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STIKES Banten
HAZARD
2010
OVERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN
Yodia Pertiwi, Nia Destiana, Dewi Haryati, Dwi Yuli
Puspasari
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HAZARD
OVERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN

Overweight children are more likely to be overweight adults. Successfully


preventing or treating overweight in childhood may reduce the risk of
adult overweight. This may help reduce the risk of heart disease and other
diseases.
When defining overweight in children and adolescents, it's important to consider
both weight and body composition.
Among American children ages 2–19, the following are overweight or obese, using
the 95th percentile or higher of body mass index (BMI) values on the CDC 2000
growth chart:
• For non-Hispanic whites, 31.9 percent of males and 29.5 percent of females.
• For non-Hispanic blacks, 30.8 percent of males and 39.2 percent of females.
• For Mexican Americans, 40.8 percent of males and 35.0 percent of females.
The prevalence of overweight (BMI-for-age values at or above the 95th percentile of
the 2000 CDC growth charts0 in children ages 6–11 increased from 4.0 percent in
1971–74 to 17.0 percent in 2003–06. The prevalence of overweight in adolescents
ages 12–19 increased from 6.1 percent to 17.6 percent. (NHANES, NCHS)

Causes

Being overweight is generally caused by the intake of more calories (by eating)
than are expended by the body (by exercise and everyday living). Factors which
may contribute to this imbalance include:

 Limited physical exercise and sedentary lifestyle

 Overeating

 Poor nutrition

 Genetic predisposition
Binge
 Hormonal imbalances (e.g. hypothyroidism) eating

 Metabolic disorders, which could be caused by repeated attempts to lose


weight by weight cycling,

 Eating disorders (such as binge eating)

 Stress

 Insufficient or poor-quality sleep

 Psychotropic medication (e.g. olanzapine)


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People who have insulin dependent diabetes and chronically overdose insulin
may gain weight, while people who already are overweight may develop
insulin tolerance, and in the long run type II diabetes.

Overeating (Makan berlebih)

Health Risks of Overweight Children


The increased rate of obesity means that obesity-related chronic diseases are
becoming common among children and teenagers. Being overweight increases a
child's risk for a number of diseases and conditions, including:
• Asthma — A large number of children who are overweight have asthma.
• Diabetes — Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult onset diabetes, has
become increasingly prevalent among overweight children and adolescents.
A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated
that one in three American children born in 2000 will develop diabetes in
their lifetime.
• Gallstones — The incidence of gallstones is significantly higher in those who
are obese.
• Heart Disease — Early indicators of atherosclerosis — also known as
hardening of the arteries — begin as early as childhood and adolescence in
children with risk factors. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of heart
disease. It is related to high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which
are associated with poor eating habits and overweight.
• High Blood Pressure — Overweight children are more likely to have high
blood pressure that can strain the heart.
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• Liver Problems — People who are obese are at higher risk for a liver
problem called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead
to cirrhosis.
• Menstrual Problems — Being overweight may cause a girl to reach puberty
at an earlier age. Also, obesity may contribute to uterine fibroids or
menstrual irregularities later in life.
• Trouble Sleeping — Children who are overweight are at risk for obstructive
sleep apnea, which is a serious, potentially life-threatening breathing
disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. Over
a long period of time, this can lead to heart failure.
Metabolic Syndrome
Between 25 percent and 40 percent of children who are overweight will have
metabolic syndrome, which sets the stage for diabetes and heart problems.
Metabolic syndrome includes:
• Abnormal lipids
• High blood pressure
• Insulin resistance
• Obesity
The good news is that the health problems associated with metabolic syndrome
respond well to diet and exercise. When children lose weight — even modest
amounts of weight — it can reverse the negative effects of metabolic syndrome.
Overweight for Life
Overweight children and adolescents are more likely to become overweight or
obese adults. It is an extremely difficult cycle to break. An unhealthy diet and a
sedentary lifestyle are known risk factors for the three leading causes of death in
adults: cancer, stroke and cardiovascular disease.
Although there are treatment options for overweight children, prevention is the key
to combating the childhood obesity epidemic.
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Treatment

A large number of people undergo some form of treatment to attempt to reduce


their weight, usually either in an attempt to improve their health, to improve their
lifestyle, or for cosmetic reasons. The generally recommended treatment for being
overweight is a modified or controlled diet in conjunction with increased physical
exercise. For those who are obese rather than overweight, more intensive therapies
such as drug sand/or bariatric surgery are sometimes used.

Recent evidence indicates that the spice turmeric may help reduce fat tissue
without making other changes to the diet. The evidence is based on studies with
mice. Researchers next will attempt studies in humans.

