
24,272
23,466
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.5
10.2
196,061
194,277
193,024
192,074
190,823
16,644
16,782
17,445
16,740
16,043
8.5
8.6
9.0
8.7
8.4
27,057
25,943
26,139
25,536
24,903
7,160
7,021
6,892
6,530
5,992
26.5
27.1
26.4
25.6
24.1
40,461
40,164
39,712
38,913
38,575
7,334
7,718
7,416
7,225
7,105
18.1
19.2
18.7
18.6
18.4
WHITE11
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
229,675
227,846
225,361
222,837
221,200
22,739
21,645
22,169
23,454
24,396
9.9
9.5
9.8
10.5
11.0
190,413
188,966
187,833
186,184
185,147
15,369
14,692
15,353
16,549
17,258
8.1
7.8
8.2
8.9
9.3
24,619
24,166
23,913
24,211
23,773
5,972
5,609
5,947
6,674
7,296
24.3
23.2
24.9
27.6
30.7
38,294
37,699
36,441
35,563
34,858
6,996
6,454
6,411
6,386
6,593
18.3
17.1
17.6
18.0
18.9
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
219,656
218,028
216,460
214,899
213,060
24,650
24,423
25,379
26,226
25,259
11.2
11.2
11.7
12.2
11.9
184,119
183,450
182,546
181,330
180,409
17,621
17,593
18,474
18,968
18,294
9.6
9.6
10.1
10.5
10.1
23,744
23,732
22,713
23,224
22,453
7,073
7,047
7,228
7,199
6,907
29.8
29.7
31.8
31.0
30.8
34,247
33,399
32,569
32,112
31,170
6,463
6,336
6,292
6,443
6,147
18.9
19.0
19.3
20.1
19.7
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
210,133
208,611
206,853
205,235
203,605
23,747
22,326
20,785
20,715
21,195
11.3
10.7
10.0
10.1
10.4
177,619
176,504
175,857
175,111
174,488
17,268
15,916
15,179
15,001
15,593
9.7
9.0
8.6
8.6
8.9
21,608
20,845
20,362
20,396
20,244
6,806
6,210
5,723
5,950
5,989
31.5
29.8
28.1
29.2
29.6
31,207
30,833
29,993
29,315
28,290
5,872
5,739
5,063
5,314
5,174
18.8
18.6
16.9
18.1
18.3
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
202,282
200,918
198,941
197,496
195,919
22,183
22,860
22,955
23,984
23,517
11.0
11.4
11.5
12.1
12.0
174,024
172,863
171,839
171,407
170,748
16,393
17,125
17,299
18,377
18,015
9.4
9.9
10.1
10.7
10.6
20,163
20,105
19,727
19,256
18,374
6,171
5,990
5,866
6,017
5,686
30.6
29.8
29.7
31.2
30.9
27,143
27,067
26,094
25,206
24,300
5,198
5,299
5,181
5,189
5,041
19.2
19.6
19.9
20.6
20.7
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
194,504
192,912
191,742
186,450
185,254
21,553
19,699
17,214
16,259
16,416
11.1
10.2
9.0
8.7
8.9
169,868
168,756
168,461
165,193
165,385
16,127
14,587
12,495
12,050
12,364
9.5
8.6
7.4
7.3
7.5
18,795
17,642
17,349
16,877
16,721
5,600
4,940
4,375
4,371
4,474
29.8
28.0
25.2
25.9
26.8
23,913
23,370
22,587
21,257
19,869
5,061
4,760
4,452
4,209
4,051
21.2
20.4
19.7
19.8
20.4
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
184,165
183,164
182,376
181,185
180,125
16,713
17,770
15,736
15,142
16,203
9.1
9.7
8.6
8.4
9.0
165,571
165,661
166,081
165,424
165,630
12,500
13,799
12,181
11,412
12,268
7.5
8.3
7.3
6.9
7.4
15,941
15,577
15,433
14,303
13,739
4,463
4,577
4,278
4,003
3,770
28.0
29.4
27.7
28.0
27.4
18,594
17,503
16,295
15,761
14,495
4,213
3,972
3,555
3,730
3,935
22.7
22.7
21.8
23.7
27.1
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
179,398
177,376
175,349
173,732
172,038
17,780
17,484
16,659
17,395
18,983
9.9
9.9
9.5
10.0
11.0
165,184
163,875
162,779
161,777
160,720
13,566
13,323
12,623
13,546
14,851
8.2
8.1
7.8
8.4
9.2
13,502
13,226
12,285
12,190
12,131
4,099
3,761
3,577
3,551
3,453
30.4
28.4
29.1
29.1
28.5
14,214
13,500
12,570
11,955
11,318
4,214
4,161
4,036
3,849
4,132
29.6
30.8
32.1
32.2
36.5
1966
1965
1964
1963
170,247
168,732
167,313
165,309
19,290
22,496
24,957
25,238
11.3
13.3
14.9
15.3
159,561
158,255
156,898
155,584
15,430
18,508
20,716
21,149
9.7
11.7
13.2
13.6
12,261
11,573
N
N
3,646
4,092
3,911
4,051
29.7
35.4
33.4
35.6
10,686
10,477
10,415
9,725
3,860
3,988
4,241
4,089
36.1
38.1
40.7
42.0
1962
1961
1960
1959
162,842
160,306
158,863
156,956
26,672
27,890
28,309
28,484
16.4
17.4
17.8
18.1
153,348
150,717
149,458
147,802
22,613
23,747
24,262
24,443
14.7
15.8
16.2
16.5
N
N
N
N
4,089
4,062
4,296
4,232
37.9
37.6
39.0
40.2
9,494
9,589
9,405
9,154
4,059
4,143
4,047
4,041
42.7
43.2
43.0
44.1
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
Below poverty

and year
People in families
All families
householder, no
husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC10

2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
195,450
195,208
195,118
195,167
195,112
17,786
19,652
19,552
18,796
18,940
9.1
10.1
10.0
9.6
9.7
154,713
154,734
155,965
155,119
155,395
10,373
11,566
11,688
10,710
11,387
6.7
7.5
7.5
6.9
7.3
19,339
19,015
19,141
18,889
19,180
4,404
4,630
5,123
4,325
4,655
22.8
24.4
26.8
22.9
24.3
40,043
39,603
38,256
39,245
38,822
7,122
7,779
7,492
7,758
7,202
17.8
19.6
19.6
19.8
18.6
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
194,960
194,783
197,164
196,940
196,583
19,171
19,251
18,530
17,024
16,032
9.8
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.2
155,982
155,723
158,646
159,344
158,703
11,562
11,509
11,211
10,138
9,553
7.4
7.4
7.1
6.4
6.0
19,909
18,914
19,033
18,799
19,179
4,746
4,689
4,532
4,046
4,099
23.8
24.8
23.8
21.5
21.4
38,003
38,211
37,757
36,848
36,909
7,222
7,351
6,946
6,539
6,155
19.0
19.2
18.4
17.7
16.7
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
196,049
195,553
195,098
194,595
194,144
16,013
16,227
16,908
15,902
15,567
8.2
8.3
8.7
8.2
8.0
159,572
159,204
159,221
159,215
158,764
9,676
9,604
10,323
9,658
9,389
6.1
6.0
6.5
6.1
5.9
19,349
18,899
19,009
18,792
18,664
4,353
4,278
4,116
3,959
3,733
22.5
22.6
21.7
21.1
20.0
35,642
35,626
35,141
34,683
34,614
6,021
6,393
6,237
6,015
5,947
16.9
17.9
17.7
17.3
17.2
WHITE, NOT HISPANIC11

