Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
10
The accuracy of angles in
the building trade is vital.
Can you think of reasons
for this? The timber
framework or truss for a
roof is made up of
triangular shapes for
strength. By looking at the
photograph, can you see
how many angles in the
framework are less than
90? Are there any angles
greater than 90? If so, how
many?
By the end of this chapter,
you will be able to measure,
classify and construct
angles.
376
Introduction
Angles are used in everyday life, by builders constructing houses to artists sketching
and painting by using their knowledge of angles. Architects and engineers use
their knowledge and understanding of angles for design and construction work.
An angle is made when two lines meet at a point.
X
The point where the two lines meet is called a vertex and
the lines themselves are called arms of the angle.
Arms
O
Y
Vertex
Measuring angles
Angles are measured in degrees (). The device used for measuring angles is called a
protractor. There are two types of protractors: circular and semicircular.
2
1
30
110
100 90 80 70
60
50
20
30
15
40
14
10
200
0 350
3
0
1
2
20
40
33
0
32
31
WORKED Example 1
Measure the size of each of the following angles using a circular protractor.
a
b
c
Chapter 10 Angles
THINK
MEASURE
10
20
0
31
30
1
0
50
13
40
0 180 170 1
0 19
60
20
15
10
0
2
14
20
0
32
0
21
0
22
0 350
340
3
3
50
30
100 90 80 70
110
0
60
40
12
0
13
30
10
20
20
0 35
0
3
40
33
0
3
31
110
100 90 80 70
60
50
40
14
13
12
0
2 0
30
15
10
200
0 350
0
21
0
33
340
22
32
31
30
290
250
23
24
377
378
180
170
160
0
10 0
15
20
0
0
14 3
40
0 10
20
180 170 1
30
60
150
4
1 0
40
80 90 100 11
0
70
90 80 7 120
60 110 100
6 0 1 3 0
50 120
50
0
13
WORKED Example 2
Measure the size of the angle shown at right using a semicircular
protractor.
THINK
1
MEASURE
180
170
160
0
10 0
15
20
0 30
40
80 90 100 11
0
70
90 80 7 120
60 110 100
60 130
20
1
50
30
14
0 10
20
180 170 1
30
60
150
4
1 0
40
50
Chapter 10 Angles
379
WORKED Example 3
Measure the size of the angle shown at right using a semicircular
protractor.
MEASURE
0 10
20
180 170 1
30
6
0
150
4
1 0
40
180
170
160
0
10 0
15
20
0
0
14 3
40
THINK
80 90 100 11
0
70
1
90
80 7
2
0
60 110 100
60 130
50 120
50
0
13
Check the size of the angle in worked example 3 by using a circular protractor.
remember
remember
1. When the two lines meet at a point, an angle is formed.
2. The point where the lines meet is called a vertex and the lines are called the
arms of the angle.
3. All angles are measured in degrees using a protractor.
4. Circular protractors are marked from 0 to 360. If the centre of the protractor
is placed on the vertex and one of the arms points at 0, the other arm will point
to the angle being measured.
5. Semicircular protractors have two scales (inner and outer) which are marked
from 0 to 180. Any one of these two scales can be used for measuring angles.
Angles that are less than 180 can be measured in the same way as with
circular protractors. To measure an angle that is larger than 180, the angle
enclosed by the arms (that is, the one that is less that 180) is measured first
and is then subtracted from 360.
380
10A
WORKED
Example
Angles
1, 2, 3
Measuring angles
2 multiple choice
a The size of the angle shown is closest to:
A 20
B 30
C 40
D 140
E 150
Chapter 10 Angles
381
382
4 The recommended slope for wheelchair access is 4 from the horizontal. Higher than
this makes it more difficult for the person in the wheelchair to travel up the ramp.
me
E ti
GAM
a Would you rate the slope of the bottom section of the ramp as difficult, as recommended or easy? Why?
b How would you rate the second part of the ramp?
QUEST
GE
EN
MAT H
Angles 01
CH
AL
1 What is the angle formed between the hour hand and the minute hand
of a clock at
a 6 oclock?
b 9 oclock?
c 12 oclock?
d 1 oclock?
e 7 oclock?
f half past 6?
2 What angle does the minute hand sweep through while moving for a
period of
a 45 minutes?
b 20 minutes?
c 55 minutes?
3 What distance will a car travelling at 60 km per hour travel in 1
second?
4 In a mail sorting centre, one electronic reader can sort 160 envelopes
per minute. Another reader can sort 220 envelopes per minute. Using
both readers, how long will it take to sort 95 000 envelopes?
