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ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present a class of programmable materials,
whose electromagnetic properties can be controlled via software. These Software Defined Materials (SDMs) stem from
merging metamaterials with nanonetworks. Metamaterials
are artificial structures with properties that may not be found
in nature. They have inspired ground-breaking applications
to a range of research topics, such as electromagnetic invisibility of objects (cloaking), radiation absorption, exquisite
filtering of light and sound, as well as efficient antennas for
sensors and implantable communication devices. However,
existing metamaterial structures are "rigid", i.e. they cannot
be restructured once constructed. This limits their fabrication to a handful of well-equipped laboratories worldwide,
slows down innovation, and, most importantly, restricts their
applicability to static structures only. SDMs act as "plastic" (reconfigurable) metamaterials, whose properties can be
changed programmatically via a computer interface. This
control is achieved by a network of nanomachines, incorporated into the very structure of the metamaterial. The nanomachines receive directives from a user and perform simple but
geometry-altering actions on the metamaterial structure, tuning its electromagnetic behavior. The present paper introduces SDMs, defining the concept and highlighting its promising future aspects. Presently realizable implementation approaches are given, alongside specifications of a suitable nanonetworking model, its unique challenges and promising resolutions paths.
ical layers, but for a completely new class of networking applications as well.
m-
1.
In micro-scale,
assortment of applications, such electromagnetic cloaking [5], antennas with augmented bandwidth, as well as
versatile reection/diraction of lasers and electromagnetic waves, such as custom beam redirection and perfect reection [6]. However, metamaterials are presently
static. The structure of their building blocks is xed,
and so are their electromagnetic properties. For example, making a cylindric object invisible to electromagnetic waves (cloaking) requires a diameter-dependent metamaterial coating. A slight change in the dimensions of
the cylinder requires new, highly complex calculations
tial foundation/Modeling
1.
INTRODUCTION
exquisite, yet
programmable
physical properties.
matter,
electromagnetic behavior.
In the present
netic behavior, paving the way not just for plastic phys-
with programmable
scale.
Figure 1:
Split-ring resonators (SRRs) and
Crosses are common metamaterial patterns
(left). Stacks of carefully designed SRRs can e.g.
cloak an object (right).
paper provides the following additional technical contributions: i) Two designs for SDMs are proposed. The rst
one relies on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Switches (MEMS)
to alter the structure of a metamaterial. It is simpler and
cheaper to implement but oers limited programmabilThe second employs some exquisite properties of
ity.
Presently real-
to 0 .
However,
novel
behavior of
matter.
[3].
Terminology
2.
object in Fig.
BACKGROUND
Prior to detailing the SDM concept and the challenges
restricting limitation.
3.
1 (left).
SOFTWARE-DEFINED MATERIALS
3.1
Concept
tively handle the connection between adjacent metallic patches, resulting in gaps with controllable width.
Since the position of the gaps in conjunction with the
angle of incidence are responsible for the overall SDM
wave.
is persistent, i.e.
ering.
implementation further.
3.2
3.2.2
comparable to
Graphene-based Approach
implementation prospects.
3.2.1
5 5mm),
MEMS-based Approach
3, but
4.1
{1
prising
From
1s with very short pulses and silence for 0s) and no
3.2.3
cheap) as possible. In the present paper we aspire to propose the most lightweight, yet SDM-capable, nanonet-
15m 50nm
min-
4.2
inductive power
via a Network-on-Chip approach, with companies oering commercial solutions already [15].
can be contained within a space of
(1, 1)
Furthermore, a
(50 200m)
5 5 arrangement, node
(2, 1) is marked
and node
(width-height-depth, as-
i, j .
Two
50 250m at a minimum,
cong
packet conveys
4.
6th .
as the
100W
100
controlled patches.
= nm).
For
the
100W .
n m.
technically-adept
Tx
power
10nW
10dB .
is
i, j ,
using
in the previous
55
6th
example, the
(2, 1).
The
node un-
setup
set).
packet
5 (lower in-
well [8].
5 (top inset).
An example is
an interesting implication.
i, j
i, j
An open issue is
We assume a topology of
A node receives a
function,
a connectivity radius of
and
100 100
nodes (Fig.
Each node
mands,
without
50
ood-based approach, which makes no dierentiation between retransmitter and auditor nodes (Fig. 6). The
a routing layer?
Primarily to ensure
The
Why do we need
demonstrate a
time.
Further-
to limit interferences.
i)
Role-centric networking
key-answer is
We measure:
box thinking.
5.
complete SDM.
4.3
4.4
Key-challenges
the following.
Fur-
serving energy.
mission power,
10nsec
100GHz
frequency,
packet duration.
10nW
trans-
100
Flood
SDM
Networking
80
1000
800
60
600
40
400
20
200
Mean
Coverage
(%)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Coverage
Tx rate
Rx rate
Time (nsec) (pkts/nsec) (pkts/nsec)
Mean packet
collision rate
(pkts/nsec)
terial potential.
and
6.
CONCLUSION
5.
RELATED STUDIES
The lat-
lenges.
Further en-
7.
REFERENCES
http://www.netspeedsystems.com/
[16] J. M. Jornet and I. F. Akyildiz, Channel
Terahertz Band,
2011.
[3] B. Banerjee,
Terahertz Band,
Press, 2011.
Applications,
2012.
Journal of
11831189, 2014.
[7] P. Wang et al, Energy and spectrum-aware MAC
Networks, 2013.
Ad Hoc
a review,
Opt. Let.,
Metamaterials:
New York:
Springer, 2010.
Communication,
Journal
of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves,
Metamaterials at Terahertz Frequencies,
vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 580595, 2011.
114009, 2012.
1274, 2012.
620621, 2013.
Nature, vol.
frequencies,
photoconductivity,
12911294, 2011.
[14] IEEE, IEEE 802.15 Ultra Low Power WPAN:
Task Group 15.4q, Nov 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4q.html
[15] NetSpeed Systems, Network-on-Chip Solutions,
2014. [Online]. Available: