The Modern World Chapt 7 and 8 PDF

Nationalism
Triumphs in Europe
Standards Preview
HSS 10.2 Students compare and contrast the
Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their
enduring effects worldwide on the political
expectations for self-government and individual
liberty.
Chapter Focus Question What effects did
nationalism and the demand for reform ha.ve
in Europe?
Building a German Nation
Germany Strengthens
Section 3
Unifying Italy
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Russia: Reform and Reaction
WITNESS HISTORY ..,~ AUDIO
The Price of Nationalism

The last half of the 1800s can be called the Age of
Nationalism. By harnessing national feeling,
European leaders fought ruthlessly to create
strong, unified nations. Under Otto von Bismarck,
Germany emerged as Europe's most powerful
empire-but at a considerable cost. In his 1870
diary, Crown Prince Friedrich wrote:
" [Germany had once been admired as a) nation of
thinkers and philosophers, poets and artists, idealists
and enthusiasts ... [but now the world saw
Germany as) a nation of conquerors and destroyers,
to which no pledged word, no treaty, is sacred....
We are neither loved nor respected, but only
feared."
Listen to the Witness History audio to hear more
about nationalism.
..,.. Otto von Bismarck (center), chancellor of
Germany, meets with European and Turkish
leaders at the Congress of Berlin .
WITNESS HISTORY ~
AUDIO
Blood and Iron

Prussian legislators waited restlessly for Otto von
Bismarck to speak. He wanted them to vote for more
money to build up the army. Liberal members opposed
the move. Bismarck rose and dismissed their concerns:
" Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but
to her power.. .. The great questions of the day are
not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions-that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849but by blood and iron! "
-Otto von Bismarck, 1862
Otto von Bismarck
Focus Question How did Otto von Bismarck, the

chancellor of Prussia, lead the drive for German unity?
Building a German Nation

~ Standards Preview
H-55 10.:Z.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across
Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation
under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until
the Revolutions of 1848.
Terms, People, and Places

Otto von Bismarck
chancellor
Realpolitik
annex
kaiser
Reich
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Keep track
of the sequence of events that led to German
unification by completing a chart like the one
below. Add more boxes as needed.
Napoleon raids German lands.
228
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Otto von Bismarck delivered his "blood and iron" speech in 1862.
It set the tone for his future policies. Bismarck was determined to
build a strong, unified German state, with Prussia at its head.
Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity

In the early 1800s, German-speaking people lived in a number of
small and medium-sized states as well as in Prussia and the Austrian Hapsburg empire. Napoleon's invasions unleashed new
forces in these territories.
Napoleon Raids German Lands Between 1806 and 1812,

Napoleon made important territorial changes in German-speaking
lands. He annexed lands along the Rhine River for France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire by forcing the emperor of Austria
to agree to the lesser title of king. He also organized a number of
German states into the Rhine Confederation.
At first, some Germans welcomed the French emperor as a hero
with enlightened , modern policies. He encouraged freeing the
serfs, made tr ade easier, and abolished laws against Jews. However, not all Germans appreciated Napoleon and his changes. As
people fought to free their lands from French rule, they began to
demand a unified German state.
Napoleon's defeat did not r esolve the issue. At the Congress of
Vienna, Metternich pointed out that a united Germany would
require dismant ling the government of each German state.
Instead, the peacemakers created t he German Confederation, a
weak alliance headed by Austria.
Economic Changes Promote Unity In the 1830s, Prussia created an

economic union called the Zollverein (TSAWL fur yn). It dismantled tariff
barriers between many German states. Still, Germany remained politically fragmented.
In 1848, liberals meeting in the Frankfurt Assembly again demanded
German political unity. They offered the throne of a united German state
to Frederick William IV of Prussia. The Prussian ruler, however, rejected
the notion of a throne offered by "the people."
.I Standards Check What was the German Confederation?
HSS 10.2.5
Bismarck Unites Germany

Otto von Bismarck succeeded where others had failed. Bismarck came
from Prussia's Junker (YOONG kur) class, made up of conservative
landowning nobles. Bismarck first served Prussia as a diplomat in
Russia and France. In 1862, King William I made him prime minister.
Within a decade, the new prime minister had become chancellor, or the
highest official of a monarch, and had used his policy of "blood and iron"
to unite the German states under Prussian rule.
GeograiiiiJlnter4!_cfiw
For: Audio guided tour
Web Code:
1
RUSSIA
Royal house
medal of the
liohenzollerns
Prussia, 1865
Added to Prussia, 1866
Added to form North German
Confederation, 1867
Added to form German
empire, 187 1
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
Boundary of German
empire, 1871
Battle sites
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Map Skills In the early 1800s, people

living in German-speaking states had
local loyalties. By the mid-1800s, however, they were developing a national
identity.
100
Route of Prussian armies in

Austro-Prussian War
Route of German armies in
Franco-Prussian War
200 km
1. locate: (a) Prussia (b) Silesia

(c) Bavaria (d) Schleswig
2. Region What area did Prussia add
to its territory in 1866?
3. Analyzing Information Why do

you think Austrian influence was
greater among the southern
German states than among the
northern ones?
229
Master of Realpoliti k Bismarck's success was due in part to his

strong will. He was a master of Realpolitik (ray AHL poh lee teek), or
realistic politics based on the needs of the state. In the case of
Realpolitik, power was more important than principles.
Although Bismarck was the architect of German unity, he was not
really a German nationalist. His primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns
(hoh un TSAWL urnz), the ruling dynasty of Prussia, who represented a
powerful, traditional monarchy. Through unification, he hoped to bring
more power to the Hohenzollems.
Strengt hening the A rmy As Prussia's prime minister, Bismarck
first moved to build up the Prussian army. Despite his ''blood and iron"
speech, the liberal legislature refused to vote for funds for the military.
In response, Bismarck strengthened the army with money that had been
collected for other purposes. With a powerful, well-equipped military, he
was then ready to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. Over the next
decade, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars. Each war increased Prossian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity.
Prussia Declares War With Denmark and Austria Bismarck's first
maneuver was to form an alliance in 1864 with Austria. Prussia and
Austria then seized th e provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. After a brief war, Prussia and Austria "liberated" the two provinces and divided up the spoils. Austria was to administer Holstein and
Prussia was to administer Schleswig.
In 1866, Bismarck invented an excuse to attack Austria. The AustroPrussian War lasted just seven weeks and ended in a decisive Prussian
victory. Prussia then annexed, or took control of, several other north
German states.
Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia. Austria and four other
southern German states remained independent. Bismarck's motives, as
always, were strictly practical. Attempting to conquer Austria might have
meant a long and risky war for Prussia.
War and Power

In 1866, Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke analyzed the
importance of Prussia's war against Austria. Why, according to
von Moltke, did Prussia go to war against Austria?
Primary Source
" The war of 1866 was entered on not because the existence of
Prussia was threatened, nor was it caused by public opinion
and the voice of the people; it was a struggle, long foreseen
and calmly prepared for, recognized as a necessity by the
Cabinet, not for territorial expansion, for an extension of our
domain, or for material advantage, but for an ideal end- the
establishment of power. Not a foot of land was exacted from
Austria ... . Its center of gravity lay out of Germany; Prussia's
lay within it. Prussia felt itself called upon and strong enough
to assume the leadership of the German races."
230
Austro-Prussian War painting

(above) and a medal of victory (left)
France Declares War on Prussia In France, the Prussian victory

over Austria angered Napoleon III. A growing rivalry between the two
nations led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
Germans recalled only too well the invasions of Napoleon I some 60
years earlier. Bismarck played up the image of the French menace to
spur German nationalism. For his part, Napoleon III did little to avoid
war, hoping to mask problems at home with military glory.
Bismarck furthered the crisis by rewriting and then releasing to the
press a telegram that reported on a meeting between King William I and
t he French ambassador. Bismarck's editing of the "Ems dispatch" made it
seem that William I had insulted the Frenchman. Furious, Napoleon III
declared war on Prussia, as Bismarck had hoped.
A superior Prussian force, supported by troops from oth er German
states, smashed the badly organized and poorly supplied French soldiers.
Napoleon III, old and ill, surrendered within a few weeks. France had to
accept a humiliating peace .
Vocabulary Builder
edit-(ED it) u. to make additions,
deletions, or other changes to a piece of
writing
./ Standards Check What techniques did Bismarck use to unify the

German states? H-55 10.2.5
Birth of the German Empire

Delighted by the victory over France, princes from the southern German
states and the North German Confederation persuaded William I of
Prussia to take the title kaiser (KY zur), or emperor. In January 1871,
German nationalists celebr ated the birth of the second Reich, or empire.
They called it that because they con sidered it heir to th e Holy Roman
Empire.
A constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature. The
Bundesrat (BOON dus raht), or upper house, was appointed by the rulers
of the German states. The Reichstag (RYKS tahg), or lower house, was
elected by universal male suffrage. Because the Bundesrat could veto
any decisions of th e Reichstag, r eal power remained in the hands of the
emperor and his chancellor.
./ Standards Check How was the new German government, drafted by
Bismarck, structured? H-55 10.2.5
Standards Monitoring Online

For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza-2211
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
1. For each term, person, or place listed at

the beginning of the section, write a
sentence explaining its significance.
3. Summarize What territorial and economic changes promoted German

unity?
4. Analyze Information Identify three
examples of Bismarck's use of
Realpolitik.
5. Draw Conclusions How did
the emperor and his chancellor
retain power in the new German
government?
Note Taking
2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
Use your completed chart to answer the
Focus Question: How did Otto von
Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia,
lead the drive for German unity?
Writing About History
Quick Write: Generate Arguments

Choose one topic from this section that you
could use to write a persuasive essay. For
example, you could write about whether Germany's war against Austria was justifiable.
Make sure that the topic you choose to write
about has at least two sides that could pro
voke an argument.
Chapter 7 Section 1 231
WITNESS HISTORY ...~
AUDIO
The New German Empire

In 1870, German historian Heinrich von Treitschke
(vawn TRYCH kuh) wrote a newspaper article
demanding the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
from France. A year later, annexation became a
condition of the peace settlement in the FrancoPrussian War:
" The sense of justice to Germany demands the
lessening of France.. .. These territories are
ours by the right of the sword, and ... [by] virtue of a higher right-the right of the German
nation, which will not permit its lost children
to remain strangers to the German Empire."
Prussian soldiers
at Versailles
Focus Question How did Germany increase its

power after unifying in 1871?
Germany Strengthens
Standards Preview
H-55 10 2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across
Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
Kulturkampf
William II
social welfare
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Keep track
of the sequence of events described in this section
by completing a chart like the one below. List the
causes that led to a strong German nation.
Causes
Abundant
natural
resources
Strong
German
Effects
Industrial
development
nation
232
In January 1871, German princes gathered in the glittering Hall

of Mirrors at the French palace of Versailles. They had just
defeated Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. Once home to
French kings, the palace seemed the perfect place to proclaim the
new German empire. To the winners as well as to the losers, the
symbolism was clear: French domination of Europe had ended.
Germany was now the dominant power in Europe.
In the aftermath of unification, the German empire emerged as

the industrial giant of the European continent. By the late 1800s,
German chemical and electrical industries were setting the standard worldwide. Among the European powers, German shipping
was second only to Britain's.
Making Economic Progress Germany, like Great Britain, possessed several of the factors that made industrialization possible.
Germany's spectacular growth was due in part to ample iron and
coal resources, the basic ingredients for industrial development. A
disciplined and educated workforce also helped the economy. The
German middle class and educated professionals helped to create
a productive and efficient society that prided itself on its sense of
responsibility and deference to authority. Germany's rapidly growing population-from 41 million in 1871 to 67 million by 1914also provided a huge home market along with a larger supply of
industrial workers.
The new nation also benefited from earlier progress. During th e 1850s
and 1860s, Germans h ad founded large companies and built many railroads. The house of Krupp (kroop) boomed after 1871, becoming an enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a wor ld
market . Between 1871 and 1914, the business tycoon August Thyssen
(TEES un) built a sma ll steel factory of 70 workers into a giant empire
with 50,000 employees. Optics was another important industry. German
industrialist and inventor Carl Zeiss built a company that became
known for its telescopes, microscopes, a nd other optical equipment.
Promoting Scientific and Economic Development German

industrialists wer e the first to see th e value of a pplied science in developing n ew products s uch as synth etic chemicals and dyes. Industrialists, as
well as the government, supported research and developmen t in th e universities and hired train ed scientists to solve technological problems in
their factories.
The Germa n government also promoted economic development . After
1871, it issued a single currency for Germany, reorganized the banking
system, and coordinat ed railroads built by the various German stat es.
When a worldwide depression hit in the late 1800s, Germany raised t ariffs to protect h ome industries from foreign competition. The leaders of
the n ew German empire were determined to maintain economic strength
as well as military power.
Vocabulary Builder
synthetic-(sin THET ik) adj. prepared or
made artificially
Vocabulary Builder
coordinate-(koh AWR dih n ate) v. to
design or adjust so as to h ave
h armonious action
./ Standards Check What factors did Germany possess that made

industrialization possible there? HSS 10.2.5
The Iron Chancellor

As chancellor of the new German empire, Bismarck pursu ed several foreign-policy goals. He wanted to keep France weak and
isolated while building str ong links with Austria and Russia. He
respected British n aval power but did not seek to compet e in
that aren a. ''Water r ats," h e said , "do not fight with land r ats."
Later, however, he would take a mor e aggressive stand against
Britain as th e two n ations competed for overseas colonies.
BIOGRAPHY
Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) spent his early years on his father's
country estate. He worked briefly as a civil servant, but found the work
boring. At 24, Bismarck resigned his post as a bureaucrat. "My ambition
strives more to command than to obey," the independent-minded young
man explained.
The resignation did not end his career in government. While he was a
delegate to a United Diet that was called by Prussian King Frederick
William IV, Bismarck's conservative views and passionate speeches in
defense of government policies won him the support of the king. He then
served as a diplomat to the German Federation. He became chancellor of
the German empire in 1871, a position he held for 19 years. What path
did Bismarck take to win political power?
Chapter 7 Sect ion 2 233
On the domestic front, Bismarck applied the

same ruthless methods he had used to achieve
unification. The Iron Chancellor, as he was
called, sought to erase local loyalties and crush
all opposition to the imperial state. He targeted
two groups-the Catholic Church and the
Socialists. In his view, both posed a threat to the
new German state.
A Political Game of Chess This political cartoon shows Otto von Bismarck
and Pope Pius IX trying to checkmate
each other in a game of chess.
1. How does this cartoon reflect the relationship between Bismarck and the
Catholic Church?
2. How did the conflict between church
and state affect German politics in
the 1870s?
Campaign Against the Church After unification, Catholics made up about a third of the
German population. Bismarck, who was Lutheran, distrusted Catholics--especially the clergywhose first loyalty, he believed, was to the pope
instead of to Germany.
In response to what he saw as the Catholic
threat, Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf
(kool TOOR kahmpf), or ''battle for civilization,"
which lasted from 1871 to 1878. His goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Church. The chancellor had laws
passed that gave the state the right to supervise Catholic education and
approve the appointment of priests. Other laws closed some religious
orders, expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, and made it compulsory for
couples to be married by civil authority.
Bismarck's moves against the Catholic Church backfired. The faithful
rallied behind the Church, and the Catholic Center party gained
strength in the Reichstag. A realist, Bismarck saw his mistake and
worked to make peace with the Church.
Campaign Against the Socialists Bismarck also saw a threat to the
new German empire in the growing power of socialism. By the late
1870s, German Marxists had organized the Social Democratic party,
which called for parliamentary democracy and laws to improve conditions for the working class. Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution.
Following a failed assassination plot against the kaiser, Bismarck had
laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers,
and banned their meetings. Once again, repression backfired. Workers
were unified in support of the socialist cause.
Bismarck then changed course. He set out to woo workers away from
socialism by sponsoring laws to protect them. By the 1890s, Germans
had health and accident insurance as well as old-age insurance to provide retirement benefits. Thus, under Bismarck, Germany was a pioneer
in social reform. Its system of economic safeguards became the model for
other European nations.
Although workers benefited from Bismarck's plan, they did not abandon socialism. In fact, the Social Democratic party continued to grow in
strength. By 1912, it held more seats in the Reichstag than any other
party. Yet Bismarck's program showed that conditions for workers could
be improved without the upheaval of a revolution. Later, Germany and
other European nations would build on Bismarck's social policies, greatly
increasing government's role in providing for the needs of its citizens .
./ Standards Check Why did Bismarck try to crush the Catholic Church
and the Socialists? HSS 10.2.5
234
Kaiser William II
In 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather as kaiser. The new
emperor was supremely confident in his abilities and wished to put his
own stamp on Germany. In 1890, he shocked Europe by asking the dominating Bismarck to resign. "There is only one master in the Reich," he
said, "and that is I."
William II seriously believed that his right to rule came from God. He
expressed this view when he said:
Primary Source
" My grandfather considered that the office of king was a task that God had
assigned to him. ... That which he thought I also think . .. . Those who wish to
aid me in that task ... I welcome with all my heart; those who
oppose me in this work I shall crush."
-William II
Social Reform
Under Bismarck's leadership, Germany
pioneered social reform. By 1884, Germans
had health and accident insurance. By 1889,
they had disability and old-age insurance.
Why did Bismarck introduce these social
reforms?
Not surprisingly, William resisted efforts to introduce

