Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
caoqianseu@163.com)
1
economy oikonomos
scarcity
Economics
scarcity
Economics
1.1
lunch
trade-offs
efficiency
equality
aint=is notno
There
is no such thing as a free lunch.
trade-off
trade off
3 trade-off
(efficiency)
(equality)
opportunity cost
opportunity cost
rational people
24
marginal change
marginedge
marginal benefits
marginal costs
200
100,000 500 =100,000/200
500
think at the margin
10 300
marginal cost
rational
people:
marginal
change:
incentive
50
1960 Ralph Nader
.Sam
Peltzman, 1975
incentive
2005 2008
2 4
A320 737
40%
Demetrius Stroud
.Christy LaBadie
30 4
Diddy
hip-hop
20
2008
10
2004
11 23
Ryan Johnson
David Reiley
Juan Carlos Munoz
95%
1.2
market economy
self-interest
well-being
self-interested
self-interested
well-being
10
decentralized
.Adam Smith,1776
invisible hand
market
economy:
.
.
.
1776
1776
11
7Governments
outcomes
property rights
12
DVD
market failure
externality
market power
willingness to pay
welfare system
property
rights:
market
failure:
externality:
market
power
13
1.3
8
(A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services)
2008 47,000
10,000 1,400
2%
35 20 8
productivity
20
1970 1980
14
productivity
CEO
...
unintended consequences
15
...
...
90% 3%
...
inflation
1920
1970 .
21 2.5%
30
1920
1970
inflation
Luddite19
.Ned Lud
16
10Society
faces a short-run
1980 1990
business cycle
.2008 2009
business
cycle:
17
1.4
1
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
www.cengage.com/economics/mankiw.
6.
7.
8.
9.
19
externality
market power
productivity inflation
business cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
20
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
2.1
scientific method
caoqianseu@163.com
2.1.1
Isaac Newton 17
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2.1.3
beachball
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2.1.4
circular-flow diagram
factors
of production
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1 loops
circular-flow diagram:
2.1.5
caoqianseu@163.com
1000 0 3000
0
600 2200 A
700 2000 B
C
C
efficient
A
D
inefficient
D
300 1000
D A 300 600
1000 2200
caoqianseu@163.com
A B 100
200
:
A B 200 100
A 100 200
2
E
F
A G
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3 A
1000
3
3
A
G 2200 2300
600
650
production
possibilities frontier
2.1.6
microeconomics
macroeconomics
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microeconomics:
macroeconomics
George H. W. Bush
Michael Kinsley
Donald Trump
Ben Stein
Cate Blanchett
Danny Glover
Anthony Zinni
John Elway
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Kofi Annan
Sandra Day-OConnor
Ted TurnerCNN
Scott AdamsDilbert
Lionel Richie
Mick Jagger
10
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Mick Jagger
Mick Jagger
Keith Richard
2.2
2.2.1
Polly:
Norm:
positive statementsdescriptive
normative statementsprescriptive
11
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set of
beliefs
positive
statements:
normative
statements:
2.2.2
.one-armed
On the one handOn the other hand,
1946
12
caoqianseu@163.com
1935
..
Larry Summers
21
.Joseph Schumpeter
13
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19
20
20
21
Lawrence H. Summers
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/A-Vision-for-Innovation-Growth-and-Quality-Jobs/
2.2.3
14
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2.3
George
Bernard Shaw
Ronald Reagan
Trivial Pursuit 100
3000
2.3.1
Trivial Pursuit
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2.3.2
2.3.4
1 20
16
caoqianseu@163.com
1.93%
2.
93%
3.
90%
4./
90%
5.90%
6.
88%
7.
85%
8.85%
9.
85%
10.
85%
11. 50
85%
12.
84%
13.83%
14.
83%
15.83%
16.
82%
17.79%
18.79%
19.78%
20.78%
17
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Richard M. Alston, J. R. Kearl, and Michael B. Vaughn, Is There Consensus among Economists in the
1990s? American Economic Review (May 1992): 203209; Dan Fuller and Doris Geide-Stevenson, Consensus
among Economists Revisited, Journal of Economics Education (Fall 2003): 369387; Robert Whaples, Do
Economists Agree on Anything? Yes! Economists Voice (November 2006): 16; Robert Whaples, The Policy
Views of American Economic Association Members: The Results of a New Survey, Econ Journal Watch
(September 2009): 337348.