2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
194,538
193,691
192,565
192,754
191,859
15,271
14,366
14,735
15,799
16,491
7.8
7.4
7.7
8.2
8.6
159,178
158,838
158,550
159,301
158,796
9,122
8,664
9,013
10,061
10,401
5.7
5.5
5.7
6.3
6.5
18,365
18,196
17,892
18,547
18,474
3,661
3,412
3,545
4,074
4,604
19.9
18.8
19.8
22.0
24.9
34,603
33,943
33,189
32,573
32,049
5,882
5,356
5,412
5,352
5,632
17.0
15.8
16.3
16.4
17.6
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
191,459
190,951
192,543
190,843
189,001
16,462
16,267
18,110
18,882
18,202
8.6
8.5
9.4
9.9
9.6
159,044
159,402
161,254
160,062
159,102
10,553
10,599
12,118
12,756
12,277
6.6
6.6
7.5
8.0
7.7
18,597
18,340
18,186
18,508
18,016
4,339
4,183
4,743
4,724
4,640
23.3
22.8
26.1
25.5
25.8
31,410
30,586
30,157
29,681
28,775
5,455
5,303
5,500
5,570
5,350
17.4
17.3
18.2
18.8
18.6
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
189,116
188,129
186,979
185,961
184,936
17,741
16,622
15,599
15,565
16,029
9.4
8.8
8.3
8.4
8.7
158,850
158,394
158,127
157,687
157,785
11,998
11,086
10,723
10,467
11,051
7.6
7.0
6.8
6.6
7.0
17,609
17,160
16,827
16,828
16,787
4,710
4,284
3,922
3,988
4,075
26.7
25.0
23.3
23.7
24.3
29,215
28,688
28,055
27,552
26,439
5,261
5,002
4,466
4,746
4,613
18.0
17.4
15.9
17.2
17.4
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
184,119
183,455
182,469
181,393
181,903
17,244
17,839
18,300
19,538
19,362
9.4
9.7
10.0
10.8
10.6
157,665
157,106
156,930
156,719
157,818
12,078
12,706
13,234
14,437
14,271
7.7
8.1
8.4
9.2
9.0
16,739
16,749
16,742
16,369
15,830
4,350
4,136
4,193
4,448
4,161
26.0
24.7
25.0
27.2
26.3
25,525
25,544
24,671
23,894
23,329
4,668
4,789
4,659
4,746
4,701
18.3
18.7
18.9
19.9
20.2
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
180,909
179,798
178,814
174,731
173,563
17,987
16,365
14,419
13,755
13,802
9.9
9.1
8.1
7.9
8.0
157,330
156,633
156,567
154,321
154,449
12,903
11,568
10,009
9,798
9,977
8.2
7.4
6.4
6.3
6.5
16,323
15,358
15,410
15,132
14,888
4,222
3,699
3,371
3,390
3,429
25.9
24.1
21.9
22.4
23.0
22,950
22,455
21,638
20,410
19,114
4,769
4,474
4,179
3,957
3,825
20.8
19.9
19.3
19.4
20.0
1976
1975
1974
1973
173,235
172,417
171,463
170,488
14,025
14,883
13,217
12,864
8.1
8.6
7.7
7.5
155,324
155,539
155,764
155,330
10,066
11,137
9,854
9,262
6.5
7.2
6.3
6.0
14,261
13,809
13,763
12,731
3,516
3,570
3,379
3,185
24.7
25.9
24.6
25.0
17,912
16,879
15,699
15,158
3,959
3,746
3,364
3,602
22.1
22.2
21.4
23.8
BLACK ALONE
OR IN COMBINATION
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
45,227
44,566
44,154
44,112
43,583
10,797
11,581
11,162
11,959
11,809
23.9
26.0
25.3
27.1
27.1
36,028
35,545
35,958
35,657
35,205
7,965
8,711
8,533
9,174
9,016
22.1
24.5
23.7
25.7
25.6
15,809
15,304
16,188
14,906
15,113
5,642
6,179
6,277
6,319
6,220
35.7
40.4
38.8
42.4
41.2
8,999
8,836
8,045
8,199
8,179
2,744
2,793
2,588
2,657
2,663
30.5
31.6
32.2
32.4
32.6
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
42,648
42,385
40,876
40,097
39,564
11,730
11,597
10,575
9,882
9,668
27.5
27.4
25.9
24.6
24.4
34,495
34,347
33,330
32,818
32,427
9,012
8,891
8,184
7,768
7,668
26.1
25.9
24.6
23.7
23.6
15,282
15,362
14,463
14,332
14,396
6,500
6,269
5,755
5,782
5,702
42.5
40.8
39.8
40.3
39.6
7,986
7,730
7,368
7,123
7,036
2,635
2,587
2,285
2,042
1,968
33.0
33.5
31.0
28.7
28.0
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
39,013
38,551
38,037
37,503
37,207
9,447
9,517
9,411
9,108
8,884
24.2
24.7
24.7
24.3
23.9
32,130
31,663
31,468
31,059
31,008
7,411
7,459
7,495
7,162
6,985
23.1
23.6
23.8
23.1
22.5
13,848
14,080
13,830
13,664
13,551
5,422
5,524
5,484
5,312
5,145
39.2
39.2
39.7
38.9
38.0
6,715
6,754
6,418
6,194
6,034
1,935
2,003
1,840
1,814
1,851
28.8
29.7
28.7
29.3
30.7
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
Below poverty

and year
People in families
All families
householder, no
husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
BLACK ALONE12
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
41,625
41,112
40,498
40,615
40,125
10,020
10,755
10,186
11,041
10,911
24.1
26.2
25.2
27.2
27.2
32,890
32,546
32,658
32,564
32,122
7,305
8,013
7,665
8,390
8,251
22.2
24.6
23.5
25.8
25.7
14,549
14,091
14,838
13,816
13,931
5,198
5,670
5,759
5,871
5,735
35.7
40.2
38.8
42.5
41.2
8,549
8,419
7,717
7,842
7,841
2,635
2,685
2,483
2,536
2,549
30.8
31.9
32.2
32.3
32.5
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
39,609
39,283
38,556
37,966
37,665
10,929
10,746
9,944
9,379
9,237
27.6
27.4
25.8
24.7
24.5
31,800
31,596
31,306
30,986
30,778
8,334
8,181
7,642
7,339
7,312
26.2
25.9
24.4
23.7
23.8
14,145
14,236
13,680
13,648
13,741
5,980
5,831
5,427
5,533
5,459
42.3
41.0
39.7
40.5
39.7
7,659
7,419
7,102
6,835
6,807
2,524
2,479
2,209
1,970
1,898
33.0
33.4
31.1
28.8
27.9
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
37,306
36,802
36,426
35,989
35,678
9,048
9,168
9,014
8,781
8,602
24.3
24.9
24.7
24.4
24.1
30,621
30,154
30,065
29,727
29,671
7,072
7,164
7,153
6,870
6,761
23.1
23.8
23.8
23.1
22.8
13,244
13,481
13,244
13,118
13,030
5,180
5,303
5,247
5,115
4,980
39.1
39.3
39.6
39.0
38.2
6,545
6,521
6,217
6,034
5,858
1,897
1,949
1,792
1,781
1,800
29.0
29.9
28.8
29.5
30.7
BLACK11
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
35,871
35,425
35,756
34,877
34,458
8,136
7,982
8,441
9,091
9,116
22.7
22.5
23.6
26.1
26.5
29,869
29,378
29,819
29,333
28,962
6,389
6,221
6,758
7,259
7,386
21.4
21.2
22.7
24.7
25.5
12,550
12,383
12,823
13,156
13,218
4,694
4,774
5,232
5,629
5,654
37.4
38.6
40.8
42.8
42.8
5,873
5,885
5,668
5,390
5,316
1,692
1,702
1,562
1,752
1,645
28.8
28.9
27.5
32.5
31.0
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
34,110
33,740
33,353
32,910
32,411
9,694
9,872
10,196
10,877
10,827
28.4
29.3
30.6
33.1
33.4
28,933
28,777
28,499
28,106
27,790
7,993
8,189
8,447
9,242
9,134
27.6
28.5
29.6
32.9
32.9
13,193
13,604
12,926
13,132
12,591
6,123
6,553
6,489
6,955
6,799
46.4
48.2
50.2
53.0
54.0
4,989
4,756
4,649
4,608
4,410
1,606
1,551
1,617
1,541
1,569
32.2
32.6
34.8
33.4
35.6
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
31,313
30,806
30,332
29,849
29,362
10,242
9,837
9,302
9,356
9,520
32.7
31.9
30.7
31.3
32.4
26,565
26,296
25,931
25,484
25,128
8,504
8,160
7,704
7,650
7,848
32.0
31.0
29.7
30.0
31.2
11,960
11,866
11,190
10,794
10,701
6,557
6,005
5,530
5,601
5,789
54.8
50.6
49.4
51.9
54.1
4,505
4,244
4,180
4,095
3,977
1,590
1,491
1,471
1,509
1,471
35.3
35.1
35.2
36.8
37.0
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
28,871
28,485
28,087
27,678
27,216
8,983
8,926
9,490
9,882
9,697
31.1
31.3
33.8
35.7
35.6
24,910
24,620
24,387
24,138
23,948
7,410
7,504
8,104
8,376
8,355
29.7
30.5
33.2
34.7
34.9
10,175
10,041
10,384
10,059
9,699
5,473
5,342
5,666
5,736
5,698
53.8
53.2
54.6
57.0
58.8
3,714
3,641
3,501
3,287
3,051
1,431
1,264
1,255
1,338
1,229
38.5
34.7
35.8
40.7
40.3
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
26,834
26,408
25,944
24,956
24,710
9,173
8,579
8,050
7,625
7,726
34.2
32.5
31.0
30.6
31.3
23,423
23,084
22,666
22,027
21,850
7,780
7,190
6,800
6,493
6,667
33.2
31.1
30.0
29.5
30.5
9,214
9,338
9,065
8,689
8,315
5,222
4,984
4,816
4,712
4,595
56.7
53.4
53.1
54.2
55.3
3,277
3,208
3,127
2,929
2,860
1,296
1,314
1,168
1,132
1,059
39.6
41.0
37.3
38.6
37.0
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
24,399
24,089
23,699
23,512
23,144
7,595
7,545
7,182
7,388
7,710
31.1
31.3
30.3
31.4
33.3
21,840
21,687
21,341
21,328
21,116
6,576
6,533
6,255
6,560
6,841
30.1
30.1
29.3
30.8
32.4
7,926
7,679
7,483
7,188
7,125
4,415
4,168
4,116
4,064
4,139
55.7
54.3
55.0
56.5
58.1
2,559
2,402
2,359
2,183
2,028
1,019
1,011
927
828
870
39.8
42.1
39.3
37.9
42.9
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1959
22,784
22,515
22,011
21,944
21,590
21,206
18,013
7,396
7,548
7,095
7,616
8,486
8,867
9,927
32.5
33.5
32.2
34.7
39.3
41.8
55.1
20,900
20,724
20,192
N
N
N
N
6,530
6,683
6,245
6,839
7,677
8,090
9,112
31.2
32.2
30.9
33.7
38.4
40.9
54.9
6,398
6,225
5,537
N
N
N
N
3,587
3,656
3,225
3,312
3,362
3,160
2,416
56.1
58.7
58.2
58.9
61.6
65.3
70.6
1,884
1,791
1,819
N
N
N
1,430
866
865
850
777
809
777
815
46.0
48.3
46.7
46.3
49.3
54.4
57.0
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
Below poverty