democratic reforms. At the same time, however, his government provided programs for social welfare, or programs to help certain groups of people. His government
also provided services such as cheap transportation and
electricity. An excellent system of public schools, which
had flourished under Bismarck, taught students obedience to the emperor along with reading, writing, and
mathematics.
Like his grandfather, William II lavished funds on
the German military machine, already the most powerful in Europe. He also launched an ambitious campaign to expand the German navy and win an
overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France.
William's nationalism and aggressive military stance
helped increase tensions on the eve ofWorld War I.
./ Standards Check Why did William II ask Bismarck to

resign in 1890? H-55 10.2.5
Standards Monitoring ...,......,.,.,

Web Code: mza-2222

3. Summarize How did Germany

become an industrial giant in the
late 1800s?
4. Demonst rate Reasoned Judgment
Do you think Bismarck's methods were
justified by his social reforms? Explain.
5. Draw Conclusions Do you think the
supporters of a democratic government
in Germany in the late 1800s had hope
of success? Explain.
Quick Write: Answer Opposing

Arguments To write a strong persuasive
essay, you need to address arguments that
can be used to contradict your position.
Choose a topic from the section. For example, think about whether a government
should guarantee that its citizens have
adequate healthcare. List the arguments
for and against your position on a piece
of paper.
Note Taking
Use your completed chart to answer the
Focus Question: How did Germany
increase its power after unifying
in 1871?
< AUDIO
Stirrings of Nationalism
WITNESS HISTORY
After a failed revolution against Austrian rule in northern

Italy, many rebels, fearing retribution, begged for funds to
pay for safe passage to Spain. Giuseppe Mazzini (mat SEE
nee), still a boy, described his reaction to the situation:
" He (a rebel) held out a white handkerchief, merely saying, 'For the refugees of Italy.' My mother ... dropped
some money into the handkerchief. . .. That day was the
first in which a confused idea presented itself to my mind
... an idea that we Italians could and therefore ought to
struggle for the liberty of our country... "
-Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings
Focus Question How did influential leaders help to create
a unified Italy?
Giuseppe Mazzini,
around 1865
Unifying Italy
Standards Preview
HSS 10.:Z.S Discuss how nationalism spread across
Although the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same language, they had not experienced political unity since Roman
times. By the early 1800s, though, Italian patriots-including
Mazzini, who would become a revolutionary-were determined to
build a new, united Italy. As in Germany, unification was brought
about by the efforts of a strong state and furthered by a shrewd,
ruthless politician-Count Camillo Cavour (kah VOOR).

Camillo Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
anarchist
emigration
Obstacles to Italian Unity
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence As you
read, create a timeline showing the sequence of
events from 1831 to 1871 that led to Italian
unification.
1831
Mazzini founds
Young Italy.
1830
236
1850
1870
For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign

and local princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led people to identify with local regions. The people of Florence considered themselves Tuscans, those of Venice Venetians, those of
Naples Neapolitans, and so on. But as in Germany, the invasions
of Napoleon h a d sparked dreams of national unity.
The Congress of Vienna, however, ignored the nationalists who
hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and achieve unity. To Prince
Metternich of Austria, the idea of a unified Italy was laughable. At
Vienna, Austria took control of much of northern Italy, while Hapsburg monarchs ruled various other Italian states. In the south, a
French Bourbon ruler was put in charge of Naples and Sicily.
In response, nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and
focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern
Italy. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across
the region. Each time, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels.
Mazzini Establishes Young Italy In the 1830s, the nationalist leader

Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy. The goal of this secret society was
"to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation." In 1849,
Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French
forces soon toppled it. Like many other nationalists, Mazzini spent much
of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a united Italy.
Vocabulary Builder
constitute-(KAHN stuh toot) u. to set up;
establish
Nationalism Takes Root "Ideas grow quickly," Mazzini once said,

''when watered by the blood of martyrs." Although revolution had failed,
nationalist agitation had planted seeds for future harvests.
To nationalists like Mazzini, a united Italy made sense not only because
of geography, but also because of a common language and history. Nationalists reminded Italians of the glories of ancient Rome and the medieval
papacy. To others, unity made practical economic sense. It would end trade
barriers among the Italian states and stimulate industry.
./ Standards Check What forces hindered Italian unity? HSS 10.:Z.5
The Struggle for Italy

After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento (ree sawr jee MEN toh), or
Italian nationalist movement, passed to the kingdom of Sardinia, which
included Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy as well as the island of Sardinia. Its
constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel It, hoped to join other states
to his own, thereby increasing his power.
Cavour Becomes Prime Minister In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made

Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. Cavour came from a noble
family but favored liberal goals. He was a flexible, practical, crafty politician, willing to use almost any means to achieve his goals. Like Bismarck
in Prussia, Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik.
Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia's economy. He
improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by
supporting free trade. Cavour's long-term goal, however, was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
Opposing Austrian Rule

In March 1848, nationalists in Venice
took over the city's arsenal and
declared the establishment of the
Republic of Venice (left). Their success
was short lived, however, as the
republic was soon disbanded and
Venice again fell under the rule of
Austria in 1849. The image above is a
draft of a speech written by Camillo
Cavour in 1861.
Intrigue With France In 1855, Sardinia, led by Cavour, joined Britain

and France against Russia in the Crimean War. Sardinia did not win territory, but it did have a voice at the peace conference. Sardinia also
gained the attention of Napoleon III.
In 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon, who promised
to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria. A year later, the
shrewd Cavour provoked that war. With help from France, Sardinia
defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. Meanwhile, nationalist groups
overthrew Austrian-backed rulers in several other northern Italian
states. These states then joined with Sardinia.
Garibaldi's "Red Shirts" Next, attention shifted to the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. There, Giuseppe Garibaldi (gah ree
BAHL dee), a longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini, was ready for
action. Like Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic. He
did not hesitate, however, to accept aid from the monarchist Cavour. By
1860, Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers.
Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to take Garibaldi and
his "Red Shirts" south to Sicily. With surprising speed, Garibaldi's forces
won control of Sicily, crossed to the mainland, and marched triumphantly north to Naples.
Vocabulary Builder
successor--{suk SES ur) n. a person who

succeeds another to an office or rank
Unity at Last Garibaldi's success alarmed Cavour, who feared that the
nationalist hero would set up his own republic in the south. To prevent
this, Cavour urged Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal
with Garibaldi. Instead, the Sardinians overran the Papal States and
linked up with Garibaldi and his forces in Naples.
In a patriotic move, Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor
Emmanuel. Shortly afterward, southern Italy voted to approve the move,
and in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy.
Two areas remained outside the new Italian nation: Rome and Venetia. Cavour died in 1861, but his successors completed his dream. In a
deal negotiated with Bismarck after the Austro-Prussian War, Italy
acquired Venetia. Then, during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, France
was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome. For the first time since the
fall of the Roman empire, Italy was a united land .
./ Standards Check What steps did Camillo Cavour take to promote

Italian unity? HSS 10.2.5
Challenges Facing the New Nation

Italy faced a host of problems. Like the German empire that Bismarck
cemented together out of many states, Italy had no tradition of unity.
Few Italians felt ties to the new nation. Strong regional rivalries left
Italy unable to solve critical national issues.
Divisions The greatest regional differences were between the north

and the south. The north was richer and had more cities than the south.
For centuries, northern Italian cities had flourished as centers of business and culture. The south, on the other hand, was rural and poor. Its
population was booming, but illiterate peasants could extract only a meager existence from the exhausted farmland.
Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further
divided the nation. Popes bitterly resented the seizure of the Papal
238
T he Italian peninsula had been divided into small independent states since
the fall of the Roman empire in 476. Political unification seemed impossible.
However, rebellion, nationalism, and unity slowly took hold with the help of
four individuals: a revolutionary, a statesman, a soldier, and a king.
Q) Camillo Cavour
In 1859, prime minister
Camillo Cavour provokes a
war with Austria after secret
negotiations with Napoleon Ill,
who promised aid to Sardinia.
CD
Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini, founder
of Young Italy, helps set up
a revolutionary republic in
Rome in 1849. French
troops soon topple it.
Nationalist Revolts
Italian nationalists overthrow
Austrian-backed rulers
in several northern states.
@ Giuseppe Garibaldi
In 1860, Cavour provides weapons to
Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invades Sicily
with 1,000 Red Shirt volunteers (below).
Garibaldi then captures Naples.
+
s
..Meaiterranean Sea
.\1JLLI!I POJECT10S
Sc.t e '" Mitts

100
0
100
1 00
ScALI IN K.J L0\4 n"US
Victor Emmanuel II
In a patriotic move, Garibaldi turns over Naples and Sicily to
Victor Emmanuel, who is crowned king. In 1870, Italians conquer Rome, which becomes the capital city of a unified Italy.
Thinking Critically
1. Map Skills What route did
Garibaldi's expedition take?
2. Draw Conclusions Why was
Italian unification difficult to
achieve? H-55 10.2.5
Kingdom of Sardinia,
1858
Added to Sardinia,
CJ 1859 and 1860
Added to Italy, 1866
Added to Italy, 1870
Route of Garibaldi's
-+ expedition, 1860
History lnter4!._ctlve
For: Interactive timeline
Web Code: mzp-2232
States and of Rome. The government granted the papacy limited rights
and control over church properties. Popes, however, saw themselves as
"prisoners" and urged Italian Catholics-almost all Italians-not to
cooperate with their new government.
Turmoil Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy

with a two-house legislature. The king appointed members to the upper
house, which could veto bills passed by the lower house. Although the
lower house consisted of elected representatives, only a small
number of men had the right to vote.
In the late 1800s, unrest increased as radicals on
the left struggled against a conservative government.
Socialists organized strikes while anarchists, people
who want to abolish all government, turned to sabotage and violence. Slowly, the government extended
suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve
social conditions. Still, the turmoil continued. To
distract attention from troubles at home, the government set out to win an overseas empire
in Ethiopia.
Italian Emigration
Emigrants crowd the port of Naples
(above). Why did Italians immigrate to
other countries in the early 1900s?
Economic Progress Despite its problems, Italy did

develop economically, especially after 1900. Although the
nation lacked important natural resources such as coal,
industries did sprout up in northern regions. Industrialization, of
course, brought urbanization as peasants flocked to the cities to find
jobs in factories. As in other countries, reformers campaigned to improve
education and working conditions.
The population explosion of this period created tensions. One important safety valve for many people was emigration, or movement away
from their homeland. Many Italians left for the United States,
Canada, and Latin American nations. By 1914, the country was significantly better off than it had been in 1861. But, it was hardly prepared for
the great war that broke out in that year.
./ Standards Check What problems did Italians experience after

unification? HSS 10.2.5

Web Code: mza-2233

3. Summarize (a) What obstacles to

unity did Italian nationalists face?
(b) What conditions favored unity?
4. Analyze Information (a) What was
the source of conflict between
Garibaldi and Cavour? (b) How was
the conflict resolved?
5. Express Problems Clearly What
challenges did Italians face after
unification?
Note Taking
Use your completed timeline to answer
the Focus Question: How did influential
leaders help to create a unified Italy?
240
Quick Write: Decide on an

Organizational Strategy Using clear
organization to present a logical argument
is a good way to keep the reader's attention in a persuasive essay. Choose an issue
from the section about which you could
make an argument. Then write an outline
showing how you would organize a persuasive essay.
Austria-Hungarian
empire flag
WITNESS HISTORY
-~t
AUDIO
Balkan Nationalism
" How is it that they [European powers) cannot
understand that less and less is it possible . ..
to direct the destinies of the Balkans from the
outside? We are growing up, gaining confidence, and becoming independent .. "
- Bulgarian statesman on the first Balkan
War and the European powers
Hungarian parliament
passes legislation
funding an army to
fight against the
Hapsburg empire, 1848
Focus Question How did the desire for national

independence among ethnic groups weaken and
ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman
empires?
Nationalism Threatens
Old Empires
Standards Preview
H-55 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across

Francis Joseph
Ferenc Deak
Dual Monarchy
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Complete a
table like the one below to keep track of the
sequence of events that led Austria into the Dual
Monarchy. Look for dates and other clues to
sequence in the text.
Events in Aust rian History
1840
1848
1859
1866
1867
Napoleon had dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, which the Hapsburgs had led for nearly 400 years. Austria's center of power had
shifted to Central Europe. Additional wars resulted in continued
loss of territory to Germany and Italy. Why did nationalism bring
new strength to some countries and weaken others?
In Eastern and Central Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs and
the Ottoman Turks ruled lands that included diverse ethnic
groups. Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe.
The Hapsburg Empire Declines

In 1800, the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe. In
addition to their homeland of Austria, over the centuries they had
acquired the territories of Bohemia and Hungary, as well as parts
of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and northern Italy.
Austria Faces Change Since the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian emperor Francis I and his foreign minister Mettemich had
upheld conservative goals against liberal forces. "Rule and change
nothing," the emperor told his son. Under Francis and Metternich,
newspapers could not even use the word constitution, much less
discuss this key demand of liberals. The government also tried to
limit industrial development, which would threaten traditional
ways of life.
Chapter 7 Section 4
241
Austria, however, could not hold back the changes that were engulfing
the rest of Europe. By the 1840s, factories were springing up. Soon, the
Hapsburgs found themselves facing the problems of industrial life that
h ad long been familiar in Britain-the growth of cities, worker discontent, and the stirrings of socialism.
A Multinational Empire Equally disturbing to the old order were the

urgent demands of nationalists. The Hapsburgs presided over a multinational empire. Of its 50 million people at mid-century, fewer than a
quarter were German-speaking Austrians. Almost half belonged to different Slavic groups, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians,
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Often, rival groups shared the same region.
The empire also included large numbers of Hungarians and Italians. The
Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands as long as they could. When
nationalist revolts broke out in 1848, the government crushed them.
Francis Joseph Grants Limited Reforms Amid the turmoil, 18-yearold Francis Joseph inherited the Hapsburg throne. He would rule until
1916, presiding over the empire during its fading days into World War I.
An early challenge came when Austria suffered its humiliating defeat
at the hands of France and Sardinia in 1859. Francis Joseph realized he
needed to strengthen the empire at home. Accordingly, he made some
limited reforms. He granted a new constitution that set up a legislature.
This body, however, was dominated by German-speaking Austrians. The
reforms thus satisfied none of the other national groups that populated
the empire. The Hungarians, especially, were determined to settle for
nothing less than total self-government.
./ Standards Check What actions did Francis Joseph take to maintain
power? H-55 10.2.5
Formation of the Dual Monarchy

