Nistgcr10 917 5

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\plain\pard\sl-237\li4830\ri33\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs22\cf1 NIST GCR 10-917-5
\par
\plain\sl-260\fs26\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-320\li15
\ri41\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs32\cf9 NEHRP \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1
084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u
1085\'3d \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\
u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 No. 4
\plain\par
\sl-112\fs11\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-524\li943\ri41\expndtw
-15\b\f10\fs42\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\
u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d
\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\cf0
\plain\expndtw-25\b\f10\fs42\cf1\u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\
'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design
\plain\par
\sl-181\fs18\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-400\li943\ri41\expndtw-12\b\f1
0\fs32\cf1\u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'4
2\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'
45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\sl-87\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-300\li943\ri41\expndtw-6\b\f
10\fs24\cf1\u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'3
8 \u1043\'13. Deierlein\cf0
\plain\expndtw-8\b\f10\fs24\cf1\u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1088\'40\u1077\'3
5\u1081\'39 \u1052\'1c. Reinhorn
\plain\expndtw-6\b\u1052\'1c\u1080\'38\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u
1100\'4c \u1056\'20. Willford
\par
\sect\sectd\sbkpage\margtsxn400\pard
\cols2\colno1\colw5103\colsr236\colno2\colw5140
\plain\pard\sl-336\li0\ri0\expndtw-20\b\f10\fs28\cf1 NEHRP \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\cf0
\plain\expndtw-12\b\f10\fs28\cf1\u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'
38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\
'35\u1092\'44\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 NEHRP (\u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'4
2\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1072\'
30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1040\
'10\u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1089\'41 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1076
\'34\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d Program) \u1058
\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100
\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44\u1089\'41\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b p
ublished by NIST, the \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'
3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\
'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of Standards and
\plain\expndtw1 Technology, \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u
1088\'40\u1090\'42 aids to the efficient transfer of NEHRP and other
\plain\expndtw0 research into practice, thereby helping to \u1091\'43\u1084\'3c\
u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1100\'4c\u1096\'48\u1072\'30\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 the nation
's losses
\plain\expndtw-4 from earthquakes.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-441\li1232\ri0\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs28\cf1 National Institute of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-335\li1232\ri0\expndtw-14\b\f10\fs28\cf1 Standards and Technology
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 The \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u
1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\
u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of Standar
ds and Technology (NIST) is \u1074\'32 \u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\
u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 technology agency within the U.S. Department of Com
merce that
\plain\expndtw-2 promotes \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1099\'4b\u10
96\'48\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 U.S. innovati
on and competitiveness by advancing
\plain\expndtw-3 measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enh
ance
\plain\expndtw-1 economic security and improve our quality of life. It is the le
ad agency
\plain\expndtw-2 of the \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085
\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u108
2\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1040\'10\u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u10
88\'40\u1076\'34\u1089\'41 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1
090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d Program (NEHRP). \u1044\'14\u1088\'40. \u1
044\'14\u1078\'36\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-2(Jack) R. \u1059\'23\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u10
83\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1102\'4e\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 Hayes is the of NEHRP,
within \u1053\'1d\u1048\'18\u1057\'21\u1058\'22'\u1057\'21 \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\
u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33
\plain\expndtw-2 and \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1077\'35 \u1056\'20\u1077\'
35\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 Laboratory (BFRL). \u1044\'
14\u1088\'40. \u1050\'1a\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d \u1050\'1a. \u1
060\'24. Wong managed
\plain\expndtw-2 the project to \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1079\'
37\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 this \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u
1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\
u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 for BFRL.
\plain\par
\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-350\li0\ri0\expndtw-11\b\f10\fs28\cf1 NEHRP \u1050
\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1072
\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41 \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u109
0\'42 Venture
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 This NIST-funded publication is one o
f the products of the work of\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 the NEHRP \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\
u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41
\u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Venture carried out under Con
tract
\plain\expndtw0 SB 134107CQ0019, \u1058\'22\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a \u1054

\'1e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 69195. The partners in the NEHRP
\plain\expndtw-5\u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41 \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1
080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Venture \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u10
83\'3b the \u1040\'10\u1087\'3f\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1076\'3
4 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'
33\u1080\'38 Council (ATC) and
\plain\expndtw-2 the Consortium of Universities for Research in \u1069\'2d\u1072
\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u106
9\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u108
0\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33
\plain\expndtw-2(CUREE). The members of the \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1085
\'3d\u1090\'42 \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u107
7\'35 \u1052\'1c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1078\'36\u1084\'3c\u10
77\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Committee
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1044\'14\u10
78\'36\u1077\'35\u1081\'39\u1084\'3c\u1089\'41 \u1056\'20. Harris, \u1056\'20\u1
086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u
1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d, \u1050\'1a\u1088\'40
\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 \u1056\'2
0\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d, and
\plain\expndtw-4\u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1074\'32 \u1
042\'12\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35\u1088\'40, a
nd the \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c \u
1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 is \u1044\'
14\u1078\'36\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1040\'10. Heintz. Assisting
\plain\expndtw-3 the \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'3
0\u1084\'3c \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1077\'35\u1088\'
40 is ATC \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1052\'1
c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3
d\u1090\'42 \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1100\'
4c\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 \u1044\'14\u1101\'4d\u1074\'32\u1080\
'38\u1076\'34 A.
\plain\expndtw-1 Hutchinson, who on this \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3
d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'
4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 provided substantial technical
\plain\expndtw-2 assistance in the development of the content.
\plain\par
\sl-314\fs31\par\pard\pard\sl-349\li0\ri0\expndtw-13\b\f10\fs28\cf1 About \u1058
\'22\u1077\'35 \u1040\'10\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1\u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1075\'
33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38 \u1043\'13. Deierlein, Ph. D., P.E., is \u1074\
'32 faculty member at \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1092\'44\u1086\'
3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34 \u1059\'23\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\
'40\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 where \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u10
89\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1102\'4e specializes in the design and beh
avior of steel and
\plain\expndtw0\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u109
0\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u108
9\'41\u1100\'4c structures, nonlinear structural analysis, and \u1074\'32\u1099\
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'38\u1077\'35 \plain\expndtw0 based design of structures for earthquakes and other \u1076\'34\
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4\u1078\'36\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1040\'10. Blume \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40
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d\u1075\'33
\plain\expndtw-4 Center at Stanford. \u1071\'2f \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u
1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1102\'4e is \u1072\'30\u1082\'
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43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 in national technical committees \u1085\'3d\u10
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90\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 with developing building codes and standards, including those of
the
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1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\
u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38 Council,
\plain\expndtw-2 and the \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\u107
2\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c\u10
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089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 of Engineers.
\par
\column
\plain\sl-188\fs19\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li0\ri32\expndtw-2\f
11\fs20\cf1\u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1081\'39 \u1056\'
20\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d, Ph. D., S.E., is
\u1074\'32 professor at the University at Buffalo. \u1071\'2f\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u
1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1102\'4e \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1089\'41\u1091\'43
\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1096\'48
\u1100\'4c published two books and authored two computer platforms
\plain\expndtw0(IDARC and 3D-BASIS) for nonlinear analysis of structures and for
\plain\expndtw0\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u108
5\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 isolation systems. \u1071\'2f \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u10
97\'49\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1102\'4e - served \u10
59\'23\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1102\'4e\u10
97\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1
088\'40\u1090\'42 of the \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u109
0\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u10
93\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u10
75\'33
\plain\expndtw-1 and \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'4
3\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'
3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 Laboratory at the
University
\plain\expndtw-5 at Buffalo.
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li0\ri32\expndtw-1\f11\fs20\cf1\u1052\'1c\u108
0\'38\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1056\'20. Willford, M.
A., C.Eng. is \u1074\'32 \u1043\'13\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u109
9\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1075\'33\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 of the consulting\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 firm Arup with 35 years experience of design of st
ructures for buildings,
\plain\expndtw0\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u108
5\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39, and offshore projects in many par

ts of the world. \u1042\'12 specialist in
\plain\expndtw-1 structural dynamics, - is leader of \u1040\'10\u1088\'40\u1091\
'43\u1087\'3f'\u1089\'41 \u1040\'10\u1076\'34\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u108
9\'41\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 Technology and
\plain\expndtw-1 Research practice, specializing in the development and applicat
ion of
\plain\expndtw-2 innovative design techniques using \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'
41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'
35 - based methods.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-559\li0\ri32\expndtw-8\b\f10\fs28\cf1 About the \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1
074\'32\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1074\'32 \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1101\'4d\u
1083\'3b\u1100\'4c
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225\li0\ri32\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 The contributions of the three revie
w panelists for this publication \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\
'3b\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1 gratefully acknowledged.
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li0\ri32\expndtw2\f11\fs20\cf1\u1043\'13\u1088
\'40\u1101\'4d\u1084\'3c. \u1055\'1f\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c, Ph. D., is \u1069\'2d\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\
u1091\'43\u1089\'41 \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 of \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082
\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u108
5\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u108
5\'3d\u1075\'33\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f11\fs20\cf1, University of \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u108
0\'38\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f at Berkeley an
d was \u1074\'32 lecturer in
\plain\expndtw-4\u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u10
85\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 Engineering, University of Canteb
ury, \u1053\'1d\u1077\'35\u1074\'32 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u10
72\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34, 1961-1965.
\plain\expndtw0 is \u1074\'32 consultant to Computers and \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u
1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41 \
u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a., publisher of his text
\plain\expndtw0 Modeling for \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\
u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d
\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41. \u1071\'2f\fs20 \
u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\
u1102\'4e \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1089\'4
1\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c special expertise
in seismic
\plain\expndtw-2\fs20 resistant design and the modeling of structures for nonlin
ear analysis.
\plain\par
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1080\'38 \u1040\'10. Charney, Ph. D., P.E.,
is an \u1040\'10\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u10
90\'42\u1077\'35 \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1
089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 in the\cf0
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38 n t \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f C i v i l \u1074\'32 n d E n v i r \u108
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080\'38 \u1080\'38 r i n g \u1074\'32 t \u1071\'2f \u1059\'23\u1074\'32\u1080\'3
8\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b r g i n i
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95\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1
080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35, Blacksburg, \u1042\'12\u1080\'3

8\u1088\'40\u1075\'33\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f, and is President
of \u1040\'10\u1076\'34\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1076\
'34 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088
\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c
\plain\expndtw0 Concepts, Inc., also located in Blacksburg. \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40
\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 to joining
\plain\expndtw-4\u1042\'12\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u10
80\'38\u1072\'30 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47 in 2001, Charney accumulated twe
nty years of experience
\plain\expndtw-4\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1
074\'32 practicing structural engineer. \u1071\'2f \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'4
9\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1102\'4e is the author of m
any publications
\plain\expndtw-2 on the application of structural analysis methods in seismic de
sign.
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li0\ri32\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1\u1052\'1c\u107
2\'30\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1042\'12\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u10
90\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41, S.E., is \u1074\'32 practicing structural
engineer and \u1074\'32 \u1075\'33\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1099
\'4b\u1081\'39\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 with \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1083
\'3b\u1100\'4c/\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u108
9\'41\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u10
77\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41, Inc. in \u1057\'21\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d-\u1
060\'24\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1
086\'3e. Walters \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u
1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c
\plain\expndtw0 been in \u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1096\'48\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u107
7\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f practice for over 30 years, focusing on the applicatio
n
\plain\expndtw0 of the seismic protective systems for numerous significant build
ings
\plain\expndtw0 and \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1078\'36 projects.
Examples of these projects include the elevated
\plain\expndtw-1\u1041\'11\u1040\'10\u1056\'20\u1058\'22/\u1040\'10\u1048\'18\u1
056\'20\u1055\'1f\u1054\'1e\u1056\'20\u1058\'22 \u1051\'1b\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u
1090\'42 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1089\'41 Station at \u1057\'2
1\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d-\u1060\'24\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1080\'
38\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\
'40\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\
'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1090
\'42,
\plain\expndtw-2 and the seismic isolation retrofit of the historic \u1054\'1e\u
1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34 \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\
u1080\'38 \u1040\'10\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c. Many
\plain\expndtw-3 of \u1043\'13-\u1085\'3d. Walters ' projects have incorporated
nonlinear dynamic and static
\plain\expndtw-3 analysis procedures.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4691\colsr2103\colno2\colw3685
\plain\sl-118\fs12\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-278\
li1454\ri0\expndtw-4\f11\fs20\cf1 Applied \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'
3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38 \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1091\
'43\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c (ATC)\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 201 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1074\'32\u1086
\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34 \u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41 Park
way - Suite 240
\plain\expndtw-2\u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u10
76\'34 \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\
u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f 94065
\plain\expndtw-5(650) 595-1542
\plain\expndtw-1 www.atcouncil.org e-mail: atc@atcouncil.org
\par
\column
\plain\sl-118\fs12\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-278\
li0\ri552\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 Consortium of Universities for Research in\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\
u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38
\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 (CUREE)
\plain\expndtw-2 1301 South 46th Street - Building 420
\plain\expndtw-2 Richmond, CA 94804
\plain\expndtw-5(510) 665-3529
\plain\expndtw0 www.curee.org e-mail: curee@curee.org
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\sect\sectd\sbkpage\margtsxn900\pard
\plain\pard\sl-280\li8\ri33\fi4297\expndtw-6\b\f10\fs24\cf1 NIST GCR 10-917-5
\plain\par
\sl-266\fs27\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-600\li8\ri33\expndtw-17\b\
f10\fs48\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\
'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072
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35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\
'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
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093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
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2\'30 for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li3306\ri33\fi709\expndtw-4\i\f20\fs20\cf1 U.S. Department of Comme
rce
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li2700\ri33\fi606\expndtw-3\i\f20\fs20\cf1 Building and \u1060\'24\
u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1077\'35 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1072\'30
\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 Laboratory
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li8\ri33\fi2691\expndtw-3\i\f20\fs20\cf1 National Institute of Stan
dards and Technology
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li8\ri33\fi3973\expndtw-4\i\f20\fs20\cf1 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-860
0
\plain\par
\sl-265\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li4094\ri33\fi2194\expndtw-12\f11\fs20\cf1 By
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li8\ri33\fi4086\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1\u1043\'
13\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38 \u1043\'13. Deier
lein, Ph. D., P.E.

\plain\par
\pard\sl-278\li5094\ri33\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1
085\'3d\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34 \u1059\'23\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u
1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1057\'21\
u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1, \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1092\'4
4\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f
\plain\par
10\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1081\'39 \u1052\'1c. Reinhorn, Ph. D
., S.E.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-278\li8\ri33\fi4471\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1 University at Buffalo, SUNY
\plain\par
\pard\sl-278\li4092\ri33\fi1095\expndtw-5\f11\fs20\cf1 Buffalo, \u1053\'1d\u1100
\'4c\u1102\'4e \u1049\'19\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1082\'3a
\plain\par
1c\u1080\'38\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1056\'20. Willf
ord, M.A., C.Eng.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-278\li4647\ri33\fi1485\expndtw-12\f11\fs20\cf1 Arup
\plain\par
\pard\sl-278\li8\ri33\fi4639\expndtw-3\f11\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1072\'30\u1085\'3
d-\u1060\'24\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1082\'
3a\u1086\'3e, \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088
\'40\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li8\ri33\fi5477\expndtw-5\
f11\fs20\cf1 October 2010
\par
\plain\sl-294\fs29\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl240\li2703\ri35\fi1282\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 U.S. Department of Commerce
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li2703\ri35\fi1978\expndtw-4\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1043\'13\u1101\'4d\u10
88\'40\u1080\'38 \u1051\'1b\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35, Secretary
\plain\par
\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li2703\ri35\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 National In
stitute of Standards and Technology
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li2703\ri35\fi1556\expndtw-4\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u10
90\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1043\'13\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1
103\'4f\u1075\'33\u1077\'35\u1088\'40, \u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\
u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40
\par
\plain\pard\sl-462\li460\ri7296\expndtw-12\b\f10\fs28\cf1 Contents
\par
\plain\pard\sl-251\li459\ri0\expndtw-28\f10\fs24\cf1 1.\cf0
\plain\expndtw-28\f10\fs24\cf1 2.
\plain\expndtw-28 3.
\plain\expndtw-28
\plain\expndtw-28
\plain\expndtw-28
\plain\expndtw-28
6.
7.
8.
9.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-251\li0\ri273\expndtw2\f10\fs24\cf1 Introduction.................
.............................................................................1\c
f0
\plain\expndtw0\f10\fs24\cf1\u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u
1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\
u1085\'3d\u1076\'34 Parameters and Model Attributes.............................
..........4
\plain\expndtw1 Modeling of Structural Components...............................
..............................12
\plain\expndtw0 Foundations and \u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'
4c \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\
'40\u1077\'35 Interaction...................................................19
\plain\expndtw0 Requirements for \u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\
'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090
\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Analysis...............................................
...21
\plain\expndtw0 Requirements for \u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\
'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072
\'30\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Analysis.....................................
.........23
\plain\expndtw1 References......................................................
.......................................27
\plain\expndtw1 Notations and Abbreviations.....................................
.................................30
\plain\expndtw1 Credits.........................................................
...........................................32
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-277\fs28\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\pa
r\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-334\li20\ri33\expndtw-7\f11\fs24\
cf1 Disclaimers
\plain\par
\sl-189\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li20\ri33\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 The policy of
the \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083
\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u109
1\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of Standards and Technology is to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41
\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b the \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u107
2\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u10
57\'21\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c of Units (metric units)
in all of its\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f11\fs20\cf1 publications. However, in North \u1040\'10\u1084\'
3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30 in the construction and bui
lding materials industry, \u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u10
80\'38\u1085\'3d \u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d-\u1057\'21\u1048\'18 units \u108
7\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b so widely used instead
\plain\expndtw-1 of, \u1045\'15\u1057\'21\u1051\'1b\u1048\'18 units that it is \
u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40
\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a
\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 and less confusing to include measurement, \u1086\'3e\u1094
\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 for customary units only in this publication.
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li20\ri33\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 This publicati

on was produced \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 par
t of contract SB134107CQ0019, \u1058\'22\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a \u1054\'1
e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 69195 with the \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1
090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u
1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 o
f Standards and\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 Technology. The contents of this publication do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42
\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u1085\'3
d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of Stand
ards and
\plain\expndtw-3 Technology or the US Government.
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li20\ri33\expndtw0\f11\fs20\cf1 This \u1058\'2
2\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4
c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 was produced under contract
to NIST by the NEHRP \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1083\'
3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41 \u1061\'25\u1086\
'3e\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Venture, \u1074\'32 joint venture of the \u104
0\'10\u1087\'3f\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 \u1058\'22\u10
77\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f11\fs20\cf1 Council (ATC) and the Consortium of Universities f
or Research in \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u107
2\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u10
77\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 (CUREE).
\plain\expndtw-1\u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u10
95\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 While endeavoring to
\plain\expndtw-1 provide and accurate information in this publication, the NEHRP
\u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\'4
2\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41 \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1085\'
3d\u1090\'42 Venture, the authors, and the reviewers do
\plain\expndtw-1 not assume liability for, nor make any expressed or implied war
ranty with regard to, the \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of its information. Use
rs of the information
\plain\expndtw-2 in this publication assume all liability arising from such \u10
80\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u10
74\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b.
\plain\par
\sl-153\fs15\par\pard\pard\sl-278\li20\ri33\expndtw-1\f11\fs20\cf1 photo \u1082\
'3a\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\
'41\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f - Nonlinear analysis model for \u1074\'32 seismic retrof
it study of an existing building with \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u
1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f shear walls.
\plain\par
\sl-189\fs19\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-334\li20\ri33\expndtw-3\f11\fs24\c
f1 How to Cite \u1058\'22\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1055\'1f\u1091\'43\u1073\'31\u10
83\'3b\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\par
\pard\sl-228\li20\ri33\expndtw-1\f11\fs20\cf1 Deierlein, \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1
077\'35\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38 \u1043\'13., Reinhorn, \u1040\'1
0\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1081\'39 \u1052\'1c., and Willford, \
u1052\'1c\u1080\'38\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1056\'20
. (2010). "Nonlinear structural analysis for seismic design,"\fs20 NEHRP\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f11\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\
u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
\u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3
b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 No. 4,\fs20 prod

uced by the NEHRP \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u
1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41 \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\
u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Venture, \u1074\'32 partnership of the \u1040\'10\
u1087\'3f\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35
\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38 Council
\plain\expndtw0\fs20 and the Consortium of Universities for Research in \u1069\'
2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'
35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\
'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33, for the \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\
'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1089
\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of Standards an
d Technology,
\plain\expndtw-3 Gaithersburg, MD, NIST GCR 10-917-5.
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri0\expndtw-8\b\f10\fs32\cf1 1. Introduction
\plain\par
\pard\sl-414\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 1.1 The Role and Use of Nonlinea
r
\plain\par
\pard\sl-287\li0\ri0\fi457\expndtw-4\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Analysis in \u1057\'21\u10
77\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1
089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 While buildings
\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b usually designed for seismic
resistance\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 using elastic analysis, most will experience signi
ficant inelastic
\plain\expndtw-1 deformations under large earthquakes. Modern \u1074\'32\u1099\'
4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'
38\u1077\'35 \plain\expndtw-1 based design methods require ways to \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1096
\'48\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b the realistic
\plain\expndtw0 behavior of structures under such conditions. Enabled by
\plain\expndtw0 advancements in computing technologies and available \u1095\'47\
u1072\'30\u1080\'38 t
\plain\expndtw0\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u107
7\'35\u1090\'42, nonlinear analyses provide the means for calculating
\plain\expndtw-4 structural response beyond the elastic range, including strengt
h
\plain\expndtw0 and stiffness deterioration associated with inelastic \u1084\'3c
\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-3 behavior and large displacements. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'4
1\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 such, nonlinear analysis
\plain\expndtw0\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d play an important role in the desi
gn of new and existing
\plain\expndtw-6 buildings.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-17\f20\fs20\cf1 N \u1080\'38\u
1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n l i n \u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 r \u1074\'32 n \u1074\'32 l \u1
080\'38 s \u1080\'38 s i n v \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 l v \u1080\'38 s i g
n i f i c \u1074\'32 n t l \u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38
r \u1080\'38 \u1080\'38 ff \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r t t \u1080\'38\u108
3\'3b\u1080\'38\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 perform and should be approached with specific obj

ectives in
\plain\expndtw0 mind. Typical instances where nonlinear analysis is applied
\plain\expndtw-2 in structural earthquake engineering practice \u1087\'3f\u1072\
'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b to: (1) assess
\plain\expndtw-3 and design seismic retrofit solutions for existing buildings; (
2)
\plain\expndtw-4 design new buildings that employ structural materials, systems,
\plain\expndtw-2 or other features that do not conform to current building code
\plain\expndtw0 requirements; (3) assess the \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u109
0\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of b
uildings for
\plain\expndtw-1 specific owner/stakeholder requirements (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'4
4\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'3
2\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 1-1\b0). If the
\plain\expndtw0 intent of using \u1074\'32 nonlinear analysis is to justify \u10
74\'32 design that
\plain\expndtw-3 would not satisfy the prescriptive building code requirements,
\plain\expndtw0 it is essential to develop the basis for acceptance with the
\plain\expndtw0 building code authority at the outset of \u1074\'32 project. The
design
\plain\expndtw-1 basis should be clearly defined and agreed upon, outlining in
\plain\expndtw-1 specific terms all significant \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u
1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 l
evels (\b Sidebar 1\b0)
\plain\expndtw-3 and how they will be evaluated.
\plain\par
\sl-295\fs30\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\s
l-250\li412\ri0\fi765\expndtw-12\f11\fs18\cf1(a)
\plain\tx3447\tab\cf0\expndtw-12\f11\fs18\cf1(b)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-250\li80\ri0\fi331\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'
33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'
35 1-1\b0\f11 - New headquarters of \u1057\'21\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d-\u1060\'24\u
1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e \
u1055\'1f\u1091\'43\u1073\'31\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1059\'23\u1090\'42
\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38
\plain\par
\pard\sl-203\li0\ri0\fi80\expndtw-2\f11\fs18\cf1 Commission Building designed us
ing nonlinear response history analysis
\plain\par
\pard\sl-203\li140\ri0\fi338\expndtw-2\f11\fs18\cf1 to meet stringent immediate
occupancy \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b
\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 criteria.
\plain\par
\sl-314\fs31\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li140\ri0\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs19\cf1 Sidebars in
the guide\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 Sidebars \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\
u1083\'3b used in this Guide to illustrate key points,
\plain\expndtw-6 and to provide additional guidance on good practices and
\plain\expndtw-2 open issues in analysis, design, and construction.
\par
\column
\plain\sl-93\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-273\li0\ri39\expndtw-8
\i\f10\fs20\cf1 Sidebar 1\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs20\cf1\u1042\'12\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'4
3\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 Levels and \u1040\
'10\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1087\'3f\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\
'41\u1077\'35 \u1050\'1a\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080
\'38\u1072\'30
\plain\par
\sl-189\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li0\ri39\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1 The earthquake
\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35
\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of buildings generally\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\
u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1080\'38 to damage incurred to the building's structure,
\plain\expndtw0 envelope, partitions, ceilings, mechanical/electrical
\plain\expndtw-4 systems, and contents. While the building \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\
u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\
u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-18 i s \u1074\'32 c \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n \u1090\'42\u
1099\'4b n \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1084\
'3c, fo r d, \u1080\'38 \u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 g n p \u1080\'3
8\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r p \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 s i t i s co n \u1074\'
32\u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 n i \u1080\'38 n t
\plain\expndtw0 to identify discrete \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1
091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels for t
he major
\plain\expndtw-7 structural and other building components that significantly
\plain\expndtw-3 affect building function, property protection, and safety.
\plain\expndtw-2 ASCE 41 (ASCE 2007) and other standards generally
\plain\expndtw-2 provide guidance on three \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\
'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels
:
\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-271\li0\ri39\fi74\expndtw-2{\cf1\f0\fs28\bullet}\c
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 \u1048\'18\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1
072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1054\'1e\u1082\'3a\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u
1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38 - Achieve essentially elastic
\plain\par
\pard\sl-209\li288\ri39\expndtw-5\f10\fs19\cf1 behavior by limiting structural d
amage (e.g., yielding\cf0
\plain\expndtw2\f10\fs19\cf1 of steel, significant cracking of \u1082\'3a\u1086\
'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\
'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c, and
\plain\expndtw-4 nonstructural damage).
\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-271\li0\ri39\fi74\expndtw3{\cf1\f0\fs28\bullet}\cf
0\f10\fs19\cf1 \u1051\'1b\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1077\'35 \u1057\'21\u1072\'30\u1
092\'44\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 - Limit damage of structural and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-209\li288\ri39\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1 nonstructural components so \u1101
\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 to minimize the
\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1 risk of injury or casualties and to keep essential
\plain\expndtw-3 circulation routes accessible.
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1103\'4f\u1087\'3f\u1
089\'41\u1077\'35 \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u
1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d - Ensure \u1074\'32 small risk of partial
\plain\par
\pard\sl-209\li288\ri39\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 or \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1074\'32
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 building collapse b
y limiting structural\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 deformations and forces to the onset of significan
t
\plain\expndtw-3 strength and stiffness degradation.

\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li0\ri39\expndtw1\f10\fs19\cf1 ASCE 41 provide
s acceptance criteria in terms of\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f10\fs19\cf1 deformation and \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1
085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands on \u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\
u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1080\'38\u1076\'34 structural
\plain\expndtw-16 co mp \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n \u1080\'38 n ts. Oth \u
1080\'38 r d \u1080\'38 ma n d p \u1074\'32 ra \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b rs (\u1080\'
38 sp \u1080\'38 ci \u1074\'32 l l \u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw-1 story drifts and floor accelerations) \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u109
6\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 also important
\plain\expndtw-3 indicators of damage to nonstructural components and
\plain\expndtw0 overall building \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\
'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 (PEER 2010; Will
ford et
\plain\expndtw-5\u1074\'32. 2008; PEER/ATC 2010; ATC 2009). Moreover, there
\plain\expndtw0\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be other significant \u1074\'32\u1
099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1
080\'38\u1077\'35 limits (such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'3
5\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw0 onset of damage to the building envelope) that have
\plain\expndtw-2 major implications on lifecycle cost and functionality.
\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li0\ri39\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 While the risk
(or likelihood) of exceeding the damage\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f10\fs19\cf1 specified in \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\
'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels
is predicated by building
\plain\expndtw-2 occupancy and other factors, for typical buildings, i.e.,
\plain\expndtw0\u1054\'1e\u1082\'3a\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u108
5\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38 \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u10
86\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38 II in ASCE 7 (ASCE 2010), it is
\plain\expndtw0 generally accepted to check the \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u
1100\'4c\u1103\'4f\u1087\'3f\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\
u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw2\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u108
3\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 level for the \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30
\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1084\'3c \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3
e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'3
4
\plain\expndtw0 Earthquake ground motion intensity and \u1051\'1b\u1080\'38\u109
2\'44\u1077\'35 \u1057\'21\u1072\'30\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw-3 for the \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u108
5\'3d \u1041\'11\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 Earthquake (defined \u1
089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 2/3 of the
\plain\expndtw-5\u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u10
91\'43\u1084\'3c \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1
077\'35\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 Earthquake intensity in ASCE 7).
\plain\expndtw0 The appropriate ground motion intensity for checking
\plain\expndtw0\u1048\'18\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u107
2\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1054\'1e\u1082\'3a\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u10
72\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38 is less well-defined, since this
\plain\expndtw-3\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u10
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 level is not typically addressed
in building
\plain\expndtw-10 codes.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-93\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1744\
ri1433\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43

\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'1
0\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'
24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\
'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\
'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085
\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-326\li1744\ri1433\fi3245\expndtw-1\f10\fs20\cf1 1
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1054\'1e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\
u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1094\'46\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c
the goals of the nonlinear analysis and design basis \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\
'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 defined, the next step is to identify specific dem
and parameters
\plain\expndtw-6 and appropriate acceptance criteria to quantitatively \u1086\'3
e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'
35 the
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels. The demand parameters typ
ically include
\plain\expndtw0 peak forces and deformations in structural and nonstructural
\plain\expndtw-5 components, story drifts, and floor accelerations. Other demand
\plain\expndtw0 parameters, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\
'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 cumulative deformations or dissipated
\plain\expndtw0 energy, \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be checked to help confir
m the accuracy of the
\plain\expndtw-2 analysis and/or to assess cumulative damage effects.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 In contrast to l
inear elastic analysis and design methods that\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
well established, nonlinear inelastic analysis techniques and
\plain\expndtw0 their application to design \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080
\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 still evolving and \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 requi
re
\plain\expndtw0 engineers to develop new skills. Nonlinear analyses require
\plain\expndtw-5 thinking about inelastic behavior and limit states that depend
on
\plain\par
\sl-218\fs22\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-273\li160\ri0\expndtw-8\i\f10\fs20
\cf1 Sidebar 2\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs20\cf1\u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1089\'4
1\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'
33\u1085\'3d
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li160\ri0\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1 Capacity desig
n is an approach whereby the designer\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f10\fs19\cf1 establishes which elements will yield (and need to
\plain\expndtw0 be ductile) and those which will not yield (and will be
\plain\expndtw0 designed with sufficient strength) based on the forces
\plain\expndtw0 imposed by yielding elements. The advantages of this
\plain\expndtw-4 strategy include:
\plain\par
0\f10\fs19\cf1 Protection from sudden failures in elements that
\plain\par
\pard\sl-257\li448\ri0\expndtw2\f10\fs19\cf1 cannot be proportioned or detailed
for ductile\cf0
\plain\expndtw-7\f10\fs19\cf1 response.
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 Limiting the locations in the structure where expensive
\plain\par
\pard\sl-257\li237\ri0\fi210\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 ductile detailing is require
d.
\plain\par
0\f10\fs19\cf1 Greater certainty in how the building will perform
\plain\par
\pard\sl-257\li448\ri0\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 under strong earthquakes and great
er confidence in\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 how the \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u
1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 \u1093\'45\
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be calculated.
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 Reliable energy dissipation by enforcing deformation
\plain\par
\pard\sl-257\li448\ri0\expndtw2\f10\fs19\cf1 modes (plastic mechanisms) where in
elastic\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 deformations \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\
'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 distributed to ductile components.
\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li160\ri0\expndtw-8\f10\fs19\cf1 The well know
n "strong column/weak beam" requirement\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 is an example of \u1074\'32 capacity design strate
gy, where the
\plain\expndtw-2 intent is to avoid inelastic hinging in columns that could
\plain\expndtw-3 lead to premature story mechanisms and rapid strength
\plain\expndtw1 degradation in columns with high \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\
u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 loads. The
\plain\expndtw-5 design of yielding \u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b\u1083\'3b\u10
82\'3a\u1080\'38 and elastic braces in eccentrically
\plain\expndtw0 braced frames is another example of capacity design.
\plain\expndtw-4 Where inelastic analysis is used, capacity design \u1093\'45\u1
072\'30\u1085\'3d be
\plain\expndtw-5 implemented by modeling the specified yielding elements
\plain\expndtw1 with their "expected" strengths and the protected
\plain\expndtw0 elements \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u108
8\'40\u1090\'42 elastic. This permits the determination of
\plain\expndtw0 and design for the maximum expected \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\
'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands
\plain\expndtw-3 in the protected elements.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri26\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 deformations \u1101\'4d\u1082
\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 well \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a
\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 forces. They also require def
inition of\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 component models that \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'
35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the \u1103\'4f \u
1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deformati
on response
\plain\expndtw0 of components and systems based on expected strength and
\plain\expndtw-2 stiffness properties and large deformations. Depending on the
\plain\expndtw-5 structural configuration, the results of nonlinear analyses \u1
093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be
\plain\expndtw-3 sensitive to assumed \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u
1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43
parameters and the types of models
\plain\expndtw0 used. It is advisable to have clear expectations about those
\plain\expndtw-2 portions of the structure that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b expected to undergo inelastic
\plain\expndtw-6 deformations and to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1
083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the analyses
to (1) confirm the locations
\plain\expndtw-2 of inelastic deformations and (2) characterize the deformation
\plain\expndtw0 demands of yielding elements and \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b
\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands in \u1085\'3d\u1077\'
35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\
'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e \plain\expndtw-3 yielding elements. In this regard, capacity design concepts \u1
087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-1 encouraged to help ensure reliable \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'
41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'
35 (\b Sidebar 2\b0).
\plain\expndtw0 While nonlinear analyses \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d, in conc
ept, be used to \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u10
83\'3b
\plain\expndtw0 structural behavior up to the onset of collapse, this requires
\plain\expndtw-1 sophisticated models that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\
'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 validated against physical \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'4
1\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b
\plain\expndtw-3 to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43
\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the highly nonlinear response approaching collaps
e.
\plain\expndtw-1 Since the uncertainties in calculating the demand parameters
\plain\expndtw-1\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u1076\'34\u10
72\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 the structur
e becomes \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42
\u1077\'35 nonlinear, for design
\plain\expndtw0 purposes, the acceptance criteria should limit deformations
\plain\expndtw-1 to regions of predictable behavior where sudden strength and
\plain\expndtw-3 stiffness degradation does not occur.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri26\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 This \u1058\'2
2\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4
c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 is \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u10
89\'41\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1103\'4f\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u10
77\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c to provide \u1074\'32 summary of the\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 important considerations to be addressed, consideri
ng the
\plain\expndtw0 current capabilities of nonlinear analysis technologies and
\plain\expndtw0 how they \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u107
7\'35 being applied in practice. The scope includes
\plain\expndtw1 both nonlinear static (pushover) and dynamic (response
\plain\expndtw0 history) analyses, but with the emphasis towards the latter.
\plain\expndtw0 This guide is \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b
\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1103\'4f\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c
to be consistent with building codes
\plain\expndtw0 and standards, however, \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u108

3\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of nonlinear a
nalysis for
\plain\expndtw-4\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 ign is s till evo lv ing, there a
r \u1080\'38 many \u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1097\'49\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u
1080\'38 w her \u1080\'38 details
\plain\expndtw0 of the implementation \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u
1090\'42\u1077\'35 open to judgment and alternative
\plain\expndtw-2 interpretations. Finally, while this technical brief is concern
ed
\plain\expndtw-1 primarily with buildings, the guidance \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u10
85\'3d generally apply to
\plain\expndtw-2 nonlinear analysis of other types of structures.
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-288\li0\ri26\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 1.2 Backgr
ound on Use of Nonlinear
\plain\par
\pard\sl-288\li0\ri26\fi457\expndtw-3\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Analysis in \u1041\'11\u1
091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u
1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d in the \u1057\'21\u10
64\'28\u1040\'10
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri26\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1\u1055\'1f\u108
8\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u108
2\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 The first widespread applications of nonlinear analysi
s\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 in earthquake engineering in the \u1057\'21\u1064\'
28\u1040\'10 were to assess and
\plain\expndtw0 retrofit existing buildings. The first significant guidelines on
\plain\expndtw-1 the application of nonlinear analysis were those published in
\plain\expndtw-3 FEMA 273\i NEHRP Guidelines for the \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080
\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u107
3\'31\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u108
6\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw0\i of Buildings\i0 (FEMA 1997) and ATC 40\i \u1057\'21\u1077\'3
5\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1069\'2d\u1074\'32\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-2\i and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings\i0 (ATC 1996). Owing to t
he
\plain\expndtw-2 state of knowledge and computing technologies at the \u1091\'43
\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of
\plain\expndtw-4 their publication (mid-1990s), these documents focus primarily
\plain\expndtw-2 on nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. They have since been
\plain\expndtw-6 carried forward into ASCE 41\i \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\
u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1073\'31
\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e
\u1085\'3d of \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1089\'41
\plain\expndtw-6(ASCE 2007), and improvements have been proposed
\plain\expndtw-6 in FEMA 440\i Improvement of \u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1
083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u
1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\
u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38
\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41
\plain\expndtw-7\i Procedures\i0 (FEMA 2005) and FEMA P440A\i Effects of Stren
gth
\plain\expndtw1\i and \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1085\'
3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1089\'41 \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\
'30\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d on \u1057\'21\u1
077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u
1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\i0 (FEMA
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-133\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li171
0\ri1626\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'
43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\
'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060
\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u108
0\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u108
2\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u10
85\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li20\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 2009-\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f). \
u1047\'17\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b that while
ASCE 41 and related documents have\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1\u1074\'32 primary focus on renovating existing bui
ldings, the nonlinear
\plain\expndtw0 analysis guidance and component modeling and acceptance
\plain\expndtw0 criteria in these documents \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be ap
plied to new building
\plain\expndtw0 design, provided that the chosen acceptance criteria provide
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels expected for new building
design in ASCE
\plain\expndtw-5 7 (\b Sidebar 1\b0).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 About the same
\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b that FEMA 273 and ATC 40 wer
e under\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 development, nonlinear analysis concepts were also
being
\plain\expndtw-2 introduced into methods for seismic risk assessment, the most
\plain\expndtw-3 widely known being HAZUS (Kircher et \u1074\'32. 1997-\u1072\'3
0\u1103\'4f; Kircher et
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32. 1997b; FEMA 2006). \u1054\'1e\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u10
73\'31\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 In, the building-specif
ic
\plain\expndtw-1 loss assessment \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1091\'43\u1083\
'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of HAZUS employs
nonlinear static
\plain\expndtw1 analysis methods to develop earthquake damage fragility
\plain\expndtw0 functions for buildings in the\i \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40
\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1051\'1b\u1086\'3
e\u1089\'41\u1089\'41 \u1069\'2d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1072\'
30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1052\'1c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1086\
'3e\u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw-4\i, HAZUS99-SR2, \u1040\'10\u1076\'34\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\
'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085
\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1041\'11\u109
1\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u10
52\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-5(FEMA 2002).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1\u1054\'1e\u107
3\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 recently, the
role of nonlinear dynamic analysis for design\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 is being expanded to quantify building \u1074\'32\u
1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u
1080\'38\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\
u1086\'3e
\plain\expndtw-3 completely. The ATC 58\i Guidelines for \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u
1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1055\'1f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\
u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw1\i Assessment of Buildings\i0 (ATC 2009) employ nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-3 dynamic analyses for seismic \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u10
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 ass
essment of new
\plain\expndtw0 and existing buildings, including fragility models that \u1088\'
40\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1083\'
3b
\plain\expndtw0 structural demand parameters to explicit damage and loss
\plain\expndtw0 metrics. Nonlinear dynamic analyses \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'
45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b also being used to
\plain\expndtw-6 assess the \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u
1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of structural systems
that do not conform
\plain\expndtw-1 to prescriptive seismic \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'
3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - resisting system types in ASCE
\plain\expndtw-2 7\i \u1052\'1c\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1091\'
43\u1084\'3c \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d Loads
for Buildings and \u1054\'1e\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\
u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\plain\expndtw0(ASCE 2010). \u1042\'12 significant \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1088\'4
0\u1099\'4b\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b for this is in the design
\plain\expndtw0 of tall buildings in high seismic regions, such \u1101\'4d\u1082
\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 outlined in
\plain\expndtw-2 the following documents:\i Seismic \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\
'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d \u1043\'13\u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083
\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41 for \u1058\'22\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\
u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38
\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1089\'41
\plain\expndtw0(PEER 2010),\i Recommendations for the \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u108
0\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u10
80\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-1\i of \u1048\'18\u1075\'33-\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1077\
'35 \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085
\'3d\u1075\'33\u1089\'41\i0 (Willford et \u1074\'32. 2008), and the
\plain\expndtw-6 PEER/ATC 72-1\i Modeling and \u1040\'10\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1
077\'35\u1087\'3f\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 \u1050\'1a\u
1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30 for \u1057\
'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077
\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-3\i and Analysis of \u1058\'22\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u10
41\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u10
75\'33\u1089\'41\i0 (PEER/ATC 2010).
\plain\par
\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li20\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 1.3 Defini
tions of Terms in this Guide
\plain\par
\'35\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1081\'39\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 While structura
l engineers with the concept of\cf0

\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 nonlinear analysis for seismic design have been ex
posed to the
\plain\expndtw-2 following terms in \u1074\'32 number of publications, the meani
ngs of
\plain\expndtw-2 these terms have sometimes varied. The following definitions
\plain\expndtw-3\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b used in this
Guide.
\plain\par
\sl-181\fs18\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-3\b\f20\fs20\cf1 Backbone Cur
ve\b0: Relationship between the generalized \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u108
5\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 and deformation (or generalized stress and strain)
of \u1074\'32 structural
\plain\expndtw-4 component or assembly that is used to characterize response in
\plain\expndtw-3\u1074\'32 nonlinear analysis model.
\plain\par
\sl-181\fs18\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-6\b\f20\fs20\cf1 Cyclic \u105
7\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42 \u1044\'14\u10
77\'35\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u10
86\'3e\u1085\'3d\b0: Reduction in strength, measured\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 at \u1074\'32 given displacement loading cycles, d
ue to reduction in yield
\plain\expndtw-2 strength and stiffness that occurs during the cyclic loading.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-239\li0\ri35\expndtw2\b\f20\fs20\cf1 Cyclic Envelope\b0: \u1048\'
18\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of gene
ralized \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\
u1083\'3b versus\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 deformation that envelopes response \u1076\'34\u10
72\'30\u1090\'42\u1091\'43 obtained from cyclic
\plain\expndtw-3 loading of \u1074\'32 structural component or assembly.
\plain\par
\sl-181\fs18\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri35\expndtw-5\b\f20\fs20\cf1 In-Cycle Deg
radation\b0: Reduction in strength that is associated\cf0
\plain\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1 with negative slop of \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'
45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 versus deflection
plot within the same
\plain\expndtw-3 cycle in which yielding occurs.
\plain\par
\sl-181\fs18\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri35\expndtw2\b\f20\fs20\cf1 Monotonic Cur
ve\b0: \u1048\'18\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1
077\'35 of generalized \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076
\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b versus\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 deformation \u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1091\'4
3 obtained from monotonic loading of \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw-3 structural component or assembly.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-277\fs28\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\l
i1764\ri1595\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u10
91\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1
040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u
1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\
u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\
u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d
\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri1660\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs32\cf1 2. Nonlinear \u1044\'14\u
1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34 \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\
u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41 and \u1052
\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1090\'42\u109
0\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1073\'31\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\par
\plain\pard\sl-411\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 2.1 Demand Parameters
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Modern \u1074\'3
2\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3
d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 - based seismic design entails setting\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u
1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels and checking a
cceptance criteria for
\plain\expndtw-1 which \u1074\'32 building is to be designed. \u1042\'12\u1099\'
4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'
38\u1077\'35 levels under
\plain\expndtw-3 defined intensities of ground shaking should be checked using
\plain\expndtw0 appropriate demand parameters and acceptance criteria. The
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 acceptance criteria \u1084\'3c\u1
072\'30\u1081\'39 be specified for the overall
\plain\expndtw-2 systems, substructures, or components of \u1074\'32 building.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1 For \u1074\'32
given building and set of demand parameters, the structure\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 must be modeled and analyzed so that the \u1086\'3
e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of the demand
\plain\expndtw-1 parameters \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u
1077\'35 calculated with sufficient accuracy for design
\plain\expndtw1 purposes. The \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43
\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 is checked by compa
ring the
\plain\expndtw-9 calculated \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 o
f demand parameters (in short the "demands")
\plain\expndtw1 to the acceptance criteria ("capacities") for the desired
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u108
3\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 level. The calculated demands and
acceptance
\plain\expndtw-5 criteria \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b oft
en compared through "demand-capacity" \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u
1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b.
\plain\expndtw0 The acceptance criteria for seismic \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'
41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'
35 \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 vary
\plain\expndtw-1 depending on whether static or dynamic nonlinear analysis is
\plain\expndtw-1 used and how uncertainties associated with the demands and
\plain\expndtw-1 acceptance criteria \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1
083\'3b handled. For example, the component
\plain\expndtw0 models, demand parameters, and acceptance criteria used in
\plain\expndtw-5 nonlinear static procedures need to implicitly account for cycl
ic
\plain\expndtw-2 degradation effects that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b not modeled in the static analysis.
\plain\expndtw-5 On the other hand, some dynamic analysis models \u1084\'3c\u107
2\'30\u1081\'39 directly
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c degradation due to cycli
c loading, in which \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38
\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a
\plain\expndtw-2 different models and acceptance criteria \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u
1081\'39 be used.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 Acceptance crite
ria for structural components generally\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 distinguished between "deformation-controlled" (duc
tile
\plain\expndtw1 components that \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1090\'42\u1077\
'35\u1088\'40\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f inela
stic deformations) and
\plain\expndtw-4"\u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u
1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled" (\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090
\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u108
6\'3e - ductile components whose capacities
\plain\expndtw-3\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e gov
erned by strength). In reality, most components exhibit
\plain\expndtw0 some amount of inelastic deformation, and the distinction
\plain\expndtw1 between \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - and deformation-controlled components
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-386\li0\ri32\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 is not absolute. Nevertheless,
the distinction provides \u1074\'32
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li0\ri32\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\
'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\
'39 approach to establish requirements for the analysis\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 and design. Deformation-controlled components must
be
\plain\expndtw0 modeled \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080
\'38 inelastic, whereas \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled components
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be modeled \u1090\'42\u
1091\'43\u1079\'37 elastic, provided that the \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1
085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands
\plain\expndtw0 do not imply significant yielding in the components. ASCE
\plain\expndtw0 41 \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35
\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c deformati
on and strength acceptance criteria for
\plain\expndtw-1\u1048\'18\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u10
72\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1054\'1e\u1082\'3a\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1
072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38, \u1051\'1b\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1077\'35
\u1057\'21\u1072\'30\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, and \u1050\'1a\u10
86\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1103\'4f\u1087\'3f\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 \u1055\'1f\u1
088\'40\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1
085\'3d
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 levels, and PEER/ATC 72-1 provide
s guidance
\plain\expndtw0 on criteria for the onset of structural damage and significant
\plain\expndtw-3 strength/stiffness degradation.

\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri32\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Displacements,
velocities, and accelerations \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
additional\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 demand parameters that \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\
'3d provide insights into the overall
\plain\expndtw0 building response and damage to nons tructural components
\plain\expndtw-2 and contents. Story racking deformations (which \u1093\'45\u107
2\'30\u1085\'3d often be
\plain\expndtw-2 approximated \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35
\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 story drift \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\
'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b) provi
de \u1074\'32 good measure of
\plain\expndtw-4 overall structural response, including the \u1074\'32\u1077\'35
\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d
\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-2\u1075\'33\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 distribution of
\plain\expndtw-2 deformations and \u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1095\'47\u1077
\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of the building, and demands
\plain\expndtw0 in deformation-sensitive components, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u
1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the building
\plain\expndtw0 fa\u231\'e7ade, \u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1088\'
40\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 partitions, or \u1075\'33\u
1080\'38\u1073\'31\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\
u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30 piping systems. Peak
\plain\expndtw-4 floor accelerations and velocities \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'
45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b commonly used to design
\plain\expndtw-3 and assess \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u
1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of stiff acceleration
-sensitive building
\plain\expndtw-2 components, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077
\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 rigidly anchored equipment, raised floor
\plain\expndtw-2 systems, braced ceiling systems, and rigid piping systems.
\plain\par
\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri32\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 2.2 Struct
ural \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u108
9\'41 \u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c Types
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri32\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Inelastic struc
tural component models \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be differentiated\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 by the way that plasticity is distributed through t
he member
\plain\expndtw0 cross sections and along its length. For example, shown in
\plain\expndtw-1\b\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u
1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-1\b0 is \u1074\'32 compariso
n of five idealized model types for
\plain\expndtw0 simulating the inelastic response of beam-columns. Several
\plain\expndtw0 types of structural members (e.g., beams, columns, braces,
\plain\expndtw0 and some flexural walls) \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be model
ed using the concepts
\plain\expndtw-3 illustrated in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u108
8\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-1\b0:
\par
r\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li1710\ri1626\fi1449\expndtw-4\b\
f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'
40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 2-1\b0\f11 - Idealized models of bea

m-column elements.
\plain\par
\sl-89\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1710\ri1626\expndtw-2\f10\
fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\
u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'4
0 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design:
\u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'
38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\
'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-239\li15\ri0\expndtw-2{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\cf0\f20\fs20\cf1 The
simplest models \u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1
085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1089\'41\u1
103\'4f the inelastic deformations
\plain\par
\pard\sl-239\li228\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 at the end of the element, such \u1
101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 through \u10
74\'32 rigid-plastic\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 hinge (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33
\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
2-1-\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f\b0) or an inelastic spring with hysteretic
\plain\expndtw-4 properties (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'
43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-1b\b0
). By concentrating the plasticity in
\plain\expndtw-5 zero-length hinges with moment-rotation model parameters,
\plain\expndtw0 these elements have relatively condensed numerically
\plain\expndtw-4 efficient formulations.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li15\ri0\expndtw-1{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\cf0\f2
0\fs20\cf1 The finite length hinge model (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u10
75\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u10
83\'3b 2-1c\b0) is an efficient
\plain\par
\pard\sl-262\li228\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 distributed plasticity formulation
with designated hinge\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 zones at the member ends. Cross sections in the ine
lastic
\plain\expndtw0 hinge zones \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b c
haracterized through either nonlinear
\plain\expndtw0 moment-curvature relationships or explicit fiber-section
\plain\expndtw2 integrations that enforce the assumption that plane
\plain\expndtw0 sections remain plane. The inelastic hinge length \u1074\'32 \u1
084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw1 be fixed or \u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u
1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f, \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41
\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 determined from the moment \plain\expndtw0 curvature characteristics of the section together with the
\plain\expndtw0 concurrent moment gradient and \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1
074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\
u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b. Integration
\plain\expndtw-3 of deformations along the hinge length \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u10
77\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 the spread

\plain\expndtw-3 of yielding \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\
u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 realistically than the concentrated hinges,
\plain\expndtw-3 while the finite hinge length facilitates calculation of hinge
\plain\expndtw-6 rotations.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li15\ri0\expndtw1{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\cf0\f20
\fs20\cf1 The fiber formulation (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1
091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 21d\b0) models distribute
\plain\par
\pard\sl-262\li228\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 plasticity by numerical integration
s through the member\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 cross sections and along the member length.
\plain\expndtw1\u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Uniaxial
\plain\expndtw1 models \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b define
d to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35 the nonlinear
\plain\expndtw0 hysteretic \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1
081\'39 stress-strain characteristics in the cross
\plain\expndtw0 sections. The plane-sections-remain-plane assumption is
\plain\expndtw-5 enforced, where uniaxial \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'
35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b "fibers" \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'
45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b numerically
\plain\expndtw-2 integrated over the cross section to obtain stress resultants
\plain\expndtw1(\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 \u1
103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b a
nd moments) and \u1091\'43\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 mom
ent \plain\expndtw-4 curvature and \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3
e\u1081\'39 \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\
'38\u1083\'3b - strain relations. The cross section
\plain\expndtw0 parameters \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b th
en integrated numerically at discrete
\plain\expndtw-1 sections along the member length, using displacement or \u1103\
'4f
\plain\expndtw-4\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u10
83\'3b interpolation functions (Kunnath et \u1074\'32. 1990, Spacone
\plain\expndtw-4 et \u1074\'32. 1996). Distributed fiber formulations do not gen
erally
\plain\expndtw-5\u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1076\'34 pla
stic hinge rotations, but instead \u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072
\'30\u1076\'34 strains in the
\plain\expndtw-4 steel and \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1
085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1
083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f cross section fibers. The calculated strain
\plain\expndtw0 demands \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u
1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u
1103\'4f sensitive to the moment gradient,
\plain\expndtw0 element length, integration method, and strain hardening
\plain\expndtw0 parameters on the calculated strain demands. Therefore,
\plain\expndtw1 the strain demands and acceptance criteria should be
\plain\expndtw-4 benchmarked against concentrated hinge models, for which
\plain\expndtw-2 rotation acceptance criteria \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1
090\'42\u1077\'35 widely reported.
\plain\par
\fs20\cf1 The most complex models (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\

u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
2-1e\b0) discretize the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-262\li227\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 continuum along the member length
and through the cross\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 sections into small (\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3
a\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d) finite elements with nonlin
ear
\plain\expndtw-3 hysteretic constitutive properties that have numerous \u1085\'3
d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\
'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43
\plain\expndtw-2 parameters. \u1060\'24\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\
u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\
u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 This level of modeling offers the
\plain\expndtw-1 most versatility, but it also presents the most challenge in
\plain\expndtw0 terms of model parameter calibration and computational
\plain\expndtw1 resources. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1
088\'40\u1090\'42 with the fiber formulation, the strains
\plain\expndtw1 calculated from the finite elements \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'
3d be difficult to
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li288\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 interpret relative to accept
ance criteria that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
typically\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 reported in terms of hinge rotations and deformati
ons.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Concentrated an
d finite length hinge models (\b\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'
40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 2-1-\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 through\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43
\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-1c\b0)
\u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 consider the \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u107
7\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1
091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - moment
\plain\expndtw-3\i(P-\u1052\'1c\i0) interactions through yield surfaces (see \u1
071\'2f\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'4
0\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-2\b0). On
\plain\expndtw-3 the other hand, fiber (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\
'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\
'3b 2-1d\b0) and finite element (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u10
91\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw0\b 2-1e\b0) models \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090
\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the\i P-\u1052\'1c\i0 response di
rectly. \u1047\'17\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b t
hat
\plain\expndtw-4 while the detailed fiber and finite element models \u1093\'45\u
1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\
u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f
\plain\expndtw-2 certain behavior \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b fundamentally, they \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35 not necessarily
\plain\expndtw-2 capable of modeling other effects, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1
089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 degradation due to
\plain\expndtw-1 reinforcing \u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 buckling and \u1088\
'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b that \
u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be captured by
\plain\expndtw-2 simpler phenomenological models (\b Sidebar 3\b0).

