Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Mathematical Simulation
Models
1
Definitions
2
Reservoir Engineering
3
subsurface
geology
sedimentology
geochemistry
geomechanics
petrophysics
reservoir
engineering
physics
chemistry
thermodynamics
fluid mechanics
transport phenomena
physical
sciences
applied
mathematics
calculus
differential equations
applied statistics
Four Questions:
Hydrocarbons in place
(volumetrics and material balance calculations)
Recovery factor
(statistics and material balance)
Rates of recovery
(flow potential, fluid flow through porous media)
Micro-Models and hele-Shaw cells: Solvent + air flooding (Jeong et al., 2002)
-Material balance
Initial condition
Pressure = p0
Oil: N
= 1
Water: =
Water influx
Oil: (N-Np)Bo
= 1
Water: Swi
+
Water influx: We
Vo + Vw + Vrock = 0
Oil, Np
Water Wp
Statistical methods
Correlations from regression: Empirical equations
Log r apex = - 0.117 + 0.475 Log K - 0.099 Log
K md, is in % [ref. (1)]
US Mesh Range
6/10
8/12
10/20
12/20
16/30
20/40
40/60
50/70
Permeability (Darcy)
2703
1969
652
668
415
171
69
45
Analytical/semi-analytical methods
Infinite Acting:
,
1
2
=
4
2
The most common approach in the oil industry is the finite difference
method
The nonlinear algebraic equations then must be linearized (i.e., put in the
form of linear equations) to solve them using well-known algebraic linearequation- solving techniques
Iterative methods
An initial estimate of the solution is improved successively until it is
reasonably close to the exact solution: i.e. Gauss-Siedel method,
Sucessive-over-relaxation (SOR) methods
The number of mathematical operations is not fixed, in this case, and
depends on:
initial estimate
tolerence (what is reasonably close to the exact solution?)
properties of the system of equations
Compositional simulator
Used when recovery processes are sensitive to the compositional changes in the
reservoir fluids
Typically a cubic equation of state is commonly used to describe the PVT behavior
Simulation Classification
16
Classification based on geometry and dimensionality
Three-dimensional (3D) simulation models in rectangular coordinates (x, y, z)
used for full-field applications
Two-dimensional (2D) simulation models in rectangular coordinates used
areal (x-y) or cross-sectional (x-z) applications, i.e., areal and vertical sweep
efficiencies during a pattern flood
Three-dimensional (3D) simulation models in spherical coordinates (r- -z) used
for single well simulations with well completions involving partial penetration
Two-dimensional (2D) simulation models in cylindrical coordinates (r-z) used for
single well simulations, i.e., water coning, pressure transient testing, cyclic steam
stimulation
One-dimensional (1D) simulation models used for applications involving linear
displacement, i.e., laboratory core floods
25
maximize RF?
Whats the best EOR scheme for the reservoir?
How does the lab results impact on field scale?
Why is the reservoir not behaving according to
predictions?
What are critical parameters that should be
measured in field application of a recovery
scheme?
References
19