5 Jordan was offered two jobs, one involves washing cars, the other
mowing lawns. The job washing cars pays $1 the first day, $2 the
second day, $3 the third day, $4 the fourth day and so on; the amount
increasing by $1 each successive day. The other job, mowing lawns,
pays 1 cent the first day, 2 cents the second day, 4 cents the third day, 8
cents the fourth day and so on; the amount doubling each successive
day. Each job is 16 days long. Which job pays more and by how much?
383
Chapter 10 Angles
The last 10
10
Olympic
Olympic
games sites
4
A
U
K
18 72 90 23 48
109 109
X
R
95 90 60 25 90
30 85
18 25 65 132 72 25
28 28
20 90 18 44 90 102 109 28
20 23 132 34 44 81
42 57
42 30
109 85
20 72 16 34 44 90 44 34 95 25
30 109
2
H
384
Estimate of angle
Measured angle
Difference
1
2
3
4
2. Without using a protractor, estimate the size of each angle in the first 4
diagrams of the golf sequence above and complete the second column of the
table.
3. Explain how you obtained an estimate. What steps did you follow?
4. Complete the third column by measuring each angle with a protractor.
5. Calculate the difference between your estimate and the actual value of each
angle.
6. Describe how you could improve your skills in estimating the size of an angle.
7. Try these improvements for estimating the size of the angles in the remaining 4
diagrams. Copy and complete the following table.
Diagram
Estimate of angle
Measured angle
Difference
5
6
7
8
8. Has the difference between the estimated and actual value for each angle
become smaller? Have your estimating skills improved?
Chapter 10 Angles
385
WORKED Example 4
Construct each of the following angles.
a 50
b 140
30
10
20
0
35
0
340
3
30
3
20
50
0 90 80
0 10
70
11
60
120
40
30
0 180 170 1
0 19
60
20
150
210
1
0
40
2
2
23
0 270 260 2
0 28
50
29
240
300
DRAW
31
THINK
386
THINK
DRAW
30
10
20
0 350
340
3
30
3
20
0
0 270 260 2
0 28
50
29
240
300
23
31
40
40
0 90 80
0 10
70
11
60
120
50
30
20
0 180 170 1
0 19
60
20
150
210
1
140
WORKED Example 5
Construct an angle of 210 using a semicircular protractor.
3
4
5
6
150
4
1 0
40
180
170
160
0
0
15
0 10
2
0
0
14 3
40
DRAW
80 90 100 11
0
70
1
90 80
0
7
60 110 100
60 130
50 120
50
0
13
THINK
210
Chapter 10 Angles
387
remember
remember
1. To construct an angle follow the steps given below.
(a) Rule a straight line.
(b) Put a dot at one end of the line. (The line represents one of the arms and
the dot represents the vertex of the angle.)
(c) Place the protractor so that its centre is on the vertex and 0 is on the
baseline.
(d) Find the required angle on the scale and mark a small dot at the edge of the
protractor.
(e) Join the small dot with the vertex to form the second arm of the angle.
(f) Label the angle.
2. To construct an angle that is larger than 180, using a semicircular protractor:
(a) subtract the given angle from 360
(b) construct the resulting angle (it will be less than 180)
(c) label the required angle: it is outside the one that has been constructed.
10B
c 53
g 88
d 75
h 76
c 165
g 127
d 143
h 149
WORKED
Example
Constructing
angles
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
Constructing
angles
4 multiple choice
To construct an angle of 212 using a semicircular protractor, we need to construct an
angle less than 180 first and then label the outside angle. The size of the first angle
to be constructed is:
A 212
B 58
C 148
D 112
E none of these
5 Construct each of the following angles.
a 295 b 269 c 307 d 349
h 358
388
Types of angles
Angles can be classified according to their size.
An acute angle is greater than 0,
but less than 90.
A revolution, or a perigon is
an angle of 360 (a full circle).
WORKED Example 6
Classify each of the following angles according to their size.
a 115
b 27
c 300
THINK
WRITE
b 27 is an acute angle.
Chapter 10 Angles
389
remember
remember
Angle size
Name of angle
Angle size
Name of angle
0 < x < 90
acute
180
straight
90
right
reflex
obtuse
360
revolution
10C
Types of angles
WORKED
Example
d
h
l
p
156
90
45
195
Types of
angles
390
6 At various times of the day the hands of a clock form two angles: the inside angle (the
smaller one) and the outside angle (the larger one).
a State the type of the inside angle, formed by the hands of the clock at:
i 1 oclock
ii 20 minutes to 12
iii 6 oclock
iv 9 oclock
v quarter to 4
vi half past 10.
b Write two different times when the inside angle of the clock is:
i acute
ii obtuse
iii right.