\plain\par
0\cf1 Sidebar 3:\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs20\cf1 Distributed \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089
\'41\u1091\'43\u1089\'41 \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u108
5\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1076\'34
\plain\expndtw-4\b\u1055\'1f\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u
1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1069\'2d\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\
u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\sl-200\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li140\ri34\expndtw-4\f10\fs19\cf1 While distri
buted plasticity formulations (\b\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\
'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 2-1c\b0 to\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\b\f10\fs19\cf1 2-1e\b0) model variations of the stress and stra
in through
\plain\par
\pard\sl-218\li140\ri34\expndtw1\f10\fs19\cf1 the section and along the member i
n \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b detail,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 important \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35
\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 behaviors, such \u1101\'4d\u1
082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 strength degradation
\plain\expndtw-3 due to \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099
\'4b\u1081\'39 buckling of steel reinforcing bars or flanges,
\plain\expndtw0 or the nonlinear interaction of flexural and shear, \u1087\'3f\u
1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-3 difficult to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42
\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 without sophisticated and numerically
\plain\expndtw-4 intensive models. On the other hand, phenomenological
\plain\expndtw0 concentrated hinge/spring models (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\
'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b 2-1-\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39\b0 and
\plain\expndtw0\b 2-1b\b0), \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be better
suited to capturing the nonlinear
\plain\expndtw0 degrading response of members through calibration
\plain\expndtw-3 using member \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42 \u1074\'3
2\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 on pheno
menological moment \plain\expndtw0 rotations and hysteresis \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'3
3\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38. Thus, when selecting
\plain\expndtw0 analysis model types, it is important to understand (1)
\plain\expndtw-3 the expected behavior, (2) the assumptions, and (3) the
\plain\expndtw0 approximations inherent to the proposed model type.
\plain\expndtw0 While \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'
3b sophisticated formulations \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 seem to
\plain\expndtw-1 offer better capabilities for modeling certain aspects of
\plain\expndtw-5 behavior, simplified models \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 \u10
72\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u10
77\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1
077\'35 effectively
\plain\expndtw-7 the relevant feature with the same or lower approximation.
\plain\expndtw0 It is best to gain knowledge and confidence in specific
\plain\expndtw0 models and \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1
072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u
1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u
1077\'35 implementations by analyzing
\plain\expndtw-3 small \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42 examples, where
one \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u108
9\'41\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f specific
\plain\expndtw-4 behavioral effects.
\plain\par
\sl-265\fs26\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw-2\f20\fs2
0\cf1\u1054\'1e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 Some types of
concentrated hinge models employ \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 -\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 moment \i(P-\u1052\'1c\i0) yield surfaces. Whereas
these models generally
\plain\expndtw-2 do \u1074\'32 good job at tracking the initiation of yielding u
nder \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u108
0\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 and bending, they \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 not \
u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\
u1077\'35 accurately the post \plain\expndtw-2 yield and degrading response. On the other hand, some hinge
\plain\expndtw0 elements with detailed moment-rotation hysteresis models
\plain\expndtw0(\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\
u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-3\b0) \u1074\'32 \
u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 not \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090
\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\i P-\u1052\'1c\i0 interaction, ex
cept to the
\plain\expndtw-1 extent that the moment-rotation response is defined based on
\plain\expndtw-1 average \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of \
u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e
\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 and shear
that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 assumed to be
\plain\expndtw-3 present in the hinge. \u1042\'12 \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e
\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 check on the model capabilities
\par
43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\
'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060
\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u108
2\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u10
85\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\sl-151\fs15\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li956\ri646\expndtw-4\f10\fs16\cf1(a) St
eel columns
\plain\tx5266\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(b) \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u
1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u
1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f walls and columns
\par
\plain\sl-186\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li1196\ri1243\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u
1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u
1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 2-2\b0\f11 - \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\
'32\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e Idealized - force-moment demands and strength
interaction surfaces.
\par
\plain\sl-99\fs10\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pa
r\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li62\ri200\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1(a) Hysteret
ic model
\plain\tx3199\tab\cf0\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1(b) Model with stiffness
\plain\tx6550\tab\expndtw-3(c) Model with cyclic\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1 without deterioration
\plain\tx3593\tab\cf0\expndtw-5\f10\fs16\cf1 degradation
\plain\tx6532\tab\expndtw-3 strength degradation
\par
\plain\sl-258\fs26\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\p
ar\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li1\ri42\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1(d) Model with \u1088\'40
\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\plain\tx3042\tab\cf0\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1(e) Model with post-capping
\plain\tx6343\tab\expndtw-2(f) Model with bond slip or
\plain\par
\pard\sl-212\li1\ri42\fi61\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1 strength degradation
\plain\tx2979\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1093
\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34 strength deterioration
\plain\tx6414\tab\expndtw-3\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a closure (pin
ching)
\plain\par
\sl-237\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li1\ri42\fi2615\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060
\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081
\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 2-3\b0\f11 - Types of hysteretic modeling.
\par
\plain\sl-186\fs19\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li690\ri852\expndtw-2\f1
0\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'4
2\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\
'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Desig
n: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080
\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u108
0\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 is to analyze \u1074\'32 concr
ete column under \u1074\'32 low and high \u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'
35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b of\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\
u1081\'39 \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38
\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 (above and below the compression failure \u1082\'3a\u1086\'
3e\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 point) to \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u10
86\'3e\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 whether the model track
s how the \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-2\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 affects the differences in rotation capacity and post
-peak
\plain\expndtw-5 degradation. \u1042\'12 further check would be to vary the \u10
86\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-2
\plain\expndtw-3\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 loa
ding
\plain\expndtw-2 during the analysis to see how well the effect of the changing
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 is captured.
\plain\par
\cf1 Sidebar 4\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs20\cf1\u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1090\'4
2\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'
41\u1091\'43\u1089\'41 \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1082\
'3a \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1077
\'35 Curve
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 To develop flexural mechanism
s, the member shear strength\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 must be larger than the flexural strength, which is
typically
\plain\expndtw0 required in capacity design provisions for seismic design.
\plain\expndtw0 Where the shear strength is not sufficient to preclude shear
\plain\expndtw-3 yielding and failure (such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087
\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 in some existing buildings), shear
\plain\expndtw-3 effects must be considered in the analysis model in addition to
\plain\expndtw0 flexural and \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\
u1081\'39 \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38
\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 effects. \u1042\'12 fairly straightforward way
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-200\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li251\ri235\expndtw0\
f10\fs19\cf1 ASCE 41 and other documents provide standardized backbone relations
hips (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\
u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-7\b0) between characteristic
\plain\par
\pard\sl-218\li251\ri235\expndtw1\f10\fs19\cf1 forces and deformations of struct
ural components to \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35
\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 component behavior,
demand parameters, and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 acceptance criteria. For \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u108
7\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u108
3\'3b in nonlinear analysis, it is important to distinguish between so-called "m
onotonic" and
\plain\expndtw-2"cyclic envelope" \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085
\'3d\u1080\'38. The monotonic \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b represents the response that would be observed for \u1074\'
32 component
\plain\expndtw0 tested under monotonic loading, and the cyclic envelope encloses
the forces and displacements under cyclic
\plain\expndtw0 loading. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u108
8\'40\u1090\'42 shown below (\b\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'4
0\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 2-4 and 2-5\b0), the cyclic envelope \
u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c
depending on the applied cyclic
\plain\expndtw0 loading history, and backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u10
75\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 derived from cyclic envelopes \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1
096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 typically based on standardized loading
\plain\expndtw0 protocols. For nonlinear static analysis, where the cyclic effec
ts of earthquake loading \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b not
modeled directly
\plain\expndtw0 in the analysis, the nonlinear component models should be define

d based on the degraded cyclic envelope. For
\plain\expndtw0 nonlinear dynamic analysis, the choice of component \u1080\'38\u
1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 depends on how cyclic degradati
on is modeled.
\plain\expndtw0 Direct modeling of cyclic degradation begins with \u1074\'32 mon
otonic backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u10
83\'3b and \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1100\'4c this rel
ationship \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 \u1074\'32 \u1079\'37\u1074\'32\u1072\'
30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw0 the analysis proceeds (Ibarra et \u1074\'32. 2005). Indirect mod
eling does not \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1080\'38\u108
3\'3b \u1074\'32 \u1079\'37\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1080\'38 th
e component backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'3
8\u1090\'42\u1077\'35.
\plain\expndtw-3 Instead, it \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\
u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 the cyclic envelope (with an implied amo
unt of cyclic degradation) to \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'4
0\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 the comp
onent backbone
\plain\expndtw0\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35 in analysis. Whichever technique is used (direct or indirect), t
he nonlinear analysis should be exercised
\plain\expndtw0 under cyclic loading to ensure that the model \u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1085\'3d represent the degradation observed in \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'4
1\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b and implied by
\plain\expndtw0 model parameters in ASCE 41 or other sources.
\par
ard\pard\sl-212\li1806\ri1013\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(a) Cyclic versus monotonic
results
\plain\tx5060\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(b) Monotonic and cyclic envelope \u
1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 (ASCE 2007)
\par
1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u
1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 2-4\b0\f11 - \u1055\'1f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\
'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 versus displacement \u1076
\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1091\'43 from wood shear walls.
\par
ar\pard\pard\sl-263\li1273\ri984\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1
075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1
077\'35 2-5\b0\f11 - Idealized model backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1
075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 derived from monotonic and cyclic envelope \u1080\'3
8\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 (PEER/ATC 2010).
\plain\par
\sl-171\fs17\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1273\ri984\fi470\expndtw-2\f
10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'
42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088
\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Desi
gn: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u108
0\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u10
80\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 to model shear effects is by a
dding \u1074\'32 nonlinear shear spring in\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38
with the \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 - flexural
model.
\plain\par
\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 2.3 Model P
arameters for \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u105
1\'1b\u1086\'3e\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1053\'1d\u1072\
'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 In mod
eling the hysteretic properties of elements for\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 analysis, the initial stiffness, strength, and post
-yield \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u
1083\'3b \plain\expndtw-3 displacement response of cross sections should be determined
\plain\expndtw0 based on principles of mechanics and/or \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u10
89\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u10
90\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1102\'4e \u1076\'34\u1
072\'30\u1090\'42\u1091\'43,
\plain\expndtw0 considering influences of cyclic loading and interaction of
\plain\expndtw-1\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39, sh
ear, and flexural effects. Under large inelastic cyclic
\plain\expndtw-1 deformations, component strengths often \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1
087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c (\u1071\'2f
\b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'
3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw0\b 2-3\b0) due to \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\
'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35, crushing, \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u108
4\'3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 buckling, bond
slip, or
\plain\expndtw0 other phenomena. If such degradations \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093
\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b included through
\plain\expndtw1 appropriate modifiers to the stiffness and internal forces,
\plain\expndtw0 the model \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1
084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u
1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 most \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1083
\'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c mater
ials and devices
\plain\expndtw0 experiencing hysteretic behavior (Ibarra et \u1074\'32. 2005; FE
MA 2009-\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw1). ASCE 41 provides guidelines for estimation of
\plain\par
\cf1 Sidebar 5\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1080\'3
8\u1082\'3a \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1089\'41 \u1048\
'18\u1085\'3d-\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35 \u1044\'14\u107
7\'35\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u108
6\'3e\u1085\'3d
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri34\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 stiffness, strength, and defo

rmation limits in steel, reinforced\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u
1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u
1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c, masonry and wood members; \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u10
85\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 isolators; an
d
\plain\expndtw0 energy dissipation components of moment frames, braced
\plain\expndtw-2 frames, shear walls, diaphragms, infills, and foundations.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Shown in\b Fi
gure 2-7\b0 is an idealized \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43
\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b versus deformation\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 relationship \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 defined
in ASCE 41 for specifying the \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'3
4\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-1 and deformation parameters of nonlinear component models.
\plain\expndtw-2 In ASCE 41, the \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091
\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deformation relationship is \u1085\'3d\u107
7\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1103\'4f\u1081\'39\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c to
\plain\expndtw-3 represent the cyclic envelope that reflects strength degradatio
n
\plain\expndtw0 due to cyclic loading (\b Sidebar 4\b0). This is in contrast to
the
\plain\expndtw-4 monotonic \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1
091\'43\u1083\'3b that represents the response under monotonic
\plain\expndtw-3 loading. The cyclic envelope and monotonic backbone \u1080\'38\
u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw1\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u10
89\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 in that each
includes four important points of
\plain\expndtw-2 strength and associated deformation. Referring to\b Figure 2-7
\b0,
\plain\expndtw0 these points include: effective yield (point B), peak strength
\plain\expndtw-4(point C), \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1
086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 strength (point D), and ultimate
deformation
\plain\expndtw-4(point E). While ASCE 41 typically provides specific \u1086\'3e\
u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 to
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols1\colno1\colw10120
\plain\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li270\ri419\expndtw-6\f10\fs19\cf1 Hyste
retic models used for nonlinear dynamic analysis should distinguish and account
for "cyclic" versus "in-cycle"\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f10\fs19\cf1 degradation of strength and stiffness. Cyclic degr
adation is an apparent loss in strength at \u1074\'32 given deformation level
\plain\expndtw-1 under \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1088\
'40\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1085
\'3d\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b cyclic loading that occurs due to \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\
u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 cracking, bond slip, the Bausc
hinger effect \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090
\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c (in metals),
\plain\expndtw0\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42.\u1076\'34. Under \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u108
6\'3e\u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1078\'36\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 load
ing in one direction, the observed strength loss under cyclic loading is recover
ed at
\plain\expndtw-1 larger deformations. On the other hand, in-cycle degradation is
the loss in strength that occurs under increasing
\plain\expndtw-2 deformations within one loading \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\

u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f of \u1074\'32 cycle
or under monotonic loading. In-cycle degradation displays \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw-4 negative post-yield stiffness. In-cycle degradation in reinforc
ed \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\
'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\
'4f and masonry components is generally due
\plain\expndtw-2 to \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d
\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c crushing, shear failure, buckling or \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u
1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of reinforc
ement, and splice failures. In steel components,
\plain\expndtw-4 in-cycle degradation occurs due to \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'
3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 and/or \u1073\'31
\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 \u1082\'3a\u1088\'4
0\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 buckling and ruptu
re or \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u10
83\'3b of steel. In practice,
\plain\expndtw-1 most components experience both types of degradation. Studies h
ave shown that in-cycle degradation is \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\
u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-1 damaging and contributes to so-called ratcheting behavior under
dynamic loading, which \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d ultimately lead to
\plain\expndtw-2 collapse. See FEMA 440.
\par
\plain\sl-195\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-228\li1097\ri1584\expndtw-2\b\f10\fs16\cf1 S
trength loss occurs in subsequent cycles;
\plain\tx6211\tab\cf0\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs16\cf1 Strength loss occurs during
\plain\par
\pard\sl-228\li1097\ri1584\fi537\expndtw-2\b\f10\fs16\cf1 not in the same loadin
g cycle
\plain\tx6628\tab\cf0\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs16\cf1 the loading cycle
\par
ar\par\pard\pard\sl-221\li1634\ri1502\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs16\cf1 Cyclic strength d
egradation
\plain\tx6195\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\b\f10\fs16\cf1 In-cycle strength degradation
\par
\plain\sl-255\fs25\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li1710\ri1626\fi1270\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs1
8\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u109
1\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 2-6\b0\f11 - Cyclic versus in-cycle degrada
tion (FEMA 2005).
\plain\par
\sl-151\fs15\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1710\ri1626\expndtw-2\f1
0\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'4
2\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\
'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Desig
n: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080
\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u108
0\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li5180\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 dynamic instability. \u104
1\'11\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 Large deflecti
ons \f40\u40?D\u41?\f20\fs20 magnify the\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 internal \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d
\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b and moment demands, causing \u1074\'32
decrease in the
\plain\expndtw-4 effective \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1
099\'4b stiffness. With the \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u
1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of internal forces, \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw-5 smaller proportion of the structur\u1042\'12s capacity remains
available
\plain\expndtw-1 to sustain \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u
1099\'4b loads, leading to \u1074\'32 reduction in the effective \u1082\'3a\u109
1\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b
\plain\expndtw-4 strength.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li5180\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Shown in\b
Figure 2-8\b0 is an idealized \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'3
2\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 shear versus drift\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u
1091\'43\u1083\'3b of \u1074\'32 cantilever structure with and without P\i -\i0
\f40\fs20 D\f20\fs20 effects.
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20 If the gravity \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32
\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 is large the stiffness reduct
ion (shown by
\plain\expndtw-2 the negative slope K\dn9\fs12 N\dn0\fs20) is significant and co
ntributes to loss of
\par
\plain\pard\sl-339\li20\ri0\fi180\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u
1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u
1077\'35 2-7\b0\f11 - Generalized \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u10
91\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deformation \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3
e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 (PEER/ATC 2010).
\plain\par
\sl-185\fs19\par\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-6\f20\fs
20\cf1\u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u11
03\'4f\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 points B, C, and E, the descending slope between poin
t C\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 and D is less well defined. Since in most \u1074\'
32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088
\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a the descending
\plain\expndtw0 slope is \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u108
1\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u10
76\'34 than implied in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u10
80\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-7\b0, it \u1084\'3c\u
1072\'30\u1081\'39 be
\plain\expndtw-5\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u10
90\'42\u1077\'35 reasonable to \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'
40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 the des
cending branch between point
\plain\expndtw-1 C and E (or to \u1074\'32 point between D and E), \u1089\'41\u1
093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 illustrated by the
\plain\expndtw-3 dashed line in the \u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u10
88\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Since models t
hat \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b cyclic degradation of the backbone\cf0

\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u
1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\
u1077\'35 not yet common in commercial analysis \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u
1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \
u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\
u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35,
\plain\expndtw-1 in most \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u108
0\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a it is appropriate to \
u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35
\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 modeling parameters
\plain\expndtw0 to \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\
u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 component
cyclic envelope \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 for
\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b or
\plain\expndtw-7 published criteria inASCE 41, PEER/ATC 72-1 or other sources.
\plain\expndtw-6 Otherwise, the analyst should check that the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'
40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'
3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\
'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 being used
\plain\expndtw-5\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d represent the cyclic degradation
of the backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u10
83\'3b with
\plain\expndtw-4 appropriate hysteresis \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d
\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1099\'4b. In addition to distinctions between
\plain\expndtw-2 monotonic and cyclic response, another important attribute of
\plain\expndtw-2 hysteretic models is whether they \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'3
5\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b so-called "cyclic"
\plain\expndtw-5 versus "in-cycle" deterioration (\b Sidebar 5\b0). For material
s and
\plain\expndtw-5 members not documented in available literature, degradation of
\plain\expndtw-4 stiffness, strength and bond characteristics should be evaluate
d
\plain\expndtw-1 using principles of mechanics that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'
45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b supported by \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42 \u1
086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u
1080\'38\u1090\'42;
\plain\expndtw0 FEMA 440-\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 provides additional recommendation
s on this
\plain\expndtw-10 topic.
\plain\par
\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li20\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 2.4 Geomet
ric \u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072
\'30\u1088\'40 \u1069\'2d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u108
9\'41
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Geometric nonl
inear effects \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b caused by gravi
ty loads acting\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 on the deformed configuration of the structure, lea
ding to an \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-3\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u1076\'34\u10
72\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of internal forces in members and connectio
ns. These
\plain\expndtw-4 geometric nonlinear effects \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b typically distinguished between P
\plain\expndtw-2\i -\i0 \f40\fs20 d\f20\fs20 effects, associated with deformat
ions along the members,
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20 measured relative to the member chord, and P\i -\i0 \
f40\fs20 D\f20\fs20 effects,

\plain\expndtw-6\f20\fs20 measured between member ends and commonly associated w
ith
\plain\expndtw-3 story drifts in buildings. In buildings subjected to earthquake
s, P
\plain\expndtw-1\i -\i0 \f40\fs20 D\f20\fs20 effects \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u109
3\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b much \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'3
0\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of \u1074\'32 concern than P\i - \i0\f40\fs20 d
\f20\fs20 effects, and
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20 provided that members conform to the slenderness limit
s for
\plain\expndtw-2 special systems in high seismic regions (e.g., special \u1076\'
34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-3 or steel moment frames \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 \u1082\'3
a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4
b\u1084\'3c
\plain\expndtw-3 defined in ASCE 7),\i P - \i0\f40\fs20 d\f20\fs20 effects do
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20 not generally need to be modeled in nonlinear seismic
analysis.
\plain\expndtw0 On the other hand,\i P - \i0\f40\fs20 D\f20\fs20 effects must
be modeled \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'4
2 they \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20 ultimately lead to loss of \u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1082\
'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 resistance, ratcheting (\u1074\'32 \
u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34
\plain\expndtw0 build up of \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u
1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 deformations under cyclic loadi
ng), and
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b resistance and instability. Therefore the gravity
\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42
\u1077\'35 -\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 deformation (P \i -\i0 \f40\fs20 D\f20) effect mus
t be considered directly in the
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20 analysis, whether static or dynamic. This means that t
he gravity
\plain\expndtw0 loads of the entire building must be present in the analysis,
\plain\expndtw-2 and appropriate\i P - \i0\f40\fs20 D\f20\fs20 analysis techni
ques should be introduced
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20 in the structural model (Wilson 2002; Powell 2010). For
\plain\expndtw0 nonlinear seismic analyses, ASCE 7 specifies \u1074\'32 gravity
\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42
\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 combination of 1.0\i D +\i0 0.5\i L\i0, where\i D\i0 is the b
uilding dead
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 and\i L\i0 is the specified live \u1087\'3f\u1086\'
3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35, includ
ing allowance for
\plain\expndtw-4 live \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'
3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 reduction.
\plain\par
\sl-136\fs14\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par
\pard\pard\sl-269\li0\ri33\fi180\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1
075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1
077\'35 2-8\b0\f11 - \u1071\'2f \u1042\'12\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\
'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deformation \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u

1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b with and without the P\fs18 - \f40\fs20 D\f11\fs18
effect
\plain\par
\pard\sl-203\li0\ri33\fi1841\expndtw-4\f11\fs18\cf1(PEER/ATC 2010).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-391\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 2.5 Characterization of \u1052\
'1c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1088
\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-288\li0\ri33\fi467\expndtw-6\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 and Uncertainties
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Variability in
calculated demand parameters arises due to\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 uncertainties in the \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43
\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'
3a\u1091\'43 ground motions and the nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-3 structural response to these motions (\b Sidebar 6\b0). \u1069\
'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the \u1086\'3e\u
1073\'31\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1103\'4f\u
1090\'42\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw0 approach in analysis is to obtain the most likely (expected)
\plain\expndtw-5 structural response, the structural properties used in the anal
ysis
\plain\expndtw0 model should be \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1088\
'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\
'42 \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38.
\plain\expndtw-1\u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The statistical variabi
lity in
\plain\expndtw-1 parameters and model components generally follow
\plain\expndtw1\u1074\'32 lognormal distribution, which implies that the \u1087\
'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\
'4f\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw0 and \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41
\u1103\'4f (expected) \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\
'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 not the same. However, \u1
101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw0 this difference is small for most \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b
\u1081\'39 and other model
\plain\expndtw0 parameters, combined with the fact that in practice there is
\plain\expndtw0 rarely enough \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e
\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 to accurately characterize the difference,
\plain\expndtw0 then it is reasonable to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3
e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 either \
u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41
\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 or \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095
\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u108
5\'3d\u1080\'38 to
\plain\expndtw0 establish the parameters of the analysis model. This would
\plain\expndtw1 include using \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41
\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'3
5\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u108
0\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b properties and
\par
43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\
'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060
\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u108
2\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u10
85\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\sl-299\fs30\par\pard\pard\sl-273\li0\ri0\expndtw-8\i\f10\fs20\cf1 Sidebar
6\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs20\cf1 Uncertainties in \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\
u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1040\'10\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1077\'35
\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1\u1055\'1f\u1086\
'3e\u1083\'3b\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The variability in earthquake-induce
d demands\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1 is large and difficult to quantify. Considering all
major
\plain\expndtw-2 sources of uncertainties, the coefficients of variation in
\plain\expndtw-2 demand parameters \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u108
3\'3b on the order of 0.5 to 0.8 and
\plain\expndtw0 generally \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u10
76\'34\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b with ground motion intensity. The
\plain\expndtw-1 variability is usually largest for structural deformations
\plain\expndtw2 and accelerations and lower in \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u
1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled
\plain\expndtw-3 components of capacity-designed structures where the
\plain\expndtw-4 forces \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077
\'35 limited by the strengths of yielding members.
\plain\expndtw1 The variability is generally attributed to three main
\plain\expndtw0 sources: (1) hazard uncertainty in the ground motion
\plain\expndtw0 intensity, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'
35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the spectral acceleration intensity
\plain\expndtw-3 calculated for \u1074\'32 specified earthquake scenario or retu
rn
\plain\expndtw1 period, (2) ground motion uncertainty arising from
\plain\expndtw-17 fr \u1080\'38 q \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1080\'38 n \u
1089\'41\u1080\'38 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e n \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b n t \u1074\'32 n
d d \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 ra \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\
u1080\'38 n \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f \u1074\'32 g ro \u1080\'38\u1083\'3
b\u1080\'38 n d \u1084\'3c \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \
u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n s
\plain\expndtw0 with \u1074\'32 given intensity, and (3) structural behavior and
\plain\expndtw0 modeling uncertainties arising from the variability in
\plain\expndtw-1(i) physical attributes of the structure such \u1084\'3c\u1072\'
30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'
3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\
'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw2 properties, geometry, structural details, \u1080\'38 \u1090\'42.
\u1076\'34., (ii) n
\plain\expndtw0 onlinear behavior of the structural components and
\plain\expndtw0 system, and (iii) mathematical model representation
\plain\expndtw1 of the \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1103\

