MATRIX ALGEBRA - KINETIC EQUATION

(ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS PROJECT)

(SMJM1013)

NAME:
MUHAMMAD SYAMIL BIN LOKMAN (A15MJ0097)
MUHAMMAD AMMAR SYUKRI BIN MUHAMMAD ADZAHAR (A15MJ0084)
MOHAMAD AFRIEZAL BIN ANUAR (A15MJ0228)
ASHLEY AARON PETRUS (A15MJ0019)

LECTURERS NAME:
PROF DATIN DR ZURAINI BINTI DAHLAN

Table Of Content

Introduction
Literature Review.......
Methodology..
How to solve kinetic equation
Discussion and Results...
Examples
Conclusion.
References..

Introduction
The assessment of active rate constants and request of a given response plan is
generally done by fitting the trial results with the coordinated motor mathematical
statement. Consequently, a critical piece of writing on concoction energy is centered
around the joining of the comparing rate laws, which are differential mathematical
statement. Ordinarily, this subject comprises in concentrating on the destiny of a
particular reagent or item for a few particular cases, that is, first request, first request
contradicting or reversible and successive, second request, second request reversible, and
so on. This "best in class" gives the impression of an absence of solidarity and leaves the
inclination that every case is to some degree one of a kind.
The utilization of grids in science and compound designing permits the definition of
synthetic models in a rich and conservative way. By the by, the combination of dynamic
rate mathematical statements is as often as possible introduced without plan of action to
grid variable based math. The lattice plan of the rate comparisons is especially helpful
since it permits the coordination of the rate mathematical statements, utilizing a uniform
arrangement of strategies. Furthermore, the time development of the convergence of all
species is acquired all the while. This point is just quickly treated in essential writings on
concoction energy and arithmetic for science, and has been as of late revaluated and
further created by distinctive writers.
This does not constrain the meaning of an arrangement of standards that can help
with the definition of the rate framework K directly. Moreover, numerical strategies
taking into account the same network methodology can be utilized to settle the general
instance of active frameworks made by ventures out of any request. Comparable to
formalisms, in view of grids, find numerous different applications in science and
concoction building, to be specific in quantum science, spectroscopy and synthetic chart
hypothesis.

Literature Review
As of late, synthetic architects have turned out to be progressively mindful of the
handiness of the analytics of limited contrasts as a scientific device for tackling issues in
stage savvy operations. This specific segment of arithmetic has stayed lethargic for a few
years, as a result of the limited use it has found in many branches of connected science
where generally consistent, instead of discrete, marvels are examined. There are, in any
case, numerous course books on the math of limited contrasts, including those of Boole,
Jordan, Milne-Thompson, Wallenberg and Guldberg and Norlund. Utilizations of the
math of limited contrasts to an assortment of moderately straightforward substance
designing issues have been made by Tiller and Tour, Tiller, Mason and Piret, Lupidus and
Amundson. This article shows a system that will empower the concoction specialist to
manage more included issues that emerge regarding the temperamental state conduct of
stage insightful operations; there has been, recently, significant enthusiasm for these
synthetic designing issues. This new approach will make broad utilization of framework
variable based math, the striking elements of which are depicted. It is amazing to
discover that most results and hypotheses of down to earth enthusiasm concerning grids
were found very nearly a century back. On the other hand, their handiness in numerous
branches of connected science was not acknowledged until as of late. The present
enthusiasm for lattices was initially fortified by the work of Born, Heisenberg and P.
Jordan in quantum mechanics.
Andreas Acrivos, Neal R. Amundson Ind. Eng. Chem., 1955, 47 (8), pp 15331541
DOI: 10.1021/ie50548a027
Publication Date: August 1955

Methodology
Stoichiometry is the theory of proportion in which chemical compound is
combining with another. Stoichiometry equation can be represented by
aA + bB cC

1.1
Where:
a, b, c is the stoichiometry
coefficient
A,B,C chemical compound

While thermochemical equation can be represented by

aA + bB cC

H = X

1.2

The addiction of H indicated its heat of reaction. It can be rearranged into the form of
general form, where the equation can be equated to zero.
aA + bB cC = 0

1.3

In this form, the stoichiometry equation can be represented in the form of matrices where
it can solve complex chemical equation without problems. The coefficient of the
stoichiometry can be obtained by solving the system of the linear equation. When the
chemical equation is equate to zero it satisfied the homogeneous system of linear
equation where
AX = 0

1.4

According to the Theorem 7.2 (Homogeneous System of Linear Equation)

When the p(A) < the number of variable, the system has infinitely many solution.
When the p(A) = the number of variable, the system has trivial solution

When using the system of linear equation, we are balancing the element inside the
compound. With this it can form, a valid stoichiometry can form thus it can solve the
problems of balancing a chemical equation.
Each row represents one of the elements inside the unbalanced chemical equation and the
column indicated the position of the element inside the unbalanced chemical equation.
For example:
Y1 C5H12O + Y2 O2 Y3 CO2 + Y4 H2O

1.5

The capital word Y indicates it unbalanced stoichiometry coefficient. So we need to find

its balanced coefficient. This unbalanced chemical equation can be change into
augmented matrix form.

|)