Chapter 10 Angles
391
1
GAME
time
Angles 02
2
6 340
180
170
160
0
10 0
15
20
0
0
14 3
40
80 90 100 11
0
70
90 80 7 120
60 110 100
60 130
0
0
2
5 1
50
0
3
1
0 10
20
180 170 1
30
60
150
4
1 0
40
392
befor
bef
ore
e the
Euro
Eur
o dollar
3
40
60
U
5
80
14
13 4
76
9 10 11 11 2 12
306
11 5
40
13
90
9 13 2
12 7
28
15 12 2
S
65
O
4 16 6
4
15 12 2
4 17 11 2
6 18 17 7 13 4
2 13 4
11
10
I
F
11 13 12 6
103
67
R
E
15
176
13 14 2
18
9
3
12
3 10 7
6
8 6 14 2
6
14
4 16
9 20
8
19 13 4
64
49
16
266
17
18
166
19
Chapter 10 Angles
393
Naming angles
Angles can be named using the capital letters of the English
P
alphabet. A common way to name an angle is to use three
letters: two letters to represent either arm of the angle and the
third letter to represent its vertex. The letter, denoting the vertex
N
M
is always placed in the middle (between the two other letters).
Instead of writing the word angle we use the sign before the letters. For example,
the angle shown at right can either be named MNP, or PNM.
WORKED Example 7
Name each of the following angles.
a
b A
X
Y
C
THINK
WRITE
a XOY or YOX
b ABC or CBA
WORKED Example 8
DRAW
394
remember
remember
1. An angle can be named using three capital letters from the English alphabet:
two for the arms and one for the vertex of the angle.
2. The letter representing the vertex of the angle is always placed in the middle.
Use the sign instead of the word angle before the three letters.
10D
Naming angles
WORKED
Example
Naming and
measuring
angles
e P
H f
X
O
Z
R
Z
WORKED
Example
QAS
NBV
c
f
3 Give the letter name of each acute and obtuse angle in the following diagrams.
a
b S
R
O
Y
M
N
T
U
P
R
N
Chapter 10 Angles
X
Y
395
Z
O
10.1
A
O
AOB and COB are
complementary angles.
O
AOB and BOC are
supplementary angles.
396
WORKED Example 9
Find the complement of 60.
THINK
WRITE
90 60
= 30
WORKED Example 10
Find the supplement of 100.
THINK
WRITE
180 100
= 80
WORKED Example 11
Find the value of x in each of the following diagrams.
a
b
15
x 10
x
20
THINK
WRITE
a x + 20 = 90
x = 90 20
x = 70
90
20
2
3
90
25
b x + 10 + 15 = 90
x + 25 = 90
x = 90 25
x = 65
397
Chapter 10 Angles
WORKED Example 12
Find the value of y in each of the following diagrams.
a
b
y
40
70 y
30
THINK
WRITE
a y + 40 = 180
b y + 30 + 70 = 180
1
2
1
2
3
y = 180 40
y = 140
y + 100 = 180
y = 180 100
y = 80
y
z
y + x + z = 360
WORKED Example 13
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.
a
b
c
70
180 58
y
k
k
k k
k k
k
k
THINK
WRITE
a a + 70 = 360
1
2
a = 360 70
a = 290
Continued over page
398
THINK
WRITE
b y + 58 + 180 = 360
c k + k + k + k + k + k + k + k = 360
1
2
3
y + 238 = 360
y = 360 238
y = 122
8k = 360
360
k = ----------8
k = 45
WORKED Example 14
Find the value of the pronumeral in the diagram at right.
x
THINK
WRITE
x = 20
remember
remember
1.
2.
3.
4.
20
399
Chapter 10 Angles
10E
WORKED
Example
9
WORKED
Example
10
WORKED
Example
11
d 45
h 6
d 48
h 125
Finding the
complement
c
f
45 and 45
30 and 60
c
f
40 and 140
120 and 60
10.1
x
72
35
Complementary
angles
Supplementary
angles
x
x
Finding the
supplement
45
x
55
x
38
28
12
40
14
10
22
23
8
6 A farmer has a rectangular gate on his property. The frame of the gate is shown in the
photograph below. Find the value of x.