'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 behavior. Through realistic modeling
\plain\expndtw2 of the underlying mechanics, nonlinear dynamic
\plain\expndtw-3 analyses \u1091\'43\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1100\'4c\u10
96\'48\u1072\'30\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 uncertainty in demand predictions, \u1101\'
4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw-1 compared to nonlinear or linear static analyses where
\plain\expndtw0 the underlying uncertainties \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b masked by simplified
\plain\expndtw0 analysis assumptions. However, even with nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-5 dynamic analyses it is practically impossible to \u1074\'32\u10
99\'4b\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1
073\'31\u1103\'4f
\plain\expndtw0 accurately the variability in demand parameters. In
\plain\expndtw0 concept it is possible to quantify the corresponding
\plain\expndtw-2 variability in the calculated demands using techniques
\plain\expndtw0 such \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'3
8 \u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35-\u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1088\
'40\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e simulation. However, \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u107
7\'35\u1088\'40\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-4 characterization of modeling uncertainty is \u1074\'32 \u1087\'
3f\u1086\'3e\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1103\'4f\u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u1102\'4e\u1097\'
49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-3\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u10
99\'4b\u1081\'39 problem for building structures. Apart from the lack
\plain\expndtw-4 of ne cessary d \u1089\'41\u1074\'32\u1103\'4f\u1079\'37\u1099\
'4b\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 to characterize full \u1080\'38 th \
u1080\'38 \u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 ri abil ity
\plain\expndtw1 of the model parameters (\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3
d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 deviations and
\plain\expndtw-3 correlations between \u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u
1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u
1081\'39 parameters), the number
\plain\expndtw-5 of analyses required to \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'3
5\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b the resulting variability
\plain\expndtw-4 is prohibitive for \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u10
90\'42\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1
088\'40\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 as
sessment of structures.
\plain\expndtw-3 Therefore, nonlinear analysis procedures \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u
1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b generally
\plain\expndtw0 aimed at calculating the \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'
3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'
4f\u1090\'42 (or \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u
1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f) demands.
\plain\expndtw-1 Uncertainties in the evaluation \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\
u1072\'30\u1083\'3b then accounted for
\plain(1\expndtw0) through the choice of the specified hazard level
\plain\expndtw0(return period) at which the analysis is run, and/or (2)
\plain\expndtw-3 the specified acceptance criteria to which the demands
\plain\expndtw1\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b compared. \u10
86\'3e\u1090\'42\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c fac
tors or procedures \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-6 sometimes applied to check acceptance criteria for \u1103\'4f \
u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b \plain\expndtw-2 controlled or other capacity designed components.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 component \u1090\'42\u1077\'3
5\u1089\'41\u1090\'42 \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'
34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 (such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\
u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the nonlinear hysteretic response\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\
u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 of \u1074\'32 flexural hinge) to \u1082\'3a\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077
\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f the analysis models. ASCE
\plain\expndtw0 41 and other standards provide guidance to \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\
u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b, \u1095\'4
7\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e minimum
\plain\expndtw-5 specified properties to expected \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1086\'3
e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'
42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b, e.g., AISC 341
\plain\expndtw-4(AISC 2010) specifies\i R\dn8\fs12 y\i0\dn0\fs20 \u1086\'3e\u1
094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 to \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'4
1\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 expected to minimu
m
\plain\expndtw-2\fs20 specified \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'
40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b strengths. By using \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\
'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 or \u1
084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u
1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw-6 for \u1074\'32 given earthquake intensity, the calculated \u108
6\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of demand
\plain\expndtw-2 parameters \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u
1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38
\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 (50th percentile) e
stimates.
\plain\par
\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 2.6 Qualit
y Assurance
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Nonlinear anal
ysis \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u108
4\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u10
87\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 is highly sop
histicated, requiring\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 training and experience to obtain reliable results.
\plain\expndtw-3\u1056\'20\u1091\'43\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 Whi
le the
\plain\expndtw-3 analysis program's technical users is usually the best
\plain\expndtw0 resource on the features and \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u108
6\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of a
ny \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\
'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087
\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35, it \u1074\'32
\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 not
\plain\expndtw0 provide \u1074\'32 complete description of the outcome of variou
s
\plain\expndtw-3 combinations of choices of \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076
\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u10
91\'43 parameters, or the theoretical
\plain\expndtw1 and \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38
\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 limitations of diff
erent features. Therefore,
\plain\expndtw-4 analysts should build up experience of the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40
\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e
\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'4
7\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 capabilities
\plain\expndtw0 by performing analysis studies on problems of increasing

\plain\expndtw-2 scope and complexity, beginning with element \u1090\'42\u1077\'
35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b of \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u10
90\'42\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-1 cantilever models and building up to models that encompass
\plain\expndtw-5 features relevant to the types of structures being analyzed.
\plain\expndtw-5
\plain\expndtw0\u1041\'11\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u108
1\'39 Basic
\plain\expndtw-5 checks should be made to confirm that the strength and stiffnes
s
\plain\expndtw0 of the model is correct under \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u10
74\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35. Next, quasi-static
\plain\expndtw-4 cyclic \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b shoul
d be run to confirm the nature of the hysteretic
\plain\expndtw-5 behavior, sensitivity \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\
u1099\'4b with alternative \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1
088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 parameters
, and
\plain\expndtw-1 evaluation of cyclic versus in-cycle degradation (\b Sidebar 5\
b0).
\plain\expndtw-4\u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u10
80\'38\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u10
85\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Further validations using published \u1090\'42\u1077\
'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d help
\plain\expndtw-1 build understanding and confidence in the nonlinear analysis
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u108
4\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u10
89\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 and
alternative modeling decisions (e.g., effects of
\plain\expndtw-2 element mesh refinement and section discretization).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Beyond having
confidence in the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u
1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\
u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
capabilities and the\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 appropriate modeling techniques, it is essential to
check the
\plain\expndtw0 accuracy of models developed for \u1074\'32 specific project. Ch
ecks
\plain\expndtw0 begin with basic \u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1100\
'4c\u1080\'38 necessary for any analysis. However,
\plain\expndtw-2 for nonlinear analyses additional checks \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u
1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b necessary to help
\plain\expndtw0 ensure that the calculated responses \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\
'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 realistic.\b Sidebar 7
\plain\expndtw-2 gives some suggestions in this regard.
\par
rd\pard\sl-239\li1530\ri1626\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'
42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'
3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\
'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u108
9\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u108
8\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u107
5\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u10
88\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-273\li15\ri24\expndtw-8\i\f10\fs20\cf1 Sidebar 7\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs20\cf1\u1050\'1a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'3
8\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1040\'10\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'
30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 of \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1
083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 Models
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li15\ri24\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 Beyond famili
arizing oneself with the capabilities of \u1074\'32 specific \u1087\'3f\u1088\'4
0\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3
e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'
47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 package, the following \u1087\'3f\u10
72\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b suggested checks\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 to help ensure the accuracy of nonlinear analysis
models for calculating earthquake demand parameters:
\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-254\li15\ri24\fi113\expndtw-1{\cf1\f0\fs28\bullet}
\cf0\f10\fs19\cf1 Check the elastic modes of model. Ensure that the first mode
periods for the translational axes and for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-254\li303\ri24\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 rotation \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u10
96\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 consistent with expectation (e.g., hand cal
culation, preliminary structural models) and that\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 the sequence of modes is logical. \u1052\'1c\u1077
\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Check for spurious modes
that \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be due to incorrect element
\plain\expndtw-2 properties, inadequate restraints, or incorrect mass definition
s.
\plain\par
\cf0\f10\fs19\cf1 \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
Check the mass of the model and that the effective masses of the first few modes
in each direction \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\par
\pard\sl-254\li128\ri24\fi174\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 realistic and account for m
ost of the \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1077\'35 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'
3e\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1086\'
3e mass.
\plain\par
\cf0\f10\fs19\cf1 \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1074\'32\
u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c the elastic (displacement) res
ponse spectra of the \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'4
0 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 ground motion \u
1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1099\'4b. Check that
they
\plain\par
\pard\sl-254\li303\ri24\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 consistent and \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'
35\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the variability between \u1088\'40\u1
077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1099\'4b. \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\
u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080
\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 spectrum of the
\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1099\'4b and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 the variability about the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u10

86\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42.
\plain\par
\cf0\f10\fs19\cf1 Perform elastic response spectrum (using the \u1086\'3e\u1085
\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u108
6\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 spectrum of the \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'
3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34 set) and dynamic response
\plain\par
\pard\sl-254\li303\ri24\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 history analyses of the model, an
d \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\
'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 the displacements at key positions and the ela
stic \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u108
0\'38\u1077\'35 shear\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 and overturning moment. \u1057\'21\u1088\'40\u1072
\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the response spectrum res
ults to the \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\
'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 of the dynamic a
nalysis
\plain\expndtw-8 results.
\plain\par
\cf0\f10\fs19\cf1 Perform nonlinear static analyses to the target displacements
for the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\
u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 spectrum of the ground motion
\plain\par
\pard\sl-254\li303\ri24\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u10
86\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34 set. \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'
41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 the displacement
s at key positions and the \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1
072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 shear and overturning moment and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1\u1089\'41\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\
u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 to the elastic analysis results. Vary selected \u1
085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\
u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 or \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\
'42\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c parameters (e.g., with and without P
\i\f20\fs20 -\i0 \f40\fs20 D\f10,
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19 different loading patterns, variations in component st
rengths or deformation capacities) and confirm observed
\plain\expndtw-3 trends in the response.
\plain\par
\cf0\f10\fs19\cf1 Perform nonlinear dynamic analyses and \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u
1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\
u1103\'4f the \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u108
0\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1103\'4f\u1090\'42 \u1086\'3e\u10
94\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of displacements, \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u108
5\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 shear, and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-260\li302\ri24\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 overturning moment and \u1089\'41
\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 to the re
sults of elastic and nonlinear static analyses. Vary selected \u1085\'3d\u1077\'
35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085
\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f10\fs19\cf1 or \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\
'40\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c parameters (\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u10
76\'34\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 to the variations applied in the static non
linear analyses) and \u1089\'41\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1080\'3
8\u1083\'3b to each
\plain\expndtw-1 other and to the static pushover and elastic analyses. Plot hys
teresis responses of selected components to
\plain\expndtw-1 confirm that they look realistic, and look for patterns in the
demand parameters, including the distribution of
\plain\expndtw-2 deformations and \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072
\'30\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u108
6\'3e\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a checks of equilibrium.
\par
ar\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1424\ri1361\expndtw-2\
'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u108
8\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Des
ign: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u10
80\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1
080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri3891\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs32\cf1 3. Modeling of \u1057\'21
\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3
d\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41
\par
\plain\pard\sl-287\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.1 Moment Frames
\plain\par
\pard\sl-287\li0\ri0\fi467\expndtw-5\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1(Flexural Beam-Columns)
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 Inelastic model
ing of moment frame systems primarily involves\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 component models for flexural members (beams and c
olumns)
\plain\expndtw0 and their connections. For systems that employ "special"
\plain\expndtw-6 moment frame capacity design principles, \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u
1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 defined in ASCE 7,
\plain\expndtw0 the inelastic deformations should primarily occur in flexural
\plain\expndtw1 hinges in the beams and the column \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3
d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f. The NEHRP
\plain\expndtw-2\u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u10
82\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d \u1058\'22\u
1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \
u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44\u1089\'41 by Moehle et \u1074\
'32. (2008) and
\plain\expndtw-5 Hamburger et \u1074\'32. (2009) provide \u1074\'32 summary of d
esign concepts,
\plain\expndtw-1 criteria, and expected behavior for special \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3
e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'4
0\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f and steel
\plain\expndtw0 moment frames. It is important to recognize, however, that
\plain\expndtw-4 the minimum design provisions of ASCE 7 and the underlying
\plain\expndtw0 AISC 341 (2010) and ACI 318 (2008) standards for special
\plain\expndtw-3 moment frames do not always prevent hinging in the columns
\plain\expndtw-4 or inelastic \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b

\u1100\'4c zone deformations in beam-to-column joints.
\plain\expndtw0 Therefore, the nonlinear model should include these effects,
\plain\expndtw0 unless the \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1
103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 demand-capacity \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101
\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090
\'42\u1099\'4b \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b small enough
\plain\expndtw0 to prevent them. In frames that do not meet special moment
\plain\expndtw-2 frame requirements of ASCE 7, inelastic effects \u1084\'3c\u107
2\'30\u1081\'39 occur in
\plain\expndtw-2 other locations, including member shear yielding, connection
\plain\expndtw-5 failure, and member instabilities due to \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u
1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\
u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 - \u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1090\'
42\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 or
\plain\expndtw-7 buckling.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-7\f20\fs20\cf1 Beam-columns \u
1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b commonly modeled using either c
oncentrated\cf0
\plain\expndtw-17\f20\fs20\cf1 h i n g \u1080\'38 s \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'
38 r f i b \u1080\'38 r - t \u1080\'38 p \u1080\'38 \u1080\'38 l \u1080\'38 \u10
84\'3c \u1080\'38 n t \u1074\'32. W h i l \u1080\'38 t h \u1080\'38 f i b \u1080
\'38 r \u1080\'38 l \u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c \u1080\'38 n t s
\plain\expndtw0 generally enable \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\
'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 accurate modeling of the initiation of
\plain\expndtw0 inelastic effects (steel yielding and \u1103\'4f \u1082\'3a\u108
6\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u108
8\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f cracking) and
\plain\expndtw0 spread of yielding, their ability \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39
be limited to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u108
1\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 degradation associated with bond slip in \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1
083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 joints and
\plain\expndtw-1\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u10
85\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1
077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c
\plain\expndtw-1 buckling and \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e
\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of steel reinforcing bars and steel
\plain\expndtw-4 members. Concentrated hinge models, which \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\
u1085\'3d be calibrated
\plain\expndtw-2 to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e
\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the overall \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085
\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deformation (or moment-rotation)
\plain\expndtw0 response, including post-peak degradation, \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\
u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b often \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b
\par
\column
\plain\sl-204\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1087\'3f
\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39. Whatever the model type, the analysis should be\
cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 capable of reproducing (under cyclic loading) the
component
\plain\expndtw0 cyclic envelope \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'
3d\u1080\'38 that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \
u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 to those f
rom \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b or
\plain\expndtw-2 other published criteria, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u

1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 in ASCE 41 and PEER/ATC
\plain\expndtw-11 72-1.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 The inelastic
response of flexural beams and columns is often\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 linked to the response of the connections and joint
panels
\plain\expndtw-1 between them. The inelastic behavior in the beams, columns,
\plain\expndtw-6 connections, and \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083
\'3b\u1100\'4c zone (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088
\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 3-1-\u1072\'30\
u1103\'4f\b0) \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d each be modeled
\plain\expndtw1 through the idealized springs, shown in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\
u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\
u1083\'3b 3-1b\b0 (or
\plain\expndtw-3 equivalent fiber models), along with appropriate consideration
\plain\expndtw-15\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f f i n i t \u1080\'38 p \u1074\
'32 n \u1080\'38 l s i z \u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 n d h \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\
'38 w i t s d \u1080\'38 f \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r \u1084\'3c \u1074\'3
2 t i \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n s \u1074\'32 ff \u1080\'38 c t t h \u1080
\'38
\plain\expndtw-3 connected members. In steel structures, these yielding regions
\plain\expndtw-1(beam, column, connections, and \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u
1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c zone) tend to deform
\plain\expndtw-4 independently, except insofar \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1
087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the strength of one component
\plain\expndtw-2\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 limit the maximum forces in an ad
jacent component. On
\plain\expndtw-1 the other hand, in \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u10
77\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f frames, the inelastic deformations
\plain\expndtw0 in the beams and columns \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'3
8\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 coupled with the \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\
u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c zone
\plain\expndtw-5 behavior, due to the bond slip of \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3
e\u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 beam and
column
\plain\expndtw-3 bars in the joint \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1086\'3e\u108
5\'3d. Thus, for \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1
090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1
089\'41\u1103\'4f frames, the flexural
\plain\expndtw0 hinge parameters should consider how the deformations due
\plain\expndtw-3 to bond slip \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42
\u1077\'35 accounted for - either in the beam and column
\plain\expndtw0 hinges or the joint \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u10
83\'3b\u1100\'4c spring. Depending on the specific
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u108
4\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u10
89\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 imp
lementation, the finite-size joint \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u108
3\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be
\plain\expndtw-3 modeled using kinematic constraint equations, equivalent \u1073
\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \plain\expndtw-1 spring assemblies, or approximate rigid end offsets (Charney
\plain\expndtw-3 and Marshall 2006; ASCE 2007).
\plain\par
\sl-216\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-277\li0\ri33\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs20\cf1 3.1.1. Steel
\u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 \u1060\'24\u1088\'
40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-226\li0\ri33\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 For steel frames that employ special
seismic design and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 detailing, where the hinging locations \u1087\'3f\
u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b known and behavior
\plain\expndtw-4 is ductile, it is relatively straightforward to \u1072\'30\u108
8\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the
response
\plain\expndtw-2 by nonlinear analysis, including hinging with\i P-\u1052\'1c\i
0 interaction
\plain\expndtw-4 and joint \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1
100\'4c zone yielding. This would generally encompass
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-93\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\
par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li1247\ri2007\expndtw-2\f10\fs1
6\cf1(a) Hinging \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d of beams and
columns
\plain\tx5892\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(b) Idealized analysis model
\plain\par
\pard\sl-212\li1247\ri2007\fi493\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1 and deformable \u1087\'3
f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c zone
\par
8\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u109
1\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-1\b0\f11 - Beam to column connection.
\plain\par
\sl-182\fs18\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1710\ri1626\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear
\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'4
0\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'
38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077
\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide
for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u107
7\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 frames that conform to the spe
cial moment frame requirements\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 of ASCE 7 and AISC 341 (Hamburger et \u1074\'32. 20
09). Existing
\plain\expndtw-1"pre-Northridge" moment frames, designed in high seismic
\plain\expndtw-1 regions of the \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1073\'31\u1086\'
3e\u1081\'39\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1083\
'3b\u1100\'4c\u1084\'3c U.S. according to older building code
\plain\expndtw0 provisions, \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be analyzed with \u10
89\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 models, provi
ded
\plain\expndtw-3 that the beam/connection hinge ductility is reduced to account
\plain\expndtw0 for potential \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e
\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38 at the beam-to-column connection.
\plain\expndtw1 Similarly, with appropriate adjustments to \u1089\'41\u1080\'38\
u1084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42
\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f the
\plain\expndtw-15 n \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n lin ear mo men t - r \u1080
\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 tatio n b \u1101\'4d\u1093\'45 \u1074\'32 v io r \u1080
\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f co n n ectio n s, f r \u1083\'3b\u1102\'4e\u1073\'31\
u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw0 with partially restrained connections \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085
\'3d be modeled. For
\plain\expndtw1 steel frames composed of members with slender section
\plain\expndtw-1 properties and/or long unbraced lengths, nonlinear modeling
\plain\expndtw-3 is significantly \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b challenging due to the likelihood of \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'
3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 flange or \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1073\'31 \u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1
082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 - \u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1091\'43
\u1090\'42\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 buckling and buckling. This,
\plain\expndtw0 combined with the fact that the inelastic rotation capacity of
\plain\expndtw-5 slender members is small, generally makes it less advantageous
\plain\expndtw0 to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\
u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b inelastic analysis for the des
ign of steel frames with
\plain\expndtw2 slender members. ASCE 41 provides some criteria for
\plain\expndtw0 seismically \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u
1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e
- conforming steel members, but \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'
35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1
080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a
\plain\expndtw-1 covered \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u107
7\'35 limited, one would need to look to other sources
\plain\expndtw-4 for \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'
38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 to establish models and criteria for
frames with slender
\plain\expndtw-3 and otherwise \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'4
2\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'
3e - conforming members.
\plain\par
\sl-216\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-277\li0\ri0\expndtw-1\b\f10\fs20\cf1 3.1.2 \u1044\
'14\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1052\'1c\u1086
\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 \u1060\'24\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u108
4\'3c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u10
77\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c
\plain\par
\pard\sl-226\li0\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'
30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 frames that meet seismic design and detailing\c
f0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 requirements and qualify \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079
\'37 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u108
5\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c special moment frames \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u
1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-2 somewhat \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u10
81\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 difficult to model than steel frames. Stiffness
\plain\expndtw0 of members is sensitive to \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\
'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\
'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f cracking, the joints \u1087\'3f\u107
2\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 affected by \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u
1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u
1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c cracking and bond slip, and the post \plain\expndtw-3 yield response of columns and joint panels is sensitive to \u10
86\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u108
0\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35. ASCE 41 (including supplement 1) and PEER/ATC

\plain\expndtw-2 72-1 provide models and guidance for characterizing member
\plain\expndtw-3 stiffness, inelastic member hinge properties, and strategies fo
r
\plain\expndtw-1 joint modeling. Lowes and \u1040\'10\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\
'42\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1089\'41 (2003) and Ghoba
rah
\plain\expndtw-5 and \u1041\'11\u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1076\'34\u1072\'30 (1999) p
rovide further details on modeling \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u107
7\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f
\plain\expndtw-4 beam-column joints. Frames that do not conform to the special
\plain\expndtw-6 seismic detailing but have behavior that is dominated by flexur
al
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri34\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 hinging \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\
u1085\'3d also be modeled, provided that the hinge properties\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 and acceptance criteria \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093
\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b adjusted to account for their limited
\plain\expndtw-2 ductility. Frames with members that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\
'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080
\'38\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 to su
dden
\plain\expndtw-3 shear failures or splice failures \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'4
8\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'
30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 challenging to model.
\plain\expndtw-1 In such \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u108
0\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a, nonlinear flexural mo
dels \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be used to track
\plain\expndtw-2 response only up to the point where imposed shear \u1103\'4f \u
1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b and /
\plain\expndtw-2 or splice \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1
080\'38\u1083\'3b equals their respective strengths. Otherwise, to
\plain\expndtw-1\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u10
88\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f further resp
onse, the analysis would need to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\
'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-2 the sudden degradation due to shear and splice failures.
\plain\par
\sl-252\fs25\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri34\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.2 Braced
Frames
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Modeling of ine
lastic brace behavior is complicated by the\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\
u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1080\'38\
u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b effects of yielding, overall m
ember buckling, \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u10
85\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-5 buckling, and \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3
e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35. For example, shown in\b \u1060\'24\u
1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b 3-2\b0 is the
\plain\expndtw-3 hysteretic plot and photo of \u1074\'32 steel brace, tested und
er \u1074\'32 cyclic
\plain\expndtw0 loading protocol. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077
\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 indicated, the compression behavior is
\plain\expndtw-1 dominated by \u1075\'33\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 buckling with rapid drop off

in strength
\plain\expndtw0 and recovery of the tensile yield strength upon reloading.
\plain\expndtw-11 C \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 mp r \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d s i
o n \u1092\'44\u1091\'43 cklin g ty p ically lead s to \u1074\'32 co n cen tr at
io n \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f
\plain\expndtw0 flexural hinging at the mid-point of the brace, where under
\plain\expndtw-3 increased deformations \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42
\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 buckles form, which then trigger
\plain\expndtw-2\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 during subsequent \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1087\'3f\u108
8\'40\u1103\'4f\u1078\'36\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 cycles.
\plain\par
\sl-193\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 There \u1087\'3
f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b several alternatives for modeling the
nonlinear\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 buckling response of braces. \u1042\'12 commonly e
mployed approach
\plain\expndtw-3 is to model the brace with fiber beam-column elements, which
81\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 yielding, overall buckling, and concentration of plas
tic
\plain\expndtw-5 rotations in the buckled hinge, provided the number of elements
\plain\expndtw-1 along the length of the brace is adequate. \u1055\'1f\u1086\'3e
\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 buckling
and
\plain\expndtw-3\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u10
80\'38\u1083\'3b \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be inferred from the plastic rot
ation and strains in
\plain\expndtw0 the hinges (Uriz and Mahin 2008). In an alternative model,
\plain\expndtw-4 the brace is represented by \u1074\'32 uniaxial phenomenologica
l spring
\plain\expndtw-2 to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e
\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30 brace yielding and overall buckling (e.
g., Tang and
\plain\expndtw0 Goel 1989; Uriz and Mahin 2008).
\plain\expndtw0\u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u108
1\'39 This type of element is
\plain\expndtw0 to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\
u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b, though its reliability is \u1
086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 li
mited by the
\plain\expndtw-4 range of \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b to
which it is calibrated. \u1060\'24\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1084
\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099
\'4b\u1081\'39 In the most
\par
r\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li1518\ri1606\expndtw-2\f10\f
s16\cf1(a) \u1054\'1e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 Measured
\u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'
3b - deformation
\plain\tx6657\tab\cf0\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1(b) \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u
1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 set-up
\par
8\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u109
1\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-2\b0\f11 - \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35
\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e Nonlinear response of brace (Fell et \u
1074\'32. 2010).
\plain\par
\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'4
0\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'
38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077
\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide
for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u107
7\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 analysis approach, the brace i
s modeled with continuum finite\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 elements which \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d dire
ctly \u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u109
1\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 yielding, overall buckl
ing,
\plain\expndtw1 and \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\u1077\'35
\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 buckling (Schachter and Reinhorn 2007).
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 With
\plain\expndtw-4 appropriate formulation, the finite element models \u1093\'45\u
1072\'30\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-2 also \u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'
38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f \u1088
\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077
\'35 initiation (Fell et \u1074\'32. 2010).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1054\'1e\u1089\
'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 The - flexural fiber model, which pr
ovides \u1074\'32 good\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 compromise between modeling \u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1
088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c and computat
ional
\plain\expndtw0 demands, requires calibration with \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'4
1\u1090\'42 \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'
38\u1090\'42 to \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u10
83\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the
\plain\expndtw0 appropriate number of elements, amplitude of initial out-of \plain\expndtw-4 straightness imperfections, and \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\
u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b hardening parameters.
\plain\expndtw0 Uriz and \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d (2008) found t
hat the fiber approach gave
\plain\expndtw0 reasonable results for the following model parameters: (1)
\plain\expndtw-5 brace subdivided into two or four elements, (2) initial geometr
ic
\plain\expndtw-7 imperfection amplitude of 0.05 % to 0.1 % of the member length,
\plain\expndtw-1 and (3) \u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1081\'39 to fifteen lay
ers (fibers) through the cross section
\plain\expndtw-3 depth. For braces with compact sections \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1

074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 specified by AISC
\plain\expndtw-6 341, \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'
3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e buckling is usually delayed enough to be insignificant
\plain\expndtw-5 until large deformations (story drifts on the order of 2 % to 4
%,
\plain\expndtw-2 depending on the brace compactness and slenderness). ASCE
\plain\expndtw-4 41 provides acceptance criteria, described \u1089\'41\u1093\'45
\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 function of \u1086\'3e\u1089
\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-5 brace displacements, which \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be ob
tained from the fiber-type
\plain\expndtw-3 beam-column models, phenomenological \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077
\'35\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f spring models,
\plain\expndtw-4 or finite element models.
\plain\par
\sl-216\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-277\li0\ri0\expndtw-1\b\f10\fs20\cf1 3.2.1 Bucklin
g-Restrained Braces
\plain\par
\pard\sl-226\li0\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 In contrast to conventional braces, b
uckling-restrained\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 braces \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u10
83\'3b straightforward to model with uniaxial nonlinear
\plain\expndtw0 springs. Yield strength, cyclic strain hardening, and low \plain\expndtw-1 cycle \u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1083\
'3b endurance \u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1091\'43 \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u109
6\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 generally available from the
\plain\expndtw0 brace manufacturers. Bi-linear \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u
1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deformation models
\plain\expndtw-1\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 suf
ficiently accurate to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'
43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the behavior. Acceptance
\plain\expndtw0 criteria for the brace elements, based on peak deformations
\plain\expndtw-1 and cumulative deformations, \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be
inferred from the AISC
\plain\expndtw-2 341 qualification testing requirements for buckling restrained
\plain\expndtw-9 braces.
\plain\par
\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.3 Infill
Walls and Panels
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 Although not wid
ely employed for new construction in\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 high seismic regions of the U.S., frames with infil
l walls \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-3 commonly encountered in existing buildings around the world
\plain\expndtw-1 and in regions of low to \u1089\'41\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1088\'
40\u1078\'36\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c seismicity of the U.S. The
\plain\expndtw-6 infill wall system is conventionally modeled \u1089\'41\u1093\'
45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 frame structure
\plain\expndtw-5 with beams and columns braced with one or two \u1076\'34\u1080\
'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c struts
\plain\expndtw-4 representing the masonry infill (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\
'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b 3-3\b0). In most \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3
f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a, the
\plain\expndtw-1 infill \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100
\'4c failure will initiate in sliding along the \u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u
1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u
1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw0 joints, where the capacity is limited by the shear strength of
\plain\expndtw0 the mortar. Alternatively, if the \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d
\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c is strong in shear, the
\plain\expndtw-3\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 strut will crush near t
he frame joint and lose strength.
\plain\expndtw-3 This mode of failure - limited deformation capacity because
\plain\expndtw-1 the crushing will be abrupt. The large \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u10
85\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c forces generated
\plain\expndtw0 in this mode will be distributed along the beam and column
\par
\column
ar\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li0\ri26\fi847\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u106
0\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u108
1\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-3\b0\f11 - Masonry infill wall \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30
\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c and model.
\plain\par
\sl-313\fs31\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri26\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 members, and t
hey \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 result in either column or beam shear\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 failures. Depending on their height-to-thickness s
lenderness,
\plain\expndtw-2 unreinforced infill walls \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d also f
ail out-of-plane, sometimes
\plain\expndtw-2 in combination with one of the other modes.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri26\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 For either the
shear sliding or \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38 sion crushing mode,\cf
0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 it is reasonable to analyze frames with infills usi
ng \u1074\'32 single
\plain\expndtw-5 equivalent strut or two \u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'3
3\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c compression struts for rever
sed
\plain\expndtw-4 cyclic loading analysis. Such an approach is adopted by FEMA
\plain\expndtw0 306 (FEMA 2009b) and ASCE 41. Detailed finite element
\plain\expndtw-2 analysis \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d also be used if such \u
1074\'32 refinement is required, but
\plain\expndtw-3 it presents challenges both in terms of computational demands
\plain\expndtw-3 and constitutive modeling of the infill and boundary \u1080\'38
\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1081\'39\u1089\'41
.
\plain\expndtw-14 F \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r s \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u108
0\'38 f tw ar \u1080\'38 th at s \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 p p \u1080\'38\u
1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r ts \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 s \u1080\'38 \u1080\'38\u
1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f \u1074\'32 s in g \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d ax ial s p r in g, t
h \u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw1 spring strength should be based on the governing failure
\plain\expndtw0 mode (sliding or compression failure). Madan et \u1074\'32. (199
7)
\plain\expndtw0 provides an example of \u1074\'32 more advanced \u1089\'41\u1077
\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38 spring strut
\plain\expndtw0 model, which \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\
u1091\'43\u1081\'39 the combined behavior of \u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u107
5\'33\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c
\plain\expndtw1 sliding shear and compression failure, including cyclic
\plain\expndtw0 deterioration. Kadysiewski and \u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c (2009) provides \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw0 modeling approach that considers both in-plane and out-of \plain\expndtw-5 plane failure.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri26\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1044\'14\u108
0\'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u108
5\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Modeling of the equivalent strut requires knowledge\cf
0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 of the stiffness and cyclic strength behavior.
\plain\expndtw0\u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1103\'4f\u109
7\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 The equivalent
\plain\expndtw0 strut is represented by the infill thickness that is in
\plain\expndtw-2 contact with the frame, the \u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u107
5\'33\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c length, and an equivalen
t
\plain\expndtw0 width which \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be calcula
ted using the recommendations
\plain\expndtw-3 given in the \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
and masonry chapters of ASCE 41 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\
'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c. Only
\plain\expndtw0 the masonry wythes in full contact with the frame elements
\plain\expndtw-5 should be considered when computing in-plane stiffness, unless
\plain\expndtw-5 positive anchorage capable of transmitting in-plane forces from
\plain\expndtw-3 frame members to all masonry wythes is provided on all sides
\plain\expndtw-5 of the walls.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-181\fs18\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-2
39\li1710\ri1626\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40
\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c
\u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'4
1 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\
'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\
'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069
\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089
\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-364\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.4 Shear Walls
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Reinforced \u108
2\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u108
0\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f shea
r walls \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 commonly em
ployed in\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 seismic \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1
089\'41\u1099\'4b - force-resisting systems for buildings. They \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw1\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 take the form of isolated planar w
alls, flanged walls
\plain\expndtw-3(often C, - I - or T-shaped in \u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1
085\'3d) and larger three \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u10
88\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u10
85\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
90\'42 s emb \u1089\'41\u1074\'32\u1103\'4f\u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b s \u10

80\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 ch \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35
\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 b \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 ild in g co \u1076\'34\u10
86\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35 \u1078\'36\u1
080\'38\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35. N ear b \u1
080\'38 w alls ar \u1080\'38 \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f \u1080\'38\u1084\'
3c\u1077\'35\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-2 connected by coupling beams for greater structural efficiency
\plain\expndtw-2 where large openings for doorways \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'4
8\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 required. The seismic
\plain\expndtw-3 behavior of shear walls is often distinguished between slender
\plain\expndtw-3(ductile flexure governed) or squat (shear governed) according
\plain\expndtw0 to the governing mode of yielding and failure. \u1054\'1e\u1073\
'31\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 In, it
\plain\expndtw-3 is desirable to achieve ductile flexural behavior, but this is
not
\plain\expndtw0 possible in circumstances such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1
087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 (1) short walls with high
\plain\expndtw0 shear-to-flexure \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\
'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b that \
u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41
\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1074\'32
\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 to shear failures,
\plain(2\expndtw0) bearing walls with high \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\
'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 stress and/or inadequate
\plain\expndtw-1 confinement that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083
\'3b \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38\u108
4\'3c\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 to compression failures,
and
\plain\expndtw-1(3) in existing buildings without seismic design and detailing
\plain\expndtw-2 qualifying the wall system \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087
\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 special \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\
'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 defined in ASCE 7.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Cyclic and shak
e table \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b on reinforced \u1076\
'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b shear walls\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 reveal \u1074\'32 number of potential failure mode
s that \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 mo
dels
\plain\expndtw0 cannot represent explicitly \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082
\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c, however these
failure modes \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-5 generally reflected in the backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\
'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38, hysteresis \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u10
85\'3d\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1099\'4b, and
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 criteria adopted in lumped plasti
city models. These
\plain\expndtw-4 failure modes include (1) \u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1077\
'35\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 bond failure and lap splice slip,
\plain\expndtw-3(2) \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d
\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f spalling, \u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1073\'3
1\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 buckling, and loss of confinement,
\plain\expndtw-4(3) \u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1072\'30
\u1088\'40 \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'3
8\u1083\'3b on straightening of buckle, and (4) combined
\plain\expndtw-4 shear and compression failure at wall toe. Some of these failur
e
\plain\expndtw-2 modes \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be captured, either explic

itly or implicitly, in fiber
\plain\expndtw-3 and finite element type modeling approaches.
\plain\par
\sl-216\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-277\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\f10\fs20\cf1 3.4.1 Modelin
g of \u1057\'21\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 \u10
42\'12\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-226\li0\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Slender \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'
3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'
3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f shear walls detailed to cur
rent seismic design\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 requirements, having low \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077
\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 stress, and designed with
\plain\expndtw0 sufficient shear strength to avoid shear failures, perform in \u
1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-2\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u10
81\'39 manner to reinforced \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u
1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c beam-columns. Ductile
\plain\expndtw-5 flexural behavior with stable hysteresis \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u
1085\'3d develop up to hinge
\plain\expndtw-3 rotation limits that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u
1083\'3b \u1074\'32 function of \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'
3e\u1081\'39 \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\
'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 and shear in the
\plain\expndtw-5 hinge \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Subject to the c
autions noted below, \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3
e\u1081\'39 slender walls\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1(including coupled walls) \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085
\'3d be modeled \u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1
089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 beam \plain\expndtw0 column elements with lumped flexural plastic hinges at the
\plain\expndtw-1 ends with reasonable accuracy and computational efficiency.
\plain\expndtw-2 The modeling parameters and plastic rotation limits of ASCE
\plain\expndtw0 41 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f be used for guidance. The foll
owing points should
\plain\expndtw-7 be noted:
\plain\par
0\f20\fs20\cf1 The lumped hinge models \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b only suitable for assessing
\plain\par
\pard\sl-270\li288\ri0\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u109
0\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 with
in such allowable plastic hinge rotation\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 limits \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u10
77\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 stable hysteresis occurs, considering \u1086\'3e\u108
9\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 and
\plain\expndtw-3 shear forces in the hinge.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-320\li0\ri33\fi112\expndtw0{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\cf0\f20\fs20\cf1
Nonlinearity only arises at the designated hinge (s), and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-219\li287\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 equivalent flexural and shear stif
fness must be specified\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 for elastic elements outside of the hinge. ASCE 41

and
\plain\expndtw0 PEER/ATC 72-1 provide guidance on effective stiffness
\plain\expndtw0 parameters that account for flexural and shear cracking
\plain\expndtw1 to handle typical \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087
\'3f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a (i.e., planar
walls with typical
\plain\expndtw-2 reinforcement, wall proportions, and gravity stresses).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-282\li0\ri33\fi112\expndtw0{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\c
f0\f20\fs20\cf1 The flexural strength \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be estimat
ed by the \u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\par
\pard\sl-219\li287\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 strength provisions of ACI 318 usi
ng expected \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 properties and taking account of the \u1086\'3e\u1
089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u
1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35.
\plain\expndtw-3\u1054\'1e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 Whe
re the
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1
080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c significantly during loading (e.g., coupled
\plain\expndtw-3 shear walls) \u1074\'32\i P-\u1052\'1c\i0 interaction surface
(\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u108
8\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 2-2\b0) should
\plain\expndtw-2 be used rather than \u1074\'32 constant flexural strength.
\plain\par
f0\f20\fs20\cf1 Shear failure should be prevented in slender shear walls,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-219\li287\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 and studies have shown (PEER/ATC 7
2-1) that \u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40
\u1090\'42\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 seismic design criteria \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u107
2\'30\u1077\'35 underestimate the \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086
\'3e\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 shear \u1103\'4f
\plain\expndtw-3\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u10
83\'3b demands. Therefore, it is best to perform the analysis
\plain\expndtw0 to \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b the shear
\u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3
b demands and then to design
\plain\expndtw0 the wall to resist these demands, considering variability
\plain\expndtw-1 in the shear demands and capacities. Since shear strength
\plain\expndtw0\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 with
applied \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 stress (wh
ich \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100
\'4c during an
\plain\expndtw-2 earthquake in coupled shear walls) it \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u108
1\'39 be necessary to
\plain\expndtw0 check the design at \u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u10
86\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e \u1
091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 st
eps during nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-4 dynamic analyses.
\plain\par
f0\f20\fs20\cf1 Beam-column elements \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u
1083\'3b \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\
u1077\'35 problematic to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u110
0\'4c\u1079\'37\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 in
\plain\par
\pard\sl-219\li287\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 three-\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'
3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'
32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 wall configurations with si
gnificant\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 bi-directional interaction, particularly if the wa
ll system is
\plain\expndtw-3 subjected to \u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1095\'47\u1077\'35
\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Fiber-type mod
els \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b commonly employed to mode
l slender\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 walls, where the wall cross section is discretized
into \u1074\'32 number
\plain\expndtw-5 of \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d
\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c and steel fibers. \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\
u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
With appropriate
\plain\expndtw0\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 nonl
inear
\plain\expndtw0 stress-strain characteristics, the fiber wall models \u1093\'45\
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw0\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u107
4\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b with reasonable accuracy the variation of \u1086\'3e\u
1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 and
\plain\expndtw0 flexural stiffness due to \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'
30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 cracking and steel yielding
\plain\expndtw-2 under varying \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3
e\u1081\'39 and bending loads \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40
\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c. \u1042\'12 \u1075\'33\u1083\
'3b\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 limitation
\plain\expndtw-4 of conventional beam-column element fiber formulations is the
\plain\expndtw0 assumption that plane sections remain plane, such that shear
\plain\expndtw-3 lag effects associated with flexure and warping \u1082\'3a\u108
8\'40\u1091\'43\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 \u1087\'3f\u10
72\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e not
\plain\expndtw-2 captured. These effects \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be signi
ficant in \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e
\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e - planar core
\plain\expndtw-3 wall configurations. This limitation \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081
\'39 be alleviated through
\plain\expndtw-2 formulations that model the wall with two-\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\
u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\
u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 shell \plain\expndtw-4 type finite elements. The fiber idealization \u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1085\'3d be implemented
\plain\expndtw0 in the shell elements to \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1098\'4a\u1077\'3
5\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c through the cross
section
\plain\expndtw-1 for axial/flexural effects, but in-plane shear is uncoupled and
\plain\expndtw0 remains elastic. The number of elements required across \u1074\'
32
\plain\expndtw0 wall segment width and over the wall height depends on the
\plain\expndtw-3 available element types, the wall proportions, and the bending
\plain\expndtw-1 moment gradient. \u1054\'1e\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077

\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 In, the number of elements over
\plain\expndtw0 the hinge length will impact the effective gage length of the
\plain\expndtw-4 calculated strains.
\par
91\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1
040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u
1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\
u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d
\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\sl-154\fs15\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li1843\ri1304\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(a)
\u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1103\'4f\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e
\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 cross section
\plain\tx6623\tab\cf0\expndtw-3\f10\fs16\cf1(b) Tee-shaped cross section
\par
1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u
1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-4\b0\f11 - \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\
'42 versus fiber analysis hysteresis response for \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e
\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f shear walls (PEER/ATC 2010).
\par
\plain\sl-173\fs17\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-2\f20\f
s20\cf1 Shown in\b Figure 3-4\b0 \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u108
3\'3b comparisons between \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b and
fiber\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 shell-type analyses of \u1074\'32 \u1087\'3f\u1088\
'40\u1103\'4f\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\
'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 and T-shaped wall.
\plain\expndtw-3\u1054\'1e\u1073\'31\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 In
\plain\expndtw-3 the analysis \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42
\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 the overall behavior well, except
\plain\expndtw0 for the \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1073\'31 T-shaped wall with the in
compression. In this
\plain\expndtw-5\u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38\u10
83\'3b \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a the discrepancy is at
tributed to the challenge in calculating
\plain\expndtw1\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u109
0\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u108
9\'41\u1100\'4c compressive strains and the associated \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u108
5\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u109
1\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c
\plain\expndtw-2 degradation. In comparison, responses of the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'
40\u1103\'4f\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'
4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 wall
\plain\expndtw-3 and of the \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1073\'31 T-shaped wall with th

e in \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1103\'4f\u1078\'36\u1077\'35\u108
5\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b gov
erned
\plain\expndtw0 by tensile yielding of the reinforcing bars, which is easier to
\plain\expndtw0 model. This example highlights the difficulty in capturing
\plain\expndtw0 degradation due to localized damage. Users should refer to
\plain\expndtw-2 the technical reference of their analysis \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\
u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\
u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47
\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 for details of
\plain\expndtw-2 specific implementations and guidance on modeling walls.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li19\ri0\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 Features \u108
7\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b available in some \u1087\'3f\u1088
\'40\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086
\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u109
5\'47\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 platforms for advanced\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 modeling of reinforced \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\
'3b\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 using detailed two-\u1087\'3f\u1088\
'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\
'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw0 three-\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'
40\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'
3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 shell or \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'
40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c
\plain\expndtw0 solid elements with smeared or
\plain\expndtw-4 explicit representation of reinforcement and \u1082\'3a\u1086\'
3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'
40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f cracking.
\plain\expndtw-2 Such models \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
useful for assessment of walls where there is
\plain\expndtw-5 strong interaction between shear and flexure, such \u1101\'4d\u
1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 in flexural
\plain\expndtw-6 hinge regions where the shear \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u
1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demand is close to the shear
\plain\expndtw0 capacity, and for other situations where nonlinear stress and
\plain\expndtw-3 strain fields \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1096\'4
8\u1100\'4c \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f the assumptions of idealize
d hinge or fiber
\plain\expndtw0 models. The detailed finite element models do not rely upon
\plain\expndtw-4 the plane sections remain plane assumption, and therefore they
\plain\expndtw-5\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d better model situations with coup
led inelastic flexural-shear
\plain\expndtw-1 behavior. For example, \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42
\u1099\'4b \u1096\'48\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43 clearly that plane sections
\plain\expndtw0 do not remain plane at the critical sections of walls at higher
\plain\expndtw0 demand levels and that maximum (localized) \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\
u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b and
\plain\expndtw0 reinforcing \u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\
u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c
strains \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 under-predi
cted by conventional
\plain\expndtw0 fiber beam-column element analyses. The resulting \u1076\'34\u10
77\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw0 crushing and reinforcing \u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1082\'
3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'
4b\u1084\'3c buckling \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be critical failure
\plain\expndtw-6 modes for walls carrying high compressive stress. Well founded
\plain\expndtw-2 constitutive models \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d take account
of \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090
\'42\u1077\'35 history effects in
\plain\expndtw-4\u1074\'32 more explicit manner than concentrated plasticity app
roaches
\par
\column
\plain\sl-173\fs17\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs
20\cf1 with prescribed hysteretic \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1080
\'38\u1094\'46\u1099\'4b. Such models do, however,\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 require greater expertise and computational resourc
es and
\plain\expndtw-5 should be validated against \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u109
0\'42 \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u10
90\'42 that \u1086\'3e\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c \u1090\
'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 the conditions
\plain\expndtw-4 being simulated.
\plain\par
\sl-216\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-277\li0\ri33\expndtw-1\b\f10\fs20\cf1 3.4.2 Modeli
ng \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\
'33 \u1041\'11\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-226\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Coupled shear walls \u1087\'3f\u1072
\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b commonly used to provide \u1074\'32\u1077\'35
\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d
\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 shear transfer across door openings in walls or se
rvice cores.
\plain\expndtw-3 The coupling \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'4
1\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the stif
fness and strength of such walls
\plain\expndtw0 relative to the uncoupled situation. The seismic demands on
\plain\expndtw0 coupling beams \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3
b usually high, and it is common to adopt
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32 \u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u10
85\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c reinforcement arrangement in order to maxim
ize
\plain\expndtw-2 ductility and limit stiffness and strength degradation.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-4
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\
u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39\cf0 \f20\
fs20\cf1 Where coupling beam strength is governed by flexural hinging\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 and/or where reinforcement is used, coupling beams
\plain\expndtw-5\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b usually model
ed \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 concentrated plasticity flexural members
\plain\expndtw0 with concentrated flexural hinges and equivalent (elastic)
\plain\expndtw-2 flexural and shear stiffness along the beam length. Otherwise,
\plain\expndtw1 where the beam strength is governed by shear failure, it
\plain\expndtw0 is advisable to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'
3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32 beam e
lement with an inelastic shear
\plain\expndtw0 spring. When the shear walls \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b modeled \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 beam-column
\plain\expndtw-3 line elements, it is necessary to represent the width of the wa
ll
\plain\expndtw-1\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1
074\'32 rigid \u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1085
\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 beam
(or constraint) in order to give the

\plain\expndtw0 coupling beams the correct span. ASCE 41 provides hinge
\plain\expndtw0 properties based on the shear \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1
085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demand and reinforcing
\plain\expndtw0\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 arrangement. ASCE 41 does not dist
inguish effective
\plain(e\expndtw0 lastic) stiffness \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u10
80\'38 between coupling beams and other
\plain\expndtw0 beams. However, other sources (e.g. Paulay and Priestley
\plain\expndtw-3 1992) recommend lower effective (elastic) stiffness \u1086\'3e\
u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 for
\plain\expndtw-2 coupling beams, to account for the lower span-to-depth \u1082\'
3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'
35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b
\plain\expndtw-3 and greater \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\
u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1088\'40
strain penetration (bond slip at the
\plain\expndtw-2 end anchorage into the \u1103\'4f \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3
d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3
e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f walls) of the coupling beams
90\'42 compared to conventional beams.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-249\fs25\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1730\ri1626\expndtw
-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u10
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\
u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 with other \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'4
2\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\
'3a where the model parameters \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'4
2\u1077\'35 uncertain,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 it is recommended to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1089\'4
1\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'
31\u1103\'4f the sensitivity of the calculated
\plain\expndtw0 demand parameters by conducting analyses for the expected
\plain\expndtw-2 range of coupling beam and wall model parameters.
\plain\par
\sl-216\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-277\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\f10\fs20\cf1 3.4.3 Modelin
g \u1057\'21\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1090\'42 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1072\
'30\u1088\'40 Walls
\plain\par
\pard\sl-226\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Squat shear walls fail in shear rath
er than flexure, and present\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 significant modeling challenges. Monotonic \u1090\
'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1096\'48\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43 great
er
\plain\expndtw-5 displacement ductility than \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be r
elied upon in cyclic loading,
\plain\expndtw-6 where degradation of stiffness and strength (with highly pinche
d
\plain\expndtw0 hysteresis loops) is observed. These behaviors \u1087\'3f\u1072\
'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b not easily
\plain\expndtw0 captured using beam-column or fiber-type elements. Some
\plain\expndtw-4 analysis platforms contain suitable formulations comprising in
\plain\expndtw-3\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38 nonlinear she
ar and flexure springs. In addition, detailed
\plain\expndtw-3 nonlinear reinforced \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u
1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f shell finite element formulations
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 avai
lable in some platforms, which \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1074\'32\u1086\'
3e\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1074\'32\u1086\'
3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 most
\plain\expndtw-6 observed features of behavior, though require careful calibrati
on
\plain\expndtw-3 against \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42 results.
\plain\par
\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.5 Floors,
Diaphragms, and Collectors
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw2
\plain\expndtw0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1041\'11\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u
1086\'3e\u1081\'39\cf0 \f20\fs20\cf1 Floor diaphragms and collectors should be
modeled to\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 realistically represent the distribution of inertia
loads from
\plain\expndtw1 floors to the other elements of the
\plain\expndtw-2\u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u10
81\'39 system and the
\plain\expndtw-2 redistribution of \u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u107
4\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 forces among different parts of
\plain\expndtw-3 system due to changes in configuration, relative stiffness, and
/
\plain\expndtw0 or relative strength. Floor diaphragms \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u109
3\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b often modeled
\plain\expndtw0 rigid \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37
\plain\expndtw0, \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1
090\'42 this \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1091\'43\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1100
\'4c\u1096\'48\u1072\'30\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c the modeling and computat
ional effort.
\plain\expndtw-3 This assumption is acceptable in many \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u109
0\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1
082\'3a when the stresses
\plain\expndtw0 and \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'3
4\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b transfers in the diaphragms \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45
\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b low relative to the
\plain\expndtw-2 diaphragm strength. However, the rigid modeling assumption
\plain\expndtw0 is not always appropriate or the most convenient for design.
\plain\expndtw-2 The following questions should be considered:
\plain\par
0\f20\fs20\cf1 How does the stiffness of the diaphragm \u1089\'41\u1088\'40\u10
72\'30\u1074\'32\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b with
\plain\par
\pard\sl-266\li288\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 that of the vertically oriented com
ponents, including\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 consideration of slab cracking where diaphragm stre
sses
\plain\expndtw-7\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 hig
h?
\plain\par
0\f20\fs20\cf1 Would explicit modeling of diaphragms and collectors \u1089\'41\
u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38
\plain\par
\pard\sl-266\li288\ri0\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1075\'33\u1080\'38\u1073\'31\u108
2\'3a\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u10
83\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30, using finite elements, \u1086\'3e\u1073\'3
1\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1095\'47\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'
31\u1103\'4f the calculation of\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 their design forces?
\plain\par
0\f20\fs20\cf1 Will the rigid diaphragm constraint that suppresses \u1086\'3e\u
1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\plain\par
\pard\sl-266\li288\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 deformations in framing members in
the plane of the\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 diaphragm distort the structural behavior, such \u1
101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 by
\plain\expndtw-2 eliminating the \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1086\
'3e\u1081\'39 \u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1085
\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 defor
mations of
\plain\expndtw-3\u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u10
81\'39 chords of
\plain\expndtw-3 braced systems?
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 The adopted mode
ling approach should make \u1074\'32 realistic\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 representation of the stiffness of the diaphragm a
nd collectors
\plain\expndtw-3 and enable the \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\
'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands to be extracted for design. Since
\plain\expndtw0\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b floor slabs \u
1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 \u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a
\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3
d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c, it is difficult to make exact
\plain\expndtw-4 predictions of stiffness, particularly when (1) the reinforceme
nt
\plain\expndtw-5\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u10
94\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1
093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b low, (2) the demands \u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\
u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 significant cracking, and /
\plain\expndtw-5 or (3) the slab is formed on profiled \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u109
0\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1083\'3b decking. If equivalent
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri24\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 linear stiffness parameters \u
1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 used, the assumed sti
ffnesses\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 should be reviewed in the light of the induced stre
sses and
\plain\expndtw-4 updated \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u108
8\'40\u1090\'42 necessary. Alternatively, where inelastic diaphragm
\plain\expndtw0 effects \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u107
4\'32 major \u1092\'44\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 to the
system behavior, nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-3 finite element formulations (membrane or shell) \u1074\'32 \u10
84\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be used.
\plain\expndtw0 Analysis with upper and lower bound stiffness \u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1085\'3d also be
\plain\expndtw-1 useful to \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b th
e sensitivity of the calculated behavior
\plain\expndtw-2 to variability in diaphragm stiffness.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri24\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 The stiffness
of floor beams (with slabs acting \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077
\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 "flanges")\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 framing with gravity columns \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u
1085\'3d sometimes significantly
\plain\expndtw0\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u1076\'34\u107
2\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38
\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b stiffness of \u1074\'32 structure even if the beams
\plain\expndtw-4\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 des
igned \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 gravity framing only, and including them in
the
\plain\expndtw-4 analysis \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d benefit the \u1074\'32\
u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\
u1080\'38\u1077\'35 assessment of \u1074\'32 design. \u1042\'12
\plain\expndtw-6 possible modeling technique is to include the grillage of prima
ry
\plain\expndtw0 floor beams and girders in the model \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\
'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 beam elements with
\plain\expndtw-2 two-\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'4
0\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3
d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 shell or membrane elements to represent the
\plain\expndtw-1 in-plane stiffness of the diaphragm. In this \u1074\'32\u1089\'
41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088
\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a the slab \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-2 be modeled with \u1074\'32 coarse mesh, and the stiffness and s
trength
\plain\expndtw-5 formulation of the beams in bending should include any desired
\plain\expndtw-3 interaction with the slab.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri24\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 In accordance
with ASCE 7, the collectors should be designed\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 with sufficient strength to remain essentially ela
stic under the
\plain\expndtw0 forces induced from earthquakes, and there is an argument
\plain\expndtw-3(PEER/ATC 72-1) to design certain key diaphragms to remain
\plain\expndtw-4 essentially elastic \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1
077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 well. The calculated forces and stresses of
\plain\expndtw-2 seismic collectors should be interpreted with care. Membrane
\plain\expndtw-2 or shell finite elements in parallel with beams \u1074\'32 \u10
84\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 take some
\plain\expndtw-5 of the "collector" \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1
091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b that \u1074\'32 hand calculation would ass
ign to
\plain\expndtw-5 the collector beam. Alternatively, where collectors \u1087\'3f\
u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b modeled
\plain\expndtw-5\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 rigid (or very stiff elastic elem
ents), the collector forces from