2.4
think tanks
18
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intellectual
framework
,
.Lawrence Goulder
.Caroline
Alkine 1991
1960
1980
1990
1980
1990
.Kert Davies
1990
19
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A
A.1
A.2
A-1 a
pie chart
A-1
a 2008 b
2008 c
1950 2000
b
bar graph
c
time-series graph
20
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A.3
A-1
coordinate system
ordered pair
Albert E.25 /3.5
Alfred E. 5 /2.0
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
x y
origin
x y
2
scatterplot
A-2
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A-2
positive correlation
negative correlation
A.4
A-2
demand curve
A-1Emma
A-1
A-3 A-4
A-1
22
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3 x y
A-1
5 10
9 9
A-3
negatively related
A-3
D1
4
A-1
D2D1
A-4
shifts
2
D3
23
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8 4 13
16
A-4
A-4
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D2 2 D3
x
y
x y
x y
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A.5
A-5
slope
A-5
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13 8 x y
y -2 x +8-1/4
y
,
x
delta
y
y x
y
25
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3
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A.6
cause
omitted variable
reverse causality A B
B A
Big Brother
26
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A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-7
controlled experiment
A-7
27
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A-7
minivans
28
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
29
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1.
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b.Stuart 4.50
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d.Sally 10% 10,000
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5.
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d.
e.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
7.
31
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
3.1
caoqianseu@163.com
3.1.1
8
1 Farmer
15 60 Rancher
10 20 1
a
1
aproduction opportunities
bc
bc 8
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8
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.
.
3.2
3.2.1
absolute
advantage
20 60 10
15
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absolute
advantage
3.2.2
1
opportunity cost
8
1 a 1
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1 1/2
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1
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X X
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opportunity
cost:
comparative advantage:
3.2.3
40 44 16 18
15 5
3
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3.2.4
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imports
exports
11
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3.4
gold famers
12
12 7 23
wandering 250
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avatars
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17
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
4.
4.1
4.1.1
market
market:
caoqianseu@163.com
4.1.2
competitive
market
perfectly competitive
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price taker
monopoly
competitive
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4.2
4.2.1
quantity demanded
20
0.20
law of demand
1 Catherine
12 0.50 10
3 0
demand
schedule
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demand curve
quantity
demanded:
law
of demand:
demand
schedule:
demand
curve:
4.2.2
1
market demand
2
2
Catherine 4 Nicholas 3
7
2
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4.2.3
increase
in demand
decrease in demand
normal good
inferior good
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substitutes
DVD
complements
tastes
2
7
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move
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10% 12%
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good:
,
substitutes:
,
complements:
,
4.3
4.3.1
quantity supplied
law of supply
9
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1
supply schedule
supply curve
quantity
supplied:
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of supply:
supply
schedule:
supply
curve:
10
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4.3.2
6
2
Ben 3 Jerry 4
7
4.3.3
11
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increase in supply
decrease in
supply
12
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4.4
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equilibrium price
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7
market-clearing price
13
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excess supply
9 b
1.50
shortage:
excess
demand
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equilibrium
price:
equilibrium
quantity:
surplus:
shortage:
law
of supply and demand:
15
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4.4.2
1.
2.
3.
1.taste
2. 10
D1 D2
3.2
10 2 2.50 7 10
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competing uses
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2010
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.
Polar Beverages
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1.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
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1.
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e.
4. DVD
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DVD
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27
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
caoqianseu@163.com)
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elasticity
10% 2.5%
6%.
5.1
4
5.1.1
price of
elasticity of demand
elastic
inelastic
elastic inelastic
caoqianseu@163.com
rules-of-thumb
butter
(margarine)
necessities(luxuries)
elasticity:
1 1
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5.1.2
10% 20%
=20%/10%=2.
2 2
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P Q
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4 5 100
90 400 450
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normal goods
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luxuries
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5.2
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5.2.1
elastic
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3 4
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OPEC
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20%.
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23
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24
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
6.
6.1
4
3
3
3 cutthroat competition
price
2
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ceiling
price floor
price ceiling:
price floor:
6.1.1
1 a
4 3
not binding
a 4
3
100 b 2
3 2 125
75 50
b
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2 3
binding
constraint
125 75
50
ration
1973 OPEC
OPEC OPEC
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S1 S2b
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P1 P2
QS
QD
P1 b
S1 S2 P1 P2
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3 a
3 b
1
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6.1.2
3
a 2
3
100 b 4
3
4 120
80 40
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3
2 4 a
4 b 4
3
120 80
1938
2009 7.25
5 a
5b
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10% 1% 3%.
10% 10%.
1% 3%
2006 47%
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14% 38%
2009 7.25
40
30,160 2/3
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Patricia Smith
M.
