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Consciousness
Awareness of thoughts, feelings, external environment at any given time
Altered States of Consciousness
Sleep, meditation, hypnosis, drugs
Universal goal of many cultures and societies
Circadian rhythm = cyclical changes in arousal approximating a 24-hour day (body
temp. and alertness)
There is a correlation between body temperature and sleep
Biological clock is in the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
How does the internal clock get reset?
Environmental cues reset us every day (the best cue is light)
To reduce jet lag:
o Get a 5-hour dose of bright sunlight
o Fly west if possible
For shift changes, it is best to rotate forward
Students: dont cram (not worth sleep loss)
Alzheimers patients have CR disturbances
Larks vs. Owls
Stages of sleep:
1.
2.
3.
4.
REM = no delta waves, muscle paralysis (except for sex organs of both sexes)
Cycles once every 90 minutes: 1,2,3,4,3,2, REM, 2,3,4
Age-related changes = stage 3 & 4 decrease
REM is paradoxical sleep
Why we need REM:
Consolidation of memory
Aid learning
Helps divergent thinking (creativity)
Reduces stress
Organizes connections within the brain
REM Sleep
REM only occurs in mammals (&some birds)
REM Rebound = go into REM faster & dream-or have vivid nightmaresmuch
more than normal (caused by drugs and alcohol, sleep deprivation)
Developmental Sleep Changes
Infants/young children have longest sleep time and highest percentage of
REM sleep
Children (6 years-puberty) are most consistent
Quality/quantity of sleep decreases with age
Sleep deprivation effects
Mood
Alertness
Body temperature
Immunity
Cognitive tasks
Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias:
Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
Sleep terrors / Night terrors (stage 4) vivid, frightening experiences; the
sleeper cannot be woken and does not remember the cause
Somniloquy (sleep talking)
Dyssomnias (Major Problems):