\plain\expndtw0 dynamic analyses \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be ex
cessively large due to transient
\plain\expndtw0 peaks, which would be damped out by minor yielding of the
\plain\expndtw-2 collector elements or their connections.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri24\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 For further gu
idance on the analysis and design of reinforced\cf0
\plain\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
diaphragms refer to NEHRP \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u10
77\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1
089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u
1075\'33\u1085\'3d \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\
u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44
\plain\expndtw2 No. 3\i \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u108
0\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d of
\u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42-\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d-\u1055\'1f\u1083\'
3b\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\
'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-3\i Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors\i0 (Moehle et \u1074\'32.
2010) and
\plain\expndtw-7 PEER/ATC 72-1.
\plain\par
\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li0\ri24\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.6 Energy
\u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1090\'4
2\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1080\'38\u1089\'
41\u1077\'35\u1089\'41
\plain\par
9\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35 of passive energy dissipation is an emerging technology\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 that enhances building \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\
'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\
'35 by reducing the demands
\plain\expndtw-2 through addition of damping devices and stiffening elements.
\plain\expndtw0 In determining the seismic demand parameters, \u1074\'32 nonline
ar
\plain\expndtw2 analysis model is required that \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \
u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\
u1083\'3b the forces,
\plain\expndtw0 deformations, or other demand parameters for the devices.
\plain\expndtw1 The analysis model of the device should account for its
\plain\expndtw-1 dependence on loading rates, temperature, sustained (gravity
\plain\expndtw0 and other) loads, and other interactions. \u1052\'1c\u1085\'3d\u
1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u
1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 analyses
\plain\expndtw-2\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be necessary to \u1072\'30\u1088\
'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b and bo
und the effects of varying
\plain\expndtw-2 mechanical characteristics of the devices.
\par
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\sl-120\fs12\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li763\ri503\expndtw-5\f10\fs16\cf1(a) Vi
scous
\plain\tx3165\tab\cf0\expndtw-4\f10\fs16\cf1(b) Visco-elastic
\plain\tx5440\tab\expndtw-2(c) Friction (hysteretic)
\plain\tx8004\tab\expndtw-3(d) \u1043\'13\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1088\'4
0\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b hysteretic
\par
1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u
1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-5\b0\f11 - Idealized response plots of energy di
ssipation devices.
\par
\plain\sl-189\fs19\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-6\f20\fs
20\cf1 Energy dissipation devices \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083
\'3b usually modeled \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 combinations\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 of dashpots and equivalent elastic or hysteretic sp
rings. The
\plain\expndtw0 resulting models \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1086\
'3e\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c one or
\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'3
5 of the four main
\plain\expndtw-3 categories shown in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43
\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-5\b0. \
u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\
u1081\'39 The models of devices
\plain\expndtw0\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be slightly different than shown i
n\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u108
6\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 3-5\b0, when
\plain\expndtw-5 employing nonlinear dependencies to deformations or velocities
\plain\expndtw0(such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'4
0\u1090\'42 for the nonlinear \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1090\'42
\u1077\'35 dampers). While dampers
\plain\expndtw1 generally follow the \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u
1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - displacement relations shown
\plain\expndtw0 in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'
38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 3-5\b0, when assembled in s
tructures using
\plain\expndtw-1\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f \u1075\'33\u1080\'38\u1
073\'31\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u
1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30
\plain\expndtw-1 braces, these models should be modified to account
\plain\expndtw0 for interactions with the braces (Charney et \u1074\'32. 2008).
\u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw0 spring models representing the device and the brace allow
\plain\expndtw-2 consideration of such interactions (Reinhorn et \u1074\'32. 200
9).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 For further deta
ils about modeling of devices for nonlinear\cf0

\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 analyses and their effect in buildings, see Constan
tinou and
\plain\expndtw1\u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41 (199
3), Constantinou et \u1074\'32. (1998), ASCE 7, and
\plain\expndtw-8 ASCE 41.
\plain\par
\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 3.7 Seismic
Isolators
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1 Seismic isolato
rs \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be generally classified \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u
1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 either elastomeric\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 or sliding, and isolation systems \u1084\'3c\u1072
\'30\u1081\'39 be composed of one or
\plain\expndtw-3\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u10
73\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 types of isol
ators. Elastomeric isolators \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be either
\plain\expndtw-2 bearings made of high-damping rubber or bearings with low \plain\expndtw-3 damping rubber that have \u1074\'32 lead core. Sliding isolator
s \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be
\plain\expndtw-1 flat assemblies, or have curved surfaces, such \u1101\'4d\u1082
\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the friction \plain\expndtw1 pendulum system. Nonlinear analysis procedures should
\plain\expndtw-2 explicitly model the \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\
u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - deflection properties of isolators.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 The elastomeric
bearings \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be modeled similarly to the\c
f0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 hysteretic spring model shown in\b \u1060\'24\u10
80\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30 3-5 (d)\b0, with the initial
\plain\expndtw-3 stiffness determined by the shear stiffness of the rubber layer
s
\plain\expndtw-3 and the post-yielding stiffness defined by the characteristics
of
\plain\expndtw-2 the rubber and/or lead plug. The sliding isolators \u1087\'3f\u
1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b modeled
\plain\expndtw0 using the friction model shown in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\
'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\
'35 3-5 (c)\b0, with the
\plain\expndtw-1 friction level defined by the friction coefficient of the slidi
ng
\plain\expndtw-5 surfaces and \u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 forces due to gravity and oth
er loads acting
\plain\expndtw0 on the isolator. For isolators with curved sliding surfaces, \u1
074\'32
\plain\expndtw-2 post-sliding stiffness is assigned, inversely proportional to t
he
\par
\column
\plain\sl-189\fs19\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs
20\cf1 radius of curvature and proportional to the weight supported\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 by the isolator. The variability of model parameter
s, related
\plain\expndtw-3 to such factors \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\
'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 the rate of loading, temperature dependence,
\plain\expndtw-1 and longevity of devices life-cycle is extremely important in

\plain\expndtw-4 determining the response of \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u108
6\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 - isolated structures an
d should
\plain\expndtw0 be accounted for by analyses under the expected range of
\plain\expndtw-2 isolator properties. The reader is directed to Nagarajaiah et \
u1074\'32.
\plain\expndtw-5(1991), Constantinou et \u1074\'32. (1999), and Naeim and \u1050
\'1a\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1080\'38 (1999)
\plain\expndtw-1 for design and modeling details and to A S CE 7 and \u1069\'2d\
u1050\'1a\u1057\'21\u1055\'1f\u1045\'15\u1056\'20\u1058\'22 CE
\plain\expndtw0 41 for suggested procedures to \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1
080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1096\'48\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b the model component
\plain\expndtw-6 properties.
\par
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri2930\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs32\cf1 4. Foundations and \u1057
\'21\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c-\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u109
1\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1077\'35 \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u10
90\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u10
85\'3d
\par
\plain\pard\sl-451\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 4.1 Introduction and Overv
iew of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-287\li0\ri0\fi467\expndtw-7\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Soil Behavior
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-13\f20\fs20\cf1 F \u1080\'38\u
1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r \u1084\'3c \u1074\'32 n \u1080\'38 p r \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\u1080\'38 j \u1080\'38 c t s t h \u1080\'38 \u1080\'38 ff \u1080\'38 c t \u1080
\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f s i t \u1080\'38 s \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 i l
s i s d \u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 l t w i t h\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 independently of the structure. The structural des
igner inputs
\plain\expndtw-4"free field" response spectra or ground motions directly to an
\plain\expndtw-5 analysis of the structure without any consideration of interact
ion
\plain\expndtw1 and then designs the foundations for the resulting forces.
\plain\expndtw0 However, in some \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\
'3f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a this approach
\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d give unrealistic
\plain\expndtw-2 results, leading to foundations and superstructure designs that
\plain\expndtw-2\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be overly conservative or unconse

rvative (\b Sidebar 8\b0).
\plain\par
\cf1 Sidebar 8\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\b\f10\fs20\cf1 When to \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b
\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1077\'35 \u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4
c-\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'
40\u1077\'35 Interaction
\plain\expndtw-7\b in Analysis
\plain\par
\sl-201\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li180\ri0\expndtw1\f10\fs19\cf1 In most \u1074
\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u10
88\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a ignoring soil-structure interaction is\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1 conservative, provided the design response spectra
\plain\expndtw-4 and ground motions adequately envelope the kinematic
\plain\expndtw0 effect of the foundation structure and its effect on \u1089\'41\
u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw-1 response. This \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be difficult to d
o in \u1078\'36\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 such \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'3
7
\plain\expndtw-1 the following, where soil-structure interaction analysis
\plain\expndtw-3 is advisable to \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1091\'43\u1084\'3c\u1077
\'35\u1085\'3d\u1100\'4c\u1096\'48\u1072\'30\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 risk:
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 The foundation system alters the soil properties
\plain\par
\pard\sl-259\li301\ri0\fi166\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1(e.g., \u1074\'32 pile founda
tion in soft soils).
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 Buildings with \u1074\'32 deep basement or pile foundation
\plain\par
\pard\sl-259\li468\ri0\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 system where it is difficult to \u
1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 the\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 effective ground excitation and where the
\plain\expndtw-2 structural inertia forces \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\
'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 dependent on the
\plain\expndtw-1 foundation reaction with the soil. This issue is
\plain\expndtw-2 compounded for \u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1099\'
4b where the soil properties
\plain\expndtw-3 vary significantly with depth.
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 Where the \u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42 conditions \
u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41
\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38\u1084\'3c\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1074\'32
\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 to large
\plain\par
\pard\sl-259\li468\ri0\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 ground deformations, e.g., \u1082\
'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b spreading or\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 ground fault rupture, or soil liquefaction.
\plain\par
\sl-203\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-252\li180\ri0\expndtw-3\f10\fs19\cf1 Soil-structur
e interaction analysis is also undertaken to\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f10\fs19\cf1 realize substantial construction cost savings by r
educing
\plain\expndtw-1 the conservatisms in the conventional approach. This
\plain\expndtw-1 is typically worthwhile on \u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090
\'42\u1099\'4b with relatively soft soils

\plain\expndtw-10 where:
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 The flexibility of the soil-foundation system
\plain\par
\pard\sl-258\li468\ri0\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 significantly elongates the effect
ive \u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1078\'36\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1094
\'46 periods\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 of the structure and \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1085\'
3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b the damping,
\plain\expndtw-2 leading to reduced earthquake design forces.
\plain\par
f0\f10\fs19\cf1 Where the structure is massive and its inertia
\plain\par
\pard\sl-258\li468\ri0\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 forces significantly \u1086\'3e\u1
085\'3d \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1079\'37\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u
1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the strain levels in the\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f10\fs19\cf1 soil relative to the free field response.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-386\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Incorporation of foundation ef
fects into structural-response
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 prediction requires some basic under
standing of soils and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 soil-structure interaction. The behavior of soils
is significantly
\plain\expndtw0 nonlinear under strong ground shaking, and soil materials
\plain\expndtw0 display strain softening, energy dissipation through \u1084\'3c\
u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-2 hysteresis and radiation damping, and strain rate dependency.
\plain\expndtw-3\u1055\'1f\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1087\'3f\u10
77\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Soils generally have \u1085\'3d\u
1077\'35 distinct yield point and exhibit
\plain\expndtw-1 reduction of stiffness with increasing strain. Certain types of
\plain\expndtw0 soil (typically saturated sands and silts) \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\
u1085\'3d develop excess
\plain\expndtw0 pore \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1090\'4
2 pressure during earthquake shaking, resulting in
\plain\expndtw-4 reduced effective stress levels, softening, weakening and in th
e
\plain\expndtw-1\u1076\'34\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b \u1076\'34\u1
086\'3e \u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u
1090\'42\u1080\'38, \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1096\'48
\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 loss of strength (liquefaction). While pore
\plain\expndtw0 pressure generation and liquefaction models exist, treatment
\plain\expndtw1 of liquefiable soils in structural analysis is \u1074\'32 signif
icant
\plain\expndtw-6 challenge.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 Even if \u1074
\'32 detailed geotechnical investigation is available, \u1074\'32 high\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 degree of uncertainty in behavior of the soils wil
l remain. For
\plain\expndtw0 this reason, it is recommended that analyses \u1087\'3f\u1072\'3
0\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b undertaken
\plain\expndtw0 using upper and lower bounds of soil properties. The upper
\plain\expndtw-4 bound soil stiffness and strength is usually \u1086\'3e\u1073\'
31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b critical for the
\plain\expndtw-6 demands on the structure itself, and lower bound properties \u1
074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-2 be critical for the design of the foundation.
\plain\par
\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 4.2 Overvi
ew of \u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c-\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1
088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1077\'35 \u1040\'10\u
1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\pard\sl-247\li0\ri33\fi467\expndtw-13\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Issues
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Modeling of soi
l-structure interaction is dominated by the\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 issues associated with the soil being an infinite \
u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1091\'43\u1084\'3c,
\plain\expndtw0 making it difficult to model the transmission of earthquake \plain\expndtw-2 induced stress and strain waves through the boundaries of the
\plain\expndtw-3 soil model. Whereas various forms of transmitting boundaries
\plain\expndtw0 have been devised for linear frequency domain analysis, \u1085\'
3d\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-3 exact boundary formulations exist for nonlinear (\u1103\'4f \u1
091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b domain)
\plain\expndtw-5 dynamic analysis. There \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'3
0\u1083\'3b two generic approaches to \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u
1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-2 nonlinear soil-structure interaction analysis:
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-285\li0\ri33\fi112\expndtw-2{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\
cf0\f20\fs20\cf1 The direct approach, in which \u1074\'32 volume of soil is mod
eled
\plain\par
\pard\sl-217\li287\ri33\expndtw-8\f20\fs20\cf1 explicitly with the structure and
\u1074\'32 "\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1077\'35 \u1082\'3a\u1086
\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1086
\'3e" solution is obtained\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 in \u1074\'32 single analysis.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-285\li0\ri33\fi112\expndtw-1{\cf1\f0\fs30\bullet}\
cf0\f20\fs20\cf1 The indirect (substructure) approach in which the analysis
\plain\par
\pard\sl-217\li287\ri33\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 is performed in two stages: (1) T
he effective \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074
\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 motions\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 seen by the structure \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'4
5\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b derived by consideration of the
\plain\expndtw-5 incoming seismic waves and the geometry of the foundation
\plain\expndtw0(kinematic interaction); and (2) The dynamic response
\plain\expndtw0 of the structure is calculated by applying the motions to
\plain\expndtw-1 the structural model \u1087\'3f\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c \
u1074\'32 simplified representation of the
\plain\expndtw-2 foundation (inertial interaction).
\par
91\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1
040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u
1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\
u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d
\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-264\li5180\ri35\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 4.4 Indirect Approach
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li5180\ri35\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 In the indi
rect approach, the dynamic compliances of the soil\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 domain \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1
083\'3b represented \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 spring-damper pairs for each
degree
\plain\expndtw-5 of freedom of the foundation being considered. \u1042\'12 typic
al model
\plain\expndtw-3 is shown in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'
40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 4-2\b0, where the
ground motion \u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35 history
\plain\expndtw0 is applied (\u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u
1088\'40\u1090\'42 an acceleration or velocity history) to the "far
\plain\expndtw-6 end" of the spring-damper pair. \u1047\'17\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\
u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 that the number of spring \plain\expndtw-5 damper pairs \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be large
r than shown in the \u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38
\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30, depending
\plain\expndtw-1 on (1) whether the foundation is modeled \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u
1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 rigid or \u1075\'33\u1080\'38\u
1073\'31\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e,
\plain\expndtw-4 and (2) how rocking is represented, either \u1089\'41\u1093\'45
\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 rotational spring
\plain\expndtw-3 or \u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e
\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f \u1086\'3
e\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f springs.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li5179\ri35\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 The propert
ies of the spring damper pairs \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be based on (1)\cf
0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 analytical and numerical solutions for rigid bodies
sitting on
\par
\plain\pard\sl-263\li20\ri0\fi628\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u
1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u
1077\'35 4-1\b0\f11 - Soil structure interaction - direct approach.
\plain\par
\sl-235\fs24\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li20\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs2
4\cf1 4.3 Direct Approach in the Time Domain
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 The direct app
roach is described first since it is \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b intuitive,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 although the computational modeling requirements \

u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31
\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 advanced. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u10
88\'40\u1090\'42 shown in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\
u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 4-1\b0, in this appr
oach the soil
\plain\expndtw-1 is discretized using solid (brick) nonlinear finite elements (o
r
\plain\expndtw-2 finite difference elements) and the structure and the structura
l
\plain\expndtw-1 foundation system, which \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\
'35 be \u1075\'33\u1080\'38\u1073\'31\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 and nonlinea
r, \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0 modeled explicitly. The ground motions (including spatial
\plain\expndtw-3 variability, when significant) \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b applied at special boundaries
\plain\expndtw-5 at the \u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072
\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 and sides of the model, and the kinematic int
eraction
\plain\expndtw-2 is modeled directly. The \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'
38\u1091\'43\u1084\'3c beneath the lower boundary
\plain\expndtw-2 of the model is modeled \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3
f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 grounded linear viscous dampers,
\plain\expndtw-7 to which the desired 'bedrock' ground motions \u1087\'3f\u1072\
'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b induced \u1087\'3f\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1100\'
4c
\plain\expndtw0 applied \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b history. This is \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1072\
'30\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b to prevent spurious stress
\plain\expndtw-3 wave reflection at the lower boundary.
\plain\par
6\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u108
3\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37
\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 of the soil block should be sufficiently\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 large such that the motion at the \u1085\'3d\u1077
\'35\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 of the \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'
38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b boundaries
\plain\expndtw-5\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be considered \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3
a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 that of the free-field. The
free-field ground
\plain\expndtw0 motion histories \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\
'3b applied to the \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b
boundaries. It is
\plain\expndtw-6 advisable to \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42 the sensi
tivity of the model to the finite element
\plain\expndtw-1 mesh density, soil properties, and proximity of boundaries to
\plain\expndtw-5 the structure.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri35\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 or embedded in an elastic hal
fspace (Wolf 1985; Werkle and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1 Waas 1986), or (2) alternatively by numerical freq
uency domain
\plain\expndtw-3 analysis.
\plain\expndtw0\u1055\'1f\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1087\'3f\u107
7\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 If the soil resistance is represen
ted by springs having
\plain\expndtw0 strain softening, the initial stiffness characteristics

\plain\expndtw-2\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be based upon small strain soil m
oduli. If \u1074\'32 simpler (e.g.,
\plain\expndtw-2 bilinear) spring is used, then \u1074\'32 representative elasti
c stiffness,
\plain\expndtw-1 based on expected strain level, should be used. In either \u107
4\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32 \u1
073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a
\plain\expndtw-3\u1074\'32 strength cap equal to the expected ultimate resistanc
e should
\plain\expndtw-1 be introduced. Since forces in the soil dampers \u1074\'32 \u10
84\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be large,
\plain\expndtw-3 the strength limit (say in foundation sliding) should be applie
d
\plain\expndtw-3 to the combined spring-damper \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u
1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b.
\par
r\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li612\ri1626\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'
24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'
39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 4-2\b0\f11 - Soil structure interaction - indirect appro
ach.
\plain\par
\sl-231\fs23\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li612\ri1626\fi1117\expndtw-2\
'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u108
8\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Des
80\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1
080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri2877\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs32\cf1 5. Requirements for \u105
3\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u108
8\'40 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Analysis
\par
\plain\pard\sl-411\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 5.1 Basis for the Analysis
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 In the nonlinear
static procedure, the structural model is\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 subjected to an \u1091\'43\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u108
3\'3b\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u108
5\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1077\'35 \u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u10
99\'4b \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1
090\'42\u1077\'35 whose distribution
\plain\expndtw-1 represents the inertia forces expected during ground shaking.
\plain\expndtw0\u1041\'11\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u108
1\'39 The \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38
\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 is applied until the imposed displacements
\plain\expndtw-1 reach the so-called "target displacement," which represents
\plain\expndtw-2 the displacement demand that the earthquake ground motions

\plain\expndtw1 would impose on the structure. \u1054\'1e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1
085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1094\'46\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c lo
aded to the target
\plain\expndtw1 displacement, the demand parameters for the structural
\plain\expndtw0 components \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1
080\'38 compared with the respective acceptance
\plain\expndtw-4 criteria for the desired \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'
42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 state.
System level demand
\plain\expndtw-1 parameters, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077
\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 story drifts and \u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1086\'
3e\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 shears, \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 also be
\plain\expndtw-1 checked. The nonlinear static procedure is applicable to low \plain\expndtw-3 rise \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'
38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c buildings, where
the response is dominated by the
\plain\expndtw0\u1092\'44\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u107
7\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u108
1\'39 sway mode of vibration. It is less suitable for
89\'41\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f, slender, or \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1088\'40
\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b
\u1081\'39 buildings, where \u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u
1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 v
ibration
\plain\expndtw-5 modes affect the behavior. See\b Sidebar 9\b0 for further dis
cussion
\plain\expndtw-2 on the applicability of nonlinear static analysis.
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-288\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 5.2 Analysi
s Methods, Modeling, and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-288\li0\ri0\fi467\expndtw-12\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Outcome
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 The nonlinear st
iffness and strength of the components \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\
u1083\'3b\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 modeled based on \u1074\'32 cyclic envelope \u1080\
'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35, which
implicitly
\plain\expndtw-3 accounts for degradation due to cyclic loading that is expected
\plain\expndtw-3 under earthquakes. Loads \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b applied at \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 where
dynamic
\plain\expndtw0 inertia forces would develop, and they \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u109
6\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 monotonically
\plain\expndtw-3 increased without \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 reversals. \u1042\'12 \u1082\'3a\u
1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c point is de
fined for
\plain\expndtw0 the target displacement, usually at the top (roof level) of the
\plain\expndtw-5 structure. \u1041\'11\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u
1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The plot of the resulting shear \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'
4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\
'37 \u1074\'32 function
\plain\expndtw-2 of the \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1086
\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c point (roof) displacement is often recognized \u1101\'4
d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw-5 the "pushover \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3

d\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b" of the structure. The pushover \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086
\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u107
2\'30
\plain\expndtw-1 be further simplified by idealized sloping branches of elastic,
\plain\expndtw0 post-yield hardening and softening (degrading) behavior, \u1101\
'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw0 shown in\b \u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u
1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 5-1\b0, and used to \
u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\
u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 overall building
83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35. FEMA 440 and 440-\u1072\'30\u110
3\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u10
77\'35\u1090\'42 how the idealized
\plain\expndtw-2 pushover \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 - been used in simplfied nonlinear dynamic
\plain\expndtw0 analyses to establish minimum strength criteria for \u1082\'3a\u
1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b
\plain\par
\sl-263\fs26\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pa
rd\sl-263\li0\ri0\fi167\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u
1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 5
-1\b0\f11 - Idealized static pushover backbone \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u
1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b (FEMA 2005).
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-386\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 dynamic instability. FEMA 440\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 also provides guidance
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 on how to conduct simplified nonline
ar dynamic analyses\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 on \u1074\'32 structure-specific basis to \u1086\'3
e\u1085\'3d \u1091\'43\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1100\'4c\u1096\'48\u1072\'
30\u1077\'35\u1090\'42 the uncertainty in the
\plain\expndtw-1 calculated target displacement, relative to the default method
\plain\expndtw-7 in ASCE 41.
\plain\par
\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 5.3 Calcul
ation of \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
\u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1055\'1f\u1086
\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The gravity \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1
093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 should be ap
plied first, \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 to the\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1\u1091\'43\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\
u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\
u1081\'39 \u1073\'31\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39
\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'4
2\u1077\'35, so \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u10
90\'42 to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32
\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the effects of gravity \plain\expndtw0 induced forces and P\i -\i0 \fs20{\f63\u8710\'06}\fs20 effect
s on component yielding and
\plain\expndtw0\fs20 the pos t-peak response. \u1041\'11\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u10
86\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 The \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'3
2\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 distribution should
\plain\expndtw0 reflect the expected inertia forces at the floor levels, usually
\plain\expndtw0 proportional to the floor masses and the \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1
076\'34\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw0\u1092\'44\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u107
7\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u108
1\'39 shape of the
\plain\expndtw0 mode. \u1041\'11\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1086\'
3e\u1081\'39 Other \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34
\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b distributions \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 be
\plain\expndtw0 used to further \u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'
41\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f the response. However, stu
dies
\plain\expndtw-2 have shown that those do little to improve the accuracy of the
\plain\expndtw-3 nonlinear static procedure (ASCE 2007; FEMA 2005).
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 The analysis i
s conducted until the displacement at the \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1090\'
42\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 point reaches the target displacement. Several meth
ods \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-3 available for calculating the target displacement, the two most
\plain\expndtw0 prevalent being the so-called "coefficient method" and the
\plain\expndtw0"capacity spectrum method" (FEMA 2005). In ASCE 41,
\plain\expndtw0 the target displacement is determined using the coefficient
\plain\expndtw-3 method \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088
\'40\u1090\'42 the product of the elastic spectral displacement and
\plain\expndtw0 three modification factors. The elastic spectral displacement
\plain\expndtw0 is expressed \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\
u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 function of the elastic spectral acceleration
\plain\expndtw0 and the effective period. The three modification coefficients
\plain\expndtw1(1) scale the spectral displacement to the \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u
1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c point
\plain\expndtw-3 displacement, typically at the roof level, (2) adjust for inela
stic
\plain\expndtw0 effects \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088
\'40\u1090\'42 \u1074\'32 function of the \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'
44\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 of elas
tic \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u108
3\'3b demands to
\plain\expndtw0 the structural strength, and (3) adjust for hysteretic stiffness
\plain\expndtw1 and strength degradation, and pinching. The alternative
\plain\expndtw-3 capacity spectrum method employs the concepts of equivalent
\plain\expndtw0 linearization whereby an effective period of vibration and
\plain\expndtw-3 equivalent viscous damping \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b determined from the pushover
\plain\expndtw-4\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u10
90\'42\u1077\'35. The intersection of the pushover \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3
e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b with the capacity
\plain\expndtw-5 spectrum \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u
1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c t
he target displacement (or \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1
087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-8 point).
\plain\par
\sl-187\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-328\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 5.4 Accept
ability Criteria and \u1042\'12\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3
f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\par
\pard\sl-328\li0\ri33\fi467\expndtw-8\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Evaluation
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 At \u1074\'32
given target displacement, the nonlinear static procedure \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b\c
f0
\plain\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1\u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\
u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c \u1103\'4f \u1074\'3
2\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b, deformation, or d
uctility demands in the structural
\plain\expndtw-1 components. ASCE 41 \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u
1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u
1100\'4c two acceptability criteria, one
\plain\expndtw0 dealing with \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1097\'49\
u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 component checks for \u1103\'4f \u1074\'
32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled or
\plain\expndtw0 deformation-controlled components, and the second \u1074\'32 che
ck
\plain\expndtw-4 for overall stability. \u1052\'1c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42
\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The checks \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b defined by comparing
\plain\expndtw-2 the calculated demands to the component acceptance criteria.
\plain\expndtw-5 Chapters 4 through 8 of ASCE 41 specify component modeling
\par
43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\
'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060
\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u108
2\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u10
85\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-239\li0\ri3111\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 parameters and acceptance cr
iteria for foundations, frames,\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 walls, diaphragms, and other structural components
made
\plain\expndtw0 of steel, \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u10
85\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u10
77\'35\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c, wood, and masonry. The strength criteria
\plain\expndtw1 in ASCE 41 often refer to the underlying industry design
\plain\expndtw-1 standards for detailed information on \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b properties and
\plain\expndtw0 the calculation of component strengths. \u1043\'13\u1083\'3b\u10
86\'3e\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 The
dynamic
\plain\expndtw-2 instability check limits the magnitude of the inelastic strengt
h
\plain\expndtw0 reduction \u1092\'44\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u10
88\'40, reflecting the influence of\i P - \i0\fs20{\f63\u8710\'06}\fs20 effect
s and
\plain\expndtw-19\fs20 p \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 s t - p \u1080\'38 \u107
4\'32 k n \u1080\'38 g \u1074\'32 t i v \u1080\'38 s t i ff n \u1080\'38 s s i n

t h \u1080\'38 s t r \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 c t \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1
080\'38 r \u1074\'32 l c \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c p \u1080\'38\
u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 n \u1080\'38 n t s
\plain\expndtw0(\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\
u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 5-1\b0). The dynamic
instability criterion of ASCE 41
\plain\expndtw0 is the same \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u
1088\'40\u1090\'42 one developed in FEMA 440. \u1054\'1e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u10
90\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 recently,
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32 revised dynamic instability criterion - been proposed
in
\plain\expndtw0 FEMA 440-\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39, which is \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b accurate and less conservative
\plain\expndtw-3 than the limit in ASCE 41 and FEMA 440.
\plain\par
\sl-122\fs12\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-273\li200\ri3111\expndtw-8\i\f10\f
s20\cf1 Sidebar 9\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\b\f10\fs20\cf1\u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\'3
8\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'
42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1089\
'41 \u1053\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072
\'30\u1088\'40
\plain\expndtw-4\b\u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u
1082\'3a \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\
u1089\'41
\plain\par
dynamic analysis methods generally provide\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f10\fs19\cf1\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u
1083\'3b realistic models of structural response to strong
\plain\expndtw0 ground shaking and, thereby, provide \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\
'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e reliable
\plain\expndtw-3 assessment of earthquake \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'
42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 than no
nlinear
\plain\expndtw-2 static analysis. Nonlinear static analysis is limited in its
\plain\expndtw-3 ability to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u
1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b transient dynamic behavior with cyclic
\plain\expndtw0 loading and degradation. Nevertheless, the nonlinear
\plain\expndtw1 static procedure provides \u1074\'32 convenient and fairly
\plain\expndtw-4 reliable method for structures whose dynamic response
\plain\expndtw0 is governed by first-mode sway motions. One way to
\plain\expndtw-5 check this is by comparing the deformed geometry from
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32 pushover analysis to the elastic first-mode vibration
\plain\expndtw-3 shape. \u1054\'1e\u1073\'31\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 In, t
he nonlinear static procedure works
\plain\expndtw-2 well for low-rise buildings (less than about five stories)
\plain\expndtw0 with symmetrical \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1083\
'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1100\'4c config
urations. FEMA 440,
\plain\expndtw-5 FEMA 440-\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39, and NIST (2010) provide further
details on
\plain\expndtw-4 the simplifying assumptions and limitations on nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-5 static analysis. However, even when the nonlinear static
\plain\expndtw-6 procedure is not appropriate for \u1074\'32 complete \u1074\'32
\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d
\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-3 evaluation, nonlinear static analysis \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u108
5\'3d be an effective
\plain\expndtw-3 design tool to \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1077\'