C 5 0 1 0 0
H 12 0 0 2 0
O 1 2 21 0

1.6

And can the coefficient can be determine by solving the linear equation.

|)

C 1 0 0 2/12 0
H 0 1 0 5 /12 0
O 0 0 1 10 /12 0

1.7

The augmented matrix must be reduced into its reduced echelon form where it can use
elementary row operation (ERO) for the operation. The rank of matrix A is 3 which is less
than the number of the variable; this means this system has infinitely many solutions.
Thus the value of Y can be determined.
Y1 = -2/12Y4

1.8

Y2 = 5/12Y4

1.9

Y3 = 10/12Y4

2.0

In chemistry, the coefficient of the stoichiometry must be in whole number which means
not in the fractional form. So the Y4 can determine the output of the chemical equation.
Y4 variable can change the value of Y1, Y2 and Y3 into its rational number. ThusY4 can
be any number. In this situation, we let Y4 = 12, thus the value of Y1, Y2 and Y3 is
obtained.
Y1 = -2

2.1

Y2 = 5

2.2

Y3 = 10

2.3

Only the value is taken from the equation 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. The +ve and ve value
indicate the position of the element inside the chemical equation. Thus the balanced
chemical equation is;
2 C5H12O + 5 O2 10 CO2 + 12H2O

2.4

This can be checked. It depends on the value of the element on both sides. If the value of
each element on the both side is the same, so the stoichiometry coefficient is valid.
Value of
C:

10C = 10C

H:

24H = 24H

O:

12O = 12O
Prove

Discussion And Result

These are the following step taken in consideration when solving the stoichiometry
equation when using matrix. It is important to consider these steps.
Example:
C5H12O + Y2 O2 Y3 CO2 + Y4 H2O
Step 1: The chemical equation is equate to zero to avoid mistake in sign convention
C5H12O + Y2 O2 - Y3 CO2 - Y4 H2O = 0
Step 2: Change into the form of augmented matrix. The negative sign must be taken into
consideration.

|)

C 5 0 1 0 0
H 12 0 0 2 0
O 1 2 2 0 0

Step 3: Perform elementary row operation.

(
(

|)

5 0 1 0 0
12 0 0 2 0
1 2 2 0 0

|)
|)
|)

1 0 0 2 /12 0
5 0 1 0 0
1 2 2 1 0

1 0 0 2/12 0
0 0 1 10 /12 0
1 2 2 1 0

1/12 R2 R1

1 0 0 2/12 0
1 2 2 1 0
0 0 1 10/12 0

R2 5R1

R3 -1R2

R1 R2

|)
|)
|)

1 0 0 2 /12 0
5 0 1 0 0
1 2 2 1 0

1 0 0 2/12 0
0 0 1 10 /12 0
1 2 2 1 0

1 0 0 2/12 0
1 2 2 1 0
0 0 1 10/12 0

|)

1 0 0 2/12 0
0 2 2 10/12 0
0 0 1 10/12 0

|)
|)

1 0
0 2/12 0
0 2 2 10/12 0
0 0
1 10/12 0

1/2R2

R2+R3

1 0 0 2 /12 0
0 1 1 5 /12 0
0 0 1 10 /12 0

|)

1 0 0 2 /12 0
0 1 1 5 /12 0
0 0 1 10 /12 0

|)

1 0 0 2/12 0
0 1 0 5 /12 0
0 0 1 10 /12 0

Step 4: Equate
Y1 = -2/12Y4
Y2 = 5/12Y4
Y3 = 10/12Y4
Step 5: Let Y4 = 12. To get whole number
Y1 = -2/12
Y2 = 5/12
Y3 = 10/12
Step 6: Assigned the value of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 into the chemical equation.
Note: ignore the ve sign.
2 C5H12O + 5 O2 10 CO2 + 12H2O
Step 7: Check whether the equation is balanced
Value of
C:

10C = 10C

H:

24H = 24H

O:

12O = 12O
Prove

Conclusion
To sum it all up, solving chemical equations using matrix algebra is an ideal way to
solve problems related to chemical engineering field. This is because changes made to the
chemical equation through balancing and other operations can be performed quicker,
easier, and more direct than the conventional method. Not only does it makes solving
chemical equations a lot easier, mistakes and errors are reduced to minimal due to the
simplicity of matrix algebra itself. There are various chemical engineering related
problems that can be solved using both the conventional method and through the usage of
matrix algebra. Some examples of them are through calculating enthalpies, calculating
stoichiometric ratios and also to balance a chemical equation.

References
Andreas Acrlvos and Neal R. Amundson, August 1995 Applications of Matrix
Mathematics to Chemical Engineering Problems, 1533-1535
Mutasim I. Khalil,February 2000, Calculating Enthalpy of Reaction by a Matrix Method,
Journal of Chemical Education,Vol. 77 No. 2 , 185-187
Lionello Pogliani, 1996 , matrix and convolution methods in chemical kinetics , Journal
of Mathematical Chemistry 20 , 193 -210
J.J.J. Chen , Application of Matrix Algebra to Stoichiometry of a Chemical Reaction
System and Dimensional Analysis , Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 60 (1988) Nr. 6, S. 483-486