Studies suggest that reducing calorie intake by itself (dieting) may have short-term
effects but does not lead to long-term weight loss, and can often result in gaining
back all of the lost weight and more in the longer term. For this reason, it is
generally recommended that weight-loss diets not be attempted on their own but
instead in combination with increased exercise and long-term planning and weight
management.

The health benefits of weight loss are also somewhat unclear. While it is generally
accepted that for significantly obese patients, losing weight can reduce health risks
and improve quality of life, there is some evidence to suggest that for merely
overweight patients, the health effects of attempting to lose weight may actually be
more detrimental than simply remaining overweight. Moreover, for all individuals,
repeatedly losing weight and then gaining it back ("weight cycling" or "yo-yo
dieting"), is believed to do more harm than good and can be the cause of significant
additional health problems. This is caused by the loss of more muscle than fat.
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Kids Workout Techniques to Lose Belly Fat


Childhood obesity is a serious condition that plagues an ever-increasing number of
kids around the world. While adults have a variety of exercise options at their
disposal, such as free-weights and cardiovascular routines, children often do not
have the focus or the patience to devote them in such a single-minded fashion.
Therefore, parents who wish to help their children lose unwanted pounds must be
creative in their approaches. Read on and discover some workout techniques to
help children lose stomach fat.

The problem
The irony of our childhood obesity problem is that children not only are eating
less healthy foods but also are bombarded with additional alternative stay-at-
home activities like watching television or playing video games. When coupled with
the fact that parents working extra hours often find these electronic distractions
suitable as cheap babysitters, it is no wonder that children are having more weight
problems than ever before.

There is good news and bad news about childhood fat on one's stomach. The bad
news is that it is impossible to "spot-reduce" fat strictly off of the abdominal region.
The body burns fat from all over at substantially similar rates. This means that
losing belly fat means children have to lose fat from their entire bodies. The good
news is that a child's body is remarkably efficient at losing fat. All children really
need to do to lose their stomach fat is drastically increase activity level. What
follows are some ways to get your child to exercise.

Make exercise a game


While children usually do not perform well on regimented workouts, they perform
exceptionally well where the "workout" is disguised as a game or fun family activity.
Dog-walking, kite-flying, family bicycle rides and childhood games and sports like
tag, baseball, softball and soccer will help increase children's overall activity levels
and help them burn fat . Enrolling children in a sports league is a good way to have
them meet friends and become more athletic. When coupled with family outings
and encouragement to find outdoor activities instead of sitting inside playing video
games, this can easily help children lose the fat on their stomachs.

If organized sports are not your child's cup of tea, try setting time aside a few days
a week to take him or her to a neighborhood playground. Just playing around on a
swing set or jungle gym can provide loads of athletic benefits. Many times, children
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do not need to be openly prodded into exercising; they just have to have the
opportunity presented in an attractive fashion.

Make exercise a responsibility


It also helps to make children responsible for chores around the house to increase
their daily caloric expenditure. Assigning your children to mow the lawn, help with
yard work, garden and other chores can keep them lean and fit. Additionally,
assigning responsibility to the child will build character and confidence while
teaching responsibility.

While we might think that children with weight-control issues need some type of
overblown exercise plan like an adult, all they really need is to get active in a
variety of ways. The habits one teaches their children about diet and exercise
during their formative years can last for a lifetime, so make sure they are healthy
ones.

How do you prevent and treat overweight in children?


Reaching and maintaining an appropriate body weight is important. That's why
recommendations that focus on small but permanent changes in eating may work
better than a series of short-term changes that can't be sustained.
• Reducing caloric intake is the easiest change. Highly restrictive diets that
forbid favorite foods are likely to fail. They should be limited to rare patients
with severe complications who must lose weight quickly.
• Becoming more active is widely recommended. Increased physical activity is
common in all studies of successful weight reduction. Create an environment
that fosters physical activity.
• Parents' involvement in modifying overweight children's behavior is
important. Parents who model healthy eating and physical activity can
positively influence their children's health.
In treating most overweight children, the main emphasis should be to prevent
weight gain above what's appropriate for expected increases in height. This is
called prevention of increased weight gain velocity. For many children this may
mean limited or no weight gain while they grow taller. Recommendations for
maintaining weight should include regular physical activity and careful attention to
diet to avoid too many calories. Factors predicting success are:
• including parents in the dietary treatment program
• strong social support of dietary intervention from others involved in
preparing food
• regular physical activity prescription including social support
The importance of continuing these lifestyle changes well past the initial treatment
period should be emphasized to the entire family. The healthiest way to change
weight is gradually.
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