and year
People in families
All families
householder, no
husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
ASIAN ALONE
OR IN COMBINATION
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
20,037
19,685
19,182
19,023
18,173
2,234
2,268
2,398
1,974
2,072
11.1
11.5
12.5
10.4
11.4
17,183
16,964
16,800
16,642
15,751
1,361
1,479
1,680
1,305
1,467
7.9
8.7
10.0
7.8
9.3
1,675
1,994
1,873
1,923
1,756
254
355
525
323
374
15.2
17.8
28.1
16.8
21.3
2,762
2,621
2,339
2,333
2,334
839
754
700
660
580
30.4
28.8
29.9
28.3
24.8
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
17,813
17,237
15,272
14,543
14,430
2,189
2,064
1,901
1,686
1,467
12.3
12.0
12.4
11.6
10.2
15,591
14,950
13,403
12,817
12,527
1,550
1,463
1,361
1,270
1,012
9.9
9.8
10.2
9.9
8.1
1,847
1,804
1,539
1,471
1,421
411
386
290
228
250
22.2
21.4
18.9
15.5
17.6
2,133
2,208
1,826
1,707
1,837
614
578
527
410
426
28.8
26.2
28.8
24.0
23.2
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
14,331
13,731
13,291
12,891
12,487
1,447
1,501
1,295
1,527
1,243
10.1
10.9
9.7
11.8
10.0
12,463
11,931
11,661
11,266
10,742
984
1,039
876
1,116
816
7.9
8.7
7.5
9.9
7.6
1,210
1,223
1,190
1,184
1,146
220
220
170
294
175
18.1
18.0
14.3
24.8
15.3
1,801
1,771
1,599
1,590
1,708
449
457
417
402
417
24.9
25.8
26.1
25.3
24.4
ASIAN ALONE13
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
18,241
17,790
17,257
17,063
16,417
2,078
2,137
2,255
1,785
1,921
11.4
12.0
13.1
10.5
11.7
15,597
15,261
15,057
14,895
14,190
1,260
1,391
1,589
1,154
1,357
8.1
9.1
10.6
7.7
9.6
1,435
1,725
1,574
1,657
1,515
222
315
442
228
309
15.5
18.2
28.1
13.7
20.4
2,556
2,431
2,180
2,128
2,156
784
713
661
623
547
30.7
29.3
30.3
29.3
25.4
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
16,086
15,611
14,005
13,310
13,257
1,973
1,899
1,746
1,576
1,349
12.3
12.2
12.5
11.8
10.2
14,100
13,515
12,296
11,719
11,471
1,389
1,341
1,244
1,192
930
9.9
9.9
10.1
10.2
8.1
1,570
1,471
1,353
1,308
1,256
327
327
250
209
217
20.8
22.2
18.5
16.0
17.3
1,921
2,040
1,673
1,574
1,720
571
547
491
378
391
29.7
26.8
29.3
24.0
22.7
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
13,177
12,580
12,231
11,856
11,541
1,353
1,402
1,201
1,401
1,161
10.3
11.1
9.8
11.8
10.1
11,428
10,911
10,734
10,333
9,899
912
970
812
1,017
763
8.0
8.9
7.6
9.8
7.7
1,057
1,059
1,024
1,028
1,019
187
189
135
242
155
17.7
17.8
13.2
23.6
15.2
1,683
1,645
1,472
1,494
1,613
428
427
388
375
390
25.4
26.0
26.3
25.1
24.2
ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER11
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
12,465
12,672
11,955
10,873
10,482
1,275
1,258
1,285
1,360
1,468
10.2
9.9
10.7
12.5
14.0
10,745
11,044
10,507
9,576
9,312
873
895
1,010
1,087
1,116
8.1
8.1
9.6
11.4
12.0
1,333
1,231
1,201
1,123
932
198
289
275
373
313
14.8
23.4
22.9
33.2
33.6
1,682
1,588
1,415
1,266
1,134
393
350
270
257
327
23.4
22.0
19.1
20.3
28.9
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
10,054
9,644
6,654
7,434
7,779
1,454
1,411
974
1,134
985
14.5
14.6
14.6
15.3
12.7
8,900
8,582
5,915
6,609
6,922
1,172
1,112
776
898
787
13.2
13.0
13.1
13.6
11.4
1,018
919
582
725
729
300
266
137
126
183
29.5
28.9
23.6
17.4
25.0
1,120
1,013
696
791
828
255
260
179
228
193
22.8
25.6
25.7
28.8
23.3
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
7,192
7,014
6,673
6,447
6,322
996
858
939
1,117
1,021
13.8
12.2
14.1
17.3
16.1
6,367
6,300
5,917
5,767
5,785
773
712
779
942
875
12.1
11.3
13.2
16.3
15.1
721
638
614
650
584
177
132
212
263
187
24.6
20.7
34.6
40.5
32.0
785
668
712
651
516
209
124
144
160
138
26.6
18.5
20.2
24.5
26.8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
Below poverty

and year
People in families
All families
householder, no
husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
HISPANIC (ANY RACE)

2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56,780
55,504
54,181
54,145
53,105
12,133
13,104
13,356
12,744
13,616
21 .4
23 .6
24 .7
23 .5
25 .6
49,524
48,296
47,266
47,254
46,183
10,109
10,853
11,128
10,536
11,358
20 .4
22 .5
23 .5
22 .3
24 .6
11,878
11,919
13,060
11,679
11,255
4,401
4,817
5,406
4,860
4,816
37 .1
40 .4
41 .4
41 .6
42 .8
6,884
6,776
6,414
6,545
6,502
1,876
1,981
1,915
2,063
2,018
27 .2
29 .2
29 .9
31 .5
31 .0
2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52,279
50,971
48,811
47,398
45,933
13,244
13,522
12,350
10,987
9,890
25 .3
26 .5
25 .3
23 .2
21 .5
45,781
44,612
42,717
41,732
40,125
11,143
11,384
10,345
9,303
8,248
24 .3
25 .5
24 .2
22 .3
20 .6
11,368
10,719
10,283
9,265
8,917
4,996
4,748
4,176
3,751
3,527
44 .0
44 .3
40 .6
40 .5
39 .6
6,096
5,846
5,718
5,417
5,508
1,882
1,863
1,801
1,577
1,490
30 .9
31 .9
31 .5
29 .1
27 .1
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20044 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,784
43,020
41,690
40,300
39,216
9,243
9,368
9,122
9,051
8,555
20 .6
21 .8
21 .9
22 .5
21 .8
39,177
37,759
36,438
35,469
34,598
7,650
7,767
7,705
7,637
7,184
19 .5
20 .6
21 .1
21 .5
20 .8
8,652
7,868
7,825
7,452
7,013
3,189
3,069
3,072
2,861
2,554
36 .9
39 .0
39 .3
38 .4
36 .4
5,317
4,971
4,971
4,620
4,364
1,468
1,451
1,293
1,325
1,255
27 .6
29 .2
26 .0
28 .7
28 .8
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37,312
35,955
34,632
31,515
30,637
7,997
7,747
7,876
8,070
8,308
21 .4
21 .5
22 .7
25 .6
27 .1
33,110
31,700
30,872
28,055
27,467
6,674
6,430
6,702
6,814
7,198
20 .2
20 .3
21 .7
24 .3
26 .2
6,830
6,469
6,527
6,074
5,718
2,585
2,444
2,642
2,837
2,911
37 .8
37 .8
40 .5
46 .7
50 .9
3,981
3,978
3,481
3,218
2,976
1,211
1,163
1,068
1,097
1,017
30 .4
29 .2
30 .7
34 .1
34 .2
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29,614
28,344
27,442
26,559
25,646
8,697
8,574
8,416
8,126
7,592
29 .4
30 .3
30 .7
30 .6
29 .6
26,340
25,165
24,390
23,439
22,695
7,515
7,341
7,357
6,876
6,455
28 .5
29 .2
30 .2
29 .3
28 .4
5,641
5,785
5,328
5,333
4,806
3,020
3,053
2,920
2,837
2,474
53 .5
52 .8
54 .8
53 .2
51 .5
2,985
2,947
2,798
2,717
2,577
1,066
1,092
926
972
881
35 .7
37 .0
33 .1
35 .8
34 .2
19918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22,070
21,405
20,746
20,064
19,395
6,339
6,006
5,430
5,357
5,422
28 .7
28 .1
26 .2
26 .7
28 .0
19,658
18,912
18,488
18,102
17,342
5,541
5,091
4,659
4,700
4,761
28 .2
26 .9
25 .2
26 .0
27 .5
4,326
3,993
3,763
3,734
3,678
2,282
2,115
1,902
2,052
2,045
52 .7
53 .0
50 .6
55 .0
55 .6
2,146
2,254
2,045
1,864
1,933
667
774
634
597
598
31 .1
34 .3
31 .0
32 .0
31 .0
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,758
18,075
16,916
16,544
14,385
5,117
5,236
4,806
4,633
4,301
27 .3
29 .0
28 .4
28 .0
29 .9
16,880
16,276
15,293
15,075
13,242
4,469
4,605
4,192
4,113
3,865
26 .5
28 .3
27 .4
27 .3
29 .2
3,631
3,561
3,139
3,032
2,664
1,921
1,983
1,764
1,670
1,601
52 .9
55 .7
56 .2
55 .1
60 .1
1,685
1,602
1,481
1,364
1,018
553
532
545
457
358
32 .8
33 .2
36 .8
33 .5
35 .1
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,021
13,600
13,371
12,079
12,046
3,713
3,491
2,921
2,607
2,700
26 .5
25 .7
21 .8
21 .6
22 .4
12,922
12,547
12,291
11,193
11,249
3,349
3,143
2,599
2,343
2,463
25 .9
25 .1
21 .1
20 .9
21 .9
2,622
2,421
2,058
1,817
1,901
1,465
1,319
1,053
1,024
1,077
55 .9
54 .5
51 .2
56 .4
56 .7
1,005
970
991
886
797
313
312
286
264
237
31 .1
32 .2
28 .8
29 .8
29 .8
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,269
11,117
11,201
10,795
10,588
2,783
2,991
2,575
2,366
2,414
24 .7
26 .9
23 .0
21 .9
22 .8
10,552
10,472
10,584
10,269
10,099
2,516
2,755
2,374
2,209
2,252
23 .8
26 .3
22 .4
21 .5
22 .3
1,766
1,842
1,723
1,534
1,370
1,000
1,053
915
881
733
56 .6
57 .2
53 .1
57 .4
53 .5
716
645
617
526
488
266
236
201
157
162
37 .2
36 .6
32 .6
29 .9
33 .2
N Not available .
1
coverage . All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned
set of health insurance coverage questions . The redesigned income questions were
implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel
design . Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions
similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were
eligible to receive the redesigned income questions . The source of these 2013 estimates
is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the redesigned income questions,
approximately 30,000 addresses .
2
The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which
received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000
addresses . .
3
4
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC .
5
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household
sample expansion .
6
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls .
7
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls .
8
For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original
March 1992 CPS file .
U.S. Census Bureau
9
For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also
revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money
Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No . 166 .
10
The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race . White alone
refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category . The use of
this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or
analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches . Information on people
who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native
or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American
FactFinder . About 2 .9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010 .
11
For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race
group . The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic
White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander .
12
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race .
13
Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race .
Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families .
Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are
excluded from people in families .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social
and Economic Supplements .
Table B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
Under 18 years
All people
Related children in families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
ALL RACES
2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,647
73,556
73,439
73,625
73,719
14,509
15,540
15,801
14,659
16,073
19 .7
21 .1
21 .5
19 .9
21 .8
72,558
72,383
72,246
72,573
72,545
13,962
14,987
15,116
14,142
15,437
19 .2
20 .7
20 .9
19 .5
21 .3
197,260
196,254
194,694
194,833
193,642
24,414
26,527
25,899
26,429
26,497
12 .4
13 .5
13 .3
13 .6
13 .7
47,547
45,994
44,963
44,508
43,287
4,201
4,590
4,569
4,231
3,926
8 .8
10 .0
10 .2
9 .5
9 .1
2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,737
73,873
74,579
74,068
73,996
16,134
16,286
15,451
14,068
13,324
21 .9
22 .0
20 .7
19 .0
18 .0
72,568
72,581
73,410
72,980
72,792
15,539
15,598
14,774
13,507
12,802
21 .4
21 .5
20 .1
18 .5
17 .6
193,213
192,481
190,627
189,185
187,913
26,492
26,499
24,684
22,105
20,396
13 .7
13 .8
12 .9
11 .7
10 .9
41,507
39,777
38,613
37,788
36,790
3,620
3,558
3,433
3,656
3,556
8 .7
8 .9
8 .9
9 .7
9 .7
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20044 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,727
73,285
73,241
72,999
72,696
12,827
12,896
13,041
12,866
12,133
17 .4
17 .6
17 .8
17 .6
16 .7
72,609
72,095
72,133
71,907
71,619
12,299
12,335
12,473
12,340
11,646
16 .9
17 .1
17 .3
17 .2
16 .3
186,688
184,345
182,166
180,041
178,388
20,239
20,450
20,545
19,443
18,861
10 .8
11 .1
11 .3
10 .8
10 .6
36,035
35,505
35,209
34,659
34,234
3,394
3,603
3,453
3,552
3,576
9 .4
10 .1
9 .8
10 .2
10 .4
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72,021
71,741
71,685
71,338
71,069
11,733
11,587
12,280
13,467
14,113
16 .3
16 .2
17 .1
18 .9
19 .9
70,950
70,538
70,424
70,253
69,844
11,175
11,005
11,678
12,845
13,422
15 .8
15 .6
16 .6
18 .3
19 .2
175,685
173,638
171,146
167,327
165,329
17,760
16,671
17,289
17,623
18,085
10 .1
9 .6
10 .1
10 .5
10 .9
33,769
33,566
33,377
32,394
32,082
3,414
3,323
3,222
3,386
3,376
10 .1
9 .9
9 .7
10 .5
10 .5
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70,650
70,566
70,020
69,292
68,440
14,463
14,665
15,289
15,727
15,294
20 .5
20 .8
21 .8
22 .7
22 .3
69,411
69,425
68,819
68,040
67,256
13,764
13,999
14,610
14,961
14,521
19 .8
20 .2
21 .2
22 .0
21 .6
163,691
161,508
160,329
159,208
157,680
18,638
18,442
19,107
19,781
18,793
11 .4
11 .4
11 .9
12 .4
11 .9
31,877
31,658
31,267
30,779
30,430
3,428
3,318
3,663
3,755
3,928
10 .8
10 .5
11 .7
12 .2
12 .9
19918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65,918
65,049
64,144
63,747
63,294
14,341
13,431
12,590
12,455
12,843
21 .8
20 .6
19 .6
19 .5
20 .3
64,800
63,908
63,225
62,906
62,423
13,658
12,715
12,001
11,935
12,275
21 .1
19 .9
19 .0
19 .0
19 .7
154,684
153,502
152,282
150,761
149,201
17,586
16,496
15,575
15,809
15,815
11 .4
10 .7
10 .2
10 .5
10 .6
30,590
30,093
29,566
29,022
28,487
3,781
3,658
3,363
3,481
3,563
12 .4
12 .2
11 .4
12 .0
12 .5
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,948
62,876
62,447
62,334
62,345
12,876
13,010
13,420
13,911
13,647
20 .5
20 .7
21 .5
22 .3
21 .9
62,009
62,019
61,681
61,578
61,565
12,257
12,483
12,929
13,427
13,139
19 .8
20 .1
21 .0
21 .8
21 .3
147,631
146,396
144,551
143,052
141,328
16,017
16,598
16,952
17,767
17,000
10 .8
11 .3
11 .7
12 .4
12 .0
27,975
27,322
26,818
26,313
25,738
3,477
3,456
3,330
3,625
3,751
12 .4
12 .6
12 .4
13 .8
14 .6
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,449
62,914
63,375
62,311
63,137
12,505
11,543
10,377
9,931
10,288
20 .0
18 .3
16 .4
15 .9
16 .2
61,756
62,168
62,646
61,987
62,823
12,068
11,114
9,993
9,722
10,028
19 .5
17 .9
16 .0
15 .7
16 .0
139,477
137,428
135,333
130,169
128,262
15,464
13,858
12,014
11,332
11,316
11 .1
10 .1
8 .9
8 .7
8 .8
25,231
24,686
24,194
23,175
22,468
3,853
3,871
3,682
3,233
3,177
15 .3
15 .7
15 .2
14 .0
14 .1
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64,028
65,079
66,134
66,959
67,930
10,273
11,104
10,156
9,642
10,284
16 .0
17 .1
15 .4
14 .4
15 .1
63,729
64,750
65,802
66,626
67,592
10,081
10,882
9,967
9,453
10,082
15 .8
16 .8
15 .1
14 .2
14 .9
126,175
124,122
122,101
120,060
117,957
11,389
11,456
10,132
9,977
10,438
9 .0
9 .2
8 .3
8 .3
8 .8
22,100
21,662
21,127
20,602
20,117
3,313
3,317
3,085
3,354
3,738
15 .0
15 .3
14 .6
16 .3
18 .6
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68,816
69,159
69,090
70,385
70,408
10,551
10,440
9,691
10,954
11,656
15 .3
15 .1
14 .0
15 .6
16 .6
68,474
68,815
68,746
70,035
70,058
10,344
10,235
9,501
10,739
11,427
15 .1
14 .9
13 .8
15 .3
16 .3
115,911
113,554
111,528
108,684
107,024
10,735
10,187
9,669
9,803
10,725
9 .3
9 .0
8 .7
9 .0
10 .0
19,827
19,470
18,899
18,559
18,240
4,273
4,793
4,787
4,632
5,388
21 .6
24 .6
25 .3
25 .0
29 .5
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70,218
69,986
69,711
69,181
67,722
66,121
65,601
64,315
12,389
14,676
16,051
16,005
16,963
16,909
17,634
17,552
17 .6
21 .0
23 .0
23 .1
25 .0
25 .6
26 .9
27 .3
69,869
69,638
69,364
68,837
67,385
65,792
65,275
63,995
12,146
14,388
15,736
15,691
16,630
16,577
17,288
17,208
17 .4
20 .7
22 .7
22 .8
24 .7
25 .2
26 .5
26 .9
105,241
N
N
N
N
N
N
96,685
11,007
N
N
N
N
N
N
16,457
10 .5
N
N
N
N
N
N
17 .0
17,929
N
N
N
N
N
N
15,557
5,114
N
N
N
N
N
N
5,481
28 .5
N
N
N
N
N
N
35 .2
See footnotes at end of table .
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015Con.
nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf)
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
Under 18 years
All people
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
WHITE ALONE10
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
53,550
53,637
53,638
53,846
54,066
9,204
9,602
10,296
8,808
9,979
17.2
17.9
19.2
16.4
18.5
52,786
52,732
52,657
53,074
53,201
8,838
9,172
9,702
8,428
9,547
16.7
17.4
18.4
15.9
17.9
151,731
151,562
151,234
151,334
151,042
16,325
18,086
17,629
17,931
17,946
10.8
11.9
11.7
11.8
11.9
40,254
39,054
38,475
37,905
37,039
3,037
3,400
3,362
3,197
2,891
7.5
8.7
8.7
8.4
7.8
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
54,186
54,490
56,266
56,153
56,419
10,103
10,092
9,938
8,863
8,395
18.6
18.5
17.7
15.8
14.9
53,268
53,573
55,397
55,339
55,483
9,643
9,590
9,440
8,441
8,002
18.1
17.9
17.0
15.3
14.4
151,416
151,218
152,367
151,681
150,875
18,007
18,353
17,391
15,356
14,135
11.9
12.1
11.4
10.1
9.4
35,732
34,274
33,414
32,714
31,839
2,739
2,638
2,501
2,771
2,590
7.7
7.7
7.5
8.5
8.1
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
56,205
56,075
56,053
55,779
55,703
7,908
8,085
8,308
7,985
7,549
14.1
14.4
14.8
14.3
13.6
55,330
55,152
55,212
54,989
54,900
7,522
7,652
7,876
7,624
7,203
13.6
13.9
14.3
13.9
13.1
150,143
148,450
146,974
145,783
144,694
14,035
14,086
14,486
13,622
13,178
9.3
9.5
9.9
9.3
9.1
31,270
30,905
30,714
30,303
29,980
2,473
2,700
2,534
2,666
2,739
7.9
8.7
8.3
8.8
9.1
WHITE11
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
56,089
55,980
55,833
56,016
55,863
7,527
7,307
7,639
8,443
8,990
13.4
13.1
13.7
15.1
16.1
55,238
55,021
54,873
55,126
54,870
7,086
6,834
7,194
7,935
8,441
12.8
12.4
13.1
14.4
15.4
143,796
142,164
139,974
138,061
136,784
12,555
11,754
12,085
12,456
12,838
8.7
8.3
8.6
9.0
9.4
29,790
29,703
29,553
28,759
28,553
2,656
2,584
2,446
2,555
2,569
8.9
8.7
8.3
8.9
9.0
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
55,606
55,444
55,186
54,639
54,110
9,044
8,981
9,346
9,752
9,399
16.3
16.2
16.9
17.8
17.4
54,599
54,532
54,221
53,614
53,110
8,488
8,474
8,826
9,123
8,752
15.5
15.5
16.3
17.0
16.5
135,586
134,149
133,289
132,680
131,694
12,940
12,869
13,187
13,535
12,871
9.5
9.6
9.9
10.2
9.8
28,464
28,436
27,985
27,580
27,256
2,667
2,572
2,846
2,939
2,989
9.4
9.0
10.2
10.7
11.0
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
52,523
51,929
51,400
51,203
51,012
8,848
8,232
7,599
7,435
7,788
16.8
15.9
14.8
14.5
15.3
51,627
51,028
50,704
50,590
50,360
8,316
7,696
7,164
7,095
7,398
16.1
15.1
14.1
14.0
14.7
130,312
129,784
128,974
128,031
126,991
12,097
11,387
10,647
10,687
10,703
9.3
8.8
8.3
8.3
8.4
27,297
26,898
26,479
26,001
25,602
2,802
2,707
2,539
2,593
2,704
10.3
10.1
9.6
10.0
10.6
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
51,111
51,031
50,814
50,726
50,920
8,209
8,253
8,472
8,862
8,678
16.1
16.2
16.7
17.5
17.0
50,356
50,358
50,192
50,183
50,305
7,714
7,838
8,086
8,534
8,282
15.3
15.6
16.1
17.0
16.5
125,998
125,258
123,922
123,014
121,766
11,285
11,909
11,904
12,347
11,971
9.0
9.5
9.6
10.0
9.8
25,173
24,629
24,206
23,754
23,234
2,689
2,698
2,579
2,776
2,870
10.7
11.0
10.7
11.7
12.4
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
51,140
51,653
52,262
51,669
52,563
7,785
7,181
6,193
5,831
6,097
15.2
13.9
11.8
11.3
11.6
50,553
51,002
51,687
51,409
52,299
7,429
6,817
5,909
5,674
5,943
14.7
13.4
11.4
11.0
11.4
120,574
118,935
117,583
113,832
112,374
10,790
9,478
8,110
7,897
7,893
8.9
8.0
6.9
6.9
7.0
22,791
22,325
21,898
20,950
20,316
2,978
3,042
2,911
2,530
2,426
13.1
13.6
13.3
12.1
11.9
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
53,428
54,405
55,590
N
N
6,189
6,927
6,223
N
N
11.6
12.7
11.2
N
N
53,167
54,126
55,320
56,211
57,181
6,034
6,748
6,079
5,462
5,784
11.3
12.5
11.0
9.7
10.1
110,717
109,105
107,579
N
N
7,890
8,210
7,053
N
N
7.1
7.5
6.6
N
N
20,020
19,654
19,206
N
N
2,633
2,634
2,460
2,698
3,072
13.2
13.4
12.8
14.4
16.8
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
58,119
58,472
58,578
N
N
6,341
6,138
5,667
6,373
6,729
10.9
10.5
9.7
10.7
11.3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
17,062
16,791
3,605
4,011
4,052
3,939
4,646
19.9
22.6
23.3
23.1
27.7
1966
1965
1960
1959
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
7,204
8,595
11,229
11,386
12.1
14.4
20.0
20.6
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
16,514
N
N
N
4,357
N
N
4,744
26.4
N
N
33.1
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
Under 18 years
All people
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC10

2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
37,859
38,057
38,167
38,395
38,759
4,563
4,679
5,116
4,094
4,782
12.1
12.3
13.4
10.7
12.3
37,342
37,457
37,572
37,849
38,167
4,301
4,440
4,784
3,833
4,510
11.5
11.9
12.7
10.1
11.8
120,908
121,424
121,629
121,991
122,221
10,812
12,173
11,691
12,133
11,833
8.9
10.0
9.6
9.9
9.7
36,682
35,727
35,322
34,781
34,131
2,411
2,801
2,745
2,569
2,324
6.6
7.8
7.8
7.4
6.8
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
38,955
39,437
40,917
41,309
41,979
4,850
4,866
4,850
4,364
4,255
12.5
12.3
11.9
10.6
10.1
38,322
38,823
40,319
40,707
41,304
4,554
4,544
4,518
4,059
3,996
11.9
11.7
11.2
10.0
9.7
123,101
123,731
125,511
125,482
125,161
12,112
12,230
11,658
10,380
9,598
9.8
9.9
9.3
8.3
7.7
32,904
31,616
30,736
30,149
29,442
2,210
2,155
2,022
2,280
2,179
6.7
6.8
6.6
7.6
7.4
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
42,212
42,523
42,978
43,150
43,614
4,208
4,254
4,519
4,233
4,090
10.0
10.0
10.5
9.8
9.4
41,563
41,867
42,363
42,547
43,017
3,930
3,973
4,190
3,957
3,848
9.5
9.5
9.9
9.3
8.9
124,847
124,326
123,481
123,110
122,511
9,761
9,708
10,236
9,391
9,157
7.8
7.8
8.3
7.6
7.5
28,990
28,704
28,639
28,335
28,018
2,044
2,264
2,153
2,277
2,321
7.0
7.9
7.5
8.0
8.3
WHITE, NOT HISPANIC11