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10
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6.1.3
1
6.2
11
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0.50
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tax incidence
tax incidence:
6.2.1
1 0.50
4
1
2
3
0.50 2
1.50 P P-0.50
12
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0.50 6 S1
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13
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1 0.50
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D2 0.50 100 90 3
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100 90
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6.2.3
9
16
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17
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9 a
9 b
1990
18
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1993
1000
1000
6.3
19
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price ceiling;
price floor;
tax incidence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
20
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1. 40
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11
15
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500
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
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7.
welfare economics
benefits
welfare economics:
7.1
7.1.1
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1
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pay
value
10
10 80 80
80
80
100 80 20
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70 70
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caoqianseu@163.com
willingness to pay:
consumer surplus:
7.1.2
1
1 100 0
80 100 1
70 80 2
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2
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a 80
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caoqianseu@163.com
600 600
500 600
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800 800
800
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200 500
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BCED
CEF
b P1 P2 ADF
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10
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BCED
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7.3.1
total surplus
:
=.
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11
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efficiency
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AE
EB
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Q2
13
caoqianseu@163.com
laissez faire
Q1
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14
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15
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Wellesley College
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1984
11
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Kenmore
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7.4
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17
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externalities
market failure
18
caoqianseu@163.com
welfare economics;
willingness to pay;
1.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
1. 120 iPod 80
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19
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22
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
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1776
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8.1
6
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8.1.1
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T Q TQ
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Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
8.2
5
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b
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c
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ab
cd
caoqianseu@163.com
40%
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9
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8.3
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12
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6%.
Uhlig
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30%
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54%.
Mathias Trabandt
100%.
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79%.
14
50%
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8.4
13
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deadweight loss
1.
2.
14
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3.
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5.
1.
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b. 1
c.
2.
a.
b.
3.
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b.
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15
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a.
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2
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T 0 300
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200
17
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
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3
3
9.1
Isoland
9.1.1
1 1
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9.1.2
world price
caoqianseu@163.com
world price:
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3 1 2
1
9.2
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9.2.1
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C
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A+B
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caoqianseu@163.com
9.2.3
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caoqianseu@163.com
deadweight loss
D+F
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q1S Q2S
Q1D
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D F
caoqianseu@163.com
tariff:
9.2.4
10
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9.2.5
economies of scale
11
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Autarka
3 2
35%
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market disruption
12
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9.3
9.3.1
13
caoqianseu@163.com
14
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5
20
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9.3.2
national security
15
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1960
Thinkpad
(Wal-Mart)
1990
16
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1990 GDP 2.5% 2006
6%
1990 25%
11% 3%~4%.
.PauL Krugman
9.3.3
2002
20
17
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infant-industry
argument
9.3.4
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9.3.5
18
caoqianseu@163.com
unilateral
19
multilateral
1930 GATT
GATT
40% 5%
GATT World Trade Organization, WTO
1995 2009
153 97%
Autarka
19
caoqianseu@163.com
9.4
2008
26% 50%
20
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world
price
tariff
1.
2.
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21
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5.
6.
1.
a.
b.
2.
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b.
a
3.
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22
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5.
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23
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25
caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
10
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caoqianseu@163.com
10
dioxin
4 9
externality
negative externality
positive externality
caoqianseu@163.com
externality:
10.1
10.1.1
7
1
7
caoqianseu@163.com
1 QMARKET
QMARKET
10.1.2
caoqianseu@163.com
QOPTIMUM QMARKET
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
QMARKET
caoqianseu@163.com
10.1.3
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caoqianseu@163.com
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19
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caoqianseu@163.com
2
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Edward L. Glaeser
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caoqianseu@163.com
industrial policy
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command-and-control
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market-based policies
caoqianseu@163.com
19.2.1
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300
10
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300
11
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2007
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0.40
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10.2.3
300
400
500 200 500
100
12
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4 ab
600
600
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13
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cost-effective
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2008 .
10 9890
15
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10.3.1
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Sierra Club
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Dick
(Spot)Jane
17
caoqianseu@163.com
500
800 600
1000
800 1000
800
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10.3.3
18
caoqianseu@163.com
transaction
costs
500 800
750
550
10.4
19
caoqianseu@163.com
externality;
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internalizing
Coase
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transaction
costs.
1.
2.-
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20
caoqianseu@163.com
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21
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22
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a.