Austria's disastrous defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought
renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire. One
year later, Ferenc Deak (DEH ahk), a moderate Hungarian leader,
helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known
as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
The Austria-Hungary Government Under the agreement, Austria

and Hungary were separate states. Each had its own constitution and
parliament. Francis Joseph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of
Hungary. The two states also shared ministries of finance, defense, and
foreign affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas.
Vocabulary Builder
fraternal-(fruh TUR nul) adj. brotherly
Nationalist Unrest Increases Although Hungarians welcomed the

compromise, other subject peoples resented it. Restlessness increased
among various Slavic groups, especially the Czechs in Bohemia. Some
nationalist leaders called on Slavs to unite, insisting that "only through
liberty, equality, and fraternal solidarity" could Slavic peoples fulfill their
"great mission in the history of mankind." By the early 1900s, nationalist
unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems .
./ Standards Check How did Hungarians and Slavic groups respond to
the Dual Monarchy? H-55 10.2.5
242
GHIFIIIIIJ lnter4!_ctlve
For: Audio guided tour
Web Code: mzp-2243
UKRAINIANS
C R OATS
\
/S~RBIANS
BOSNIAKS
Black sea
SER8 I
~ ~MONTE
MONT!'
ALBANIA
~CEDONIANS
Mediterranean
Sea
GREEKS
to E
Conoc Projection
200
400m
GREECE
Colo.rs reflect the major languages spoken

m Eastern Europe, 1800 to 1914.
Independent
Balkan states
O ttoman Empire
JO"E
Map Skills In the late 1800s, the Balkans had become a center of conflict, as
various peoples and empires competed
for power.
1. Locate (a) Black Sea (b) Ottoman
empire (c) Serbia (d) Greece
(e) Austria-Hungary
2. Place Which four large seas border
the Balkan Peninsula?
3. Identify Central Issues Why do
you think competing interests in the
Balkans led the region to be called
a powder keg?
243
The Ottoman Empire Collapses

Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a multinational empire. It
stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the
Middle East. There, as in Austria, nationalist demands tore at the fabric
of the empire.
Balkan Nationalism Erupts In the Balkans, Serbia won autonomy in

1830, and southern Greece won independence during the 1830s. But
many Serbs and Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule.
The Ottoman empire was also home to other national groups, such as
Bulgarians and Romanians. During the 1800s, various subject peoples
staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states.
"The Sick Man of Europe"
Turkey's Abdul Hamid II (right) reacts to
Bulgarian and Austrian rulers claiming parts
of the Ottoman empire. How does this
cartoon show the Ottoman empire as "the
sick man of Europe "?
European Powers Divide Up the Ottoman Empire Such nationalist stirrings became mixed up with the ambitions of the great European
powers. In the mid-1800s, Europeans came to see the Ottoman empire as
"the sick man of Europe." Eagerly, they scrambled to divide up Ottoman
lands. Russia pushed south toward the Black Sea and Istanbul, which Russians still called Constantinople. Austria-Hungary took control of the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This action angered the Serbs, who also
had hoped to expand into that area. Meanwhile, Britain and France set
their sights on other Ottoman lands in the Middle East and North Africa.
War in the Balkans In the end, a complex web of competing interests
contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans. Russia fought
several wars against the Ottomans. France and Britain sometimes joined
the Russians and sometimes the Ottomans. Germany supported Austrian authority over the discontented national groups. But Germany also
encouraged the Ottomans because of their strategic location in the eastern Mediterranean. In between, the subject peoples revolted and then
fought among themselves. By the early 1900s, observers were referring
to the region as the "Balkan powder keg." The explosion that came in
1914 helped set offWorld War I.
./ Standards Check How did the Eu ropean powers divide up Ottoman
lands? HSS 10.2.5

Web Code: mza-2244
: Terms, People, and Places

Note Taking
Use your completed table to answer the
Focus Question: How did the desire for
national independence among ethnic
groups weaken and ultimately destroy
the Austrian and Ottoman empires?
244
3. Ident ify Alternatives What alternatives did Francis Joseph have in

responding to nationalist demands?
How might Austrian history have been
different if he had chosen a different
course of action?
4. Draw Conclusions Why did the Dual
Monarchy fail to end nationalist
demands?
5. Identify Central Issues How did
Balkan nationalism contribute to the
decline of the Ottoman empire?
Quick Write: Draft an Opening

Paragraph In a persuasive essay, you
want to grab the reader's attention by
opening with a strong example, and then
convincingly stating your views. Choose a
topic from the section, such as whether the
Hapsburgs or the Ottoman Turks could
have built a modern, unified nation from
their multinational empires. Then draft an
opening paragraph.
How have people used nationalism as a basis

for their actions?
Starting in the late 1700s, a spirit of nationalism swept across
Europe and the Americas. Nationalism is a powerful force
characterized by strong feelings of pride in and devotion to one's
nation. It gives people a sense of identity beyond their family and
local area. Nationalism can compel people to fight to establish their
own nation, through revolution. It can move people to volunteer to
defend their country from outside attack. It can even cause people
to attack another country in order to acquire more territory for the
homeland. Consider the following examples:
Three Sarajevan girls run through "Sniper Alley"

in Sarajevo.
Revolution
Defense
Aggression
The American Revolution may have

been the first major eruption of
nationalism. Americans sought
liberty and equality. This search,
prevented by Britain's efforts to
maintain control, helped unify
the diverse American colonies.
Americans already spoke the same
language and followed the same
basic religion. Faced with Britain's
tyranny, nationalist feelings arose
in the form of patriotism. Those
feelings gained full expression in the
Declaration of Independence of
July 4, 1776.
In June 1940, the British expected an

invasion. Their nation stood alone
against the German military
machine, which was ready to strike
as soon as Britain's defenses
weakened. They never weakened.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
set the tone when he urged the
nation to stand up to Hitler. The
British responded with courage and
devotion to the cause of freedom.
Despite a bombing blitz that
devastated London, British morale
remained high, and Hitler gave up
his plans.
Yugoslavia has been an ethnic

powder keg since its creation in 1918.
Nationalist tensions broke up this
federation of six republics after the
fall of communism. Four republics
declared their independence, but
the republic of Serbia aggressively
tried to keep the nation together. It
supported Serbian nationalists in
civil wars and used "ethnic cleansing"
to clear regions ofnon-Serbs in hopes
of absorbing those regions into a
"Greater Serbia." Intervention by
NATO finally ended this practice and
restored an uneasy peace in 1999.
Queen Elizabeth and King George VI

of Great Britain visit a London
neighborhood that had been bombed
by Germany in 1941.
Thinking Critically
1. (a) Is nationalism a positive force?
Explain your answer. (b) What event
or events in recent years brought out
nationalistic feelings among
Americans? Why?
2. Connections to Today Do library
research to identify an example of
nationalism today.
245
WITNESS HISTORY ~
AUDIO
Plight of the Serfs

Although serfdom had almost disappeared in Western Europe
by the 1700s, it survived in Russia. Masters exercised almost
total power over their serfs. A noble turned revolutionary
described the treatment of the serfs:
" I heard ... stories of men and women torn from their families and their villages, and sold, or lost in gambling, or
exchanged for a couple of hunting dogs, and then transported to some remote part of Russia to create a [master's]
new estate; of children taken from their parents and sold
to cruel ... masters."
-Peter Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist
Russian peasant
women clearing
stones from a field
Focus Question Why did industrialization and reform come

more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?
Russia: Reform and Reaction

Standards Preview
HSS 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across

pogrom
refugees
Duma
Peter Stolypin
colossus
Alexander II
Crimean War
emancipation
zemstvo
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Create a
timeline of Russian events like the one below to
keep track of the sequence of events that led to
the revolution of 1905. Look for dates and other
clues to sequence in the text.
Reformers hoped to free Russia from autocratic rule, economic backwardness, and social injustice. But efforts to modernize Russia had
little success, as tsars imprisoned critics or sent them into exile.
Conditions in Russia
By 1815, Russia was not only the largest, most populous nation in
, Europe but also a great world power. Since the 1600s, explorers
h ad pushed th e Russian frontier eastward across Siberia to the
Pacific. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great had added lands
on the Baltic and Black seas, and tsars in the 1800s had expanded
into Central Asia. Russia had thus acquired a huge multinational
: empire, part European and part Asian.
Other European nations looked on the Russian colossus, or
giant, with a mixture of wonder and misgiving. Russia had
immense natural resources. Its vast size gave it global interests
and influence. But Western Europeans disliked its autocratic government and feared its expansionist aims. Despite efforts by Peter
and Catherine to westernize Russia, it remained economically
undeveloped. By the 1800s, tsars saw the need to modernize but
resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule.
1801
, Russia's Social Structure A great obstacle to progress was the
Alexander I
inherits throne.
1800
246
1850
1900
1950
rigid social structure. Landowning nobles dominated society and

rejected any change that would threaten their privileges. The middle class was too small to have much influence. The majority of
Russians were serfs, or laborers bound to the land and to masters
who controlled their fates.
Most serfs were peasants. Others were servants, artisans, or soldiers

forced into the tsar's army. As industry expanded, some masters sent
serfs to work in factories but took much of their pay.
Many enlightened Russians knew that serfdom was inefficient. As
long as most people had to serve the whim of their masters, Russia's
economy would remain backward. However, landowning nobles had no
reason to improve agriculture and took little interest in industry.
Ruling With Absolute Power For centuries, tsars had ruled with
absolute power, imposing their will on their subjects. On occasion, the
tsars made limited attempts at liberal reform, such as easing censorship
or making legal and economic reforms to improve the lives of serfs. However, in each instance the tsars drew back from their reforms when they
began to fear losing the support of nobles. In short, the liberal and
nationalist changes brought about by the Enlightenment and the French
Revolution had almost no effect on Russian autocracy.
./ Standards Check Describe the social structure that existed in Russia
during the 1800s. H-55 10.2.5
Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

Alexander II came to the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War. His
reign represents the pattern of reform and repression used by his father
and grandfather, Alexander I and Nicholas I. The Crimean War h ad broken out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands along the Danube
River. Britain and France stepped in to help the Ottoman Turks, invading the Crimean peninsula that juts into the Black Sea. The war, which
ended in a Russian defeat, revealed the country's backwardness. Russia
had only a few miles of railroads, and the military bureaucracy was
hopelessly inefficient. Many felt that dramatic changes were needed.
The Decembrist Revolt

In 1825, army officers led an uprising known
as the Decembrist Revolt (below). They had
picked up liberal ideas while fighting in
Western Europe and demanded reforms and
a constitution. Tsar Nicholas I repressed the
revolt. This stamp (inset) commemorates the
125th anniversary of the revolt. How did the
revolt symbolize Russia in the 1800s?
Freeing the Serfs A widespread popular reaction followed . Liberals

demanded changes, and students demonstrated, seeking reform. Pressed
from all sides, Alexander II finally agreed to reforms. In 1861, he issued a
royal decree that required emancipation, or freeing of the serfs.
Freedom brought problems. Former serfs had to buy the land they had
worked, but many were too poor to do so. Also, the lands allotted to peasants were often too small to farm efficiently
or to support a family. Peasants remained
poor, and discontent festered.
Still, emancipation was a turning point.
Many peasants moved to the cities, taking
jobs in factories and building Russian
industries. Equally important, freeing the
serfs boosted the drive for further reform.
Introducing
Other
Reforms Along
with emancipation, Alexander II set up a

system of local government. Elected
assemblies, called zemstvos, were made
responsible for matters such as road
repair, schools, and agriculture. Through
this system, Russians gained some experience of self-government at the local level.
Chapter 7 Section 5
247
The tsar also introduced legal reforms based on ideas like trial by jury,
and he eased censorship. Military service terms were reduced, and brutal
discipline was limited. Alexander also encouraged the growth of industry
in Russia, which still relied heavily on agriculture.
Vocabulary Builder
radical-(RAD ih kul) n. a person who
favors great changes or reforms
Revolutionary Currents Alexander's reforms failed to satisfy many

Russians. Peasants had freedom but not land. Liberals wanted a constitution and an elected legislature. Radicals, who had adopted socialist
ideas from the West, demanded even more revolutionary changes. The
tsar, meantime, moved away from reform and toward repression.
In the 1870s, some socialists went to live and work among peasants,
preaching reform and rebellion. They had little success. The peasants
scarcely understood them and sometimes turned them over to the police.
The failure of this movement, combined with renewed government
repression, sparked anger among radicals. Some turned to terrorism. On
March 13, 1881, terrorists assassinated Alexander II.
Crackdown Alexander III responded to his father's assassination by
reviving the harsh methods of Nicholas I. To wipe out liberals and revolutionaries, he increased the power of the secret police, restored strict
censorship, and exiled critics to Siberia. The tsar also launched a program of Russifi.cation aimed at suppressing the cultures of non-Russian
peoples within the empire. Alexander insisted on one language, Russian,
Tug of War: Refonn and Repression

by the Russian Tsars
The five tsars that ruled Russia from 1801 to 1917 all
followed a similar pattern of autocratic rule: at times they
appeared open to liberal ideas and enacted reforms to satisfy
the groups demanding change. In every case, however, the
tsars pulled back on these reforms and launched a battery of
repressive measures designed to preserve their absolute
power and the support of the nobles.
The Tsars Resist:

Repression and Crackdown
Secret police, arrests, executions

Strict censorship of liberal ideas
Exiling liberals
Bolstering Russian Orthodox Church
Insisting on the absolute power
of the state
Persecuting non-Russian groups
within empire
~ Tsars
Alexander I,
Nicholas I, Alexander II,
Alexander Ill, Nicholas II
.A Jewish men survey damage done to sacred

Torah scrolls during an 1881 pogrom in Russia.
248
and one church, the Russian Orthodox Church. Poles, Ukrainians, Finns,
Armenians, Muslims, Jews, and many others suffered persecution.
Persecution and Pogroms Russia had acquired a large Jewish population when it carved up Poland and expanded into Ukraine. Under
Alexander III, persecution of Jewish people in Russia increased. The tsar
limited the number of Jewish people who were allowed to study in universities and practice certain professions. He also forced them to live in
restricted areas.
Official persecution encouraged pogroms, or violent mob attacks on
Jewish people. Gangs beat and killed Jewish people and looted and
burned their homes and stores. Faced with savage persecution, many left
Russia. They became refugees, or people who flee their homeland to
seek safety elsewhere. Large numbers of Russian Jews went to the
United States.
.I Standards Check How did Alexander Ill respond to the murder of his
father? H-55 10.:Z.5
The Drive to Industrialize

Russia finally entered the industrial age under Alexander III
and his son Nicholas II. In the 1890s, Nicholas' government
The Tsars Give In:

Concessions and Reforms
Easing censorship
Revising law code
Limiting the power of landowners
Freeing serfs (1861 )
Creating local self-government,
or zemstovs
Creating national legislature,
or Duma
Land reforms
.& Russian peasants in a rural village around 1900
Opposing the Tsars ~

Liberals, socialists,
nationalists,
army officers, workers
Thinking Critically
1. Identify Main Ideas What factors
brought about so much opposition to the
tsars?
2. Draw Conclusions Why do you think
the tsars swung back and forth between
repression and reform? H-55 10.:Z.5
249
WITNESS HISTORY VIDEO