35\u1076\'34\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f aspect
s of the analysis model
\plain\expndtw0 and the nonlinear response that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u
1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 difficult to do by
\plain\expndtw0 nonlinear dynamic analysis. For example, nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-4 static analysis \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be useful to (1)
check and debug the
\plain\expndtw-1 nonlinear analysis model, (2) augment understanding
\plain\expndtw-3 of the yielding mechanisms and deformation demands,
\plain\expndtw-1 and (3) \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u107
6\'34\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f alternative d
esign parameters and
\plain\expndtw-2 how variations in the component properties \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30
\u1081\'39 affect
\plain\expndtw-7 response.
\par
\plain\sl-180\fs18\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard
\sl-239\li1710\ri60\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\
'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\
'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089
\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u10
84\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u10
72\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1
069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1
089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri2300\expndtw-5\b\f10\fs32\cf1 6. Requirements for \u105
3\'1d\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u108
8\'40 \u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u10
89\'41 Analysis
\par
\plain\pard\sl-288\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 6.1 Basis, Limitations, an
d Outcome for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-288\li0\ri0\fi467\expndtw-5\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Nonlinear \u1044\'14\u1080
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\sl-228\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 In contrast to t
he nonlinear static procedure, the nonlinear\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 dynamic procedure, when properly implemented, provi
des \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw-1 more accurate calculation of the structural response to strong
\plain\expndtw-1 ground shaking. Since the nonlinear dynamic analysis model
\plain\expndtw-5 incorporates inelastic member behavior under cyclic earthquake
\plain\expndtw0 ground motions, the nonlinear dynamic procedure explicitly
\plain\expndtw-2 simulates hysteretic energy dissipation in the nonlinear range.
\plain\expndtw-1 Only the damping in the linear range and other \u1085\'3d\u1077
\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u108
0\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e - modeled
\plain\expndtw1 energy dissipation need to be added \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'
41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 viscous damping.
\plain\expndtw1 The dynamic response is calculated for \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u109
1\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1
082\'3a\u1091\'43 earthquake
\plain\expndtw0 ground motions, resulting in response history \u1074\'32\u1086\'
3e\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42 on the
\plain\expndtw-1 pertinent demand parameters. Due to the inherent variability
\plain\expndtw-2 in earthquake ground motions, dynamic analyses for \u1084\'3c\u
1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u
1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
\plain\expndtw-1 ground motions \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'
3b necessary to \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u10
80\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f statistically robust
\plain\expndtw0\u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of the demand
parameters for \u1074\'32 given ground motion
\plain\expndtw-3 intensity or earthquake scenario.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1082
\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 nonlinear dynamic analysi
s involves fewer assumptions than\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 the nonlinear static procedure, it is subject to f
ewer limitations
\plain\expndtw0 than nonlinear static procedure. However, the accuracy of
\plain\expndtw0 the results depends on the details of the analysis model and
\plain\expndtw0 how faithfully it \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090
\'42\u1091\'43\u1081\'39 the significant behavioral effects.
\plain\expndtw0 Acceptance criteria typically limit the maximum structural
\plain\expndtw1 component deformations to \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'
3d\u1080\'38 where degradation is
\plain\expndtw0 controlled and the nonlinear dynamic analysis models \u1087\'3f\
u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-7 reliable.
\plain\par
\sl-187\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-328\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 6.2 Modelin
g of \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1072\'30\u108
3\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'41 and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-328\li0\ri0\fi467\expndtw-7\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 Gravity Load
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 The inertial mas
s should be the expected mass, including\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 self weight of the building \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u
1076\'34\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1074\'32\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30 some allowance for co
ntents,
\plain\expndtw1 generally following the same assumptions \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1
089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 applied to
\plain\expndtw0\u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u108
3\'3b\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b seismic masses for design per ASCE 7 or other
\plain\expndtw0 standards.
\plain\expndtw-3\u1043\'13\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u10
85\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 It
is usually adequate to lump the masses at the
\plain\expndtw-3 floor levels and to include inertial effects in the two
\plain\expndtw-1 directions, including rotation about the \u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u
1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u
1099\'4b\u1081\'39 building axis.
\plain\expndtw-2\u1042\'12\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 inertial effects (i.e.,
\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3
b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 mass and ground motion
\plain\expndtw-2 components) should be modeled for buildings with long-span
\plain\expndtw-4 framing, e.g., \u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1086\'3e\u1082\'
3a roofs or long-span floor systems, where the
\plain\expndtw-2\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 period of vibration is
in the range that \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be excited
\plain\expndtw1 by the \u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\
'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 component of ear
thquake ground motions
\plain\expndtw0(periods on the order of 0.1 seconds or larger). Otherwise,
\plain\expndtw-3 where members \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3
b sensitive to \u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 loads, the influence of
\plain\expndtw-2 the code-specified \u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u10
80\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 ear
thquake \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u
1090\'42\u1077\'35, e.g. the\i E\dn8\fs12 v\i0\dn0\fs20 \u1092\'44\u1072\'30\u
1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40
\plain\expndtw0\fs20 in ASCE 7, should be accounted for in the calculated \u1103
\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw-8 demands.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Gravity loads (d
efined and factored per ASCE 7) should be\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 included in the dynamic analyses, so \u1101\'4d\u10
82\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 to account for their
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-386\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 effects on (1) \u1103\'4f \u10
74\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b and deformati
on demands in structural
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 components and (2) large displaceme
nt P\i -\i0 {\f63\u8710\'06}\fs20 effects. Generally,\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1074\'32\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1102\'4e\u1095\'47\u
1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of gravity loads will require \u1074\'32
two-step (\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e
\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e \plain\expndtw-1 proportional loading) analysis, whereby the gravity loads \u108
7\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-5 applied first and then held constant while the earthquake groun
d
\plain\expndtw-4 motions \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b appl
ied.
\plain\par
\sl-202\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 6.3 Modeli
ng of \u1044\'14\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1087\'3f\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1
069\'2d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\sl-164\fs16\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 In the context
of the nonlinear dynamic procedure, equivalent\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 viscous damping is associated with the reduction i
n vibrations
\plain\expndtw-2 through energy dissipation other than that which is calculated
\plain\expndtw-1 directly by the nonlinear hysteresis in the modeled elements.
\plain\expndtw0 This so-called inherent damping occurs principally in (1)
\plain\expndtw0 structural components that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b treated \u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1079\'37 elastic but where

\plain\expndtw-4 small inelastic cracking or yielding occurs, (2) the architectu
ral
\plain\expndtw0 cladding, partitions, and finishes, and (3) the foundation and
\plain\expndtw1 soil (if these \u1103\'4f \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'
30\u1083\'3b not modeled otherwise). Special energy
\plain\expndtw0 dissipation components (e.g., viscous, friction, or hysteretic
\plain\expndtw0 devices) should be modeled explicitly in the analysis, rather
\plain\expndtw-3 than \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'
40\u1090\'42 inherent damping.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 The amount of i
nherent viscous damping requires careful\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 consideration of the available sources of energy di
ssipation
\plain\expndtw-1 and whether these \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u108
3\'3b otherwise captured in the analysis. For
\plain\expndtw0 example, fiber-type component models, which \u1072\'30\u1088\'40
\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b the
\plain\expndtw-2 initiation and spread of yielding through the cross section and
\plain\expndtw-5 along the member lengths, will tend to \u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u10
77\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b hysteretic en
ergy
\plain\expndtw-5 dissipation at lower deformations than lumped plasticity (hinge
)
\plain\expndtw-4 models, where the inelastic hysteresis does not initiate until
the
\plain\expndtw0 demand exceeds the modeled yield strength of the member.
\plain\expndtw-4 Damping \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 also occur in
components of the gravity framing
\plain\expndtw-2 that undergo \u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d
\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 inelastic deformations but \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u
1072\'30\u1083\'3b not modeled
\plain\expndtw-2 directly in the structural analysis.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri33\expndtw-7\f20\fs20\cf1 The equivalent
viscous damping is included through the\i [C]\i0 term\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 in the equation of motion. Two key questions \u108
7\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b (1) what is an
\plain\expndtw-5 appropriate \u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d
\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b for the inherent damping, and (2) how \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\
u1085\'3d the
\plain\expndtw-6 terms of the damping matrix be formulated to achieve that \u108
6\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35.
\plain\expndtw-5 In the commonly employed Rayleigh damping formulation, the
\plain\expndtw0 damping matrix\i [C]\i0 is calculated \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u10
74\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \u1074\'32 linear combination of
\plain\expndtw-3 the mass and stiffness matrix (\i[C] =\i0 \f40\fs20 a\i\dn4\f2
0\fs12 m \dn0\fs20[\u1052\'1c] +\i0 \f40 a\i\dn4\f20\fs12 k \dn0\fs20[K]\i0), w
here the
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20 proportionality factors\f40\fs20\u32?a\i\dn4\f20\fs12 m
\i0\dn0\fs20 and\f40\u32?a\i\dn4\f20\fs12 k\i0\dn0\fs20 \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u
1085\'3d be chosen to provide \u1074\'32
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20 defined percentage of critical damping at two specific
periods
\plain\expndtw0 of vibration. Reasonable periods to specify these damping
\plain\expndtw-4\u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1087\'3f\u1
072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 0.2T and 1.5T, where T is the \u
1092\'44\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u
1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 period of
\plain\expndtw-3 vibration of the structure. \u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 In damping formulations,
the
\plain\expndtw-2 damping matrix is formulated by specifying \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46
\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of critical
\plain\expndtw-1 damping for one or \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u10
72\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 vibration modes, using information
\plain\expndtw-4 about the mode shapes and vibration periods. Alternatively, the
\plain\expndtw-5 damping effects of specific components, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'
3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 partition walls,
\plain\expndtw0 could be modeled with explicitly defined viscous damping
\plain\expndtw0 terms in the\i [C]\i0 matrix or hysteretic springs in the stif
fness
\plain\expndtw-6\i[K]\i0 matrix.
\par
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li20\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 The common \u1084\'3c\u1086\'
3e\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Rayleig
h and damping formulations were\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 originally developed in the context of linear-elast
ic dynamic
\plain\expndtw0 analysis, where the stiffness matrix\i [K]\i0 is constant and
the
\plain\expndtw0 vibration modes \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be uniquely calcu
lated. However, for
\plain\expndtw0 nonlinear analysis, where member stiffnesses \u1087\'3f\u1072\'3
0\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b changing
\plain\expndtw0 and unique vibration modes do not exist, the application of
\plain\expndtw-1 each method \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\
u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c implementation issue
s, which \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 discussed
\plain\expndtw1 by \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1083\'3b (2006), \u1063\'27\u
1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1080\'38 (2008), PEER/ATC 72-1, and
\plain\expndtw-1 others. For example, it is generally accepted that the stiffnes
s
\plain\expndtw-6 proportional term of the damping matrix (\f40\fs20 a\i\dn4\f20\
fs12 k \dn0\fs20[K]\i0) should exclude
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20 or minimize contributions from components whose stiffne
ss
\plain\expndtw0 changes dramatically during the analysis or for components,
\plain\expndtw-2 such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'
40\u1090\'42 rigid \u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1099\'4b\u1083\'3b\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38,
that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b assigned artificially h

igh stiffness.
\plain\expndtw-4 Some contend that this concern \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d b
e minimized by using the
\plain\expndtw-4 tangent rather than initial elastic stiffness matrix in the sti
ffness
\plain\expndtw-3 proportional damping term, while another suggested approach
\plain\expndtw-1 is to \u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090
\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f the stiffness proportional damping term and t
o
\plain\expndtw-1 only specify \u1074\'32 value for the mass proportional damping
term
\plain\expndtw0(\f40\fs20 a\i\dn4\f20\fs12 m \dn0\fs20[\u1052\'1c]\i0). At prese
nt there is \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35 clear consensus \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\
u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 to how to
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20 resolve these issues; moreover, some of the proposed s
olutions
\plain\expndtw0 must be implemented within the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1
075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u
1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u
1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 formulation and
\plain\expndtw-4 cannot otherwise be controlled by the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u108
6\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u107
7\'35 \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u10
77\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 user. Therefore,
\plain\expndtw-13 th \u1080\'38 s \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 f tw ar \u1080\
'38 d \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 cu mentatio n s h \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u108
0\'38 \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 ld b \u1080\'38 co n s \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\u1080\'38 lted f \u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 r d etails
\plain\expndtw0 on the damping implementation and guidance on specifying
\plain\expndtw-4 damping parameters.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 The inherent da
mping depends on many factors specific to \u1074\'32\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 given building, e.g., structural materials, type a
nd detailing of
\plain\expndtw-3 partition and fa\u231\'e7ade walls, height of building, foundat
ion type,
\plain\expndtw0 and the analysis model (e.g., lumped plasticity versus fiber
\plain\expndtw0 type models). Therefore it is difficult to generalize \u1101\'4d
\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 to the
\plain\expndtw-4 appropriate amount of additional damping to \u1080\'38\u1089\'4
1\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'3
0\u1083\'3b in \u1074\'32 nonlinear
\plain\expndtw-4 analysis. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1
088\'40\u1090\'42 summarized in PEER/ATC 72-1 measurements of
\plain\expndtw-2\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1097\'49\u1077\'35\u1077\'35 \u1082\'3a\u1
086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1
086\'3e damping, expressed in terms of percent critical damping
\plain\expndtw-3 in the first translational mode, range from low \u1086\'3e\u109
4\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of 0.5 %
\plain\expndtw0 to 1 % in buildings under wind and ambient vibrations up to
\plain\expndtw0 10 % in buildings subjected to earthquakes. However, in the
\plain\expndtw-1 latter \u1074\'32\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1080
\'38\u1083\'3b \u1074\'32 \u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a, the measured
damping of 10 % is likely to reflect
\plain\expndtw-5 energy dissipation due to both nonlinear hysteretic and inheren
t
\plain\expndtw0 damping. Thus, reported measurements of damping require
\plain\expndtw-3 careful interpretation.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li20\ri0\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1 Based on these
observations and guidance in various documents,\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 it is suggested to specify equivalent viscous dampi
ng in the
\plain\expndtw0 range of 1 % to 5 % of critical damping over the range of
\plain\expndtw-6 elastic periods from 0.2T to 1.5T (with T \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\
u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 defined previously).
\plain\expndtw-4 Critical damping \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080
\'38 should be specified in the lower end of
\plain\expndtw-4 this range for (1) tall buildings and other structures where th
ere
\plain\expndtw-5 is less participation by partition walls, cladding and foundati
ons,
\plain\expndtw0 and (2) service level earthquake analyses where story drift
94\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1
093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b limited to about 0.005. For tall buildings, the \u10
55\'1f\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1069\'2d\u1
072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw0\u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u107
7\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u10
77\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 Center guidelines (PEER
\plain\expndtw-5 2010) recommend that viscous damping be less than 2.5 % over
\plain\expndtw-5 the range of predominant modes, and Council on \u1058\'22\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1089\'41
\plain\expndtw0 and the \u1059\'23\u1088\'40\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u104
0\'10\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42 (Willford et \u1074\'32.
2008) recommends
\plain\expndtw-4 damping \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 in t
he range of 1 % to 2 %. Beyond limiting the
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 specified damping to \u1086\'3
e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 within these ranges, it is further\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 recommended to assess the sensitivity of the calcu
lated demand
\plain\expndtw-2 parameters to the damping model formulation (e.g.,
\plain\expndtw-2\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u10
85\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Rayleigh
\plain\expndtw-2 versus) and the assumed critical damping \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u
1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38.
\plain\par
\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-330\li0\ri34\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 6.4 \u1053
\'1d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u10
91\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1091\'43\u1
085\'3d\u1076\'34 \u1052\'1c\u1086\'3e\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u
1089\'41
\plain\par
\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1\u1053\'1d\u1077
\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u10
85\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 ground motions should be selected and scaled so \u110
1\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 to\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 accurately represent the specific hazard of intere
st. \u1069\'2d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 outli
ned
\plain\expndtw-6 in ASCE 7, the ground motions should reflect the characteristic
s
\plain\expndtw0 of the dominant earthquake source at the building \u1089\'41\u10
72\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42, such
90\'42 fault mechanism, distance to the fault, \u1089\'41\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1
090\'42 conditions, and
\plain\expndtw0 characteristic earthquake magnitude. Recent studies have
\plain\expndtw0 further shown that the shape of the ground motion response
\plain\expndtw-1 spectra is an important \u1092\'44\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'4
2\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 in choosing and scaling ground
\plain\expndtw-1 motions, particularly for higher intensity motions (Baker and
\plain\expndtw1 Cornell 2006). While \u1074\'32 comprehensive discussion on the
\plain\expndtw-1 selection and scaling of ground motion \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u10
82\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1099\'4b is beyond the
\plain\expndtw0 scope of this \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38
\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'3
5\u1092\'44, the following \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b so
me of the
\plain\expndtw-4 issues to consider:
\plain\par
0\fs20\cf1 Target hazard spectra or scenario: While the earthquake
\plain\par
\pard\sl-270\li287\ri34\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 hazard is \u1074\'32 continuum, bu
ilding codes typically \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1086\'3e\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1077
\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1103\'4f\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\cf0
\plain\expndtw-8\f20\fs20\cf1 specific ground motion hazard levels for specific
\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35
\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-6 checks. Generally, the hazard is defined in terms of response
\plain\expndtw1 spectral accelerations with \u1074\'32 specified \u1084\'3c\u108
6\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f annual
\plain\expndtw0 frequency of exceedence, although other definitions \u1087\'3f\u
1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
\plain\expndtw-5 possible including scenario earthquakes, e.g., an earthquake
\plain\expndtw0 with \u1074\'32 specified magnitude and distance from the \u1089
\'41\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42, or
\plain\expndtw-2 deterministic bounds on ground motion intensities.
\plain\par
0\f20\fs20\cf1 Source of ground motions: For building assessment and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-270\li287\ri34\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 design, the \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\
u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3
d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 earthquake ground motions \u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d e
ither be\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1(1) \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\
'3e\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 recorded ground motions from past ea
rthquakes,
\plain\expndtw-2(2) spectrally matched ground motions that \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\
u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b created by
\plain\expndtw-6 manipulating the frequency content and intensity of recorded
\plain\expndtw-4 ground motions to \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1095\'47 \u10
74\'32 specific hazard spectrum, or (3)
\plain\expndtw-2 artificially simulated motions. Opinions differ \u1101\'4d\u108
2\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 to which
\plain\expndtw0 types \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b most ap
propriate. Recorded ground motions
\plain\expndtw0\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b generally scal
ed to \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1095\'47 the hazard spectrum at one
\plain\expndtw0 or \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\
u1090\'42\u1077\'35 periods. For example, ASCE 7 specifies \u1079\'37\u1072\'30\
u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1099\'4b
\plain\expndtw0 for scaling the ground motions based on their spectral
\plain\expndtw-5 acceleration \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38
for periods between 0.2T to 1.5T, where
\plain\expndtw0 T is the \u1092\'44\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u108
4\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u109
9\'4b\u1081\'39 period of vibration of the structure.
\plain\expndtw-5 When structures \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\
'3b expected to respond in \u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1
086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 mo
des,
\plain\expndtw0 such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'4
0\u1090\'42 in tall buildings, spectral matching \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39
be \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\
'35
\plain\expndtw0 appropriate, since scaling of \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u10
90\'42\u1086\'3e\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 recorded motions to
\plain\expndtw0\u1074\'32 uniform hazard spectrum \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39
\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'3
8 the analysis results
\plain\expndtw0 to either overestimate the response at short periods or
\plain\expndtw-3 underestimate it at longer periods.
\plain\par
0\f20\fs20\cf1 Number of ground motions: Given the inherent variability
\plain\par
\pard\sl-270\li287\ri34\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 in earthquake ground motions, des
ign standards typically\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 require analyses for \u1084\'3c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e
\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d
\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 ground motions to provide
\plain\expndtw-3 statistically robust measures of the demands. For example,
\plain\expndtw-5 ASCE 7 requires analyses for at least seven ground motions
\par
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li288\ri0\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1(or ground motion pairs for t
hree-\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u108
5\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u108
1\'39 analyses) to\cf0
\plain\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b
\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'4
2\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 of dema
nd parameters for design.

\plain\expndtw-5 In concept, it is possible to obtain reliable \u1084\'3c\u1086\
'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077
\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 with
\plain\expndtw-5 fewer \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\
'34\u1099\'4b, such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40
\u1090\'42 through the \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\
'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b of spectrally matched
\plain\expndtw0\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u109
9\'4b, but there is currently \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35 consensus on methods
\plain\expndtw0 to do so. Moreover, while one could \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1095\'
47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\
'4f additional
\plain\expndtw-1 statistics besides the \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1084\'3
c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f, e.g., the \u1089\
'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 deviat
ion of
\plain\expndtw-1 the demand parameters, the reliability of such statistics is
\plain\expndtw0 questionable when based on only seven ground motions.
\plain\expndtw-4 This is especially true when spectrally matched \u1088\'40\u107
7\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1099\'4b \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u10
93\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw0 used, where the \u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1078\'36\u1077\'
35\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1094\'46 variability in the ground motions
\plain\expndtw-5 is suppressed.
\plain\par
\sl-252\fs25\par\pard\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-2\b\i\f10\fs24\cf1 6.5 Interpr
etation of Results
\plain\par
\sl-204\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Given the inhere
nt variability in the response of structures\cf0
\plain\expndtw1\f20\fs20\cf1 to earthquake ground motions and the many simplifyi
ng
\plain\expndtw0 assumptions made in analysis, the results of any linear or
\plain\expndtw1 nonlinear analysis for earthquake \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41
\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35
should be
\plain\expndtw-2 interpreted with care. While nonlinear dynamic analyses will,
\plain\expndtw0 in theory, provide \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b realistic measures of response than
\plain\expndtw0 other methods, the reliability of nonlinear dynamic analyses
\plain\expndtw0\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be sensitive to modeling assumptio
ns and parameters.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 Therefore, the first step befo
re any interpretation of results\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 should be to establish confidence in the reliabili
ty of the model
\plain\expndtw-5 through strategies such \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3
f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 described in\b Sidebar 7\b0. Moreover, \u1101\'
4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw-5 described in\b Sidebar 9\b0, nonlinear static analyses \u1093\
'45\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be used to
\plain\expndtw-5 augment the nonlinear dynamic analysis to \u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\
u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1103\'4f
structural
\plain\expndtw-2 behavior and the effect of design changes on the demands.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Shown in\b Fi

gure 6-1\b0 is an illustration of results for nonlinear\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 static and dynamic analyses of an eight-story \u10
82\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u10
80\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f fra
me,
\plain\expndtw-1 based on \u1074\'32 study by Haselton and \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\
u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d (2007). In
cluded
\plain\expndtw-5\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b (a) the stati
c pushover \u1080\'38\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1090\'4
2\u1077\'35, (b) story drift \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\
u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b from stati
c
\plain\expndtw-5 analysis for three target roof displacements, (c) peak story dr
ifts
\plain\expndtw0 versus ground motion intensity from dynamic analyses for
\plain\expndtw-2 seven ground motions, and (d) medians of the peak story drift
94\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b from dynamic analyses a
t three ground motion intensities.
\plain\expndtw-2 The results shown here \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b just \u1074\'32 small sample of the demand
\plain\expndtw1 parameters that would need to be checked at appropriate
\plain\expndtw-4 earthquake intensity levels. For comparison purposes, the story
\plain\expndtw-3 drift \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u1092\'44\u1092\'44\u1080\
'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b from the static
(\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088
\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 6-1b\b0) and dynamic (\u1071\'2f \b
\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e
\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b
\plain\expndtw0\b 6-1d\b0) analyses \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1072\'30\u10
83\'3b plotted at corresponding ground motion
\plain\expndtw0 intensities. In this example, the differences in \u1080\'38\u107
9\'37\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1103\'4f\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 drift
94\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1099\'4b from these two methods
\u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 rather modest, espe
cially in
\plain\expndtw0 comparison to the large variability among \u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u
1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1080\'38\u1076\'34 ground
\par
r\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-212\li1163\ri704\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(a
) Nonlinear static procedure pushover plot
\plain\tx5695\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(b) Nonlinear static procedure story
drift distribution
\par
ar\pard\pard\sl-250\li971\ri568\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(c) Nonlinear dynamic proc
edure peak story drifts
\plain\tx5643\tab\cf0\expndtw-2\f10\fs16\cf1(d) Nonlinear dynamic procedure stor
y drift distribu\f11\fs18 tion
\par
\plain\sl-298\fs30\par\pard\pard\sl-263\li1066\ri889\expndtw-2\b\f10\fs18\cf1\u1
060\'24\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1
081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 6-1\b0\f11 - Nonlinear analysis results for eight s

tory \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u108
8\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u110
3\'4f moment frame (adapted from Haselton and Deierlein 2007).
\plain\par
\sl-186\fs19\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1066\ri889\fi678\expndtw
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri0\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 motions (\u1071\'2f \b\u1092\'
44\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'
32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b 6-1c\b0). NIST (2010) conducted \u1074\'32 more detailed\
cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 study of the relative accuracy between nonlinear st
atic and
\plain\expndtw-4 dynamic analyses.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 According to ASC
E 7 and \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 c
ommonly applied in practice,\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 when seven or \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\
'42\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b ground motions \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\
u1090\'42\u1077\'35 run, the calculated \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw0\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u110
3\'4f demand parameter \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 should
be compared to the
\plain\expndtw1 acceptance criteria for the specified \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089
\'41\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077
\'35 levels.
\plain\expndtw0 Assuming \u1074\'32 lognormal distribution of demand parameters
\plain\expndtw-1 with \u1074\'32 \u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1077\
'35\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 (\u1089\'41\u109
0\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 deviation of t
he \u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1078\'36\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1094\
'46 log of the
77\'35\u1090\'42 and \u1089\'41\u1093\'45\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4
b\u1081\'39 to \u1074\'32 coefficient of variation) of 0.5, the checks
\plain\expndtw-3 based on \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u10
89\'41\u1103\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 imply that t
he acceptance criteria would
\plain\expndtw-2 be exceeded about 40 % of the \u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1
072\'30\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1077\'35. This large probability of
\plain\expndtw-1 exceedence is an accepted \u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\
'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 of practice, provided that
\plain\expndtw-2 the likelihood (e.g., \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c
\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f annual frequency of
exceedence) of
\plain\expndtw0 the specified earthquake intensity is sufficiently low for the