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20
80
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120 40
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caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
11
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caoqianseu@163.com
11
11.1
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10
excludable
rival in consumption
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caoqianseu@163.com
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caoqianseu@163.com
excludability:
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11.2
11.2.1
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500 10
5000 1000 5000 1000
caoqianseu@163.com
free
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11.2.2
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caoqianseu@163.com
20
caoqianseu@163.com
19
11.2.3
cost-benefit analysis
caoqianseu@163.com
1.6% 1.1%
caoqianseu@163.com
1000
0.5
5 =0.0051000
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cost-benefit analysis:
11.3
tragedy of the
commons
11.3.1
caoqianseu@163.com
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11.3.2
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11
caoqianseu@163.com
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11.4
property rights
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caoqianseu@163.com
excludability
public
free
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rider;
Tragedy
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
12
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1
GDP
GDPGDP
Historical Statistics of the United States; bureau of economic Analysis; and authors calculations.
49
28
44
28
37
21
36
20
33
15
32
14
30
1 GDP
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12.1.1
2/3
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2009
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10
915
2,978
43
891
2,899
42
138
449
161
524
2,105
6,846
100
2 2009
Economic Report of the President, 2010, Table b-81.
4 15
tax liability
taxable
income
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$8,375
10%
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$34,000-$82,400
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2010
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caoqianseu@163.com
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683
2,221
19
661
2,150
19
533
1,733
15
430
1,398
12
334
1,086
187
608
690
2,244
20
3,518
11,441
100
42009
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caoqianseu@163.com
5%
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1950 working-age population 14%
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7,574
10
439
1,426
19
383
1,246
16
289
941
12
61
197
468
1,521
20
690
2,244
30
2,329
7,574
100
5 2007
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caoqianseu@163.com
sales taxes
property
taxes
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10
777
2,526
34
389
1,266
17
145
471
955
3,105
42
2,265
7,367
100
6 2007
Source: Economic Report of the President, 2010, Table b-86.
2007
1/3
10
caoqianseu@163.com
12.2
deadweight loss
administrative burdens
12.2.1
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Jane 6
11
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tax
401K
Value-Added
Tax, VAT
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Alan Greenspan
2010 1
2011 1 1
2009
2010 1 1
Joshua Rubenstein
13
caoqianseu@163.com
5,500 15
2001
2010
2011
Andrew
Katzenstein
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2010
Laura Saunders
12.2.2
4 15
14
caoqianseu@163.com
12.2.3
tax rate
50,000 20%
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15
caoqianseu@163.com
12.2.4
4000
4000
lump-sum tax
lump-sum tax:
12.3
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//
16
caoqianseu@163.com
12.3.1
benefits principle
11
benefits principle:
12.3.2
ability-to-pay principle
equal sacrifice
1000 10,000
17
caoqianseu@163.com
vertical
equity
horizontal equity
7
7
proportional
regressive
progressive
18
caoqianseu@163.com
quintiles 8
1%
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19
caoqianseu@163.com
30%
SmithJones 10
4 4
6
12.3.3
flypaper theory
20
caoqianseu@163.com
ability-to-pay principle:
vertical equity:
horizontal equity:
proportional tax:
regressive tax:
progressive tax:
21
caoqianseu@163.com
2010
3 1
1+1+1=3
3
10%
0.30
10% 1.10
2.20 3.30
10%
22
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25
Edward C. Prescott
.C.
flat tax
23
caoqianseu@163.com
N. Gregory Mankiw
12.4
progressivity
1980
. 50%
70%
1981 1986
1989 28%
. 1992
1993
40%.W.
35%.
2008
24
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1. GDP
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
25
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http://www.cbo.gov
2.
http://www.gpo.gov
a. 1
b.
c.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.a~c
4.
4%
15.3%
3
20,000
40,000
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6.
a.?
26
caoqianseu@163.com
b.
c.
7. 5% 6%
20%
8. 1986
9.
a.
b.
c.
10.
a. 7
50,000 100,000 200,000
7
b.
50,000 100,000 100,000
200,000
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11. 8
a.
b.
c. b
d.
27
caoqianseu@163.com
e.
12.
a. b. c.
28
caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
13
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
13
industrial organization
Delta
13.1
13.1.1
caoqianseu@163.com
total
revenue
total
cost
profit
=-
1
2 2
total revenue:
total cost:
profit:
13.1.2
1
1
1 1
explicit costs
implicit costs
100
100
caoqianseu@163.com
100 500
explicit costs:
implicit costs:
13.1.3
30
5% 1.5
1.5
1.5
30 10
20 5%
1
1.5
1 0.5
13.1.4
caoqianseu@163.com
economic
profit
accounting profit
economic profit:
accounting profit:
caoqianseu@163.com
.McDonald 20
10 100
200 .