Watch Crisis and Revolution in Russia on the
Witness History Discovery SchoolrM video
program to examine the discontent in tsarist
Russia.
focused on economic development. It encouraged the building of railroads

to connect iron and coal mines with factories and to transport goods
across Russia. It also secured foreign capital to invest in industry and
transportation systems, such as the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which
linked European Russia to the Pacific Ocean.
Political and social problems increased as a result of industrialization.
Government officials and business leaders applauded economic growth.
Nobles and peasants opposed it, fearing the changes it brought. Industrialization also created new social ills as peasants flocked to cities to work
in factories. Instead of a better life, they found long hours and low pay in
dangerous conditions. In the slu ms around the factories, poverty, disease,
and discontent multiplied. Radicals sought supporters among the new
industrial workers. At factory gates, Socialists often handed out pamphlets that preached the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx .
.I Standards Check How did Russia industrialize? HSS 10.2.5
Bloody Sunday
An artist's depiction shows the execution of
workers in front of the Winter Palace in Saint
Petersburg, January 9, 1905 (below). The
magazine cover (inset) shows "Le Tzar
Rouge," or "The Red Tsar." Compare and
contrast these images of Bloody Sunday.
Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

When war broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904, Nicholas II
called on his people to fight for "the Faith, the Tsar, and the Fatherland."
Despite all of their efforts, the Russians suffered one humiliating defeat
after another.
Bloody Sunday News of the military disasters unleashed pent-up discontent created by years of oppression. Protesters poured into the streets.
Workers went on strike, demanding shorter hours and better wages. Liberals called for a constitution and reforms to overhaul the government.
As the crisis deepened, a young Orthodox priest organized a peaceful
march for Sunday, January 22, 1905. Marchers flowed through the
streets of St. Petersburg toward the tsar's Winter Palace. Chanting
prayers and singing hymns, workers carried holy icons and pictures of
the tsar. They also brought a petition for justice and freedom.
Fearing the marchers, the tsar had fled the palace and called in soldiers. As the people approached, they saw troops lined up across the
square. Suddenly, gunfire rang out. Hundreds of men and women fell
dead or wounded in the snow. One woman stumbling away from t h e
scene moaned: "Th e tsar has deserted us! They sh ot away the orthodox
faith." Indeed, the slaughter marked a turning point for Russians.
"Bloody Sunday" killed the people's faith and trust in the tsar.
The Revolution of 1905 In the months that followed Bloody Sunday,

discontent exploded across Russia. Strikes multiplied. In some cities,
workers took over local government. In the countryside, peasants
r evolted and demanded land. Minority nationalities called for autonomy
from Russia. Terrorists targeted officials, and some assassins were
cheered as heroes by discontented Russians.
At last, the clamor grew so great that Nicholas was forced to announce
sweeping reforms. In the October Manifesto, he promised "freedom of
person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union." He agreed to summon
a Duma, or elected national legislature. No law, he declared, would go
into effect without approval by the Duma.
Results of the Revolution The manifesto won over moderates, leaving

Socialists isolated. These divisions helped the tsar, who had no intention of
letting strikers, revolutionaries, and rebellious peasants challenge him.
In 1906, the first Duma met, but the tsar quickly dissolved it when
leaders criticized the government. Nicholas then appointed a new prime
minister, Peter Stolypin (stuh LIP yin ). Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed as the conservative Stolypin sought to restore order.
Stolypin soon realized that Russia needed reform, not just repression.
To regain peasant support, he introduced moderate land reforms. He
strengthened the zemstvos and improved education. Unfortunately,
these reforms were too limited to meet the broad needs of most Russians,
and dissatisfaction still simmered. Stolypin was assassinated in 1911.
Several more Dumas met during this period, but new voting laws made
sure they were conservative. By 1914, Russia was still an au tocracy, but
one simmering with unrest.
.I Standards Check Why was Bloody Sunday a turning point for the
Russians? H-55 10.2.5

For: Selfquiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza-2255

3. Summarize What conditions in Russia

challenged progress during the early
1800s?
4. Draw Conclusions How did Russian
tsars typically react to change?
5. Draw Inf erences What does Bloody
Sunday suggest about the relationship
between the tsar and the Russian
people?
Note Taking
the Focus Question: Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly
to Russia than to Western Europe?
Quick Write: Gather Evidence to

Support Thesis Statement Choose a
topic from the section, such as whether you
think emancipation helped or hurt Russian
serfs. Make a list of evidence from the
section that supports your view.
Quick Study Guide

For: Self-test with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza-2266
Nationalism by Region
Germany
Italy
Austria
German states unite under

William I.
Empire takes leading role
in Europe.
Bismarck becomes known
as the Iron Chancellor.
Mazzini founds
Young Italy.
Garibaldi leads Red Shirts.
Victor Emmanuel II makes
Cavour prime minister
of Sardinia.
Italian states become
unified by 1871.
Francis I and Metternich

uphold conservative goals.
Dual Monarchy with
Hungary is set up.
Nationalist groups
grow restless.
Empire becomes
weakened.
Unification in Europe, 1873
H-ss 10.2.s
As the map below shows, nationalist movements led to

the creation of several new nations across Europe.
Balkans
Russia
Serbians achieve
autonomy in 1830.
Greeks achieve
independence in the 1830s.
European nations divide
up Ottoman lands.
"Balkan powder keg"
helps set off World War I.
Key leaders
Serfs are freed in 1861.

Alexander Ill encourages
persecution and pogroms.
Russia enters the industrial
age late.
Bloody Sunday leads to
revolution in 1905.
Duma has limited power.
H-ss 10.2.s
Germany
Otto von Bismarck, chancellor
William I, Prussian king, German kaiser
William II, kaiser
Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini, founder of Young Italy
Victor Emmanuel II, king
Count Camillo Cavour. prime minister
Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader of Red Shirts
Austria-Hungary
Ferenc Deak, Hungarian politician
Francis Joseph, Austrian emperor, Hungarian king
Russia
Alexander II, tsar of Russia
Alexander Ill, tsar of Russia
Nicholas II, tsar of Russia
Key Events of
Nationalism
HSS 10.2
Chapter Events
Global Events
Early 1800s
Nationalism rises
in Germany.
1800
-
--
1804
Haiti declares
independence
from France.
252
1814
The Congress of
Vienna redraws the
map of Europe after
Napoleon's defeat.
1830s
Giuseppe Mazzini founds
Young Italy to encourage
Italian unification.
1825
1850
1848
Revolutions
take place
throughout
Europe.
-----
-- ~
- - -
- ~ ---
- - --
- -
--- ~
C~mcept ConnectOr
Analysis Skills: CS1, CS4; HR1
Cumulative Review
Connections To Today
Record the answers to the questions below on your Concept Connector worksheets.
1.
1.
Empire In 1871, German nationalists celebrated the birth

of the second Reich, or empire. They called it that because
they considered Germany heir to the Holy Roman Empire.
Compare the second Reich to the Holy Roman Empire. How
were they similar? How were they different? Think about the
following:
structure of government
power of the kaiser and emperor
the rule of William II and Otto I
who had voting rights
who held the real power
2. Nationalism During the early 1800s, nationalist rebellions

erupted in the Balkans and elsewhere along the southern
fringe of Europe. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts
exploded across Italy. Compare and contrast Greece's unification and nationalism to Italy's. Think about the following:
the empires they revolted against
which countries they turned to for help
the structure of their governments
3.
Nationalism: The State of Nationalism Today You've

read how nationalism was a strong enough force in the
1800s to help unify nations, such as Italy and Germany, but
threatened to destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires. Do
you think that nationalism is still a force in the world today?
Conduct research to learn more about current nationalist
issues. You may want to focus your research on Kurdistan,
Northern Ireland, the former Yugoslavia, or Russia. Write two
paragraphs on nationalism today, citing examples from current events to support your answer.
2. Economic Systems: Social Welfare Programs Under

Otto von Bismarck, Germany was a pioneer in social reform,
providing several social welfare programs to its citizens. By
the 1890s, Germans had health and accident insurance as
well as retirement benefits. Social welfare programs soon
spread to other European nations. Conduct research to learn
more about social welfare programs today. Compare social
welfare programs in one country in Europe with those in the
United States. How are they similar? How are they different?
Nationalism During the 1800s, various subject peoples in

the Balkans revolted against the Ottoman empire, hoping to
set up independent states of their own. A complicated series
of crises and wars soon followed. Take notes on the situation
in the Balkans between 1800 and the early 1900s. Why did
competing interests in the Balkans lead the region to be
called a powder keg?
Hill ry lntert@ctive
Web Code: mz -2264
1861
Tsar
Alexander II
frees the serfs.
The Civil War

begins in the
United States.
190S
Revolution breaks out
in St. Petersburg after
Bloody Sunday massacre.
1870
Bismarck provokes
Franco-Prussian War
to create a unified
The Philippines
declares
independence
from Spain.
253
Standards Assessment
HSS 10.Z; Analysis Skills: Hl1, HIZ

Match the following definitions with the terms listed below.
chancellor
Realpolitik
kaiser
social welfare
anarchist
emigration
emancipation
pogrom
Duma
Critical Thinking
1. someone who wants to abolish all government

2. elected national legislature in Russia
3. emperor of Germany
4. granting of freedom to serfs
5. the highest official of a monarch
6. violent attack on a Jewish community
7. movement away from one's homeland
8. realistic politics based on the needs of the state
9. programs to help people in need
Main Ideas
Section 1 (pp. 228-231)
10. What was Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's main goal? What
policies did he follow to meet that goal?
Section 2 (pp. 232-235)
11. How did Germany increase its power in the late 1800s?
Section 3 (pp. 236-240)
12. Summarize the process by which Italy unified. Include
information on the leaders who helped unify Italy.
Section 4 (pp. 241-245)
13. How did nationalism contribute to the decline of the
Hapsburg and Ottoman empires?
Chapter Focus Question

15. What effects did nationalism and the demand for reform
have in Europe?
16. Make Comparisons How did the nationalism represented

by Bismarck differ from that embraced by liberals in the early
1800s?
17. Make Comparisons Compare and contrast the goals and
methods of Cavour in Italy and Bismarck in Germany.
18. Analyze Information Tsar Alexander II declared that it is
"better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it
will be abolished by a movement from below." Explain his
statement.
19. Geography and History How did regional differences
contribute to continued divisions in Italy after unification?
20. Analyzing Cartoons How
does this French cartoonist view
Bismarck? Explain.
21. Predict Consequences Based
on your reading of the chapter,
predict the consequences of the
following: (a) defeat of France in
the Franco-Prussian War, (b)
growth of German nationalism
and militarism in the late 1800s,
(c) failure to satisfy nationalist
ambitions in Austria-Hungary,
and (d) weakening of the Otto....,....,....LC CU. . icu_.......
... .....
man empire.
..IU.C.AII
..._._
____________
___
-_____
_____
- ----r..-..-
Section 5 (pp. 246-251)

14. Why was Russia slow to industrialize?
Writing a Persuasive Essay Some people define

nationalism as excessive, narrow, or jingoist patriotism. A nationalist might be described as someone
who boasts of his patriotism and favors aggressive or
warlike policies. The rise of nationalism in Europe led
to both division and unification. For example, it unified Germany, but it led Russian tsars to suppress the
cultures of national minorities within the country.
Nationalism remains a powerful force to this day for
unifying countries and for sparking rivalries, conflicts,
and bloodshed. Write a persuasive essay in which you
support or oppose the idea that nationalism is an
excessive form of patriotism.
254
ELA: Writing Z.4

Prewriting
Collect the examples and evidence that you need to support your position convincingly.
Use a graphic organizer to list points on both sides of the
issue.
Drafting
Focus on a thesis statement. Clearly state the position that
you will prove. Use the rest of your introduction to provide
readers with the necessary context about the issue.
Acknowledge the opposition by stating, and then refuting,
opposing arguments.
Revising
Use the guidelines for revising your essay on page SH17 of
the Writing Handbook.
Document-Based Assessment
Analysis Skills: HR4
On the Crimean Front
Document C
In 1853, the British, the French, and their allies took on the vast
Russian empire in the Crimean War. Called a "perfectly useless
modern war," it was fought in the Black Sea region, although
major campaigns took place well beyond that area. Like all wars,
it was grim. More than 500,000 people died during the conflict.
"Men sent in there [French hospital) with fevers and other disorders were frequently attacked with the cholera in its worst form,
and died with unusual rapidity, in spite of all that could be done
to save them. I visited the hospital, and observed that a long
train of . .. carts, filled with sick soldiers, were drawn up by the
walls. . .. the quiet that prevailed was only broken now and then
by the moans and cries of pain of the poor sufferers in the
carts."
Document A
"[The Crimean War] was one of the last times that the massed formations of cavalry and infantry were employed-the thin red
line was to disappear forever. Henceforward, armies would rely
on open, flexible formations and on trench warfare. For the British, it was the end of an era: never again would their soldiers
fight in full-dress uniform. Never again would the colors be carried into the fray and the infantry would no longer march into
battle to the stirring tunes of regimental bands. The Crimean War
ushered in the age of the percussion cap rifle. The new Minie rifle
was the decisive weapon, replacing the clumsy ... musket. The
weapon fired a cartridge, not a ball, with accuracy far superior to
the old firelocks.... "
- From The British Expedition to the Crimea by W. H. Russell,

Times correspondent
Document D
- From The Road to Balaklava, by Alexis S. Troubetzkoy

Document B
"I see men in hundreds rushing from the Mamelon [bastion] to
the Malakoff [tower] .. .. with all its bristling guns. Under what
a storm of fire they advance, supported by that impenetrable red
line, which marks our own infantry! The fire from the Malakoff is
tremendous-terrible .... Presently the twilight deepens, and
the light of rocket, mortar, and shell falls over the town."
Treating Cholera
- From Journal kept during the Russian War: From the

Departure of the Army from England in Apri/1854, to the Fall
of Sebastopol, by Mrs. Henry Duberly, an army wife
Analyzing Documents
Use your knowledge of the Crimean War and Documents A, B, C, and D to answer questions 1-4.
1. According to Document A, the Crimean War marked the
end of
A private soldiers in war.
B most small wars in Europe.
C old ways of fighting.
D soldiers dying of diseases in military hospitals.
2.
With what purpose did the author write Document B?

A to help people understand the dangers of fighting with
new weapons
B to criticize inadequate technology
C to describe the state of mind of the soldiers
D to make the British public understand how quickly the war
was progressing
3.
With what purpose did the artist create Document D?