60
x
400
WORKED
Example
12
155
y
50
f
65 y
60
y
68
40
38
y
77
y
45
58
44
11
y
WORKED
Example
13
40
a
135
72
150
w
58
60
30
30
125 x
i
x
y y
y
y
y
x
x
p
140
WORKED
Example
14
a
w 130
Chapter 10 Angles
f
40
401
t
160
100
p
r
y
y
117
d
d
75
38
10.2
QUEST
GE
EN
MAT H
402
CH
AL
1 A circular pizza is cut into 8 equal slices. What angle is formed at the
centre of the pizza by each slice?
2 Julia is seated in a Ferris wheel which makes one full revolution in 1
minute. Through what angle does Julia travel in 25 seconds?
3 The take-off path of a 747 jet forms a 40 angle with the runway. At this
angle, how far will the plane fly before reaching its cruising altitude of
10 000 metres?
2
1 Use a protractor to measure the size of the angle shown.
2 What type of angle is 94?
3 Using the letters shown, name the angle.
L
Q
19
51
10
51
t
183
153
w
35
Chapter 10 Angles
403
Compass constructions
Constructing angles
Earlier in this chapter we discussed constructing angles with the aid of a protractor.
Some angles can also be constructed using a compass and ruler.
WORKED Example 15
Construct a right angle using a compass and a ruler.
THINK
1
2
DRAW
Place compass
point here and
draw the two arcs. A
3
C
A
D
Place compass
point here
and draw two
other arcs at
C and D.
C
A
B
D
404
WORKED Example 16
Construct an angle of 60.
THINK
1
2
DRAW
Place compass
point here and
draw the arc.
3
Bisecting angles
A compass can also be used to bisect
(or halve) angles. The following
example shows how this can be done.
Chapter 10 Angles
WORKED Example 17
405
THINK
1
DRAW
O
B
Y
B
Y
Place the
compass point
at Y and draw
another small
arc at D.
B
D
O
4
B
D
Y
Note that the technique of bisecting angles, when combined with techniques of constructing 90 and/or 60 angles allows us to construct some other angles without using
a protractor. For example, to construct a 30 angle we can construct a 60 angle first
and then bisect it by following instructions outlined in the above examples.
406
Copying angles
Suppose you need to construct an angle of exactly the same size as the one that is
given; that is, to copy the given angle. One method of doing this is to measure the given
angle using a protractor and then to construct exactly the same angle (again using the
protractor). Alternatively, an angle can be copied using a compass as shown in the
following example.
WORKED Example 18
THINK
1
DRAW
M
P
K'
Place the compass
point at K' and draw
the arc.
Place the
compass point at
T' and draw a
small arc so that
it intersects the
large arc at P'.
P'
K'
6
L'
T'
T'
L'
M'
P'
K'
T'
L'
Chapter 10 Angles
remember
remember
A compass can be used for:
1. constructing certain angles
2. bisecting angles
3. copying angles.
10F
Compass constructions
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
17
WORKED
Example
407
408
Copying triangles
What minimum information is needed to copy a triangle exactly?
Consider the triangle ABC.
Chapter 10 Angles
409
Bearings
This section deals with a directional compass that is
used to identify bearings.
A directional compass (shown at right) has the
cardinal points north, east, south and west (N,
E, S and W) and half-cardinal points (NE, SE,
SW, and NW) marked in a circle on the compass. Many directional compasses also have
internal numerical degree markings from 0
to 360. The compass shown at right has
degree markings from 0 to 90 between the
cardinal points. A magnetic needle is attached
to the disc of the directional compass so that its
pivot is at the centre of the circle.
To use a directional compass, hold it in front of
you so that the point marked north is pointing away
from you. You will then need to turn your body so that
the needle points to the north.
True bearings
All true bearings are written as the number of degrees from north measured in a
clockwise direction.
WORKED Example 19
Identify the true bearing of the point, A, in each of the following.
a
b
c
N
N
N
A
60
W
A
W
10
E
20
S
THINK
WRITE
N
A
60
W
S
Continued over page
410
THINK
WRITE
E
20
S
180 20 = 160
So the bearing of point A is 160 true.
A
W
10
E
S
2
270 + 10 = 280
So the bearing of point A is 280 true.
Conventional bearings
Conventional bearings are measured in degrees from the northsouth line in either
a clockwise, or anticlockwise direction.
To identify the conventional bearing of a point we need to state (in this order):
1. whether the angle is measured from north, or south
2. how many degrees there are in the angle
3. whether the angle is measured in the direction of east or west.
411
Chapter 10 Angles
E
55
A
S
E W
A
S
A is due South.