13.2
13.2.1
1
0 0 1 50 2
90 2 a
production function
50
90
120
140
150
155
50
40
30
20
10
5
30
30
30
10
40
30
20
50
30
30
60
30
40
70
30
50
80
30
60
90
1:
caoqianseu@163.com
b 1 marginal
product 1
2 50 90 40
2 3 90 120 30
1
a
1 1
1 1
40
30 20
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caoqianseu@163.com
marginal product:
13.2.2
1
30 10 1 40
2 50 1
1
2 b
total-cost curve
ba
Jones
1 3 2 5
3 6 100
caoqianseu@163.com
13.3
2
Conrad
2.
2
0~10
3 2
2
caoqianseu@163.com
2 2
13.3.1
fixed costs
2 3
variable costs
2 0
0 1 0.30 2 0.80
2
fixed costs:
variable costs:
10
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13.3.2
(
)
average total cost
average
fixed cost
average variable cost
2
marginal cost 2 3
3.80 4.50 4.50 3.80 0.70
2
=/
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MC = TC / Q .
delta
caoqianseu@163.com
13.3.3
2
4 4 4
ATC
AFCAVC
MC
ATCAFCAVCMC
2
1
2 U 3
12
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U
U 4
1 2
5
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tug of war U
U
efficient scale 5 6
1.30
1.30
1.30
4 2
13
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efficient scale:
13.3.4
5 ATCAFC
AVCMC
14
caoqianseu@163.com
4 22.5 5
25 5
13.4
15
caoqianseu@163.com
long-run
short-run 6
6 U
U
on or above
6
1000 1200
6
6 1000
16
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1 1.2
1
13.4.2
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diseconomies of
scale
specialization
coordination problems
1200 1
17
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9 900
10 950
20 1
13.5
18
caoqianseu@163.com
FC
VC
TC=FC+VC
AFC=FC/Q
AVC=VC/Q
ATC=TC/Q
MC = TC / Q
19
caoqianseu@163.com
total
total
revenue;
explicit
marginal
fixed
implicit
costs;
accounting
profit;
product;
costs
profit;
economic
costs;
production
variable
fixed costs;
efficient
scale;
costs
marginal product;
average
average
economies
of scale;
profit
function;
diminishing
average
diseconomies
cost
total cost;
variable cost;
of scale;
constant
returns to scale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
20
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1.
a.
b.
c.
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5
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3.
10
18
24
28
30
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4.Nimbus
----
20
50
90
----
21
caoqianseu@163.com
120
140
150
155
a.
b. 100 200
c. ATC=TC/Q
d. MC = TC / Q
e.
f.
5.
600
300
601
301
600
550
6.
=12
300
350
50
390
90
420
120
450
150
490
190
540
240
a.
b.
7. 200 0.50
22
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a.
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8.Vinnie 200
10
20
40
80
160
320
640
9.
a.
b.
10.
!
300
1
a.
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11.Jane
30
10
40
25
55
45
75
70
100
100
130
135
165
a.
23
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b.
12.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
11
24
39
56
75
96
119
21
34
49
66
85
106
129
24
caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
14
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
14
20%
20%
market power
14.1
14.1.1
perfectly competitive
competitive market
market
!
caoqianseu@163.com
price takers
14.1.2
Vaca
Q P PQ
6 1000 6000
2000 12,000
1
6 6
1
TR=PQ
AR=TR/Q
MR = TR / Q
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
caoqianseu@163.com
1
1
average revenue
1
6
PQ
Q
1 5
marginal revenue
1 6
PQP
Q P
competitive market:
average revenue:
marginal revenue:
14.2
caoqianseu@163.com
14.2.1
2 2
6
3
2
(Q)
(TR)
(TC)
(TR-TC)
MR = TR / Q
MC = TC / Q
MR-MC
-3
12
18
12
24
17
30
23
36
30
-1
42
38
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48
47
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2 0
3
1 1 2
4
4 5 7
2
6
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6 3 3 1 4
5 6 7
1 7 6 5
1
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6,7 8
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14.2.2
1
MCATC U
ARMR
1
MC
ATCAC
P
MR
AR Q1 MR1 MC1
Q2 MC2 MR2
QMAX
1 Q1
1 MR1
MC1
Q1
Q2
1 MC2MR2
Q2
Q1
6
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Q2
QMAX
1 QMAX
P1 P2
Q1 Q2
2
P1 Q1
P2 Q1
Q2
caoqianseu@163.com
14.2.3
shutdown
exit
sunk cost
TR VC
TR<VC .
Q
TR/Q < VC/Q .
TR/QPQ Q P
VC/Q AVC
P<AVC .
caoqianseu@163.com
AVCMC
14.2.4
,Dont cry over spilt milk
sunk cost
15 10
20
15 10
10
sunk cost:
caoqianseu@163.com
miniature-golf course
14.2.5
TR TC
TR<TC .
Q
TR/Q < TC/Q .
TR/Q P TC/Q
ATC
P<ATC .
10
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P>ATC .
4.
ATCMC
14.2.6
TRTC
=TR-TC.
Q Q
=TR/Q TC/QQ.
caoqianseu@163.com
=P-ATCQ.
5 a
P-ATC
QP-ATCQ
P-ATC Qa
b
5 b
ATC-P
QATC-PQ
14.3
12
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14.3.1
1000
6 a
1000
6 b 1000.
6
b
a
1000
1000.
14.3.2
13
caoqianseu@163.com
=P-ATCQ.
efficient scale
7 a P
MC ATC
a
b
7b
14
caoqianseu@163.com
14.3.3
100
5
3
8
14.3.4
8 a A
Q1 P1
D1
D2b A B Q1 Q2
P1 P2
S1 S2c
15
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C
P1
Q3
8
a
A
b D1
D2 A B P1 P2
Q1 Q2
S1 S2c
C
P1 Q3
16
caoqianseu@163.com
14.3.5
marginal firm
17
caoqianseu@163.com
14.4
1
18
caoqianseu@163.com
()competitive market; average revenue; marginal
revenue sunk cost
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
a.
b.
2. 40
3.
27 280 30 10
19
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4.
10
11
13
19
27
37
16
24
32
40
48
56
a.
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a
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100
100
50
100
70
100
90
100
140
100
200
100
360
a.
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c.CFO CEO
6.
a.
b.
c.
20
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7. 500 10
8. 100
10 8 200
a.
b.
c.
d. 100
9.
a.
b.
c.
10. Ectenia
10
11
12
13
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
10
12
a.1 6
b. 11
c.b
d.
11.
30
a.
21
caoqianseu@163.com
25
b.
c.
12. 100 16
a.
b. 10
c.
d.
13. 1000
pretzel
U
a.
b. 800
c. 800
d. 800
22
caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
15
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
15
Windows
100
monopoly
price taker
(price
maker)
1994
Intuit
1998
caoqianseu@163.com
15.1
barriers to entry
monopoly
monopoly:
15.1.1
Old West
DeBeers
15.1.2
3
caoqianseu@163.com
20
15.1.3
natural monopoly
1
11
caoqianseu@163.com
15.2
caoqianseu@163.com
15.2.1
2 a
a
b
2 b
caoqianseu@163.com
15.2.2
1
1
1 1 10
2 9
3 8
total revenue
average revenue
marginal revenue
3 24 4
28 4 4 =28 24
1
caoqianseu@163.com
3 4
4 7
4 3 1
3 3 4 7 4 4
PQ
!
caoqianseu@163.com
15.2.3
4
3
4
A
B
Q1
1
9
caoqianseu@163.com
Q2
1
QMAX
P=MR=MC.
P>MR=MC.
4 B
15.2.4
TRTC
=TRTC.
=TR/QTC/QQ.
TR/Q PTC/Q ATC
=PATCQ.
10
caoqianseu@163.com
BCDE BC
DC
5 BCPATC
DC QMAX
11
caoqianseu@163.com
12
caoqianseu@163.com
fluoxetine
2001
Prozac
15.3
15.3.1
13
caoqianseu@163.com
14
caoqianseu@163.com
15
caoqianseu@163.com
15.3.2
16
caoqianseu@163.com
15.4
price discrimination
price discrimination:
15.4.1
Readalot
200
200
die-hard fans 10 30
40 5
30 10 5
50 30 300 =30
10 250 =550 100 =300
17
caoqianseu@163.com
40 5
30 200
10
30 40 5
300 200 500
300 30 200
15.4.2
arbitrage
18
caoqianseu@163.com
30 40
15.4.3
9
a
19
caoqianseu@163.com
15.4.4
0.50
0.50
20
caoqianseu@163.com
0.50 12 5
quantity discount
TKTS
.Hal Varian
2.5
1998 31% 24%
21
caoqianseu@163.com
two-for-one deals
TKTS
.Phillip LeslieRand
Journal of Economics2004
1996
14 17
40%
199
TKTS
TKTS 50%
TKTS
TKTS
T-K-T-S
22
caoqianseu@163.com
15.5
15.5.1
1994 Intuit
1890
1914
15.4.4
23
caoqianseu@163.com
1984 AT&T
synergies
120
.Lisa Richard
1980
24
caoqianseu@163.com
.W.