2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
44,095
44,244
44,272
45,355
45,491
4,194
4,018
4,155
4,822
5,204
9.5
9.1
9.4
10.6
11.4
43,459
43,554
43,570
44,670
44,665
3,887
3,715
3,832
4,458
4,759
8.9
8.5
8.8
10.0
10.7
122,470
121,499
120,341
120,282
119,373
8,811
8,130
8,462
8,760
9,088
7.2
6.7
7.0
7.3
7.6
27,973
27,948
27,952
27,118
26,995
2,266
2,218
2,118
2,217
2,200
8.1
7.9
7.6
8.2
8.1
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
45,605
45,689
46,668
46,096
45,590
5,072
5,115
5,823
6,255
6,017
11.1
11.2
12.5
13.6
13.2
44,844
44,973
45,874
45,322
44,833
4,656
4,745
5,404
5,819
5,558
10.4
10.6
11.8
12.8
12.4
118,822
118,228
119,192
118,475
117,386
9,074
8,908
9,732
9,964
9,461
7.6
7.5
8.2
8.4
8.1
27,033
27,034
26,684
26,272
26,025
2,316
2,243
2,556
2,663
2,724
8.6
8.3
9.6
10.1
10.5
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
45,236
44,797
44,492
44,438
44,461
5,918
5,532
5,110
4,888
5,230
13.1
12.3
11.5
11.0
11.8
44,506
44,045
43,938
43,910
43,907
5,497
5,106
4,779
4,594
4,902
12.4
11.6
10.9
10.5
11.2
117,672
117,477
116,983
116,479
115,721
9,244
8,619
8,154
8,293
8,327
7.9
7.3
7.0
7.1
7.2
26,208
25,854
25,504
25,044
24,754
2,580
2,471
2,335
2,384
2,472
9.8
9.6
9.2
9.5
10.0
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
44,664
44,752
44,886
44,830
45,531
5,789
5,745
6,156
6,649
6,566
13.0
12.8
13.7
14.8
14.4
44,041
44,199
44,349
44,374
45,001
5,388
5,421
5,828
6,381
6,229
12.2
12.3
13.1
14.4
13.8
115,157
114,969
114,180
113,570
113,717
8,963
9,608
9,734
10,279
10,082
7.8
8.4
8.5
9.1
8.9
24,298
23,734
23,402
22,992
22,655
2,492
2,486
2,410
2,610
2,714
10.3
10.5
10.3
11.4
12.0
1981
1980
1979
1978
45,950
46,578
46,967
46,819
5,946
5,510
4,730
4,506
12.9
11.8
10.1
9.6
45,440
45,989
46,448
46,606
5,639
5,174
4,476
4,383
12.4
11.3
9.6
9.4
112,722
111,460
110,509
107,481
9,207
7,990
6,930
6,837
8.2
7.2
6.3
6.4
22,237
21,760
21,339
20,431
2,834
2,865
2,759
2,412
12.7
13.2
12.9
11.8
1977
1976
1975
1974
47,689
48,824
49,670
50,759
4,714
4,799
5,342
4,820
9.9
9.8
10.8
9.5
47,459
48,601
49,421
50,520
4,582
4,664
5,185
4,697
9.7
9.6
10.5
9.3
106,063
104,846
103,496
101,894
6,772
6,720
7,039
6,051
6.4
6.4
6.8
5.9
19,812
19,565
19,251
18,810
2,316
2,506
2,503
2,346
11.7
12.8
13.0
12.5
BLACK ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
13,128
12,875
13,044
13,104
13,108
4,146
4,639
4,359
4,838
4,815
31.6
36.0
33.4
36.9
36.7
12,944
12,706
12,915
12,882
12,908
4,052
4,564
4,325
4,730
4,675
31.3
35.9
33.5
36.7
36.2
27,653
27,442
27,056
26,923
26,482
5,835
6,137
6,031
6,410
6,265
21.1
22.4
22.3
23.8
23.7
4,447
4,249
4,054
4,085
3,993
816
805
772
712
730
18.4
19.0
19.0
17.4
18.3
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
2006
12,968
13,015
12,655
12,388
12,380
12,375
4,849
4,923
4,480
4,202
4,178
4,086
37.4
37.8
35.4
33.9
33.7
33.0
12,815
12,759
12,445
12,201
12,227
12,206
4,762
4,814
4,349
4,104
4,106
3,977
37.2
37.7
34.9
33.6
33.6
32.6
25,962
25,815
24,815
24,404
23,968
23,510
6,241
6,031
5,441
5,017
4,742
4,652
24.0
23.4
21.9
20.6
19.8
19.8
3,718
3,555
3,405
3,305
3,215
3,128
640
643
655
663
748
710
17.2
18.1
19.2
20.0
23.3
22.7
2005
20044
2003
2002
12,159
12,190
12,215
12,114
4,074
4,059
4,108
3,817
33.5
33.3
33.6
31.5
11,975
12,012
11,989
11,931
3,972
3,962
3,977
3,733
33.2
33.0
33.2
31.3
23,338
22,842
22,355
22,170
4,735
4,638
4,313
4,376
20.3
20.3
19.3
19.7
3,053
3,005
2,933
2,922
708
714
688
691
23.2
23.8
23.5
23.6
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
Under 18 years
All people
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
BLACK ALONE12
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
11,087
11,015
11,003
11,088
11,078
3,651
4,090
3,708
4,244
4,201
32.9
37.1
33.7
38.3
37.9
10,928
10,887
10,896
10,916
10,931
3,571
4,036
3,678
4,153
4,097
32.7
37.1
33.8
38.0
37.5
26,194
25,954
25,562
25,552
25,154
5,568
5,869
5,742
6,099
6,002
21.3
22.6
22.5
23.9
23.9
4,343
4,143
3,933
3,975
3,893
801
796
736
698
708
18.4
19.2
18.7
17.6
18.2
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
11,138
11,173
11,282
11,172
11,302
4,320
4,355
4,033
3,878
3,904
38.8
39.0
35.7
34.7
34.5
11,005
10,953
11,102
10,998
11,174
4,247
4,271
3,919
3,781
3,838
38.6
39.0
35.3
34.4
34.3
24,831
24,667
23,953
23,565
23,213
5,980
5,775
5,264
4,855
4,602
24.1
23.4
22.0
20.6
19.8
3,640
3,443
3,320
3,229
3,150
630
617
647
646
731
17.3
17.9
19.5
20.0
23.2
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
11,315
11,136
11,244
11,367
11,275
3,777
3,841
3,788
3,877
3,645
33.4
34.5
33.7
34.1
32.3
11,168
10,962
11,080
11,162
11,111
3,690
3,743
3,702
3,750
3,570
33.0
34.2
33.4
33.6
32.1
22,907
22,659
22,226
21,746
21,547
4,570
4,627
4,521
4,224
4,277
19.9
20.4
20.3
19.4
19.9
3,085
3,007
2,956
2,876
2,856
701
701
705
680
680
22.7
23.3
23.8
23.7
23.8
BLACK11
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
11,556
11,480
11,488
11,317
11,367
3,492
3,581
3,813
4,151
4,225
30.2
31.2
33.2
36.7
37.2
11,419
11,296
11,260
11,176
11,193
3,423
3,495
3,698
4,073
4,116
30.0
30.9
32.8
36.4
36.8
21,462
21,160
21,518
20,837
20,400
4,018
3,794
4,000
4,222
4,191
18.7
17.9
18.6
20.3
20.5
2,853
2,785
2,750
2,723
2,691
626
607
628
718
700
21.9
21.8
22.8
26.4
26.0
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
11,338
11,369
11,211
11,127
10,956
4,519
4,761
4,906
5,125
5,106
39.9
41.9
43.8
46.1
46.6
11,155
11,198
11,044
10,969
10,823
4,411
4,644
4,787
5,030
5,015
39.5
41.5
43.3
45.9
46.3
20,155
19,892
19,585
19,272
18,952
4,515
4,483
4,590
5,049
4,884
22.4
22.5
23.4
26.2
25.8
2,616
2,478
2,557
2,510
2,504
661
629
700
702
838
25.3
25.4
27.4
28.0
33.5
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
10,350
10,162
10,012
9,865
9,730
4,755
4,550
4,375
4,296
4,385
45.9
44.8
43.7
43.5
45.1
10,178
9,980
9,847
9,681
9,546
4,637
4,412
4,257
4,148
4,234
45.6
44.2
43.2
42.8
44.4
18,355
18,097
17,833
17,548
17,245
4,607
4,427
4,164
4,275
4,361
25.1
24.5
23.3
24.4
25.3
2,606
2,547
2,487
2,436
2,387
880
860
763
785
774
33.8
33.8
30.7
32.2
32.4
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
9,629
9,545
9,480
9,417
9,400
4,148
4,157
4,413
4,398
4,472
43.1
43.6
46.6
46.7
47.6
9,467
9,405
9,356
9,245
9,269
4,037
4,057
4,320
4,273
4,388
42.7
43.1
46.2
46.2
47.3
16,911
16,667
16,369
16,065
15,692
4,113
4,052
4,368
4,694
4,415
24.3
24.3
26.7
29.2
28.1
2,331
2,273
2,238
2,197
2,124
722
717
710
791
811
31.0
31.5
31.7
36.0
38.2
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
9,374
9,368
9,307
9,229
9,296
4,237
3,961
3,833
3,830
3,888
45.2
42.3
41.2
41.5
41.8
9,291
9,287
9,172
9,168
9,253
4,170
3,906
3,745
3,781
3,850
44.9
42.1
40.8
41.2
41.6
15,358
14,987
14,596
13,774
13,483
4,117
3,835
3,478
3,133
3,137
26.8
25.6
23.8
22.7
23.3
2,102
2,054
2,040
1,954
1,930
820
783
740
662
701
39.0
38.1
36.2
33.9
36.3
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
9,322
9,421
9,439
N
N
3,787
3,925
3,755
N
N
40.6
41.7
39.8
N
N
9,291
9,374
9,384
9,405
9,426
3,758
3,884
3,713
3,822
4,025
40.4
41.4
39.6
40.6
42.7
13,224
12,872
12,539
N
N
3,163
2,968
2,836
N
N
23.9
23.1
22.6
N
N
1,852
1,795
1,721
1,672
1,603
644
652
591
620
640
34.8
36.3
34.3
37.1
39.9
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
9,414
9,448
9,290
N
N
N
N
3,836
3,922
3,677
4,188
4,558
4,774
5,022
40.4
41.5
39.6
43.1
47.4
50.6
65.6
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1,584
1,422
1,373
1,374
1,341
1,311
N
623
683
689
655
715
722
711
39.3
48.0
50.2
47.7
53.3
55.1
62.5
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
Under 18 years
All people
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
ASIAN ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
4,728
4,792
4,900
4,740
4,557
539
577
628
457
570
11.4
12.0
12.8
9.6
12.5
4,631
4,722
4,858
4,701
4,485
489
544
600
442
533
10.6
11.5
12.4
9.4
11.9
13,133
12,834
12,393
12,374
11,913
1,443
1,390
1,457
1,258
1,291
11.0
10.8
11.8
10.2
10.8
2,176
2,059
1,889
1,910
1,703
252
301
312
259
211
11.6
14.6
16.5
13.6
12.4
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
4,572
4,308
3,996
3,717
3,606
607
586
531
494
431
13.3
13.6
13.3
13.3
11.9
4,495
4,256
3,946
3,678
3,558
566
560
507
476
402
12.6
13.2
12.9
12.9
11.3
11,660
11,414
9,898
9,507
9,531
1,397
1,265
1,154
1,031
892
12.0
11.1
11.7
10.8
9.4
1,581
1,515
1,378
1,319
1,293
185
214
216
162
144
11.7
14.1
15.7
12.3
11.2
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
3,573
3,472
3,406
3,316
3,199
408
359
329
420
353
11.4
10.3
9.7
12.7
11.0
3,530
3,435
3,367
3,279
3,159
398
352
311
406
338
11.3
10.2
9.2
12.4
10.7
9,553
9,115
8,780
8,510
8,292
897
999
819
956
804
9.4
11.0
9.3
11.2
9.7
1,205
1,144
1,104
1,065
995
142
144
147
152
86
11.8
12.6
13.3
14.2
8.7
ASIAN ALONE13
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
3,786
3,750
3,766
3,651
3,596
466
524
555
367
497
12.3
14.0
14.7
10.1
13.8
3,693
3,681
3,746
3,621
3,542
420
492
538
354
470
11.4
13.4
14.4
9.8
13.3
12,325
12,012
11,646
11,531
11,153
1,360
1,314
1,393
1,162
1,220
11.0
10.9
12.0
10.1
10.9
2,130
2,029
1,845
1,881
1,669
252
299
307
256
205
11.8
14.7
16.7
13.6
12.3
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
3,657
3,431
3,311
3,052
2,980
494
494
463
446
374
13.5
14.4
14.0
14.6
12.5
3,600
3,399
3,271
3,016
2,932
466
477
444
430
345
13.0
14.0
13.6
14.2
11.8
10,873
10,696
9,344
8,961
9,012
1,297
1,191
1,069
974
832
11.9
11.1
11.4
10.9
9.2
1,555
1,484
1,350
1,296
1,265
182
214
213
157
143
11.7
14.4
15.8
12.1
11.3
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
2,956
2,871
2,854
2,759
2,683
360
317
281
344
315
12.2
11.1
9.9
12.5
11.7
2,915
2,842
2,823
2,726
2,648
351
312
265
331
302
12.0
11.0
9.4
12.1
11.4
9,039
8,591
8,294
8,044
7,881
851
941
774
907
764
9.4
11.0
9.3
11.3
9.7
1,182
1,118
1,083
1,052
977
142
143
146
151
82
12.0
12.8
13.5
14.3
8.4
ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER11
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
3,215
3,294
3,212
3,137
3,096
369
420
381
564
628
11.5
12.7
11.9
18.0
20.3
3,169
3,256
3,178
3,099
3,061
353
407
367
542
608
11.1
12.5
11.5
17.5
19.9
8,352
8,500
7,879
6,951
6,680
814
756
807
698
753
9.7
8.9
10.2
10.0
11.3
899
878
864
785
705
92
82
96
97
87
10.2
9.3
11.1
12.4
12.3
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
2,924
2,900
1,739
2,061
2,218
571
564
318
375
363
19.5
19.5
18.3
18.2
16.4
2,899
2,858
1,719
2,029
2,199
553
532
308
358
352
19.1
18.6
17.9
17.6
16.0
6,484
6,123
4,401
4,871
5,067
821
757
589
680
568
12.7
12.4
13.4
14.0
11.2
647
622
513
503
494
63
89
67
79
53
9.7
14.3
13.0
15.6
10.8
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
2,056
2,126
1,983
1,970
1,937
360
374
392
474
455
17.5
17.6
19.8
24.1
23.5
2,036
2,098
1,945
1,949
1,908
348
356
368
458
432
17.1
17.0
18.9
23.5
22.7
4,582
4,375
4,225
4,035
4,010
565
422
512
583
510
12.3
9.6
12.1
14.4
12.7
555
514
465
442
375
70
62
34
60
56
12.7
12.1
7.4
13.5
15.0
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
Under 18 years
All people
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number Percent
HISPANIC (ANY RACE)