83\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c level being checked. Ho
wever, where "overload"
\plain\expndtw-5 of \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d
\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e - ductil
e \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\
'3b - controlled components \u1074\'32 \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1077\'35 lead to su
dden
\plain\expndtw0 failures that could significantly affect the overall building
\plain\expndtw0 safety, it is generally recognized that \u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u10
80\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 stringent criteria
\plain\expndtw-4 should be applied.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri0\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 The PEER\i \u1
057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u
1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d Guidelines for \u1058\'22\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u107
6\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1089\'41\i0 (2010) \cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 specify required strengths for \u1103\'4f \u1074\'
32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled elem
ents equal
\plain\expndtw0 to 1.3 to 1.5 \u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1076\'34
\u1080\'38 the \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u10
72\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f demand parameter, where the
\plain\expndtw-2 lower multiplier (1.3) is permitted for systems where capacity
\plain\expndtw-2 design is used to shield \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\
'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled members. Assuming
74\'32\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of 0.5 in the displacement demand
s, there is \u1074\'32 15 %
\plain\expndtw0 to 20 % probability that the \u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u109
0\'42\u1086\'3e\u1103\'4f\u1097\'49\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 demands will exceed the
\plain\expndtw-4 specified required strengths, i.e., 1.3 to 1.5 \u1091\'43\u1082
\'3a\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\u1080\'38 the calculated \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw0\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u110
3\'4f demands. Whether or not these increased deformation
\plain\expndtw-5 demands will translate into increased component \u1103\'4f \u10
74\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands
\plain\expndtw0 depends on the structural configuration and the interaction
\plain\expndtw0 of yielding and \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1090\'
42\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35 \u1095\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1086\
'3e - yielding components. While relatively
\plain\expndtw1 straightforward to apply, the \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u10
89\'41\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39 demand multipliers
\plain\expndtw-4 assume \u1074\'32 fixed relationship between ground motion inte
nsities,
\plain\expndtw0 drifts, and component deformation and \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u109
9\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b demands. This
\plain\expndtw0 assumption is very approximate for nonlinear sys tems. An
\plain\expndtw0 alternative method to \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u
1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 the increased demands is to
\plain\expndtw-2(1) repeat the nonlinear dynamic analyses for ground motions
\plain\expndtw-4 whose intensities \u1087\'3f\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u109
0\'42\u1077\'35 factored up by an appropriate \u1092\'44\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u10
90\'42\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 (e.g.,
\plain\expndtw-4\u1074\'32 \u1092\'44\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1
088\'40 of 1.5 based on the PEER guidelines), and (2) \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1095
\'47\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u110
3\'4f \u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38
\plain\expndtw-2\u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1095\'47\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1089\'41\u11
03\'4f demands for critical \u1103\'4f \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\
u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled components under
\plain\expndtw-4 the amplified \u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1072\'3
0\u1088\'40 \u1074\'32 \u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43 motion
s. This alternative procedure \u1090\'42\u1099\'4b \u1089\'41\u1091\'43\u1097\'4
9\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4
c the
\plain\expndtw-3 benefit of accounting directly for inelastic \u1103\'4f \u1074\
'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b redistributions
\plain\expndtw-2 and possible shielding of \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1085\'3d\u1091\
'43\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b - controlled components. While
\plain\expndtw-2 both of these approaches account for variability in earthquake
\plain\expndtw0 ground motions, neither directly addresses structural model
\plain\expndtw1 uncertainties, where the variation in response of specific
\plain\expndtw-1 structural components \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 change the
inelastic mechanisms
\plain\expndtw-4 and distribution of internal forces and deformations. Therefore
,
\plain\expndtw-5 where the uncertainty in analysis model parameters is large and
74\'32\u1091\'43\u1077\'35\u1096\'48\u1100\'4c the potential to significantly al
ter the structural response,
\plain\expndtw-3 it \u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1081\'39 be appropriate to \u1089\'41\
u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1080\'38 \u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1073\'31
\u1103\'4f the model for such effects.
\plain\expndtw1 This could be \u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40
\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b by systematically varying the model
\plain\expndtw-4 properties for the critical components and conducting dynamic
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri33\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 and/or static nonlinear analy
ses to characterize the change in\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 the calculated demand parameters.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri33\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 In spite of th
e large inherent uncertainties in earthquake ground\cf0
\plain\expndtw0\f20\fs20\cf1 motions and their effects on structures, nonlinear
dynamic
\plain\expndtw-3 analysis is considered to be the most reliable method available
\plain\expndtw-4 to \u1086\'3e\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38 \u1090\'4
2\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1077\'35 the earthquake \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u1
090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35 of
buildings. Primarily,
\plain\expndtw0 the nonlinear dynamic procedure enables the evaluation of
\plain\expndtw0 design decisions on \u1074\'32 more consistent and rational basi
s \u1101\'4d\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1090\'42
\plain\expndtw-2 compared to other simplified analysis methods. The potential
\plain\expndtw-2 impact of uncertainties in the structural response \u1093\'45\u
1072\'30\u1085\'3d, to some
\plain\expndtw-5 extent, be mitigated through capacity design approaches in new
\plain\expndtw0 buildings and to some extent in devising structural retrofits
\plain\expndtw0 for existing buildings. Otherwise, the uncertainties \u1093\'45\
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d be
\plain\expndtw-4 addressed using the methods suggested previously. Ultimately,
\plain\expndtw-1 the engineer must understand the capabilities and limitations
\plain\expndtw0 of any method of analysis and make appropriate \u1080\'38\u1089\

'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\
'30\u1083\'3b of it to
\plain\expndtw0 characterize the structural behavior with sufficient accuracy
\plain\expndtw-4 and confidence for design.
\par
90\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u
1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a
u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45
\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-473\li0\ri22\expndtw-9\b\f10\fs32\cf1 7. References
\plain\par
\pard\sl-386\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 ACI (2008).\i Building code requir
ements for structural \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'
3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'
3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f\i0 (ACI 318-08)\i and commentary\i0 (ACI 318R-08), Ame
rican
\plain\par
\pard\sl-240\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072
\'30\u1081\'39\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 Institute, \u1060\'24\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u10
84\'3c\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d \u1048\'18\u1
083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1089\'41 \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u
1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c, \u1071\'2f.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 AISC (2010).\i
Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings\i0, ANSI/AISC 341-10, \u1040
\'10\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u104
8\'18\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u107
7\'35 of \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1050\'1a
\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42
\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1\u1063\'27\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\
u1086\'3e, IL.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri22\expndtw-1\f20\fs20\cf1 ASCE (2007).\i
Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings\i0, ASCE/SEI \u1057\'21\u1090\'42
\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 41-06 with suppleme
nt 1,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1\u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39\cf0 \f20\fs20\cf1\u
1040\'10\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \
u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 of Engineers, Reston, \u1048\'18\u1044\'14\u1045\'
15\u1058\'22.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 ASCE (2010).\i
Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures\i0, ASCE/SEI \u1057\'2
1\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42 ASCE 7-1
0,\cf0
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39\cf0 \f20\fs20\cf1\u
1040\'10\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \
u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 \cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 of Engineers, Reston, \u1048\'18\u1044\'14\u1045\'
15\u1058\'22.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri22\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 ATC (1996).\i
Seismic evaluation and retrofit of \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u10
83\'3b buildings\i0, ATC 40, \u1040\'10\u1087\'3f\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\
u1077\'35\u1076\'34 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b
\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38 Council, \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1074\'32
\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34 \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, CA \u10
82\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\'3d\u10
99\'4b\u1084\'3c.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 ATC (2009).\i
Guidelines for seismic assessment of buildings \u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1089\'41\u
1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\i
0, ATC 58, 50 % \u1044\'14\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1092\'44\u1090\'42 \u1056\'20\u1
077\'35\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1090\'42, \u1040\'10\u1087\'3f\u1087\'3f\
u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d
\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1080\'38\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1 Council, \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1074\'32\
u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34 \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, CA.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri22\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Baker, \u1061\
'25. \u1042\'12. and Cornell, \u1050\'1a. \u1040\'10. (2006). "Spectral shape, e
psilon and \u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34 selectio
n,"\i \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1
082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u
1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3
a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1044\'14\u1080\'
38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\i0, 35 (9), p. 10
77-1095.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri22\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Charney, \u106
0\'24. \u1040\'10. (2008). "Unintended consequences of modeling damping in struc
tures,"\i Journal of \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'
42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\
'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\
'33\i0,\cf0
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1057\'21\u1086\'3
e\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 of Engineers, 134 (4), p. 58
1-592.
\plain\par
0\'24. \u1040\'10. and Marshall, \u1061\'25. \u1044\'14. (2006). "\u1042\'12 com
parison of the Krawinkler and scissors models for including beam-column\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 joint deformations in the analysis of moment-resis
ting steel frames,"\i \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\
'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1061\'25\u1086\'3e\u1091
\'43\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\i0, \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c\
u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d
\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35 of \u1057
\'21\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u108
5\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u108
6\'3e\u1085\'3d
\plain\expndtw-3, 43 (1), p. 31-48.
\plain\par
0\'24. \u1040\'10. and McNamara, \u1056\'20. \u1061\'25. (2008). "\u1042\'12 met
hod for computing equivalent viscous damping \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1101\'4d\u109
2\'44\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1094\'46\u1080\'38\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 for
structures with\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 added viscous damping,"\i Journal of \u1057\'21\u
1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u
1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\
u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33,\i0 \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u107
2\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u108
1\'39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u10
85\'3d \u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 of
Engineers, 134 (1), p. 32-44.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri22\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Constantinou,
\u1052\'1c. \u1050\'1a. and Symans, \u1052\'1c. \u1044\'14. (1993). "Seismic res
ponse of structures with supplemental damping,"\i \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'4
0\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4
c \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\i\f20\fs20\cf1 of \u1058\'22\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u10
41\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u10
75\'33\u1089\'41\i0, 2 (2), p. 77-92.
\plain\par
\u1052\'1c. \u1050\'1a., Soong, \u1058\'22. \u1058\'22., and Dargush, \u1043\'13
. \u1060\'24. (1998).\i Passive energy dissipation for structural design and re
trofit\i0,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1052\'1c\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\
u1080\'38\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\
u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1080\'38 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d
\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 for \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u108
2\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u10
80\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1
056\'20\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 \u1052\'1c\u
1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1092\'44 \u1057\'21\
u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
\plain\par
\u1052\'1c. \u1050\'1a., Reinhorn, \u1040\'10. \u1052\'1c., Tsopelas, P., and Na
garajaiah, S. (1999). "Techniques in the nonlinear dynamic\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 analysis of seismic isolated structures,"\i \u105
7\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u10
80\'38\u1082\'3a \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1
089\'41 \u1050\'1a\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u1087\'3f\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u
1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c Techniques
and Optimization: Seismic
\plain\expndtw-2\i Techniques,\i0 Gordon and \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u10
72\'30\u1095\'47 \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1
072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u
1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1080\'38 in \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'
45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'
33 \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1086\'3e\u1075\
'33\u1080\'38 and \u1040\'10\u1087\'3f\u1087\'3f\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u
1076\'34 \u1057\'21\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35,
Vol. 12, p. 1-24,
\plain\expndtw-2 Gordon and \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1095\'47 \

u1057\'21\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 Publishers
, \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1076\'34\u1072\'
30\u1084\'3c, \u1058\'22\u1077\'35 \u1053\'1d\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u108
8\'40\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1076\'34\u1089\'41.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Fell, B. V., K
anvinde, A., and Deierlein, \u1043\'13. \u1043\'13. (2010).\i Large-scale testi
ng and simulation of earthquake induced ultra low\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 cycle \u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1084\'3c\u
1080\'38\u1083\'3b in bracing members subjected to cyclic inelastic buckling\i0,
\u1041\'11\u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'
40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\
'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\
'3d\u1075\'33 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 TR 17
2,
\plain\expndtw-3\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u10
88\'40\u1076\'34 \u1059\'23\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1
089\'41\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, Stanford, CA.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri22\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 FEMA (1997).\i
NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings\i0, FEMA \u1044\'
14\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1076\'34 273, \u1042\'12\u1072\'30\u
1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d, \u1053\'1d
\u1040\'10\u1064\'28\u1045\'15\u1049\'19 \u1069\'2d\u1056\'20\u1067\'2b.
\plain\par
Earthquake loss estimation methodology, HAZUS99-SR2, advanced engineering buil
ding \u1084\'3c\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u108
6\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b, technical\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\i\f20\fs20\cf1 and user's \u1091\'43\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1073\
'31\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\i0. \u1060\'24\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u
1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 \u1069\'2d\
u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1093\'45\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38
\u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35
\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Agency, \u1042\'12\u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\
u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d, \u1053\'1d\u1040\'10\u1064\'28\u1045\'1
5\u1049\'19 \u1069\'2d\u1056\'20\u1067\'2b.
\plain\par
Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures\i0, FEMA \u1044\'1
4\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1076\'34 440, \u1042\'12\u1072\'30\u1
096\'48\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d, \u1053\'1d\
u1040\'10\u1064\'28\u1045\'15\u1049\'19 \u1069\'2d\u1056\'20\u1067\'2b.
\par
\plain\sl-169\fs17\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1744\ri1541\ex
pndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3
a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'
3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\
'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082
\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090
\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u109
3\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
\plain\par
\par
\plain\pard\sl-240\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 FEMA (2006).\i HAZUS-MH MR2
Multi-hazard loss estimation methodology, earthquake model, technical \u1091\'43
\u1095\'47\u1077\'35\u1073\'31\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\i0. \u1060\'24\u107
7\'35\u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1085\'3d\u109
9\'4b\u1081\'39\cf0
\plain\expndtw-4\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1093\'45\
u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1080\'38 \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30
\u1093\'45\u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Agency, \u1042\'12\
u1072\'30\u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d,
\u1053\'1d\u1040\'10\u1064\'28\u1045\'15\u1049\'19 \u1069\'2d\u1056\'20\u1067\'
2b.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 FEMA (2009-\u1
099\'4b\u1081\'39).\i Effects of strength and stiffness degradation on the seis
mic response of structural systems\i0, FEMA \u1044\'14\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1083
\'3b\u1072\'30\u1076\'34\cf0
\plain\expndtw-5\f20\fs20\cf1 440-\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f, \u1042\'12\u1072\'30\u10
96\'48\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d, \u1053\'1d\u
1040\'10\u1064\'28\u1045\'15\u1049\'19 \u1069\'2d\u1056\'20\u1067\'2b.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 FEMA (2009b).\
i Evaluation of earthquake damaged \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u10
77\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f and masonry wall buildings\i0, FEMA \u1044\
'14\u1086\'3e\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1076\'34 306, \u1042\'12\u1072\'30\
u1096\'48\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1090\'42\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1\u1053\'1d\u1040\'10\u1064\'28\u1045\'15\u1049\'19
\u1069\'2d\u1056\'20\u1067\'2b.
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\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri31\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Ghobarah, A. a
nd Biddah, A. (1999). "Dynamic analysis of reinforced \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085
\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086
\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f frames including joint sh
ear deformation,"\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3
d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1057\'21\u1090\'
42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'
41\i0, 21 (11), p. 971-987.
\plain\par
6\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1083\'3b, \u1061\'25. \u1060\'24. (2006). "Problems encountered
from the \u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1087\'3f\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1079\'37
\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b (or misuse) of Rayleigh damping,"\i \u
1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u
1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\
u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 and\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3
a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1044\'14\u1080\'
38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\i0, 35 (5), p. 52
5-545.
\plain\par
\sl-214\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-265\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Hamburger, \u1
056\'20. \u1054\'1e., Krawinkler. K., Malley, \u1061\'25. \u1054\'1e., and \u104
0\'10\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c, \u1042\'12. M. (2009).\i Seismic design of
special moment frames: \u1042\'12\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 guide for practicing engineers\i0, NEHRP \u1057\
'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077
\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u108
5\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u11
00\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 No. 2\i.\i0, NIST GCR 09-917-3, \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\

u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18
\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
of
\plain\expndtw-3 Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Haselton, \u10
50\'1a. \u1041\'11. and Deierlein, \u1043\'13. \u1043\'13. (2007).\i Assessing
seismic collapse safety of modern reinforced \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u107
2\'30\u1083\'3b moment frame\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 buildings\i0, \u1041\'11\u1083\'3b\u1091\'43\u10
84\'3c\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1
072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u
1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\
u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 TR 156, \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u
1085\'3d\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1076\'34 \u1059\'23\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\
u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, Stanford,
CA \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085
\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri31\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Ibarra, L., \u
1052\'1c\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30, R., and Krawinkler,
H. (2005). "Hysteretic models that \u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u108
6\'3e\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c stre
ngth and stiffness deterioration,"\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3
a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'
38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 and \u1
057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1
072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1044\'14\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u
1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1089\'41\i0, 34 (12), p. 1489-1511.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Kadysiewski, S
. and Mosalam, \u1050\'1a. \u1052\'1c. (2009).\i Modeling of unreinforced mason
ry infill walls considering in-plane and out -\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 of-plane interaction\i0, PEER \u1044\'14\u1086\'
3e\u1082\'3a\u1083\'3b\u1072\'30\u1076\'34 2008/102, \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1089\
'41\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090
\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u109
3\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u107
5\'33 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 Cen
ter, University of \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\
u1088\'40\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f at
\plain\expndtw-5 Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri31\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Kircher, \u105
0\'1a. \u1040\'10., Nassar, \u1040\'10. \u1040\'10., Kustu, O., and Holmes (1997
-\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39), \u1042\'12. \u1058\'22. "Development of \u1041\'11\u1091
\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u104
4\'14\u1072\'30\u1084\'3c\u1072\'30\u1093\'45\u1077\'35 Functions for\cf0
\plain\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\
u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1051\'1b\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1089\'41
Estimation,"\i \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1
072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1057\'21\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u
1088\'40\u1072\'30\i0, 13 (4), p. 663-682.
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old, C. (1997b). "Estimation of \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'
3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1051\'1b\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1089\
'41\u1077\'35\u1089\'41 to Buildings,"\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3
a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1057\'21\u1087\'3f\u1077\'35\u1082\'
3a\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\i0, 13 (4), p. 703-720.
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1990). "Analytical modeling of inelastic seismic response of R/C\cf0
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088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1
100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u
1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\i0, \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\
'36\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1040
\'10\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u105
7\'21\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 of Engineers,
116 (4), p. 996-1017.
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6\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u108
8\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f beam-column jo
ints subjected to cyclic loading,"\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 Journal of \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\
'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069
\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\i0, \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1057\'21\u1086\'3
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nhorn, \u1040\'10. \u1052\'1c., Mander, J., and \u1044\'14\u1086\'3e\u1083\'3b\u
1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b, R. (1997). "Modeling of \u1052\'1c\u1072\'30\u1089
\'41\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1088\'40\u1080\'38 \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1092\'44\u108
0\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u11
00\'4c\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u
1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \
u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41,
"\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 Journal of \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\
'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069
\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080
\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\i0, \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1057\'21\u1086\'3
295-1302.
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4\'14. (2008).\i Seismic design of reinforced \u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1
094\'46\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1
074\'32\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1089\'41\u1103\'4f special moment frames: \u1042\'1
2\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1 guide for practicing engineers\i0, NEHRP \u1057\
'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077
\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u108
5\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u11
00\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 No. 1\i.\i0, NIST GCR 09-917-1, \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\
u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18
\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1090\'42\u1077\'35
of
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\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li0\ri31\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Moehle, \u1061
\'25. \u1055\'1f., Hooper, \u1061\'25. \u1044\'14., Kelly, \u1044\'14. \u1061\'2
5., and \u1052\'1c\u1077\'35\u1081\'39\u1077\'35\u1088\'40 \u1058\'22. \u1056\'2
0. (2010).\i Seismic design of cast-in-place \u1076\'34\u1077\'35\u1083\'3b\u10
72\'30\u1083\'3b diaphragms,\cf0
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cf1\u1082\'3a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a\u1088\'40\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1085\
'3d\u1099\'4b\u1084\'3c\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1\u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\
u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1044\'14\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1075\'33\u1085\'3d
\u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3
b\u1100\'4c \u1041\'11\u1088\'40\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1092\'44 No. 3., NIST GCR
10-917-4, \u1053\'1d\u1072\'30\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30
\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1090\'4
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u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\
u1081\'39 \u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1086\'3e\u1074\'32\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of three\cf0
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90\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u10
83\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1
077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\i0, \u1043\'13\u1088\'40\u1072\'
30\u1078\'36\u1076\'34\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'
39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\
'3d \u1057\'21\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1100\'4c\u1077\'35\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 of En
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'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072
\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u108
8\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Des
80\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1
080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
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e\u1088\'40\u1082\'3a, NY.
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i \u1052\'1c\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1073\'31\u1088\
'40\u1072\'30\u1079\'37\u1085\'3d\u1099\'4b\u1081\'39 Applicability of nonlinear
- degree-of-freedom modeling for design\i0, NIST GCR 10-917-9, \u1087\'3f\u1088
\'40\u1077\'35\u1076\'34\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30 by\cf
0
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\u1091\'43\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1089\'41
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i Seismic design guidelines for tall buildings\i0, \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1089\'
41\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\
'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093
\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075
\'33 \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 Cent
er, University of\cf0
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3e\u1076\'34 \u1057\'21\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38, CA, October 2010.
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1\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1080\'38 of \u1053\'1d\u1100\'4c\u1102\'4e \u1049\'19\u10
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uckling in frame structures\i0, \u1058\'22\u1077\'35\u1095\'47\u1085\'3d\u1080\'
38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1056\'20\u1077\'35\u1087\'3f\u1086\
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090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u
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1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\
u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\i0,\cf0
u1072\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 \u1040\'10\u1084\'3c
\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u1057\'21\u1086\'3
60-1976.
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\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li20\ri37\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Uriz, P. and
Mahin, \u1042\'12. A. (2008).\i Towards earthquake resistant design of concentr
ically braced steel structures\i0, PEER\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 2008/08, \u1055\'1f\u1072\'30\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\
u1092\'44\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3a
\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'3
8\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1056\'
20\u1077\'35\u1089\'41\u1077\'35\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1095\'47 Center, Universit
y of \u1050\'1a\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u108
5\'3d\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li20\ri37\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Willford, M.,
Whittaker, A., and Klemencic, R. (2008).\i Recommendations for the seismic des
ign of high-rise buildings\i0,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Council on \u1058\'22\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4
c \u1041\'11\u1091\'43\u1080\'38\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c\u1076\'34\u1080\'38\u1085\'
3d\u1075\'33\u1089\'41 and \u1059\'23\u1088\'40\u1073\'31\u1072\'30\u1085\'3d \u
1040\'10\u1073\'31\u1080\'38\u1090\'42\u1072\'30\u1090\'42, \u1048\'18\u1083\'3b
\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1086\'3e\u1081\'39\u1089\'41 Institute of Techno
logy, \u1063\'27\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a\u1072\'30\u1075\'33\u1086\'3e, IL.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li20\ri37\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Wilson, E. (2
002).\i Three-\u1087\'3f\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u107
2\'30\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1074\'32\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u109
9\'4b\u1081\'39 static and dynamic analysis of structures\i0, 3rd Ed., Computers
and \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u108
8\'40\u1077\'35\u1089\'41 \u1048\'18\u1085\'3d\u1082\'3a.,\cf0
\plain\expndtw-6\f20\fs20\cf1 Berkeley, CA.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li20\ri37\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Werkle, H. an
d Waas, G. (1986). "Dynamic stiffness of foundations on inhomogeneous soils,"\i
Proceedings of the 8th\cf0
\plain\expndtw-2\i\f20\fs20\cf1\u1045\'15\u1074\'32\u1088\'40\u1086\'3e\u1074\'3
2\u1086\'3e\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1103\'4f \u1087\'3f\u1077\'
35\u1089\'41\u1085\'3d\u1103\'4f Conference on \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1
090\'42\u1082\'3a\u1091\'43\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1077\'35 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u
1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u
1075\'33,\i0 Lisbon, \u1055\'1f\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1075\'
33\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1103\'4f.
\plain\par
\sl-213\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-266\li20\ri37\expndtw-2\f20\fs20\cf1 Wolf, \u1061\
'25. \u1055\'1f. (1985).\i Dynamic soil-structure interaction\i0, \u1055\'1f\u1
088\'40\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1077\'35 \u1040\'10\u
1083\'3b\u1100\'4c, \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33\u1083\'3b\u1077\'35\u1074\'32
\u1086\'3e\u1086\'3e\u1076\'34 \u1050\'1a\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1092\'44\u1092\'4
4\u1089\'41, NJ.
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ar\pard\pard\sl-239\li1764\ri1523\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1057\'21\u1
090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1091\'43\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1
083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1040\'10\u1085\'3d\u1072\'30\u1083\'3b\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u
1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35\u1080\'38
\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for \u1055\'1f
\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d
\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'35\u1077\'3
5\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
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\plain\pard\sl-489\li0\ri3312\expndtw-6\b\f10\fs32\cf1 8. Notations and Abbrevia
tions
\par
ar\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\p
ar\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\p
ar\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-239\li1710\ri60\expndtw-2\f10\fs18\cf1 Nonlinear \u1
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1089\'41\u1080\'38\u1089\'41 \u1060\'24\u1086\'3e\u1088\'40 \u1057\'21\u1077\'35
\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1084\'3c\u1080\'38\u1082\'3a Design: \u1042\'12 Guide for
\u1055\'1f\u1088\'40\u1072\'30\u1082\'3a\u1090\'42\u1080\'38\u1089\'41\u1080\'38
\u1085\'3d\u1075\'33 \u1069\'2d\u1085\'3d\u1093\'45\u1080\'38\u1085\'3d\u1077\'3
5\u1077\'35\u1088\'40\u1089\'41
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\plain\pard\sl-474\li0\ri6137\expndtw-7\b\f10\fs24\cf1 Abbreviations
\par
\plain\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 ACI
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 AISC
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 ASCE
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 ATC
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 CUREE
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 FEMA
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 NIST
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 SEI
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 PEER
\plain\par
\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri0\expndtw-12\f20\fs20\cf1 NEHRP
\par
\column
\plain\sl-188\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri1387\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Americ
an Concrete Institute
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titute of \u1057\'21\u1090\'42\u1077\'35\u1101\'4d\u1083\'3b\u1100\'4c \u1050\'1
a\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d\u1089\'41\u1090\'42\u1088\'40\u1091\'43\u1082\'3a\u1090\'4
2\u1080\'38\u1086\'3e\u1085\'3d
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082\'3a\u1080\'38\u1081\'39 Society of Engineers
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100\'4c
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f Universities for Research in \u1069\'2d\u1072\'30\u1088\'40\u1090\'42\u1082\'3
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u1077\'35\u1084\'3c\u1077\'35\u1085\'3d\u1090\'42 Agency
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\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri1387\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 National Ins
titute of Standards and Technology
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\sl-217\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-262\li0\ri1387\expndtw-3\f20\fs20\cf1 Structural \
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\plain\par
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\plain\pard\sl-476\li0\ri0\expndtw-11\b\f10\fs32\cf1 9. Credits
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