A to help the British public understand the dangers of
fighting with new weapons
B to criticize the inadequate state of army hospitals
C to describe the dangers of soldiering and soldiers' valor
D to make the British public understand the toll that disease
was taking on soldiers
4.
Writing Task Suppose you are a surgeon working near the

war front. Write a brief letter home describing your impressions. Use the four documents along with information from
the chapter to write your letter.
255
Growth ofWestern
Democracies
Standards Preview
H-55 10.3 Students analyze the effects of
the Industrial Revolution in England, France,
Germany, Japan, and the United States.
Chapter Focus Question How did
Britain, France, and the United States
slowly extend democratic rights
during the 1800s and early 1900s?
Democratic Reform in Britain
Social and Economic Reform in Britain
Division and Democracy in France
Expansion of the United States
WITNESS HISTORY
)~
AUDIO
The People Demand

Reform
A series of political reforms during the 1800s and
early 1900s transformed Great Britain from a
monarchy and aristocracy into a democracy. While
some British politicians opposed the reforms, most
sided in favor of reforming Parliament to make it
more representative of the nation's growing
industrial population.
" No doubt, at that very early period, the House
of Commons did represent the people of England
but ... the House of Commons, as it presently
subsists, does not represent the people of
England... . The people called loudly for reform,
saying that whatever good existed in the constitution
of this House-whatever confidence was placed in it
by the people, was completely gone."
-Lord John Russell, March 1, 1831
Listen to the Witness History audio to hear more on
democratic developments in Britain.
Parliamentary Election of 1836
Though most were unable to vote, many
townspeople gathered in the marketplace
to cheer or harass the candidates.
<IIIII
WITNESS HISTORY ~
AUDIO
Two Nations
One day a wealthy Englishman named
Charles Egremont boasted to strangers that
Victoria, the queen of England, "reigns
over the greatest nation that ever existed."
"Which nation?" asks one of the
strangers, "for she reigns over two.. ..
Two nations; between whom there is no
[communication) and no sympathy; who are as ignorant of each
other's habits, thoughts, and feeli ngs, as if they were ... inhabitants
of different planets."
What are these "two nations," Egremont asks. "THE RICH AND THE
POOR," the stranger replies.
-Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil
Fashions of the rich (above right), and
poverty on the streets of London, circa
1877 (above)
Focus Question How did political reform gradually expand suffrage

and make the British Parliament more democratic during the 1800s?
Democratic Reform
Standards Preview
H-55 10.J.6 Analyze the emergence of capitalism
as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it,
including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and
Communism.
Britain
In the 1800s, Benjamin Disraeli and other political leaders slowly

worked to bridge Britain's "two nations" and extend democratic
rights. Unlike some of its neighbors in Europe, Britain generally
achieved change through reform rather than revolution.
Reforming Parliament
rotten borough
electorate
secret ballot
Queen Victoria
Benjamin Disraeli
William Gladstone
parliamentary democracy
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas As you read
this section, complete an outline of the contents.
I. Reforming Parliament
A. Reformers press for change

1.
2.
258
Growth of Western Democracies
In 1815, Britain was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament

and two political parties. Still, it was far from democratic.
Although members of the House of Commons were elected, less
than five percent of the people had the right to vote. Wealthy
nobles and squires, or country landowners, dominated politics and
heavily influenced voters. In addition, the House of Lords-made
up of hereditary nobles and high-ranking clergy-could veto any
bill passed by the House of Commons.
Reformers Press for Change Long-standing laws kept many

people from voting. Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants, for
example, could not vote or serve in Parliament. In the 1820s,
reformers pushed to end religious restrictions. After fierce debate,
Parliament finally granted Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants equal political rights.
An even greater battle soon erupted over making Parliament more
representative. During the Industrial Revolution, centers of population shifted. Some rural towns lost so many people that they had few
or no voters. Yet local landowners in these rotten boroughs still
sent members to Parliament. At the same time, populous new industrial cities like Manchester and Birmingham had no seats allocated in Parliament
because they had not existed as population centers in earlier times.
Vocabulary Builder
allocate--{AL oh kayt) vt. to distribute
according to a plan
Reform Act of 1832 By 1830, Whigs and Tories were battling over a
bill to reform Parliament. The Whig Party largely represented middleclass and business interests. The Tory Party spoke for nobles, landowners, and others whose interests and income were rooted in agriculture. In the streets, supporters of reform chanted, "The Bill, the whole
Bill, and nothing but the Bill!" Their shouts seemed to echo the cries of
revolutionaries on the continent.
Parliament finally passed the Great Reform Act in 1832. It redistributed seats in the House of Commons, giving representation to large
towns and cities and eliminating rotten boroughs. It also
enlarged the electorate, the body of people allowed to vote,
by granting suffrage to more men. The Act did, however, keep
a property requirement for voting.
The Reform Act of 1832 did not bring full democracy, bu t it
did give a greater political voice to middle-class men.
Landowning nobles, however, remained a powerful force in
the government and in the economy.
The Chartist Movement The reform bill did not help rural
or urban workers. Some of them demanded more radical change.
In the 1830s, protesters known as Chartists drew up the People's
Charter. This petition demanded universal male suffrage,
annual parliamentary elections, and salaries for members of
Parliament. Another key demand was for a secret ballot,
which would allow people to cast their votes without announcing
them publicly.
Twice the Chartists presented petitions with over a million signatures to
Parliament. Both petitions were ignored. In 1848, as revolutions swept
Europe, the Chartists prepared a third petition and organized a march on
Parliament. Fearing violence, the government moved to suppress the march.
Soon after, the unsuccessful Chartist movement declined. In time, however,
Parliament would pass most of the major reforms proposed by the Chartists.
.I Standards Check How was the British Parliament reformed during the
early 1800s? H-55 10.3.6
Meeting of the Unions

on Newhall Hill, Birmingham
The Birmingham Political Union's enormous
rallies (above) and calls for reform are
credited with the final passage of the Great
Reform Bill of 1832. As one politician said of
the BPU, "To this body, more than to any
other, is confessedly due the triumph (such
as it was) of the Reform Bill. Its well-ordered
proceedings, extended organisation, and
immense assemblages of people, at critical
periods of its progress, rendered the
measure irresistible."
The Victorian Age

From 1837 to 1901, the great symbol in British life was Queen Victoria.
Her reign was the longest in British history. Although she exercised little
real political power, she set the tone for what is now called the Victorian age.
Symbol of a Nation's Values As queen, Victoria came to embody the

values of her age. These Victorian ideals included duty, thrift, honesty,
hard work, and above all respectability. Victoria herself embraced a strict
code of morals and manners. As a young woman, she married a German
prince, Albert, and they raised a large family.
A Confident Age Under Victoria, the British middle class-and growing numbers of the working class-felt great confidence in the future.
That confidence grew as Britain expanded its already huge empire.
INFOGRAPHIC
~1rom Monarchy lo Democracy

I n the early 1800s, Britain's government was a monarchy and an aristocracy under the
rule of Queen Victoria G) and the aristocrats and landowners in the House of Lords.
A series of reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s transformed Britain's government into a democracy. The first of these reforms was the Great Reform Act of 1832,
by which seats in the Parliament were redistributed to give more representation to
growing industrial areas. The ad also expanded the vote to include about one in five
adult men. The Second Reform Act in 1867 was spearheaded by Benjamin Disraeli, @
a Conservative leader who hoped to defeat his liberal rival William Gladstone and
Victoria, the empress of India and ruler of some 300 million subjects
around the world, became a r ever ed symbol of British might.
During h er reign, Victoria witnessed growing agitation for social
reform. The queen herself commented that the lower classes "earn their
bread and riches so deservedly th at they cannot and ought not to be kept
back." As the Victorian era went on, reformers continued the push
toward greater social and economic justice .
./ Standards Check What values did Queen Victoria represent and how
did these values relate to economic reform? H-55 10.3.6
A New Era in British Politics

In the 1860s, a new era dawned in British politics. The old political parties r egrouped under new leadership. Benjamin Disraeli forged the
Tories into the modern Conservative Party. The Whigs, led by William
Gladstone, evolved into the Liberal Party. Between 1868 and 1880,
as the majority in Parliament swung between the two parties,
Gladstone and Disraeli a lternated as prime minister. Both fought for
important reforms.
Expanding Suffrage Disraeli and the Conservative Party pushed

through the Reform Bill of 1867. By giving the vote to many workingclass men, the new law almost doubled the size of the electorate.
In the 1880s, it was the turn of Gladstone and the Liberal Party to
extend suffrage. Their reforms gave the vote to farmworkers and most
other men. By century's end, almost-universal male suffrage, the secret
ballot, and other Chartist ambitions had been achieved. Britain had truly
transformed itself from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary
democracy, a form of government in which the executive leaders (usually
give the vote to people who might vote for his Conservative party. As a result of the
act, about one in three adult men could vote, including many working-class men.@
The Third Reform Act in 1884-1 885 further extended the vote to two out of three
adult males and redistributed seats in Parliament to more accurately reflect the
distribution of the population. The outbreak of World War I brought about the Fourth
Reform Act of 1918, which extended suffrage to all men over 21, and those aged 19
and over who were fighting the war. Women over 30 were also given the vote.
Meanwhile, a power struggle between the House of Lords and the House of
Commons resulted in the Parliament Bill of 1911 which gave the House
of Commons @ supremacy over the House of Lords.
a prime minister and cabinet) are chosen by and responsible to the legi:isli:a:'---.=~~~~~::~:::::~~=---~=:::::~~~~~
ture (parliament), and are also members of it.
Thinking Critically
Limiting the Lords In the early 1900s, many bills passed by the House
of Commons met defeat in the House of Lords. In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to restrict the power of the Lords, including their
power to veto tax bills. The Lords resisted. Finally, the government
threatened to create enough new lords to approve the law, and the Lords
backed down. People hailed the change as a victory for democracy. In
time, the House of Lords would become a largely ceremonial body with
little power. The elected House of Commons would reign supreme .
1. Recognize Ideologies Which group in

the early 1800s do you think most feared
the "democratization" of Britain? Why?
2. Identify Central Issues How did the
Parliament Bill in 1911 reflect the same
trends occurring as a result of the reform
acts? H55 10.3.6
./ Standards Check How was Parliament reformed during the late 1800s
and early 1900s? H-55 10.3.6
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary pradice
Web Code: mza-2312

1. What do each of the key terms listed at
the beginning of the section have in
common? Explain.
Note Taking
2. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas
Use your completed outline to answer
the Focus Question: How did political
reform gradually expand suffrage and
make the British Parliament more democratic during the 1800s?

3. Summarize How did the Reform Act
of 1832 change Parliament?
4. Categorize What middle-class values
are associated with the Victorian age?
5. Identify Central Issues What reforms
did the Liberal and Conservative parties
achieve?
6. Draw Conclusions Why do you think
the Chartists demanded (a) a secret
ballot, (b) salaries for members of
Parliament?

Quick Write: Gather Information If you
were assigned to write a biographical essay
on Queen Victoria, Benjamin Disraeli, or
William Gladstone, what questions about
these individuals would you want to
answer in your essay? Choose one of these
people and create a list of such questions
about that person.
Chapter 8
Section 1
261
WITNESS HISTORY It@
AUDIO
No Surrender
Lady Constance Lytton had been arrested for taking part in a
women's suffrage protest. Once arrested, she refused to eat. Her
hunger strike, she vowed, would go on until the British
government granted the vote to women. Lytton later recalled:
" I was visited again by the Senior Medical Officer, who asked
me how long I had been without food. I said I had eaten ...
on Friday at about midnight. He said, 'Oh, then, this is the
fourth day; that is too long, I shall feed you, I must feed you
at once.'"
-Constance Lytton, Prisons and Prisoners
In the end, the doctor force-fed Lytton through a tube. Yet the
painful ordeal failed to weaken her resolve. "No surrender," she
whispered. "No surrender."
Forced feeding of English

suffragist, 1912
Focus Question What social and economic reforms were passed

by the British Parliament during the 1800s and early 1900s?
Social and Economic Reform

in Britain
Standards Preview
HSS 10.3.4 Trace the evolution of work and labor,
including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of
immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor,
and the union movement.
Lytton's 1910 hunger strike was part of the long struggle for
women's suffrage in Britain. Suffragists were not the only people
to fight for change. Between 1815 and 1914, Parliament responded
to widespread discontent with a series of social and economic
reforms. At the same time, the question of British control over
: Ireland was becoming a dominant and divisive political issue .
A Series of Reforms

free trade
penal colony
repeal
absentee landlord
abolition movement home rule
capital offense
Note Taking
Reforms in Britain
Economic
262
During the early and mid-1800s, Parliament passed a wide variety

of important new laws. One of the most controversial measures
involved the issue of free trade, or trade between countries without quotas, tariffs, or other restrictions.
Free Trade and the Corn Laws In the early 1800s, Britain,
Reading Skill : Categorize Complete a chart like

this one listing the reforms in Britain during the
1800s and early 1900s.
..
Social
Political
like other European nations, taxed foreign imports in order to protect local economies. But supporters of free trade demanded an
end to such protective tariffs. Free traders, usually middle-class
business leaders, agreed with Adam Smith that a policy of laissez
faire would increase prosperity for all. If tariffs were abolished,
merchants everywhere would have larger markets in which to sell
their goods, and consumers would benefit from open competition.
Some British tariffs were repealed in the 1820s. However, fierce
erupted over the Com Laws, which imposed high tariffs on
debate
imported grain. (In Britain, "corn" refers to all cereal grains, such
as wheat, barley, and oats.) Farmers and wealthy landowners supported

the Corn Laws because they kept the price of British grain high. Free
traders, however, wanted Parliament to repeal, or cancel, the Corn
Laws. They argued that repeal of these laws would lower the price of
grain, make bread cheaper for workers, and open up trade in general.
Parliament finally repealed the Corn Laws in 1846, after widespread
crop failures swept many parts of Europe. Liberals hailed the repeal as a
victory for free trade and laissez-faire capitalism. However, in the late
1800s, economic hard times led Britain and other European countries to
impose protective tariffs on many goods again.
Campaign Against Slavery During th e 1700s, Enlightenment thinkers had turned the spotlight on the evils of the slave trade. At the time,
British ships were carrying more Mricans to the Americas than any
other European country. Under pressure from middle-class reformers in
Britain, France, and the United States, the abolition movement, or the
campaign against slavery and the slave trade, slowly took off. In 1807,
Britain became the first European power to abolish the slave trade.
Banning the slave trade did not end slavery. Although the Congress of
Vienna had condemned slavery, it had taken no action. In Britain, liberals preached the immorality of slavery. Finally, in 1833, Parliament
passed a law banning slavery in all British colonies.
Crime and Punishment Other reforms were aimed at the criminal
justice system. In the early 1800s, more than 200 crimes were punishable by death. Such capital offenses included not only murder but also
shoplifting, sheep stealing, and impersonating an army veteran. In practice, some juries refused to convict criminals, because the punishments
were so harsh. Executions were public occasions, and the hanging of a
well-known murderer might attract thousands of curious spectators.
Afterward, instead of receiving a proper burial, the criminal's body might
be given to a medical college for dissection.
Reformers began to reduce the number of capital offenses. By 1850, the
death penalty was reserved for murder, piracy, treason, and arson. Many
petty criminals were instead transported to penal colonies, or settlements for convicts, in the new British territory of Australia. In 1868, Parliament ended public hangings. Additional reforms improved prison
conditions and outlawed imprisonment due to debt .
.I Standards Check How did abolition and criminal justice reform reflect
Victorian values? H-55 10.3.4
Victories for the Working Class

"Four [ghosts] haunt the Poor: Old Age, Accident, Sickness and Unemployment," declared Liberal politician David Lloyd George in 1905. "We
are going to [expel] them." Parliament had begun passing laws aimed at
improving social conditions as early as the 1840s. During the early
1900s, it passed a series of additional reforms designed to h elp the men,
women, and children whose labor supported the new industrial society.
Abolitionist Poster
Abolitionists hoped that ending the slave
trade would also bring about the end of
slavery. As this poster shows, even ending
slavery did not end the economic
mistreatment of people of African descent.
Improving Working Conditions As you have read, working conditions in the early industrial age were grim and often dangerous. Gradually, Parliament passed laws to regulate conditions in factories and
mines. In 1842, for example, mineowners were forbidden to employ
women or children under age 10. An 1847 law limited women and children to a 10-hour day. Later in the 1800s, the government regulated
many safety conditions in factories and mines-and sent inspectors to
see that the laws were enforced. Other laws set minimum wages and
maximum hours of work.
The Growth of Labor Unions Early in the Industrial Revolution,

labor unions were outlawed. Under pressure, government and business
leaders slowly accepted worker organizations. Trade unions were made legal
in 1825 but it remained illegal to go on strike until later in the century.
Despite r estrictions, unions spread, and gradually they won additional
rights. Between 1890 and 1914, union membership soared. Besides winning higher wages and shorter hours for workers, unions pressed for
other laws to improve the lives of the working class.
Riots in Hyde Park, london

