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B. Completion or Short Answer: Use a separate sheet of paper or the back of this sheet to complete your answers.
1. What did ancient people think was the cause of disease and illness?
Evil spirits and demons.
2. List 4 things Hippocrates stressed to help the body heal itself.
Good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, exercise.
3. In the Dark Ages, what was the main method used to treat illness and disease?
Prayer and divine intervention.
4. List at least 4 diseases that shortened the life span of individuals in the Middle Ages.
Bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, malaria.
5. Why was dissection a major advance in health care during the Renaissance?
Allowed doctors to view body organs and see the connections between different systems; provided a better
understanding of anatomy and physiology.
6. What was the significance of the invention of the microscope in 1666?
Allowed physicians to see organisms too small to be seen by the human eye; provided to first observation of
pathogenic organisms.
7. What did apothecaries use to make many of the medications in the 17th century?
Plants and herbs.
8. Why was the invention of the stethoscope in 1819 important?
Allowed physicians to listen to internal body sounds.
9. Identify 4 women who made important contributions to the advance of health care in the 19th century AND
EXPLAIN WHY their contributions were important.
Florence Nightingale began formal training for nurses, Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female physician in the
United States, Dorthea Dix was superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the
first female physician in Britain, Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
10. Why was the discovery of DNA in 1953 so important?
Began the search for gene therapy to cure inherited diseases.
11. What helped medicine progress faster in the 20th century than in all previous years?
Computer Technology
12. Think of the future of health care. What major advancement would you like to see in the 21st century and WHY?
Answers will vary but should be explained.
13. Describe what is meant by the following trends in health care. Include a brief EXPLANATION of WHY it is important
to be aware of these trends.
a. Cost containment:
Trying to control the rising cost of health care, keeping health care at levels individuals can afford.
b. Diagnostic related groups (DRGs):
Certain diagnoses classified in one payment group, done to control rising costs, leads to early release from
hospitals and need for other facilities.
c. Energy conservation:
Monitoring the use of energy to control costs and conserve resources.
14.The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 established standards for geriatric assistants in long-term care facilities.
List 4 requirements that all geriatric assistants must meet as a result of OBRA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Education
vaccine production/ distribution
Anti-viral drugs
Developing protective health measures
International cooperation