2008
.Christine Varney
White
& Case.Joseph Angland
5:4 100
retail price maintenance
Herb Kohl
Arlen Specter
2007
25
caoqianseu@163.com
Verizon .John
Thorne
test cases
1914 5
1914
30
(Jon Leibowitz)
Thomas Catan; The Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2010.
15.5.2
marginal-cost pricing
13
10
26
caoqianseu@163.com
deadweight loss
average-cost pricing
10
15.5.3
public ownership
27
caoqianseu@163.com
first-class mail
15.5.4
.George Stigler
market failure
15.6
13
28
caoqianseu@163.com
TaurusCamry
Ben & JerrysBreyers
15.2
P=MC
MR=MC
MR=P
MR<P
P=MC
P>MC
29
caoqianseu@163.com
30
caoqianseu@163.com
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 4
6.
7.
8.
1.
100
90
10
80
20
a.
70
30
60
40
50
50
40
60
30
70
20
80
c.
10
90
100
200
10
b. MR = TR / Q
d.
31
caoqianseu@163.com
e. 300 200
f.
2.
a.
b.
3..Johnny Rockabilly CD
CD
24
22
20
18
16
14
CD CD 5
a. CD 1 2 CD 1
b. CD
c.
4. 200
a.
b.
c.
d.
32
caoqianseu@163.com
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
5.
6.Ectenia
240 10
D
Q = 10 P P
a.
b. 24
c.
2345
d.c
e.
7.AT&T
a.
b.
AT&T
33
caoqianseu@163.com
c.
8.
a.
?
b.
c.
9.per-unit
tax
10
100
200
300
300
300
100
300
200
300
200
300
200
300
200
300
200
a.
b.
c.
34
caoqianseu@163.com
d. 2500 2000 a
bc
11.Wiknam
P=10-Q
MR=10-2Q
TC=3+Q+0.5Q2
MC=1+Q
Q P
a.
b. 6
c. 9
ab
d. 6 a
9
12. Ectenia
DVD
P=1000-10Q
TR=1000Q-10Q2
MR=1000-20Q
MC=100+10Q
Q DVD P DVD
a.
b.
c.
d.
35
caoqianseu@163.com
13.
a.
b. X Y
Z
c.b X
Y Z
d.
XY Z
e.
C X
YZ C
f.
XYZ C
g.ef
36
caoqianseu@163.com
37
caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
16
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caoqianseu@163.com
16
Sue Grafton
.Stephen King.David McCullough
...Stephenie Meyer
25 5
monopolistic competition
oxymoron
16.1
14
15
14
15
caoqianseu@163.com
imperfect competition
oligopoly
concentration ratio
50%
78%
81%89%
93%95%
monopolistic competition
DVD
14
caoqianseu@163.com
oligopoly:
monopolistic competition:
16.2
4
caoqianseu@163.com
14
16.2.1
a
b
2
a
b
caoqianseu@163.com
16.2.2
2 a
caoqianseu@163.com
16.2.3
4 14
4 a
4 b
efficient scale
excess capacity
4 ba
caoqianseu@163.com
b
a
16.2.4
caoqianseu@163.com
caoqianseu@163.com
.Joel Waldfogel
. 1962
12
10
caoqianseu@163.com
2/3 3%
album-rock
Foot Locker
1.5%
10
caoqianseu@163.com
16.3
10%
20%
2%
16.3.1
12
caoqianseu@163.com
33
1963 1963
7 26
20%
13
caoqianseu@163.com
16.3.2
PostKellogg
3
3 1000 100
100
1000 300
1000 3600
300
14
caoqianseu@163.com
1958
The Affluent Society
1974 2000
15
caoqianseu@163.com
16.3.3
Bayer
.Edward Chamberlin
16
caoqianseu@163.com
16.4
MR=MC
MR=MC
MR=MC
P=MC
P>MC
P>MC
17
caoqianseu@163.com
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
18
caoqianseu@163.com
7.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a. 2
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
5.
19
caoqianseu@163.com
a. P<MC, P>ATC
b. P>MC, P<ATC
c. P=MC, P>ATC
d. P>MC, P=ATC
6. Sparkle
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. N
Q=100/NP
MR=100/N2Q
TC=50+Q2
MC=2Q
a. N
b. N
c.
d.
e.