2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
18,231
17,995
17,898
17,837
17,664
5,269
5,745
5,907
5,415
5,976
28.9
31.9
33.0
30.4
33.8
17,944
17,636
17,496
17,559
17,341
5,139
5,522
5,638
5,273
5,773
28.6
31.3
32.2
30.0
33.3
34,686
33,873
32,839
32,903
32,228
6,188
6,701
6,746
6,654
6,977
17.8
19.8
20.5
20.2
21.6
3,863
3,636
3,443
3,405
3,213
676
658
704
676
663
17.5
18.1
20.4
19.8
20.6
2011
20103
2009
2008
2007
17,600
17,371
16,965
16,370
15,647
6,008
6,059
5,610
5,010
4,482
34.1
34.9
33.1
30.6
28.6
17,276
16,964
16,655
16,138
15,375
5,820
5,815
5,419
4,888
4,348
33.7
34.3
32.5
30.3
28.3
31,643
30,740
29,031
28,311
27,731
6,667
6,948
6,224
5,452
4,970
21.1
22.6
21.4
19.3
17.9
3,036
2,860
2,815
2,717
2,555
569
516
516
525
438
18.7
18.0
18.3
19.3
17.1
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
15,147
14,654
14,173
13,730
13,210
4,072
4,143
4,098
4,077
3,782
26.9
28.3
28.9
29.7
28.6
14,907
14,361
13,929
13,519
12,971
3,959
3,977
3,985
3,982
3,653
26.6
27.7
28.6
29.5
28.2
27,209
26,051
25,324
24,490
23,952
4,698
4,765
4,620
4,568
4,334
17.3
18.3
18.2
18.7
18.1
2,428
2,315
2,194
2,080
2,053
472
460
403
406
439
19.4
19.9
18.4
19.5
21.4
2001
20005
19996
1998
1997
12,763
12,399
12,188
11,152
10,802
3,570
3,522
3,693
3,837
3,972
28.0
28.4
30.3
34.4
36.8
12,539
12,115
11,912
10,921
10,625
3,433
3,342
3,561
3,670
3,865
27.4
27.6
29.9
33.6
36.4
22,653
21,734
20,782
18,668
18,217
4,014
3,844
3,843
3,877
3,951
17.7
17.7
18.5
20.8
21.7
1,896
1,822
1,661
1,696
1,617
413
381
340
356
384
21.8
20.9
20.5
21.0
23.8
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
10,511
10,213
9,822
9,462
9,081
4,237
4,080
4,075
3,873
3,637
40.3
40.0
41.5
40.9
40.0
10,255
10,011
9,621
9,188
8,829
4,090
3,938
3,956
3,666
3,440
39.9
39.3
41.1
39.9
39.0
17,587
16,673
16,192
15,708
15,268
4,089
4,153
4,018
3,956
3,668
23.3
24.9
24.8
25.2
24.0
1,516
1,458
1,428
1,390
1,298
370
342
323
297
287
24.4
23.5
22.6
21.4
22.1
19918
1990
1989
19889
19879
7,648
7,457
7,186
7,003
6,792
3,094
2,865
2,603
2,631
2,670
40.4
38.4
36.2
37.6
39.3
7,473
7,300
7,040
6,908
6,692
2,977
2,750
2,496
2,576
2,606
39.8
37.7
35.5
37.3
38.9
13,279
12,857
12,536
12,056
11,718
3,008
2,896
2,616
2,501
2,509
22.7
22.5
20.9
20.7
21.4
1,143
1,091
1,024
1,005
885
237
245
211
225
243
20.8
22.5
20.6
22.4
27.5
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
6,646
6,475
6,068
6,066
5,527
2,507
2,606
2,376
2,312
2,181
37.7
40.3
39.2
38.1
39.5
6,511
6,346
5,982
5,977
5,436
2,413
2,512
2,317
2,251
2,117
37.1
39.6
38.7
37.7
38.9
11,206
10,685
10,029
9,697
8,262
2,406
2,411
2,254
2,148
1,963
21.5
22.6
22.5
22.5
23.8
906
915
819
782
596
204
219
176
173
159
22.5
23.9
21.5
22.1
26.6
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
5,369
5,276
5,483
5,012
5,028
1,925
1,749
1,535
1,384
1,422
35.9
33.2
28.0
27.6
28.3
5,291
5,211
5,426
4,972
5,000
1,874
1,718
1,505
1,354
1,402
35.4
33.0
27.7
27.2
28.0
8,084
7,740
7,314
6,527
6,500
1,642
1,563
1,232
1,098
1,164
20.3
20.2
16.8
16.8
17.9
568
582
574
539
518
146
179
154
125
113
25.7
30.8
26.8
23.2
21.9
1976
1975
1974
1973
4,771
N
N
N
1,443
N
N
N
30.2
N
N
N
4,736
4,896
4,939
4,910
1,424
1,619
1,414
1,364
30.1
33.1
28.6
27.8
6,034
N
N
N
1,212
N
N
N
20.1
N
N
N
464
N
N
N
128
137
117
95
27.7
32.6
28.9
24.9
N Not available.
1
coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned
set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were
design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions
eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of these 2013 estimates
approximately 30,000 addresses.
2
addresses.
3
4
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
5
sample expansion.
6
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.
7
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.
8
March 1992 CPS file.
U.S. Census Bureau
9
Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166.
10
The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone
refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of
this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or
analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people
who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native
or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American
FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010.
11
For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race
group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic
White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander.
12
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race.
13
Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race.
Note: Before 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families.
Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are
excluded from people in families.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social
and Economic Supplements.
Table B-3.
Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2015

(Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,
All families
and year
Male householder,
no wife present
Married-couple families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Female householder,
no husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
ALL RACES
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014
20131
20132
2012
2011
82,199
81,730
82,316
81,217
80,944
80,529
8,589
9,467
9,645
9,130
9,520
9,497
10.4
11.6
11.7
11.2
11.8
11.8
60,258
60,015
59,643
59,692
59,224
58,963
3,245
3,735
3,394
3,476
3,705
3,652
5.4
6.2
5.7
5.8
6.3
6.2
6,311
6,162
6,497
6,330
6,231
5,888
939
969
1,048
1,008
1,023
950
14.9
15.7
16.1
15.9
16.4
16.1
15,630
15,553
16,176
15,195
15,489
15,678
4,404
4,764
5,203
4,646
4,793
4,894
28.2
30.6
32.2
30.6
30.9
31.2
20103
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
20044
2003
2002
2001
20005
79,559
78,867
78,874
77,908
78,454
77,418
76,866
76,232
75,616
74,340
73,778
9,400
8,792
8,147
7,623
7,668
7,657
7,835
7,607
7,229
6,813
6,400
11.8
11.1
10.3
9.8
9.8
9.9
10.2
10.0
9.6
9.2
8.7
58,667
58,428
59,137
58,395
58,964
58,189
57,983
57,725
57,327
56,755
56,598
3,681
3,409
3,261
2,849
2,910
2,944
3,216
3,115
3,052
2,760
2,637
6.3
5.8
5.5
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.5
5.4
5.3
4.9
4.7
5,649
5,582
5,255
5,103
5,067
5,134
4,901
4,717
4,663
4,440
4,277
892
942
723
696
671
669
657
636
564
583
485
15.8
16.9
13.8
13.6
13.2
13.0
13.4
13.5
12.1
13.1
11.3
15,243
14,857
14,482
14,411
14,424
14,095
13,981
13,791
13,626
13,146
12,903
4,827
4,441
4,163
4,078
4,087
4,044
3,962
3,856
3,613
3,470
3,278
31.7
29.9
28.7
28.3
28.3
28.7
28.3
28.0
26.5
26.4
25.4
19996
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
19927
19918
1990
73,206
71,551
70,884
70,241
69,597
69,313
68,506
68,216
67,175
66,322
6,792
7,186
7,324
7,708
7,532
8,053
8,393
8,144
7,712
7,098
9.3
10.0
10.3
11.0
10.8
11.6
12.3
11.9
11.5
10.7
56,290
54,778
54,321
53,604
53,570
53,865
53,181
53,090
52,457
52,147
2,748
2,879
2,821
3,010
2,982
3,272
3,481
3,385
3,158
2,981
4.9
5.3
5.2
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.5
6.4
6.0
5.7
4,099
3,977
3,911
3,847
3,513
3,228
2,914
3,065
3,025
2,907
485
476
507
531
493
549
488
484
392
349
11.8
12.0
13.0
13.8
14.0
17.0
16.8
15.8
13.0
12.0
12,818
12,796
12,652
12,790
12,514
12,220
12,411
12,061
11,693
11,268
3,559
3,831
3,995
4,167
4,057
4,232
4,424
4,275
4,161
3,768
27.8
29.9
31.6
32.6
32.4
34.6
35.6
35.4
35.6
33.4
1989
19889
19879
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
66,090
65,837
65,204
64,491
63,558
62,706
62,015
61,393
61,019
60,309
6,784
6,874
7,005
7,023
7,223
7,277
7,647
7,512
6,851
6,217
10.3
10.4
10.7
10.9
11.4
11.6
12.3
12.2
11.2
10.3
52,317
52,100
51,675
51,537
50,933
50,350
50,081
49,908
49,630
49,294
2,931
2,897
3,011
3,123
3,438
3,488
3,815
3,789
3,394
3,032
5.6
5.6
5.8
6.1
6.7
6.9
7.6
7.6
6.8
6.2
2,884
2,847
2,833
2,510
2,414
2,228
2,038
2,016
1,986
1,933
348
336
340
287
311
292
268
290
205
213
12.1
11.8
12.0
11.4
12.9
13.1
13.2
14.4
10.3
11.0
10,890
10,890
10,696
10,445
10,211
10,129
9,896
9,469
9,403
9,082
3,504
3,642
3,654
3,613
3,474
3,498
3,564
3,434
3,252
2,972
32.2
33.4
34.2
34.6
34.0
34.5
36.0
36.3
34.6
32.7
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
59,550
57,804
57,215
56,710
56,245
55,698
55,053
54,373
53,296
52,227
5,461
5,280
5,311
5,311
5,450
4,922
4,828
5,075
5,303
5,260
9.2
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.7
8.8
8.8
9.3
10.0
10.1
49,112
47,692
47,385
47,497
47,318
47,069
46,812
46,314
45,752
44,739
2,640
2,474
2,524
2,606
2,904
2,474
2,482
N
N
N
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.5
6.1
5.3
5.3
N
N
N
1,733
1,654
1,594
1,500
1,445
1,399
1,438
1,452
1,353
1,487
176
152
177
162
116
125
154
N
N
N
10.2
9.2
11.1
10.8
8.0
8.9
10.7
N
N
N
8,705
8,458
8,236
7,713
7,482
7,230
6,804
6,607
6,191
6,001
2,645
2,654
2,610
2,543
2,430
2,324
2,193
2,158
2,100
1,952
30.4
31.4
31.7
33.0
32.5
32.1
32.2
32.7
33.9
32.5
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
51,586
50,511
49,835
48,921
48,278
47,836
47,436
46,998
46,341
45,435
45,054
5,008
5,047
5,667
5,784
6,721
7,160
7,554
8,077
8,391
8,243
8,320
9.7
10.0
11.4
11.8
13.9
15.0
15.9
17.2
18.1
18.1
18.5
44,436
43,842
43,292
42,553
42,107
41,648
41,311
40,923
40,405
39,624
39,335
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1,559
1,228
1,210
1,197
1,179
1,182
1,243
1,334
1,293
1,202
1,226
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
5,591
5,441
5,333
5,171
4,992
5,006
4,882
4,741
4,643
4,609
4,493
1,827
1,755
1,774
1,721
1,916
1,822
1,972
2,034
1,954
1,955
1,916
32.7
32.3
33.3
33.1
38.4
36.4
40.4
42.9
42.1
42.4
42.6
N Not available.
1
coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned
set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were
design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions
eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of these 2013 estimates
approximately 30,000 addresses.
2
addresses.
3
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC .
sample expansion .
6
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls .
7
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls .
8
March 1992 CPS file .
9
Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No . 166 .
Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families . Beginning in
1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social
and Economic Supplements .
4
5
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX C. REPLICATE WEIGHTS

Beginning in the 2011 Current
Population Survey Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC)
report, the variance of CPS ASEC estimates used to calculate the standard
errors and confidence intervals displayed in the text tables were calculated using the Successive Difference
Replication (SDR) method documented
by Fay and Train (1995). This method
involves the computation of a set of
replicate weights which account for
the complex survey design of the
CPS. The SDR method has been used
to estimate variances in the American
Community Survey since its inception.
In previous years, the standard errors
of CPS ASEC estimates were calculated
using a Generalized Variance Function
(GVF) approach. Under this approach,
generalized variance parameters were
used in formulas provided in the
source and accuracy (S&A) statement
to estimate standard errors.
A study by Davern et al. (2006) found
that the CPS ASEC GVF standard
errors performed poorly against more
precise Survey Design-Based (SDB)
estimates. In most cases, Daverns
results indicated that the published
GVF parameters significantly underestimated standard errors in the
CPS ASEC. This and other critiques
U.S. Census Bureau
prompted the Census Bureau to

transition from using the GVF method
to the SDR method of estimating
standard errors for the CPS ASEC. In
2009, the Census Bureau released replicate weights for the 2005 through
2009 CPS ASEC collection years and
has released replicate weights for
each year since with the release of
the CPS ASEC public use data.
Following the 2009 release of CPS
ASEC replicate weights, Boudreaux,
Davern, and Graven (2011) compared
replicate weight standard error estimates with SDB estimates. Replicate
weight estimates performed markedly
better against SDB standard errors
than those calculated using the published GVF parameters. The Census
Bureau will continue to provide the
GVF parameters in the source and
accuracy statement.
Since the published GVF parameters
generally underestimated standard
errors, standard errors produced
using SDR may be higher than in
previous reports. For most CPS ASEC
estimates, the increase in standard
errors from GVF to SDR will not alter
the findings. However, marginally
significant differences using the GVF
may not be significant using replicate
weights.
References
Boudreaux, Michel, Michael Davern,
and Peter Graven, Alternative
Variance Estimates in the Current
Population Survey and the
American Community Survey,
presented at the 2011 Annual
Meeting of the Population
Association of America. Available
at <http://paa2011.princeton.edu
/papers/112247>.
Davern, Michael, Arthur Jones, James
Lepkowski, Gestur Davidson,
and Lynn A. Blewett, Unstable
Inferences? An Examination of
Complex Survey Sample Design
Adjustments Using the Current
Population Survey for Health
Services Research, Inquiry,
Vol. 43, No. 3, 2006, pp. 283297.
Fay, Robert E. and George F. Train,
Aspects of Survey and ModelBased Postcensal Estimation
of Income and Poverty
Characteristics for States and
Counties, Proceedings of
the Section on Government
Statistics, American Statistical
Association, Alexandria, VA, 1995,
pp. 154159.
APPENDIX D. ADDITIONAL DATA AND CONTACTS

Detailed tables, historical tables, press
releases, and briefings are available
electronically on the Census Bureaus
income and poverty Web sites. The
Web sites may be accessed through
the Census Bureaus home page at
<www.census.gov> or directly at
<www.census.gov/hhes
/www/income/> for income data
and <www.census.gov/hhes/www
/poverty/> for poverty data.
Taxes and Noncash Benefits

In the early 1980s, the Census Bureau
embarked on a research program
to examine the effects of taxes and
noncash benefits on poverty and
income distributional measures. Public
use data containing these additional
variables are typically released later
in the year and are available online at
<http://thedataweb.rm.census.gov
/ftp/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch>.
For assistance with income and

poverty data or questions about
them, contact the U.S. Census Bureau
Customer Service Center at 1-800-9238282 (toll free) or search your topic
of interest using the Census Bureaus
Question and Answer Center found
at <https://ask.census.gov/>.
Research Files
In addition, the Census Bureau produces special research files that enable
researchers to replicate alternative
poverty estimates. These files are typically released later in the year and are
available online at <www.census.gov
/hhes/povmeas/data/index.html>.
Customized Tables
Topcoding
The CPS Table Creator

<www.census.gov/cps/data
/cpstablecreator.html>
Gives data users the ability to create
customized tables from the Current
Population Survey Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC).
Table Creator can access data back to
the 2003 CPS ASEC.
In its long history of releasing public

use microdata files based on the CPS
ASEC, the Census Bureau has censored
the release of high income amounts
in order to meet the requirements of
Title 13. This process is often called
topcoding. During the period prior to
the March 1996 survey, this censorship was applied by limiting the values
for income amounts to be no greater
than a specified maximum value (the
topcode). Values above the maximum
were replaced by the maximum value.
Maximum values varied by income
source and year. Beginning with the
1996 survey, the censorship method
was modified so that mean values
were substituted for all amounts
above the topcode (for historically consistent extracts from 1975
to 1995, call the Income Statistics
Branch, 301-763-3243).
DataFerrett
<http://dataferrett.census.gov/>
Users can also generate customized
tables using the DataFerrett tool. CPS
ASEC files from 1992 to the present
are available through DataFerrett.
Public Use Microdata
CPS ASEC
Microdata for the 2016 CPS ASEC
and earlier years are available
online at <http://thedataweb
.rm.census.gov/ftp/cps_ftp
.html#cpsmarch> or via DataFerrett
at <http://dataferrett.census.gov/>.
Technical methods have been applied
to CPS microdata to avoid disclosing the identities of individuals from
whom data were collected.
U.S. Census Bureau
above the topcode made it impossible to examine the distribution of

income above the topcode. In an
effort to alleviate these problems and
improve the overall usefulness of the
ASEC, the Census Bureau sponsored
research on methods that both met
Title 13 requirements and preserved
the income distribution above the
topcode. This research led to the
implementation in the 2011 ASEC of
rank proximity swapping methods that
switch income amounts above the topcode for respondents that are of similar income rank. Swapped amounts
are rounded following the swapping
process to provide additional disclosure avoidance.
Extract files containing swapped
income values for survey years
1975 to 2010 are now available on
the Census Bureaus FTP site at
<www.census.gov/housing
/extract_files/>.
Comments
The Census Bureau welcomes the
comments and advice of data and
report users. If you have suggestions
or comments on this report, please
write to:
Trudi J. Renwick
Assistant Division Chief,
Economic Characteristics
Social, Economic, and Housing
Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Washington, D.C. 20233-8500
E-mail:
trudi.j.renwick@census.gov
Differences in the methods used to

censor high-income amounts over time
made it difficult to generate consistent
time series for important measures of
income distribution such as the Gini
Coefficient of Income Concentration
(GINI), and decile shares. Moreover,
using the mean value for all amounts
Economics and Statistics Administration
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
Penalty for Private Use $300
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Washington, DC 20233
FIRST-CLASS MAIL
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
U.S. Census Bureau
Permit No. G-58
P60-256
U.S. Department of Commerce
Current Population Reports

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in The U.S.

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Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015

Current Population Reports

Income and Poverty in

Issued September 2016

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 iii

iv Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015

U.S. Census Bureau

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 v

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015

Real median household income

The number of full-time, yearround workers increased by

The official poverty rate

The number of people in poverty

For most demographic groups, the

U.S. Census Bureau

No group shown on Table 1 (see

Some groups had poverty rates in

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 1

and region.2 Other topics, such as

State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty

2 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015

ASEC is to provide timely and detailed

U.S. Census Bureau

estimates calculated in accordance

estimates. State-level estimates of

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being

Income data from the 2008 SIPP panel suggested

U.S. Census Bureau

(SIPP). Estimates derived from SIPP data

What percentage of households

How many people remain in

The text box Dynamics of Economic

Households with householders who had lower levels

During the 4-year period from 2009 to 2012, 34.5

Chronic poverty over the 4-year period from 2009 to

More information based on these data is available in

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 3

Supplemental Poverty Measure

4 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015

U.S. Census Bureau

INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES

Median household income was

in median household income for

The real median income of

4.4 percent between 2014 and

The real median income of

Real median household income

White, not Hispanic

Hispanic (any race)

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 5

Median income (dollars)

Median income (dollars)

Race2 and Hispanic Origin of Householder

Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS

6 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015

U.S. Census Bureau