An 1866 meeting of the Reform League in
London dissolved into rioting. Riots such as
these helped bring about the Second Reform
Billin 1867.
Later Reforms During the late 1800s and early 1900s, both political
parties enacted social reforms to benefit the working class. Disraeli sponsored laws to improve public health and housing for workers in cities.
Under Gladstone, an education act called for free elementary education
for all children. Gladstone also pushed to open up government jobs based
on merit rather than on birth or wealth.
Another force for reform was the Fabian Society, a socialist organization founded in 1883. The Fabians promoted gradual change through
legal means rather than by violence. Though small in number, the Fabians had a strong influence on British politics.
In 1900, socialists and union members backed the formation of a new
political party, which became the Labour Party. ("Labour" is the British
spelling of "labor.") The Labour Party would quickly grow in power and
membership until, by the 1920s, it surpassed the Liberal Party and
became one of Britain's two major parties.
In the early 1900s, Britain began to pass social welfare laws to

protect the well-being of the poor and disadvantaged. These laws
were modeled on those Bismarck had introduced in Germany.
They protected workers with accident, health, and unemployment insurance as well as old-age pensions. One result of such
reforms was that Marxism gained only limited support among
the British working class. The middle class hailed reforms as
proof that democracy was working.
./ Standards Check Describe several social welfare reforms during
the 1800s and early 1900s. HSS 10.3.4
The Struggle to Win Votes for Women

In Britain, as elsewhere, women struggled against strong opposition for
the right to vote. Women themselves were divided on the issue. Some
women opposed suffrage altogether. Queen Victoria, for example, called
the suffrage struggle "mad, wicked folly." Even women in favor of suffrage disagreed about how best to achieve it.
Suffragists Revolt By the early 1900s, Emmeline Pankhurst, a leading suffragist, had become convinced that only aggressive tactics would
bring victory. Pankhurst and other radical suffragists interrupted speakers in Parliament, shouting, "Votes for women!" until they were carried
away. They collected petitions and organized huge public demonstrations. When mass meetings and other peaceful efforts brought no results,
some women turned to more drastic, violent protest. They smashed windows or even burned buildings. Pankhurst justified such tactics as necessary to achieve victory. "There is something that governments care far
more for than human life," she declared, "and that is the security of property, so it is through property that we shall strike the enemy." As you
have read, some suffragists went on h unger strikes, risking their lives to
achieve their goals.
A pin from the British Trades Union

Conference (above) and a Liberal Party
poster from 1911
Vocabulary Builder
drastic-(DRAS tik) adj. severe, harsh,
extreme
Victory at Last Even middle-class women who disapproved of such

radical and violent actions increasingly demanded votes for women. Still,
Parliament refused to grant women's suffrage. Not until1918 did Parliament finally grant suffrage to women over age 30. Younger women did
not win the right to vote for another decade .
./ Standards Check Why do you think women disagreed about how best
to gain suffrage? HSS 10.3.4
Instability in Ireland
Throughout the 1800s, Britain faced the ever-present "Irish question."
The English had begun conquering Ireland in the 1100s. In the 1600s,
English and Scottish settlers colonized Ireland, taking possession of
much of the best farmland.
The Irish never accepted English rule. They bitterly resented settlers,
especially absentee landlords who owned large estates but did not live
on them. Many Irish peasants lived in desperate poverty, while paying
high rents to landlords living in England. In addition, the Irish, most of
whom were Catholic, had to pay tithes to support the Church of England.
Under these conditions, resistance and rebellion were common.
INFOCiRAPHIC
Under British rule, three quarters of Irish farmland was used to grow crops that
were exported. The potato was the main source of food for most of the Irish
people. In 1845, disaster struck. A blight, or disease, destroyed the potato crop.
Other crops, such as wheat and oats, were not affected. Yet British landowners
continued to ship these crops outside Ireland, leaving little for the Irish except
the blighted potatoes. The result was a terrible famine that the Irish called the
"Great Hunger." In four years, about one million Irish men, women, and children
died of starvation or disease. Many more emigrated to the United States and
Canada. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish bitterness toward the English . ..>~
AUDIO
'Tl4mbleb" tiol4ses
at1b vfctf0t1 ..,..
Unable to grow potatoes to sell or
eat, thousands of penniless tenants
were evicted from their homes by
landlords who needed the rent to
pay their taxes. The roofs of the
peasants' homes were "tumbled,"
or removed, to prevent the tenants
from returning.
Number of Overseas Emigrants

from Ireland, 1851- 1921 *
lfmfteb Rdfef Measl4res A

Charles Trevelyan, the senior British
official in charge of Irish relief
efforts, held ruthless views of the
Irish, insisting that they learn to
"depend upon themselves ... instead
of ... the assistance of the Government on every occasion."
Thinking Critically
1. Graph Skills Which decade saw the
greatest number of emigrants from
Ireland?
2. Draw Conclusions Do you think the
Irish famine was more accurately
described as a natural disaster or a
human-made disaster? Why?
HSS 10.3.4
1851 - 1860
1,216,219
1861- 1870
818,582
1871- 1880
542,703
1881-1890
734,475
1891-1900
461,282
1901-1910
485,461
191 ,_, 921
355,295
Total1851 - 1921
4,614,017
*Primanly to the United States, Canada. Australia,

and New Zealand
SOURCE: Comm1ssion on Em1grauon and Other
Population Problems, Dublin, 19S4
til4mat1 S14ffmt15 T
One official told of entering what he
thought was a deserted village. In one
home, he saw "six famished and ghastly
skeletons, to all appearances dead .. . "
huddled in a corner on some filthy straw.
"I approached with horror and found by a
low moaning they were alive-they were
in a fever, four children, a woman and
what had once been a man .... "
Irish Nationalism Like the national minorities in the Austrian empire,

Irish nationalists campaigned vigorously for freedom and justice in the
1800s. Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell, nicknamed "the Liberator,"
organized an Irish Catholic League and held mass meetings to demand
repeal of unfair laws. "My first object," declared O'Connell, "is to get Ireland for the Irish."
Under pressure from O'Connell and other Irish nationalists, Britain
slowly moved to improve conditions in Ireland. In 1829, Parliament
passed the Catholic Emancipation Act, which allowed Irish Catholics to
vote and hold political office. Yet many injustices remained. Absentee
landlords could evict tenants almost at will. Other British laws forbade
the teaching and speaking of the Irish language.
Struggle for Home Rule The famine in Ireland (see facing page) left
the Irish with a legacy of bitterness and distrust toward Britain. In the
1850s, some Irish militants organized the Fenian Brotherhood. Its goal
was to liberate Ireland from British rule by force. In the 1870s, moderate
Irish nationalists found a rousing leader in Charles Stewart Parnell. He
rallied Irish members of Parliament to press for home rule, or local selfgovernment. The debate dragged on for decades.
The "Irish question" disrupted English politics. At times, political parties were so deeply split over the Irish question that they could not take
care of other business. As prime minister, Gladstone pushed for reforms
in Ireland. He ended the use of Irish tithe money to support the Anglican
church and tried to ease the hardships oflrish tenant farmers. New laws
prevented landlords from charging unfair rents and protected the rights
of tenants to the land they worked.
Finally, in 1914, Parliament passed a home rule bill. But it delayed
putting the new law into effect when World War I broke out that year. As
you will read, the southern counties of Ireland finally became independent in 1921.
WITNESS HISTORY VIDIO

Watch The Great Hunger in Ireland on the
Witness History Discovery School"' video
program to learn more about the potato
famine in Ireland.
./ Standards Check How did English policies toward Ireland affect the
cause of Irish Nationalism? HSS 10.3.4

For: Selfquiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza2323
1. Place each of the key terms at the

beginning of the section into these two
categories: economic or political. Write
a sentence for each term explaining
your choice.
3. Summarize Describe three reforms

that helped the British working class.
4. Compare Points of View What
actions did women suffragists take to
achieve their goals? How did the views
of women differ regarding tactics?
5. Identify Central Issues (a) Why did
Irish nationalists oppose British rule?
(b) Describe two reforms that improved
conditions in Ireland.
Note Taking
2. Reading Skill: Categorize Use your
chart to answer the Focus Question:
What social and economic reforms were
passed by the British Parliament during
the 1800s and early 1900s?
Quick Write: Write a Thesis Statement

Write the thesis statement for an editorial
written by an Irish nationalist of the late
1800s or early 1900s. First, decide whether
your main goal is to win support for your
cause from the Irish or to persuade members of the British Parliament.
What factors cause large groups of people to move from one

place to another?
In the 1800s, famine drove more than a million Irish to leave their homeland. In
later years, millions more Europeans would migrate to North and South America,
mainly seeking economic opportunity. Like most emigrants, they left behind their
homes and cultures for a future that was uncertain at best. What drives people to
take such a bold step? Motivators include poverty and unemployment, civil
unrest, and natural disasters such as famine and drought. These "push factors"
sometimes, but not always, combine with a common "pull factor": the promise
of a better life in the new location. Consider the following causes and historical
examples of migration:
~
Migration of refugees during the 1947

partition of India and Pakistan.
Aggression
Forced Migration
Persecution
Migration played a major role in the

fall of the Roman empire. It all
started with the Mongols, aggressive
warriors from central Asia, who
attacked the Huns in the A.D. 200s.
Over time, the Huns migrated
westward. They pushed the Goths, a
Germanic group, out of the Russian
steppe and toward Roman lands.
The Goths, in turn, displaced another
Germanic people, the Vandals.
This chain reaction or "bumper car"
migration continued, sending wave
after wave of invaders into the
western Roman empire, which
eventually collapsed.
European traders imposed the forced

migration of some 12 million
enslaved Africans from the 1500s to
the 1800s. More than a million
African s died during the brutal
passage across the Atlantic to the
Americas. Another involuntary
migration took place in the Soviet
Union during the 1930s. Joseph
Stalin sent millions of peasants and
political opponents to forced-labor
camps in Siberia and other remote
areas. Many of them died or were
killed in the camps.
In 1948, the British granted India

independence, splitting it along
religious lines into India (Hindu) and
Pakistan (Muslim). Hundreds of
thousands died in the violence that
followed. More than 7 million
Muslims fled from India to Pakistan
to escape persecution. More than
7 million Hindus and Sikhs migrated
in the opposite direction for the same
reason.
-y Immigrants arriving in New York City.

Thinking Critically
1. (a) What were some possible "pull"
factors for Irish emigrants? (b) How
do the "push" and "pull" factors for
voluntary migration differ from those
for involuntary migration?
2. Connections to Today Use news
sources to read about an example of
recent migration. Write a one
paragraph summary of the migration
including explanations of push and/
or pull factors influencing the
migration.
Analysis Skills CSl

268
WITNESS HISTORY ..@ AUDIO
Vive Ia France!
The news sent shock waves through Paris.
Napoleon Ill had surrendered to the Prussians and
Prussian forces were now about to advance on Paris.
Could the city survive? Georges Clemenceau (kleh
mahn soh), a young French politician, rallied the
people of Paris to defend their homeland:
" Citizens, must France destroy herself and disappear,
or shall she resume her old place in the vanguard of
nations? ... Each of us knows his duty. We are children of the Revolution. Let us seek inspiration in
the example of our forefathers in 1792, and like
them we shall conquer. Vive Ia France! (Long Live
France!)"
Following Napoleon Ill's surrender (above), Georges
Clemenceau (above right) rallied the people of Paris to
defend their city.
Focus Question What democratic reforms were

made in France during the Third Republic?
Division and Democracy in France

Standards Preview
HSS 10.3.6 Analyze the emergence of capitalism as
a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it,
including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and
Communism.
coalition
Dreyfus affair
libel
Zionism
Napoleon Ill
Suez Canal
provisional
premier
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Draw a
timeline and label the main events described in
this section.
1870
Franco
Prussian
War
1848
Second
Emrire
1840
1860
1880
1900
For four months, Paris r esisted the German onslaught. But finally,
in January 1871, the French government at Versailles was forced
to accept Prussian surrender terms.
The Franco-Prussian War ended a long period of French domination of Europe that had begun under Louis xrv. Yet a Third Republic
rose from the ashes of the Second Empire ofNapoleon ill. Economic
growth, democratic reforms, and the fierce nationalism expressed by
Clemenceau all played a part in shaping modem France.
1920
France Under Napoleon Ill
After the revolution of 1848, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon

Bonaparte, rose to power and set up the Second Empire. His
appeal cut across lines of class and ideology. The bourgeoisie saw
him as a strong leader who would restore order. His promise to
end poverty gave hope to the lower classes. People of all classes
: wer e attracted by his name, a reminder of the days when France
had towered over Europe. Unlike his famous uncle, however,
Napoleon III would bring France neither glory nor an empire.
Limits on Liberty On the surface, the Second Empire looked

like a constitutional monarchy. In fact, Napoleon III ruled almost
as a dictator, with the power to appoint his cabinet, the upper
house of the legislature, and many officials. Although the assembly was elected by universal male suffrage, appointed officials
"managed" elections so that supporters of the emperor would win.
: Debate was limited, and newspapers faced strict censorship.
In the 1860s, the emperor began to ease controls. He lifted some censorship and gave the legislature more power. On the eve of his disastrous
war with Prussia, Napoleon III even issued a new constitution that
extended democratic rights.
Promoting Economic Growth Like much of Europe, France prospered at mid-century. Napoleon III promoted investment in industry and
large-scale ventures such as railroad building and the urban renewal of
Paris. During this period, a French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lesseps
(LAY seps), organized the building of the Suez Canal in Egypt to link the
Mediterranean with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.
Workers enjoyed some benefits of economic growth . Napoleon legalized
labor unions, extended public education to girls, and created a small public health program. Still, in France, as in other industrial nations, many
people lived in great poverty.
Foreign Adventures Napoleon's worst failures were in foreign affairs.
In the 1860s, he tried to place Maximilian, an Austrian Hapsburg prince,
on the throne of Mexico. Through Maximilian, Napoleon hoped to turn
Mexico into a French satellite. But after a large commitment of troops
and money, the adventure failed. Mexican patriots resisted fiercely, and
the United States protested. After four years, France withdrew its
troops. Maximilian was overthrown and shot by Mexican patriots.
Napoleon's successes were almost as costly as his failures. He helped
Italian nationalists defeat Austria, and in return, the regions of Nice
(nees) and Savoy were ceded to France. But this victory soon backfired
when a united Italy emerged as a rival on France's border. And, though
f or over four months beginning in September 1870, Prussian troops surrounded Paris. The city
was almost completely cut off from the rest of the country except for messages that could be
carried out on perilous balloon flights (far right top), by carrier pigeon, or by small
capsules floated down the Seine River (far right bottom). Despite the large
amounts of food that had been amassed prior to the siege, food was in short
supply. Parisians searched for horses, rats (right), and even zoo and
circus animals were consumed in the face of hunger. In the end,
the French surrendered and agreed to disband their army and
pay a war indemnity. Nearly 2,000 French troops were
killed and thousands of Parisians died of diseases
France and Britain won the Crimean War, France had little to show for
its terrible losses except a small foothold in the Middle East.
A Disastrous War With Prussia At this same time, France was growing increasingly concerned about the rise of a great rival, Prussia. The
Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck shrewdly manipulated the French
and lured Napoleon into war in 1870.
As you have read, the Franco-Prussian War was a disaster for France.
Following the capture of Napoleon III, German forces advanced toward
Paris and encircled the city. After four months of siege by Prussian
troops, starving Parisians were reduced to catching rats and killing circus animals for food .
.I Standards Check What were some of the successes and failures of

Napoleon Ill's Second Empire? HSS 10.3.4
Challenges of the Third Republic

At the news of Napoleon's capture, republicans in Paris declared an end
to the Second Empire. They set up a provisional, or temporary, government that shortly evolved into France's Third Republic. In 1871, the
newly elected National Assembly accepted a harsh peace with Germany.
France had to surrender the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and pay a
huge sum to Germany. The French were eager to avenge their loss.
The Paris Commune In 1871, an uprising broke out in Paris. Rebels set
up the Paris Commune. Like the radical government during the French
Revolution, its goal was to save the Republic from royalists. Communards,
Paris Under Seige