8.Nutville
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
a.
b.
c.
20
caoqianseu@163.com
10.Sleek
a.
b.
c.
d.c
11..Frank Perdue
a.
b.
12.
a.
b.a
c.
21
caoqianseu@163.com
Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
17
caoqianseu@163.com)
caoqianseu@163.com
17
oligopoly
game theory
strategic
tic-tac-toe
oligopoly:
game theory:
17.1
caoqianseu@163.com
17.1.1
duopoly
Jack
Jill
1
10 110 20
100
1
1
17.1.2
3
caoqianseu@163.com
120
1
60 60
120
collusion
cartel
15
60 60
120
60
30
60 1,800
collusion:
cartel:
caoqianseu@163.com
bright-line rule
100 X
95
17.1.3
5
caoqianseu@163.com
30
30 60 60
1800 =3060 40
70 50 2000 =4050
40
80 40
40
40 1600
1600 50
90 30 1500
40
40
.
Nash equilibrium
40 40
40 40
caoqianseu@163.com
17.1.4
JohnJoan
1
4 10 40
41 40
10
caoqianseu@163.com
17.2
prisoners
dilemma
17.2.1
Bonnie
Clyde
caoqianseu@163.com
20
8
1
1
8 8
88
020
200
11
8 20
dominant strategy
caoqianseu@163.com
17.2.2
30
40 30
40 1600 1600
2000 1500
30 1500 2000
1800 1800
30
40
30
2000 1800
40 1600
1500
40
40
40
jointly rational
10
caoqianseu@163.com
prisoners dilemma:
dominant strategy:
OPEC
Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 1960
1973 8
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC OPEC
OPEC
caoqianseu@163.com
17.2.3
12
caoqianseu@163.com
11
ExxonTexaco
1200 100
300
=400 100
200
400
400400
600300
300600
500500
17.2.4
non-cooperative equilibrium
13
caoqianseu@163.com
3
4
17.2.5
2
30
40
40 40
1800 2000
1600
14
caoqianseu@163.com
.Robert Axelrod
tit-for-tat
an eye
for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
17.3
15
caoqianseu@163.com
17.3.1
common law
1890
1914
15
18 .
16
caoqianseu@163.com
1980 1983 2 24
.Robert Crandall.
Howard PutnamBraniff Airways
@#%#$%
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N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
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18.1.4
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Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
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20 5
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19.1.1
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compensating differential:
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capital
human capital
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human capital:
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1980
2008
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1960
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Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
20
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.Mary Colum.Ernest
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2000
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1980
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24.3
41.5
15.3
1970
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12.2
17.6
23.8
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1960
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1973
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11.8
18
19.0
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2008
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caoqianseu@163.com
20.1.4
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10
50 65
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caoqianseu@163.com
permanent income
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1995
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Rebecca M. Blank;
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mobility
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utilitarianism:
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20.2.2
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Rawls 1971
just
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13
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social insurance
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20.2.3
libertarianism
14
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.Robert Nozick
unfair
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20.3
15
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20.3.1
minimum-wage laws
20.3.2
welfare
16
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1996
1970
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20.3.3
12
=1/3 1 .
6 1 9 2
3 0 1.5 -0.5
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caoqianseu@163.com
Credit, EITC
20.3.4
food stamps
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40
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20.3.5
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20.4
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Principles of
Microeconomics6th edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
21
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caoqianseu@163.com
21
14
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caoqianseu@163.com
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AB C C A
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21.3.1
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21.3.3
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21.3.4
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A C
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B B
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15
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21.4.1
law of demand
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C AD E
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18
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Giffen good:
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21.4.2
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100
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10% 1 1.10
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27
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d. A B
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Principles of
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N. Gregory Mankiw
Harvard University
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political economy
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information asymmetry
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caoqianseu@163.com
22.1.4
signaling
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caoqianseu@163.com
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22.1.5
22.2
caoqianseu@163.com
political economy
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22.2.1
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range
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22.3.1
Homo economicus
Homo sapiens
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satisficers
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1000
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20
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N. Gregory Mankiw;
22.4
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1.
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6.Ken
24
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7.
a.
b.
c.ab
8.
Dexter
Glee
House
a.
b.
c.
d.
9.
14
10
12
10
15 3
a.
b.
25
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c.median
d.
e.d
f.
10.
A B B C
A C
A B A B
11. 1
1
12.
a.
b.
26
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