S
A is due West.
WORKED Example 20
Express each of the following as conventional bearings.
a 045 true
b 220 true
c 270 true
THINK
WRITE
N
45
W
E
220
S
Continued over page
412
THINK
2
WRITE
220 180 = 40
E
270
S
remember
remember
1. The true bearing is given by the angle, measured from north in a clockwise
direction.
2. The conventional bearing is given by the angle measured from the northsouth
line in either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
3. To specify the conventional bearing we need to state (in the following order):
(a) whether the angle is being measured from north or south
(b) the size of the angle
(c) whether the angle is being measured in the direction of east or west.
413
Chapter 10 Angles
10G
Bearings
WORKED
Example
25 A
True
bearings
38
27
A
S
A
W
77
E
30
78
A
9
W
42
E
80
A
A
S
A
W
21
E
45
12
A
S
WORKED
Example
d 225 true
h 070 true
l 205 true
True
conventional
bearings
4 Draw diagrams to show the position of the points with the following conventional
bearings.
a N 45 E
b S 50 E
c N 30 W
d S 60 W
e N 80 E
f S 20 E
g N 10 W
h S 40 W
20
d N 88 E
h S 48 W
350
340
0
0
33
10
20
30
40
3
0
60
50
0
31
0
70
280 2
90
Conventional
true
bearings
80
250
100 1
10
260
90
270
414
4
2
30
2
30
14
180
0
16
170
22
00
21
190 2
11
True bearing
0
15
0
Point
12
12
0
10
Conventional bearing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
7 A group of Year 7 students went
on the following cross-country
Start
run as a part of their physical
education training.
10.3
River
Waterfall
Finish
line
Mountain
lookout
Chapter 10 Angles
415
The photograph shows a framework or truss for a roof with particular points
labelled.
1. Copy and complete the table below by:
(a) using a protractor to measure each angle
(b) classifying each angle by type (for example, acute, obtuse, etc.).
Angle
Measurement
Classification
CAB
ABC
BCA
BCD
CDB
DBC
FAB
ABF
AFB
BFE
FBE
FEB
2. Use the measurements you have obtained in question 1 to accurately redraw the
framework in your book. (The overall size of the framework is not important;
however, the angles are.)
3. From the table, name two sets of complementary angles.
4. Name two sets of supplementary angles.
416
Section of journey
From A to B
From B to C
From C to D
From D to E
From E to F
From F to B
From B to A
Compass bearing
due south
True bearing
180 true
Chapter 10 Angles
417
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1
When two
To measure an angle that is larger than 180 using a semicircular protractor, first measure the small angle enclosed by the arms and then
.
To construct an angle that is larger than 180 using a semicircular protractor, subtract the given angle from 360 and construct the resulting
angle. Label the required angle: it is
the one that has been
constructed.
An
angle is an angle that is
greater than 0 and less than 90.
A 90 angle is called a
An
angle is larger than 90,
but smaller than 180.
angle.
10
A
angle is greater than 180,
but less than 360.
11
418
12
An angle can be named using three capital letters of the English alphabet:
two for the arms and one for the vertex of the angle. The letter representing the
is always placed in the middle.
13
is used.
14
15
add up to 360.
16
17
18
19
20
WORD
in size.
in a clock-
LIST
complementary
a vertex
northsouth line
the arms
degrees
subtract it from 360
outside
obtuse
180
one revolution
east or west
sign
supplementary
equal
lines
reflex
acute
halve
from north
right
the vertex of the angle
circle
Chapter 10 Angles
419
CHAPTER
review
1 Use a protractor to measure the magnitude of each of the following angles.
a
b
c
10A
e 170
j 310
10B
10C
4 multiple choice
The angle shown in the diagram has a magnitude of:
A 50
B 40
C 32
10C
D 90
E 100
5 multiple choice
The angle shown is:
A a right angle
D an obtuse angle
10C
B a straight angle
E a reflex angle
C an acute angle
420
10C
10C
10D
6 multiple choice
An acute angle has a magnitude that is:
A more than 90
B less than 90
D more than 90 but less than 180
C exactly 90
E less than 180
7 multiple choice
A straight angle has a magnitude of:
A 60
B 90
C 270
8 Name the angle shown.
D 360
E 180
E
D
F
10E
80
d 65
e 25.
10E
56
d 38
e 70.
10E
145
c
z
30
28
150
120
x
70
x
k
150
h
8
n
i
y
45
60
q
68
10F
10F
10F
e 240
10G
10G
d S 12 W
CHAPTER
10