..... Prussian siege line
Prussian batteries
~ Prussian amcks
OoAoa French defensive line
0 French forts
~ French attllcks
"'
Citywalls
Thinking Critically
1. Map Skills From which
directions did the Prussians
launch their major attacks?
2. Determine Relevance Why is
the state of a city's food supply so
important during a military siege?
____
_ , .sc.kmJI.k.
t
2:
StJt ue JSt:tm
t
-..
""'
PARIS
,;
as the rebels were called, included workers and socialists as well as bourgeois republicans. As patriots, they rejected the harsh peace that the
National Assembly had signed with Germany. Radicals dreamed of creating a new socialist order.
The National Assembly ordered the Paris Commune to disband. When
the Communards refused, the government sent troops to retake Paris.
For weeks, civil war raged. As government troops advanced, the rebels
set fire to several government buildings, toppled a monument commemorating Napoleon I, and slaughtered a number of hostages. Finally, government forces butchered some 20,000 Communards. The suppression of
the Paris Commune left bitter memories that deepened social divisions
within France.
The French Tricolor

The Third Republic eventually adopted the
tricolor, a symbol of the French Revolution,
as the official flag of France.
Government Structure Despite its shaky beginnings, the Third

Republic remained in place for 70 years. The new republic had a
two-house legislature. The powerful lower house, or Chamber of
Deputies, was elected by universal male suffrage. Together
with the Senate, it elected the president of the republic.
However, he had little power and served mostly as a figurehead. Real power was in the hands of the premier
(prih MIR), or prime minister.
Unlike Britain, with its two-party system, France had
many parties, reflecting the wide splits within the country.
Among them were royalists, constitutional monarchists, moderate
republicans, and radicals. With so many parties, no single party could
win a majority in the legislature. In order to govern, politicians had to
form coalitions, or alliances of various parties. Once a coalition controlled enough votes, it could then name a premier and form a cabinet.
Multiparty systems and coalition governments are common in Europe.
Such alliances allow citizens to vote for a party that most nearly matches
their own beliefs. Coalition governments, however, are often unstable. If
one party deserts a coalition, the government might lose its majority in
the legislature. The government then falls, and new elections must be
held. In the first 10 years of the Third Republic, 50 different coalition
governments were formed and fell.
Political Scandals Despite frequent changes of governments, France
made economic progress. It paid Germany the huge sum required by the
peace treaty and expanded its overseas empire. But in the 1880s and
1890s, a series of political scandals shook public trust in the government.
One crisis erupted when a popular minister of war, General Georges
Boulanger (boo lahn zhay), rallied royalists and ultranationalists eager
for revenge on Germany. Accused of plotting to overthrow the republic,
Boulanger fled to Belgium. In another scandal, a nephew of the president
was caught selling nominations for the Legion of Honor, France's highest
award. The president was forced to resign .
./ Standards Check What challenges did the Third Republic face during
its 70 years in power? HSS 10.3.6
Anti-Semitism and the Dreyfus Affair

The most serious and divisive scandal began in 1894. A high-ranking
army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was accused of spying for Germany. However, at his military trial, neither Dreyfus nor his lawyer was allowed to
272
see the evidence against him. The injustice was rooted in antiSemitism. The military elite detested Dreyfus, the first Jewish person
to reach such a high position in the army. Although Dreyfus proclaimed
his innocence, he was convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on
Devil's Island, a desolate penal colony off the coast of South America.
By 1896, new evidence pointed to another officer, Ferdinand Esterhazy,
as the spy. Still, the army refused to grant Dreyfus a new trial.
Deep Divisions The Dreyfus affair, as it was called, scarred French

politics and society for decades. Royalists, ultranationalists, and Church
officials charged Dreyfus supporters, or "Dreyfusards," with undermining
France. Paris echoed with cries of "Long live the army!" and "Death to
traitors!" Dreyfusards, mostly liberals and republicans, upheld ideals of
justice and equality in the face of massive public anger. In 1898, French
novelist Emile Zola joined the battle. In an article headlined J'Accuse! (I
Accuse!), he charged the army and government with suppressing the
truth. As a result, Zola was convicted oflibel, or the knowing publication
offalse and damaging statements. He fled into exile.
Slowly, though, the Dreyfusards made progress and eventually the
evidence against Dreyfus was shown to be forged. In 1906, a French
court finally cleared Dreyfus of all charges and restored his honors. That
was a victory for justice, but the political scars of the Dreyfus affair took
longer to heal.
Calls for a Jewish State The Dreyfus case reflected the rise of antiSemitism in Europe. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution had
spread ideas about religious toleration. In Western Europe, some Jews
had gained jobs in government, universities, and other areas of life. Others had achieved success in banking and business, but most struggled to
survive in the ghettos of Eastern Europe or the slums of Western Europe.
By the late 1800s, however, anti-Semitism was again on the rise. AntiSemites were often members of the lower middle class who felt insecure
in their social and economic position. Steeped in the new nationalist
fervor, they adopted an aggressive intolerance for outsiders and a
violent hatred of Jews.
The Dreyfus case and the pogroms in Russia stirred Theodor Herzl
(HURT sui), a Hungarian Jewish journalist living in France. He called for
Jews to form their own separate state, where they would have
rights that were otherwise denied to them in European countries. Herzl helped launch modern Zionism, a movement
devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine. Many Jews
had kept this dream alive since the destruction of the temple
in Jerusalem by the Romans. In 1897, Herzl organized the
First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland .
./ Standards Check In what ways was the Zionist

movement a reaction to the Dreyfus case? HSS
10.3.6
Reforms in France
Although shaken by the Dreyfus affair, France achieved serious
reforms in the early 1900s. Like Britain, France passed laws regulating wages, hours, and safety conditions for workers. It set up a
system of free public elementary schools. Creating public schools
Dreyfus Affair Caricature

This 1899 caricature, The Traitor, portrays
Alfred Dreyfus as a lindworm, a mythical
dragon with no wings in many German
legends. In protest of Dreyfus's conviction,
French novelist Emile Zola published a letter
in 1898 in which he accused the army and
government of suppressing the truth in the
Dreyfus trial. "The truth is on the march, and
nothing shall stop it," Zola wrote.
was also part of a campaign to reduce the power of the Roman Catholic
Church, which controlled education.
Separating Church and State Like Germany, France tried to repress

Church involvement in government. Republicans viewed the Church as a
conservative force that opposed progressive policies. In the Dreyfus
affair, it had backed the army and ultranationalists.
The government closed Church schools, along with many convents and
monasteries. In 1905, it passed a law to separate church and state and
stopped paying the salaries of the clergy. Catholics, Protestants, and
Jews were all to enjoy freedom of worship, but none would have any special treatment from the government.
Women's Rights Under the Napoleonic Code, French women had few
Penmanship Lesson
One of the many reforms of the early 1900s
in France was the establishment of free
public elementary schools.
rights. By the 1890s, a growing women's rights movement sought legal

reforms. It made some gains, such as an 1896 law giving married women
the right to their own earnings. In 1909, Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl
founded the French Union for Women's Suffrage. Rejecting the radical
tactics used in Britain, Schmahl favored legal protests. Yet even liberal
men were reluctant to grant women suffrage. They feared that women
would vote for Church and conservative causes. In the end, French
women did not win the vote until after World War II.
./ Standards Check Describe two social reforms during the late 1800s
and early 1900s in France. HSS 10.3.6
Looking Ahead
Vocabulary Builder
repress-{ree PRES) vt. to put down,
subdue
By 1914, France was the largest democratic country in Europe, with a

constitution that protected basic rights. France's economy was generally
prosperous, and its overseas empire was second only to that of Britain.
Yet the outlook was not all smooth. Coalition governments rose and
fell at the slightest pressure. To the east loomed the industrial might of
Germany. Many French citizens were itching for a chance to avenge the
defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and liberate the "lost provinces" of
Alsace and Lorraine. That chance came in 1914, when all of Europe
exploded into World War I.

Web Code: mza-2334

3. Summarize Describe the government

of France during the Second Empire.
4. Draw Inferences How did the Paris
Commune and the Dreyfus affair
heighten divisions in France?
5. Summarize Describe two reforms
enacted in France in the early 1900s.
6. Express Problems Clearly (a) What
solution did Zionists propose for the
problem of widespread anti-Semitism?
(b) Why do you think they felt it was
the best solution?
Quick Write: Write a Conclusion Do

additional research to learn more about
Ferdinand de Lesseps, the Frenchman who
orchestrated the construction of the Suez
Canal. Write a one-paragraph conclusion
that could be used at the end of a biographical essay on de Lesseps.
Note Taking
the Focus Question: What democratic
reforms were made in France during the
Third Republic?
274
WITNESS HISTORY If> AUDIO
America!
For many Irish families fleeing hunger, Russian Jews
escaping pogroms, or poor Italian farmers seeking
economic opportunity, the answer was the sameAmerica! A poem inscribed on the base of the Statue
of Liberty expressed the welcome and promise of
freedom that millions of immigrants dreamed of:
" Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.
I lift my lamp beside the golden door."
-Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus"
Focus Question How did the United States develop
during the 1800s?
Expansion of the United States

Standards Preview
HSS 10.3.4 Trace the evolution of work and labor,
including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of
immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor,
and the union movement.
Territorial Expansion

expansionism
Louisiana Purchase
Manifest Destiny
secede
segregation
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Categorize Create a chart like the
one below. As you read this section, list key events
under the appropriate columns.
After
Before
Civil War
Western
expansion
In the 1800s, the United States was a beacon of hope for many
people. The American economy was growing rapidly, offering jobs
to newcomers. The Constitution and Bill of Rights held out the
hope
of political and religious freedom. Not everyone shared in the
1
: prosperity or the ideals of democracy. Still, by the turn of the nineteenth century, important reforms were being made.
Fifteenth
Amendment
From the earliest years of its history, the United States followed a
policy of expansionism, or extending the nation's boundaries. At
first, th e United States stretch ed only from the Atlantic coast to
the Mississippi River. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought
the Louisiana territory from France. In one stroke, the Louisiana
Purchase virtually doubled the size of the nation.
By 1846, the United States had expanded to include Florida,
Oregon, and the Republic ofTexas. The Mexican War (1846-1848)
added California and the Southwest. With growing pride and confidence, Americans claimed that their nation was destined to
spread across the entire continent, from sea to sea. This idea
became known as Manifest Destiny. Some expansionists even
hoped to absorb Canada and Mexico. In fact, the United States did
go far afield. In 1867, it bought Alaska from Russia and in 1898
annexed the Hawaiian Islands .
.I Standards Check Describe the United States' physical

expansion during the 1800s. -ss 10.3.4
Chapter 8 Section 4
275
Lewis and Clark

Reach the Pacific Ocean
In 1803, Thomas Jefferson appointed Meriwether
Lewis to lead ~n expedition from the Missouri River
to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis invited William Clark to
share the leadership. The expedition set out from
St. Louis in May 1804 and returned in September 1806.
Along the way, both Lewis and Clark kept extensive
journals (background), which included detailed maps,
drawings (below), and descriptions of the land,
people, and animals they encountered. The entry
here describes the events surrounding what
he believed was the group's first view of
the Pacific Ocean (above).
" November 7th, 1805-A cloudy foggy morning some rain.

... Two canoes of Indians met and returned with us to their
village ... . They gave us to eat some fish, and sold us, fish,
wappato roots, three dogs, and 2 otter skins for which we
gave fishhooks principally, of which they were very fond ....
After delaying at this village one hour and a half we set out
piloted by an Indian .... Rain continued moderately all
day ... our small canoe which got separated in the fog this
morning joined us this evening ....
Great joy in camp we are in view of
the Ocean, .. .this great Pacific Ocean
which we [have) been so long
anxious to see. And the roaring or
noise made by the waves breaking
on the rocky shores (as I suppose)
may be heard distinctly."
Thinking Critically
1. Summarize According to Clark's
entry, what was the land like in this
area?
2. Draw Conclusions What
conclusions can you draw about
William Clark's character from this
journal entry?
-Captain William Clark,

from The Journals of the
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Expanding Democracy
In 1800, the United States had the most liberal suffrage in the world, but
still only white men who owned property could vote. States slowly
chipped away at requirements. By the 1830s, most white men had the
right to vote. Democracy was still far from complete, however.
By mid-century, reformers were campaigning for many changes. Some
demanded a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages. Others called for better treatment of the mentally ill or pushed for free elementary schools.
But two crusades stood out above all others because they highlighted the
limits of American democracy-the abolition movement and the women's
rights movement.
Calls for Abolition In the early 1800s, a few Americans began to call
for an immediate and complete end to slavery. One of these abolitionists
was William Lloyd Garrison, who pressed the antislavery cause through
his newspaper, the Liberator. Another was Frederick Douglass. He had
been born into slavery and escaped, and he spoke eloquently in the North
about the evils of the system.
276
By the 1850s, the battle over slavery had intensified. As each new state
entered the union, proslavery and antislavery forces met in violent confrontations to decide whether slavery would be legal in the new state.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin helped convince many
northerners that slavery was a great social evil.
Women's Rights Movement Women worked hard in the antislavery

movement. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled to London for the World Antislavery Convention-only to find they were forbidden to speak because they were women. Gradually, American women
began to protest the laws and customs that limited their lives.
In 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York, Matt and Stan ton organized the
first women's rights convention. The convention passed a resolution,
based on the Declaration of Independence. It began, "We hold these
truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal." The
women's rights movement set as its goal equality before the law, in the
workplace, and in education. Some women also demanded the vote.
./ Standards Check How did the abolition and women's rights
movements highlight the limits of American democracy?
HSS 10.3.4
The American Civil War, 1861-1865

During the American Civil War. Union forces
from the North fought against the
Confederate Army of the South. This scene
shows the black 54th Massachusetts
Regiment of the Union army attacking Fort
Wagner in South Carolina.
The Civil War and Its Aftermath

Economic differences, as well as the slavery issue, drove the
Northern and Southern regions of the United States apart. The
division reached a crisis in 1860 when Abraham Lincoln was
elected president. Lincoln opposed extending slavery into new
territories. Southerners feared that he would eventually abolish slavery altogether and that the federal government would
infringe on their states' rights.
North Versus South Soon after Lincoln's election, most

southern states seceded, or withdrew, from the Union and
formed the Confederate States of America. This action sparked
the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865.
The South had fewer resources, fewer people, and less industry than the North. Still, Southerners fought fiercely to defend
their cause. The Confederacy finally surrendered in 1865. The
struggle cost more than 600,000 lives-the largest casualty figures of any American war.
Challenges for African Americans During the war, Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation, by which enslaved African Americans in
the South were declared free. After the war, three amendments to the
Constitution banned slavery throughout the country and granted political rights to African Americans. Under the Fifteenth Amendment, African American men won the right to vote.
Still, African Americans faced many restrictions. In the South, state
laws imposed segregation, or legal separation of the races, in hospitals,
schools, and other public places. Other state laws imposed conditions for
voter eligibility that, despite the Fifteenth Amendment, prevented African Americans from voting.
./ Standards Check What changes did the Civil War bring about for
African Americans? HSS 10.3.4
Chapter 8 Section 4
277
CA N ADA
Co01c ProJection
200
400
""-:iiE=~=l'
Ceded by Great Brit.lin,

