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Bambang Ruby S, NIM: 0203513037, Smester 1

PPs Unnes Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris (Kelas Khusus) 2013/2014

HANDOUT 1
Research in English Language Teaching
Activity 1
What is research?
Nunan (1992) Research is process of formulating questions, problems, or hypothesis;
collecting data or evidence relevance to these questions, problems, or hypothesis; and
analyzing or interpreting these data.
Based on the definition above, it is clearly known that research is used to formulate,
collect and analyze data which has relevance to the questions, problems and hypothesis.
What Makes Research Different from Other Types of Inquiry?
Nunan (1992) Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements.
Any activity which lacks one of these elements (for example, data) will classify as
something other than research.
According the explanation above, there are three elements that make research different
from other types of inquiry. The three elements of research are below.
The Three major Components of Research:
Nunan (1992) Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or
components: (1) a question, problem, or hypotheses, (2) data, (3) analysis and
interpretation of data.
The Terms which are Associated with Research
After reading Nunan (1992: 1-2) in handout book, I found some terms which are related
with research, those are: equipment, knowledge, skill, method, inquiry, component,
process, product, problem, formulate, hypothesis, classification, analysis, interpretation,
investigation, result, critically, evaluate, collect, data, theory, question, confirm, overview,
scientific, objectively, verify, application, new insight, prove/disprove, idea, phenomena,
aim, plan, solution, information, demystify, evidence, systematic.

Activity 2
The Relation Between Research and Theory
Kaplan in Runcie (1980) suggested that a good set of concepts is needed to arrive at a
good theory at the same time that a good theory is needed to arrive at a good set of
concepts. Feedback systems between the method and theories of any science are
important and must not be overlooked.

Runcie (1980) stated that once the research project is completed and the researcher know
the result, they may return to the theories and feed the result back into them, modifying
them in the process. Between the theory and research project there are extremely
complex and important feedback mechanism at work.
Based on the two explanations above, the feedback between research and theory is
important for the research result. A good theory is needed to get a good research result,
as well as when the result has completed it should back to the theory for modifying in the
process.
What happened if the research Result Contradict the Theory?
Based on the flow diagram for social research (Runcie, 1980) researcher should continue
to suggest future research then write the result including reasons for rejecting
hypotheses.
The General Purpose of Research
Runcie (1980) There are many reason for cunducting research, the primary one seems to
be to further the knowledge of the subject matter that is claimed by the discipline.
What may be the Purpose of Research in English Teaching?
Based on the general purpose of research stated by Runcie, it can be said that the
purpose of research in English teaching is to develop English education knowledge
including curriculum development, improvement material, resources, and methods for
English teachers and learners.

Activity 3
The Characteristic Research Process (Runcie, 1980):

A social survey asking the same questions of several hundred or several thousand
persons
An observational research project in which questions are not asked by the researcher
but which is conducted onlt through the watching of the behavior of the subject
An experiment with human subjects carefully controlling the effect of some
independent variable to see what its effect is on some supposed dependent variable.
(Runcie, 1980)

The Characteristic Research Process (Tuckman, 1978):

Research is systematic
Research is structured process by procedural specifications for identifying and defining
variables, for designing studies in which these variables will be examined and their
effect on other variables determined, and for relating the data thus collected to the
originally stated problem and hyphothesis.

Research is logical
Research follows a system that employs logic at many points.

Research is empirical
Research has a reality references.

Research is reductive
Research plays an explanatory role rather than simply a descriptive one.

Research is replicable and transmittable


Researcher may use the results of a study or build research result of another.

One of the most Important Features Common to all Research Project


One of the most Important Features Common to all Research Project is the attempt to
show how one variable is the cause of another. Our theory tells us what to expect, our
method tells us how to go about our research, and our result shows us what we have
found which feeds back into the first two.

The Steps to be taken in Conducting Research


Runcie (1980)

Tuckman (1978)

earch we should be able to find asfects of


theory to support our rationale for
cting our study.

Identifying a Problem
We must discover not only a problem area
but also a spesific problem within that area
that will choose to study.

ational Definitions

theory is in place, we can move to the


tionalizing concepts. It will lead us to our
theses.

Constructing a Hyphotheses
Hyphothesizes
about
the
relationship
between the concepts identified in the
problem

Reviewing The Literature


Selection of variables and constructions of
hyphotheses.

ions

hyphotheses are true by definition,


are untrue, and some are untestable.
ondition will go through a number of
ons till we find some will be the ones that
e in our study.

Identifying and Labeling Variables


Identifying and Labeling Variables both in the
hyphothesis and elsewhere in the study

otheses
hyphotheses
ne.

are

what

we

want

to

od Of Research
we discovered the revisions of
theses, the method should lead in two
ons. First, we should go back to the
ning and make certain we are doing what

eory says what should be doing. Second,


ng the method takes us to the creation of
struments we will use.

uments
t the data by interviews, questionnaires,

Constructing Operational Definitions


Stating variables in an observable and
measurable form. Making them avaliable for
manipulation, control, and examination.
Manupulating and Controlling variables
Study relationship between variables
Constructing a research design
Testing a hyphothesis
Identifying and constructing devices for
observation and measurement
Construct devices for measuring selected
variables.

apes of behavior etc.

st
olud test the instrument before it is used
real research project.

nistration
cing pretest result.

t
n pretest result, we can move to the
is and write-up.

otheses
ust go back to the theory, hyphotheses
ke sure the relating data.

Research Suggestions (Hyphotheses


ed)
Result (Including reasons for rejecting
theses)

Constructing
questionaires
interview schedules

and

Carrying out statistical analyses


The conclusion can be drawn by reducing
statistical analysis.
Using the computer for data analysis
Writing a research report
Detail of writing report. The research
proposal,
recommendation
offered,
information of the construction of tables and
graphs presented.
Conducting classroom research
Classroom is the primary site in which school
learning takes place.
Conducting evaluation studies
Researcher
must
have
a
clear
conceptualization and grasp of it. The two
types of evaluation are formative and
summative.

The Similarities and Differences between Runcie and Tuckman


In Conducting Research
The Similarities are:

Both suggest the steps in a systematic approach procedure


Study relationship data/variable
Both use hypothesis in a research study
Test the hypothesis
Get the data by constructing interviews, questionnaires etc.
Analyzing the result

The differences are:


-

Runcie started with the theory while Tuckman began with problems that will choose to
study.
Runcie stated that operational definition as a leading to hypothesis while Tuckman
make it for manipulation, control, and examination.
Runcie examines the hypothesis, Tuckman examines the operational definitions.
Runcie conducts revision of hypothesis while Tuckman test it that will use in the study.
To find the relating data, Tuckman use statistical analysis while Runcie back to the
theory and hypothesis.

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