(Conention of 1818)
m1
200
\<
~
lJNJQN)q-l~Jf.
....._,_
LOUISIANA PURCI-\ASE
(Purdlased from Fl'illnce, 1803}_
R_.jR~
. 1IMS ANNEXA110N
("'-if IJy Consr-, 1845)
60\V
Gulf of Mexico
90
First transcontinental rail road joined in Utah

in 1869
Major gold discoveries in California in 1849
Settlers heading west to acquire land
A miner with
his shovel
Chinese laborers helped

build the railroads.
Map Skills Through wars and treaties, the United States

expanded its borders to its present size. During the 1800s, settlers flocked to newly acquired lands. The discovery of gold in
California drew a flood of easterners. Other people, like the
Mormons, sought a place to practice their religion freely. Still
others headed west in the spirit of adventure. Some Native
American nations resisted the invaders, but they were outgunned and outnumbered. By the 1890s, most surviving
Native Americans had been driven onto reservations.
278
1. Locate (a) Louisiana Purchase (b) Florida (c) Texas

(d) Alaska (e) Hawaii
2. Place Identify three countries that sold territories to the
United States.
3. Make Comparisons Compare this map to a map of the
present-day United States. How did the area where you live
become part of the United States?
Economic Growth and Social Reform

Mter the Civil War, the United States grew to lead the world in industrial and agricultural production. A special combination of factors made
this possible including political stability, private property rights, a free
enterprise system, and an inexpensive supply of land and laborsupplied mostly by immigrants. Finally, a growing network of transportation and communications technologies aided businesses in transporting resources and finished products.
Business and Labor By 1900, giant monopolies controlled whole

industries. Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie built the nation's largest steel
company, while John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company dominated
the world's petroleum industry. Big business enjoyed tremendous profits.
But the growing prosperity was not shared by all. In factories, wages
were low and conditions were often brutal. To defend their interests,
American workers organized labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor. Unions sought better wages, hours, and working conditions. Struggles with management sometimes erupted into violent
confrontations. Slowly, however, workers made gains.
Vocabulary Builder
dominate-{DAHM un nayt) ut. to rule or
control by superior power or influence
Populists and Progressives In the economic hard times of the late

1800s, farmers also organized themselves to defend their interests. In
the 1890s, they joined city workers to support the new Populist party.
The Populists never became a major party, but their platform of reforms,
such as an eight-hour workday, eventually became law.
By 1900, reformers known as Progressives also pressed for change.
They sought laws to ban child labor, limit working hours, regulate
monopolies, and give voters more power. Another major goal of the Progressives was obtaining voting rights for women. After a long struggle,
American suffragists finally won the vote in 1920, when the Nineteenth
Amendment went into effect .
.I Standards Check Describe the factors that helped the United States
become an industrial and agricultural leader. H-55 10.3.4

Web Code: mza-2346
1. Place each of the key terms at the

beginning of the section into one of
these two categories: geography or politics. Write a sentence for each term to
explain your choice.
3. Summarize Describe how the United

States grew in each of these areas in
the 1800s: (a) territory, (b) population,
(c) economy.
4. Identify Central Issues Describe two
ways that democracy expanded.
5. Draw Conclusions (a) How did immigrants benefit from economic growth
in the United States after the Civil War?
(b) What problems did workers face?
Quick Write: Write a Thesis Statement

Conduct research to learn more about
American entrepreneur, Andrew Carnegie.
While some historians have portrayed Carnegie and others like him as philanthropists
and captains of industry, others have portrayed him as a "robber baron." Write a
thesis statement for a biographical essay
on Carnegie in which you summarize your
views of the man and his achievements.
Note Taking
2. Reading Skill: Categorize Use your
completed chart to answer the Focus
Question: How did the United States
develop during the 1800s?
Quick Study Guide

For: Self-test with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza-2307
Democratic Reforms in Britain

1800s-Early 1900s H-ss 1o.:z.~
Redistribution of seats in the House of Commons from rural towns to

growing cities (1832)
1852 Napoleon Ill sets up Second Empire.
Expansion of suffrage for men with property (1832)
1863 Napoleon Ill sends troops and Archduke Maximilian to Mexico.
Expansion of suffrage for many working-class men (1867)
1860 France gains Nice and Savoy by helping Italian nationalists

defeat Austria.
---
1856 France and Britain defeat Russia in Crimean War.
Expansion of suffrage to farm workers and most men

Introduction of secret ballot
1870 Napoleon Ill captured in Franco-Prussian war; Four-month siege of

Paris by Prussians; France defeated and Alsace Lorraine ceded to
Germany; Republicans in Paris establish the Third Republic.
Power of the House of Lords restricted (191 1)
Key Events in France,

1800s-Early 1900s H-ss 10.~.6
1871 Paris Commune uprising
Social and Economic Reforms

in Britain 1800s-Early
1900S HSS 10.~.4
1894 Dreyfus affair

1905 Separation of church and state established by law.
Slave trade prohibited (1 807)

Slavery in all British colonies abolished (1 833)
Key Events in the United States

1800s-Early 1900s H-ss 1o.~.4
Repeal of high tariffs on grains (1 846)

Women and children under ten forbidden to work in mines (1 842)
1803 Louisiana Purchase
Women and children limited to 10-hour workday (1847)
1846-1 848 Mexican War
Improvements in public health and housing
1849 California Gold Rush
Free elementary education
1861- 1865 Civil War
Accident, health, and unemployment insurance
1867 Purchase of Alaska
Old-age pensions
1869 Completion of Transcontinental Railroad
Suffrage extended to women over 30 (1 91 8)
1882 Formation of Standard Oil Trust

1898 Spanish-American War; Hawaiian islands annexed
1908 Development of Henry Ford's Model T
Key Events in the Growth of Western

Democracies H-ss 1o.:z.~. 1o.~.4, 10.~.6
1832
1845
1861-1865
Great Reform Act

gives more British
men suffrage and
redi stributes seats
Potato
famine in
Ireland
begins.
American Civil War

ends slavery in the
United States.
Europe and
North America
World Events
1821
Mexico wins
independence
from Spain.
280
1858
Britain begins
rule of India.
~~~-~--
~~---
- --
-~ - ~- - ---
- --
-~
- -
C9ncept IConnectOr
Analysis Skills CS1, CS4; HR1
Cumulative Review
Connections to Today
Record the answers to the questions below on your

Concept Connector worksheets. In addition, record information from this chapter about the following concept:
1.
Migration: Westward Movement in the United States

1. Cooperation Do research to learn more about various abolitionist groups, including the Society of Friends (or Quakers),
the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, the British
Antislavery Society, or the American Anti-Slavery Society.
What tactics did these groups use in their efforts to abolish
slavery?
2.
3.
Migration Compare the "push and pull" factors that

caused Europeans to emigrate to the Americas during the
nineteenth and early twentieth century to the factors influencing earlier migrations of Europeans to the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Think about
the following:
Religious factors, such as religious intolerance
Economic factors, such as the availability of land and
other resources
Political factors, such as racial or ethnic discrimination
Democracy Do you think John Locke's ideas about natural
rights contributed to the expansion of suffrage to include
working class men and all women? Explain your answer.
Trade: Free Trade and Tariffs The British Corn laws

imposed high, protective tariffs on imported grains and kept
the price of British grown grain high. Do library research to
learn more about a current protective tariff that is opposed
by those who favor free trade. Which country has imposed
this tariff on imports? What goods are affected? Which
groups oppose the tariff and why?
2. Conflict: Northern Ireland The southern counties of

Ireland gained independence from Britain in 1922, but Northern Ireland remained under British rule. Conflict ensued
between minority Catholics in Northern Ireland, who
demanded the reunification of Ireland, and majority Protestants, who favored a continued union with Britain. In 1998,
the main political parties signed a peace accord that would
eventually bring self-rule to Northern Ireland. Do research to
learn more about the status of peace in Northern Ireland.
3.
Conflict: Native Americans The expansion of the United

States proved to be devastating for most Native American
groups in North America. By the 1890s, most surviving Native
Americans had been driven onto reservations. Conduct
library research to learn more about the status of Native
Americans living in the United States today. Write a paragraph summarizing the information you find.
Hlstorv lnterc{!_ctive
1897
1870
France defeated
Theodor Herzl
organizes the First
in the FrancoPrussian War;
Zionist Congress for
the purpose of founding
Third Republic
a Jewish state.
established.
1875
1869
The French-built
Suez Canal
opens in Egypt.
1900s
Brazil
becomes a
republic.
The women's suffrage

movement grows in
Britain and the United
States.
1895
1889

Web Code: mzp~2308
1915
1893
1910
New Zealand is the

first nation to give
women the vote.
The Union of South

Africa is formed.
281
Standards Assessment
HSS 10.2, 10.J; Analysis Skills Hl1, Hl2

1.
How did the Great Reform Act of 1832 correct the problem of
rotten boroughs?
2. What group of people was added to the British electorate in
1918?
3. Why did members of the Chartist movement demand the use
of secret ballots?
4. Why did the opponents of the Corn Laws in Britain favor free
trade?
5. Why did French politicians need to form coalitions?
6. Where did Britain establish penal colonies?
7. What is segregation?
8. What is a provisional government?
Main Ideas
Section 1 (pp. 258-261)
9. What were the effects of the Great Reform Act of 1832?
Section 2 (pp. 262-268)
10. How did British policy toward slavery change in 1833?
Section 3 (pp. 269-274)
11. How did the party system in France's Third Republic differ
from the British party system?
12. What was the main goal of the Zionist movement?
Section 4 (pp. 275-279)
13. List two goals of the Progressives in the United States in the
early 1900s.
Chapter Focus Question

14. How did Britain, France, and the United States slowly extend
democratic rights during the 1800s and early 1900s?
Critical Thinking
15. Analyzing Cartoons
What views of suffrage does
this cartoon reflect?
16. Draw Conclusions
Britain and France faced
many similar political and
social problems in the 1800s.
Why do you think Britain
was able to avoid the
upheavals that plagued
France?
17. Recognize Cause and
Effect (a) List two longterm causes and two immediate causes of the Great
Hunger; (b) list two immediate effects. (c) Why do you
think the famine sparked lasting feelings of bitterness
against Britain?
18. Synthesize Information Describe how each of the following was related to nationalism: (a) the prestige of Queen
Victoria, (b) the revolt of the Paris Commune, (c) the rise of
Zionism.
19. Geography and History How did the geography of the
United States encourage the American government to
achieve its goal of Manifest Destiny?
ELA WritlnCJ 1.0, 2.J
Writing a Compare and Contrast Expository Essay Conduct research

and write a compare and contrast essay on the careers and accomplishments of Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone
(left). How were the two alike? How were they different?
Prewriting
Identify points of comparison and contrast for your
essay. For example, you may want to compare and
contrast the two men in terms of their background,
political views, specific accomplishments, and
impact on British politics. These categories will
help you organize details in your essay.
Create a Venn Diagram showing differences
between the two men in the outside circles and similarities in the overlapping
center.
Collect the facts you need to write your
essay.
Drafting
Start with an engaging opening that defines the
comparison/contrast and grabs readers' interest. This
could be a quotation, surprising detail or statistic, or
a question.
Give details about each point of comparison to make
it more accessible to readers. For example, you might
give the years during which each man served as
prime minister.
Discuss the points about each man in the same order.
You might even use similar sentence structure to
emphasize this.
Revising
Use the guidelines for revising your essay on
page SH12 of the Writing Handbook.
Document-Based Assessment
Analysis Skills HR4
The Dreyfus Affair

On December 22, 1894, a French military court convicted an innocent Jewish man, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, of selling state secrets to
Germany. Dreyfus was imprisoned on Devil's Island off of South
America and his conviction was reversed only after nearly twelve
years. The Dreyfus affair caused a great division between conservatives, who still disliked the outcome of the French Revolution
and held strong anti-Semitic beliefs, and liberals, who viewed the
case as a gross abuse of individual rights.
Document C
UN DINER EN FANILLE
Document A
" ... if my voice ceased to be heard, it would mean that it had
been extinguished forever, for if I have survived, it has been in
order to insist on my honor-my property and the patrimony of
our children-and in order to do my duty, as I have done it
everywhere and always, and as it must always be done, when
right and justice are on one's side, without ever fearing anything
or anyone.
-From a letter to his wife Lucie, by Alfred Dreyfus, September
1898, published in Cinq Annees
Document B
"I accuse the offices of War of having conducted in the press,
particularly in L'Eclair and in L'Echo de Paris, an abominable
campaign designed to mislead public opinion and to conceal
their wrongdoing.
"Rnally, I accuse the first Court Martial of having violated the
law in convicting a defendant on the basis of a document kept
secret, and I accuse the second Court Martial of having covered
up .. . [and) knowingly acquitting a guilty man."
"Un Diner En Famille"

Translation: "It is agreed that there should be no talk of the
affair! But they did talk about it ... "
- From Le Figaro by Caran d'Ache, February, 1898
-From u J'Accuse" a letter to the President of the Republic

by Emile Zola
Analyzing Documents
Use your knowledge of the Dreyfus affair and Documents A, B, and C to answer questions 1-4.
1.
In Document A, Dreyfus suggests that his wish to prove his

innocence helped toA keep him close to his family.
B keep him alive.
C make the Army take illegal actions.
D make anti-Semitic groups angry.
2.
Which statement best summarizes lola's letter in

Document B?
A Although the French military convicted the wrong man,
they attempted to carry out a fair trial.
B The French military was fooled by handwriting experts,
who tried to convict the wrong man.
C The French military knowingly and illegally convicted an
innocent man.
D The French military showed that the army was anti-Semitic
at the highest levels.
3.
Document C illustratesA why many French families believed Dreyfus was guilty.
B why Dreyfus was convicted unfairly of treason.
C how the Dreyfus case divided France.
D how anti-Semitism was a factor in the Dreyfus case.
4.
Writing Task On July 21, 1906, a French general knighted

Alfred Dreyfus a member of the Legion of Honor. Well wishers
attended the ceremony in the courtyard of the Ecole Militaire.
Some shouted "Long live Dreyfus." Suppose you were reporting on the event for an American newspaper. Write a news
story, using the documents on this page along with information from the chapter.
283

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Nationalism

Building a German Nation

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

Russia: Reform and Reaction

WITNESS HISTORY ..,~ AUDIO

The Price of Nationalism

Blood and Iron

Otto von Bismarck

Focus Question How did Otto von Bismarck, the

Building a German Nation

Terms, People, and Places

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity

Napoleon Raids German Lands Between 1806 and 1812,

Economic Changes Promote Unity In the 1830s, Prussia created an

Bismarck Unites Germany

Map Skills In the early 1800s, people

Route of Prussian armies in

1. locate: (a) Prussia (b) Silesia

3. Analyzing Information Why do

Master of Realpoliti k Bismarck's success was due in part to his

War and Power

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Austro-Prussian War painting

France Declares War on Prussia In France, the Prussian victory

./ Standards Check What techniques did Bismarck use to unify the

Birth of the German Empire

Standards Monitoring Online

Terms, People, and Places

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

1. For each term, person, or place listed at

3. Summarize What territorial and economic changes promoted German

Writing About History

Quick Write: Generate Arguments

Chapter 7 Section 1 231

WITNESS HISTORY ...~

The New German Empire

Focus Question How did Germany increase its

Terms, People, and Places

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant

In January 1871, German princes gathered in the glittering Hall

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

In the aftermath of unification, the German empire emerged as

Promoting Scientific and Economic Development German

./ Standards Check What factors did Germany possess that made

The Iron Chancellor

Chapter 7 Sect ion 2 233

On the domestic front, Bismarck applied the

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Not surprisingly, William resisted efforts to introduce

./ Standards Check Why did William II ask Bismarck to

Standards Monitoring ...,......,.,.,

Terms, People, and Places

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

1. For each term, person, or place listed at

3. Summarize How did Germany

Quick Write: Answer Opposing

Writing About History

Chapter 7 Section 2 235

After a failed revolution against Austrian rule in northern

Terms, People, and Places

Obstacles to Italian Unity

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe