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VERGIL'S AENEID,
BOOK

I.

EDITED

WITH INTRODUCTORY

NOTICES, NOTES,

AND

COMPLETE VOCABULARY,
rOR THE UBB OP

CLASSES READING FOR SECOND CLASS CERTIFICATES AND FOR

UNIVERSITY MATRICULATION.

BY

JOHN HENDERSON,
BEAD MASTER,

ST.

M. A.

CATHAAtNES COIXEOUTB INSTITnTB.

NEW

EDITION.

TORONTO:
THE

CLARK COMPANY

COPP,
9

FRONT STREET WEST.

(LIMITED),

Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada,

eight hundred and ninety-one, by

The

in the

year one thousand

Copp, Clark Company (Ldiited), Toronto,

Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

PREFACE
The present

edition is designed to meet the wants of stn lents reading

Second Class Certiticates and University Pass Matriculation. The
notes have been purposely made copious and fulL
When it is remembered that Vergil is usually put into the hands of a school boy at a
very early period of the course, and that the Aeneid is really a difficult
book for a junior pupU, no apology need be offered for the assistance
for

given in this edition.

The

object of the notes

the grammatical difficulties that occur.

Grammar (Standard

Latin

The

is

liitest

principally to explain
edition of Harkness's

In regard to
Orthography, though some forms not usually met with in ordinary
Edition of 1881)

is

referred to.

have been introduced, the readings of Bibbeck have not, as a

whole, been adopted. The pupil would be puzzled if we were to read
e.g. omnis (ace. pi.) in one line, and omnes in the next, for the same
case.
The letter j throughout has also been retained. Pupils will
never learn to appreciate VergU, if teachers bother them with nice
editions

questions of Latin orthography,

which,

in

many

cases,

are

still

in

dispute.

The

editions of Conington,

Kennedy and Greenough have been

con-

sulted in preparing the notes of the edition.

St.

Catharines,

May

28th, 1886.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

In this edition the notes have been considerably enlarged and in
cases entirely re-written.

Some

sliglit

advertently crept into the First Edition, have been corrected.

St.

Cathakinrs, Oct. 24th,

1890.

many

typographical errors, which in-

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2009 with funding from

Ontario Council of University Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/vergilsaeneidOOvirg

LIFE OF VERGIL.

Publius Vergilius Maro^

October, B.C. 70, in

tlie lirst

born on the fifteenth of

w.is

consulship of

M.

Birth.

Licinius Crassus

and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes, (now P'utola), a small village

near Mantua.
Since the full franchise was not given to this
part of Gaul (GaUia Transpadana) till some years afterwards^, the poet, like many of his predecessors and contemporaries in literature, was not a Roman, but an Italian
provincial.'

The parents

Vergil,

of

Some

obscure birth.

those of

like

Horace, were of His

parents.

authorities say that the poet's father

he was a brickmaker, while others

was the servant of a travelling merchant,
Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married.
Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that
he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or
The childhood of
possessor of an estate near Mantua.
Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed
the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of
the poet with the lovely scenery in the neighborhood of his
native town may account for the exquisite touches of pastoral life which is so well depicted in the Eclogues and the

was a

potter, others, that

again assert that he

Georgics.

'

Roman

Every

citizen

had

re<:fularly

three

names

denoting-

the individual, the

Publius Vergilim Maro, Pubhus is tliepraenomen, marking the vdividwd; Vergil iusis the nomen, denoting the rjens or clan while
M'iro is the cofinomen, or family name. Sometimes an agnomen was added for honorgens or clan, and the/dmilia.

Thus

in

arj' distinction,

B.C. 49.

'

Furius Bibaculus was

Virgilius

bom

Venusia

Quinctilius Varro, at

men

at

was not common

Cremona

Aemilius Macer, at Verona

the Marsi
Cictro, at

Numidicv^

as Africamis to Scipio,

name was VergUius

the

Arpinum

The

original form of

the middle ages.

Varro, at Atax

Asinius Pollio,

Forum Julii
Verona; Pr pertius,

Cornelius Callus, at

among

florace, at

Cremona; Catullus, at
at Umbria;
Amitemuni Livy, at Patavium. Of the distinguished
Caesar, and Lucretius alone were bom at Rome.

Sallust, at

of the time Tibullus,

to Metellus.
till

LIFK OK VIORGJI.
His

65 B.C.

we

Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where,

st^idies

beffin

\\v

assumed the toga

virilis

The town

Lucretius died.

are told,

on the same
itself

day on which
had already been noted,

having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the

critic, Quinctilius

VerfHl goen
to

Rome,

B.C. SS.

Varro.

After a brief stay at Cremona, and svibsequently at Mediohniuni

In the capital,
{Mihm), the poet went to Rome.
fashion of the day, attended the lectures

Vergil, after the

torician,

Under Epidius, the rheMarc Antony and afterwards of

and philosophers.

of rhetoricians

teacher of

the

Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the

poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and

It is quite probable that his father

philosophy.

intended him

but a weak voice and a diffident manner were

for the bar,

superable barriers in

way

the

of

in-

obtaining distinction in

Vergil soon gave up rhetoric, and, in fact,

public speaking.

renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy.

Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in
Epicurean philosophy, and the love he retained for this branch
of learning is

plainly

observable

in

many

of

his

extant

In a minor poem, generally supposed to be genuine,

of poetry and rhetoric for more

writings.*

he welcomes the exchange

useful studies

"

with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetoricians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and,
away with you, Stilo, Tagitius and Varro, you, nation of
pedants, soaking with fat you, empty cymbals of the classroom. Farewell, too, Sabinus, frientl of all my friends now,
farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our
sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of
the great .Siri>n, and we mean to redeem our life from all
Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the
distraction.
trutK, I have found how sweet you were: and yet, I pray
you look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare

Away

intervals."*
Gees to
Naples.

After a short stay at Rome, Vergil probaVjly went to Naples,

where we are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean, was his
1^

'st^ructor.
;:

6CaUlepta: VII.

Di Rtrum Naiura.

The
IV., -219;

great
Aeu:

Epic of
I.,

Lucretius,

added to

743; VI., 724; Geoig: II 475-492.

tiie

LIFE OF VEHGIL.

teachings of his instructors gave, no doubt, his mind a strong

bent towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that
the ^
poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of
Returns
the war between Pompey and Caesar, B. C. 49.
It is also likelj' honu.
.

that he remained there

till

after the battle of Philippi (B.C.

and that he employed his time in gaining by observation

materials which he afterwards employed in his great didactic
poem, the Georgics.
Unlike Horace, Vergil sympathized
with the party of Caesar.
The formation of the Second
Triumvirate threw the Koman world into the broils of a civil
42),

war.

In the division of the provinces, the Gauls (except

fell to Antony.
The lands of eighteen
were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona.
The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy
rapacit}' of the legionaries of the Triumvir, the farms of the
neighbouring Mantua were seized, and among the lands con-

Gallia Narbonensis)
cities

fiscated

C. Asiuius Pollio, y^j^^"^

were those of the poet's father,

the prefect of GaUia

Transpadaiia, unable to restrain the

Rome

lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to

with a recommendation to Augustus to allow the poet to

It is quite probable that conretain his paternal estate.
genial tastes

aud a recMUiition

.,

f.

oi the genius or

IT

-y

Regains hix

Vergil may/arjn.

have influenced Pollio to take this course. At the close of

the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew
between Octavius and L. Antonius. Pollio, was deposed from
Another
oflBce, and Alfenus Varus appointed in his stead.
division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been
deprived of his estate the second time.'' His friends Gallus, (^,^^^(,5^^^
/'''
Pollio, and Farus, however, interposed and saved his farm.
By them he was introduced to Maecenas, the patron of
afterwards the prime minister of Augustus.
literary men
This "year marks the beginning of the rising fortunes of theS.C.W.

With his friend and patron, P ollio, as Consul, Vergil /ori!M7ie

poet.
became the honoured member of a literary coterie which Vergil.
The intimacy that Vergil
enjoyed at court, is shewn by his being one of those who
went to Brundisium along with Maecenas, when the latter

graced the table of Maecenas.

was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony.*

7

log-ues
I. and I.\.
Horace: Satires I., 5 and
:

10.

o/

LIFE OF VERGIIi.

8
His
residences.

70

Through the munitnccnt kindness of his patrons he wjia

He had a magnificent house
raised to luxury and affluence.
in Rome on the Esquiline near the residences of Horace and
Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples.
The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his
delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian residence was his favorite abode.* From the date of his early
need be said of his life except
that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of
his immortal works.
In the year B.C. 19, he went to
Greece, possibly with a view to restore his health, and to
At Athens he
give a finish to his great work, the Aeneid.
Vergil
met Augustus who had just returned from Samos.
returned to Italy in company with the Emperor, but died at
Brundisium three days after he landed, 2'2nd September,
He was buried near Naples, on the road leading to
19 B.C.
His epitaph, said to have been dictated
Puteoli (PuzzuoH).
by. himself in his last moment, was as follows ;
Eclogues

Deith.

Epitaph.

till

his death, little

Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere;

I

Parthenope.

Vergil

is

nunc

tenet

Cecini pascua, rura, duces.^"

generally described as of tall stature, delicate

frame, homely features, and dark complexion, abstinent in

the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement.

to have

Horace

is

said

had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote^^ the

rendered by Conington

lines thus

"The man

is

passionate, perhaps misplaced

In social circles of fastidious taste

His ill-trimmed beard, his dress of uncouth

His shoes ill -fitting, may provoke a smile

stj'le,

But he's the soul of virtue but he's kind,

But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."
;

He was
the

so pure and chaste that the Neapolitans gave 'him

name

of

Parthenias, or the maiden. ^'^

He

is

said to

have been shy and even awkward in society, and these

Geo. IV., 563.

Vergilium ine tempore dulcis alebat

Parthenope, studiis florentcm ignobilis oti.

Illo

">Some have taken the

Aeneid.

HHor.

Sat.

1 irapfie^-os,

traits

I. 3,

29-31.

a maiden.

last line

to refer to the Eclogrues, the Georgics,

and the

WORKS OF VEKGIL.

even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in

He was (listmstful of his own powers, w hich

eradicating.

his hig h ideas of literary excellence led

In the midst

of

religious sentiment

ous

and

many

wliile

an
;

him

in the midst of vice,

licentiousness

to.uudejcjrate.

he had the stronges t

irreligious age,

he remained virtu-

disfigures

the writings of

of his brother poets, the pages of Vergil

inculcate the highest truths of morality

and

everywhere

virtue.

n.

WORKS.
Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic Early
poem^' on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task
His earlier poems,
soon led him to abandon his design.

uorks.

Culex, Moretum, Ciris, Copa and those that pass under the
name Caialepta, though they give little proof of great ability,
still show the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre
and diction. The writings that first established the reputa-

tion of Vergil were the Edorjaes,^* pastoral poems, ten ia.Eclogues.

number, written between 43 B.C. -37 B.C.

This class of poetry was as yet unknoAvn

had

already reached its perfection in the

Theocritus, whose influei||e

from the days

may be

of Vergil to those of

in Italy,

hand

traced in

though

it rpj^^ocritus

of the Sicilian anap^stoml

many

writers

The IdyP* of
the shepherd's life. The

Tennyson.

the Sicilian exhibits a true picture of

joys and sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural
swains, the piny woods of fertile

Sicily, the upland lawns

sky of his native island
are delineated so true to nature, that the homely bard not
only won the ear of the most critical period of Greek literature, but has left his undying impress on all subsequent
As Kingsley has said, " Theocritus is one of
pastoral poetry.

flocks, the

with feeding

the poets

own

who

sea and

will never die.

light way, truly

He

sees

men and

things in his

and he describes them simply, hon-

EclofTue VI.,

>*

These were called by the generic term Bucolica (fiovKoXiKa, scil, iroi.ij/u.aTa, from
The terra Eclogue is from the Greek iKXoyri, a choice

3.

PovKo\fto, to attend rattle).

may mean

that the poems under that name were a collection from a

Spenser wrote the word Mglogue and followed the derivation of
Petrarch, ai^iiv Aoyoi, " tales o/ goatx" or " laled of goatherdg."

coUectvm, and

larger number.

16 eiSuAAo',

little

picture.

WORKS OF VKKGtL.

10

estly, and with careless touches of pathos and humor, while

he floods his whole scene Avith that gorgeous Sicilian air like
one of Titian's pictures, and all this is told in a language and

metre which shapes itself almost unconsciously, wave after

wave, into the most luscious joy."
Vergil's Eclogues, on the other hand, can hardly be said to

Theocritus

'cmnmu-^ be true pictures of pastoral life. His shepherds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily lather than to the
district of

Mantua.

makes the shepherd's

some political event, or for

Often, too, he

dress a mere pretext for discussing

paying some compliment to

Varro, or Gallus.

Pollio,

His

characters are too conventional, his representation of

too

In the

artificial.

alizing the

Roman

Eclogue

we

character which so strongly marks the

melodious diction, their soft and easy flowing

admired by Horace, no mean judge of the poet's

Dunlop divides the Eclogues into two

Division of

Greek

StiU the earlier poems of Vergil have beauties.

Idyl.

Eclojues.

life is

miss that individu-

classes

style,

Their
^

were

art.
:

1 )

those in

which, by a sort of allegory, some events or characters of

the time are drawn under the image of pastoral life as in 1,
4, 6,

10

(2)

those in which shepherds and rural scenes are

Others divide them:

really depicted, as in 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9.
(1)

those copied from Theocritus, a#l,

those more original, as

TheGeorgics

2,

3,

5,

7, 8, 9

(2)

4, 6, 10.

four books, was written (between B.C.

37-B.C. 3U^*j at the request of Maecenas^^ to whom the
poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies

The

Georgics,'^'' in

largely from

Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.^"

While the

Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idyls of

Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other

his

hand, have been accouuteil superior to any other poem on the

1

Sat.

'7

Gcorgica,yeiopyLKa, from yea.=yri, the earth

1.

10, 45.

and

epyov,

a work.

alluded to in the Georgics are: the death of Julius

8 The chief historical events
civil wars ended by the battle of PhilipiJi, 42 B.C.
the
Caesar, 44 B.C. (B. 1, 456);

the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony and those on the
(B. 1, 509); the battle of Actium and the submission of the
East B.C. 30 (B. 2, 172; 3, 27.32; 4, 5C2): the irraption of the Daci on the Danube,

(B. 1, 490);

Rhine under Agrippa

B.C

30 (B.

2, 497).

'0

See the opening lines of Georgics,

*>

Hesiod's Wurks

and Days ;

I.

Aratus's

and

IV.

Phuenomena ; Nicander'a

Oeorrjics.

WORKS OF VEKGiL.
same subject that has ever appeared.

11

The harmonious ami Peutieso/

graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes,

* (^eorgtcs.

charming episodes, all combine to lend au

which in any other hands would have
intolerably
dull.
Tiie time was ripe for such a poem.
been
Agriculture had h> en the chief employment and the honored
occupation of the Romans from the early days of the
The long-continued wars had, however, desolated
City.
Italy, ^^ and Vergil with sorrow laments, "the plough hath
not its meed of honor, the fields lie neglected, and the
the crooked pruning hooks are
tillers are off to the war
forged into stiff swods. "^^ Even after war had ceased, the
soldier, too long accustomed to cr.jnps and the excitement of a

and

the apt

interest to a subject,

military

To

life,

cared

recall the

little

about the prosaic

life of

a farmer.

peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem,

which Addison pronounces " the most complete, elaborate

and finished piece of all antiquity," was written. The first Cnntmts o/
*'"'^'**book trtats of tillage, the second of orchards, the third of the
care of horses and cattle, and the fourth of bees.
The two
most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's
Yet, no one can read
Pastorals, and Thompson's Seadons.
the English imitations without being struck with tlieir inferiority to the

poem

of Vergil.

The Aeneid,^ in twelve books, written between 29 B.C. Aeneid.

and 19 B.C., recounts the story of the escape of Aeneas from
bnrni"g Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a
home which the fates had promised, his final settlement in
Italy as the founder of the Roman Empire destined in after
No doubt, Vergil, borrowed largely
ages to rule the world.
^*'"5''"'
frun the Greek and Roman writers who preceded
him.
The charged
'^
uith
Romans were original in no department of literature, except plagiarism.
,

Civil wars, almost continuous,

Georg.

1,

had raged

in Italy froi;i 49-31 B.C.

507:

non

ulliig

aratro

Di'jnus honos, nqualent abductis arva colonis,

Et curvae rvjidum fakes

**The

notice of the Aeneid that

conjlaittur in ensem.

we have

is in a letter of Vergil to Augustus

was on an expedition against the Caiitai)ri ins.
De Aenea rjuidetn rrwo, simeheiculejam. diijmim auribug haherem luig libenter
tnitterem: sed tanta inrfioa'a rex >r, ut jiaene vitiis mentix tanlvm opu:iinrjressustnihi

first

written probably B.C. 26,

videar,

cum

impreliar.

when the

latter

prarserlim,, ut xcio, alia

Macrub. Sat.

1, 2:, 12.

qitoque ntudiu,

ad id

oyius iniUtoque potiora

WOUKS OF VEKGIU

12

perhaps in the departments of History ami Jiirisiirinlence.

Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest
of his

countrymen

in other spheres of letters.

The

religion,

the philosophy, the very political life of the Romans, were

all of composite structure, and poetry could scan^cly avoid
the eclecticism that everywhere prevailed.

The

object of

Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the vari-

ous steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing

he had

to give prominence to the influence of

ture as an important element in moulding

Greek

Roman

this,

litera-

thought.

Vergil had been severely censured^* for his deficiency in

V.'yfril

clUicised.

^jjg

power

of

invention, for his intermixture of

Greek and

Latin traditions, for his anachronisms, for his mode of representing the character of Aeneas, and for the sameness of

These are the main charges

brought by his detractors, and granting the full indictment
brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim
No doubt his
of being one of the greatest of epic poets.
power of invention is less than Homer's, no doubt he did
intermingle the traditions of Gieece and those of Rome, (for
this, as we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his
the indiviilual

chiii iicturs.

no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachronism, but he sins in this along with Shiikespeare and Milton,
and there is no doubt that this hero Aeneas is cold-blooded
These defects, however, are far more
and uninteresting.
than counterbalanced by his many excellencies.
"There is
in Vergil a great tenderness of feeling, something better and
more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That
he excels in pathos, as Homer in sublimity, is an old
This pathos is given
opinion, and it is surely the right one.
at times by a single epithet, liy a slight touch, with graceful
this tenderness is more striking
art by an indirect allusion
stern
lioman character and wth the
contrasted
with
the
as
The poet never becomes
stately majesty of the verse.
he hardly ever ofiends againt good
affected or sentimental
taste
he knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence
age),

Wordsworth says, is a
master of language, but no one can really be a master of
language unless he be also a master of thought of which
language is the expression.
as well as in his speech

^*

Especially by the

Vergil, as

Emperor Cali^la, Markland, and

Niebuljr.

WORKS OF VEKGIL.

13

Cnitwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge:

"The Aeneid was meant

poem, carrying on the

Vertil

to be, above all things, a national

lines of thought, the style of speech,

which national progress had chosen and it was not meant to

eclipse, so much as to do honor to, early literature.
Thus
those bards who, like Ennins and Naevius, had done good
service to ]\ome by singing, however rudely, her history, find
their imagines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid.
Thus
they meet with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew up the
witli the antiquarians and pious scholars,
ritual formularies
who had sought to find a meaning in the immemorial names,
whether of place or custom or person with the magistrates,
novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and
enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages,
for they, too, had helped to rear the towering fabric of Roman
All these meet together in the Aeneid, as in
greatness.
solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge
its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall.
This is beyond question the explanation of the wholesale
appropnation of others' thoughts and language, which would
;

otherwise be sheer plagiarism."

The object that Vergil had in writing the Aeneid is variously Object
Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say that
stated by writers.
the poem was written with a political object to reconcile the
This view is also held
Romans to the new order of things.
that
the
poem
had as much a political
by Pope, who says
object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel; that its primary
object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary one was to
flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendor of their
"Augustus is e^^dently typified under the character
origin.
both are
of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel
;

from the perturbations of passion ; they were cold, unfeeling, and uninteresting ; their wisdom and policy were
worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious
and the
that he was acting a part, as his last words show
the
sentiment
and
conduct
of
between
Aeneas,
whencontrast
ever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to
have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity.
The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid

free

as the epithet
filial

piety,

pi?/*,

him shows, was

which Augustus more

so constantly ajjplicd to

and there was no

virtue

of


LIFE OP VBROIL.

14

ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius Caesar

adopted him."

who

Browne.
III.

PRINCIPAL ROMAN EPIC WRITERS.

[The Student shovld consult Smith's Ci'S'tdml Dictionary for on account o/ the
subjoined poets.]

Namb.

15

LIFE OF VERGIL.

CHRONOLOGY,
Date.

55

&c., (Continued.)

LmsRART Chronology.

LlFB OF VKRGIL.

Vergil assumes the Death

toffa virilis at Cre44.

of Lucretius, aet.

Civn. Chronologt.

Caesar's

first

invasion of

Britain.

mona.
54

Caesar's second invasion of

begins the
study of philoso
phy.

Verffil

Britain.

49

Caesar dictator.
the franchise
Transpadani.

48

Battle of Pharsalia.
of

the
Death

Pompey.

Caesar assassinated.

44

43

Confers

on

Earliest date of
logues.

Ec

Second Triumvirate.

Kclogue II. probably written.

42

Eclogues

III.

and V

written.

Horace

serves

b II nits

as

t'l-

tniUium at

Phil-

Philippi fought.

ippL
41

Vergil's estate confiscated.

Eclogue

IX.

writ-

ten.

40

Vergil's estate
stored.

Writes Eclogues
IV.,

VIII.,

Consulship of Polio.
Treaty of Brundisium.

reI.,

and

perhaps VI.
37

Vergil wrote

Eclogue X.
Georgics begun.

Death

of Sallust.

Battle of Actium.

Aeneid begun.
Augustus? writes to
Vefgil concerning
the Aeneid.

Death

23

'^

19

Death

of Vergil at
Bniiidi^iinn.

of Marcellua

METRE OF THK AENEID.

16

V.

METRE.
The dactylic
hexameter,

The Aeneid
^j^

^j^^

is

written in the heroic metre of the

Romans

This was the most ancient as

dactylic hexameter.

among the Greeks

It was cultivated at an early period, far
and Romans.
beyond the beginnings of authentic history, as we find it in
its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod,
and the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to
well as the most dignified form of verse

have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors,

and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans.
Vergil is generally considered as the model of this kind of

among the

verse

The
feet,

Latins.

dactylic hexameter consists, as its

the

fifth is

first

four of which

may be

implies of six
;

the

usually dactyl, and the sixth invariably a spondee.

The following

is

the scheme

\j \J

Ifo. Of
dactyls

name

dactyls or spondees

yj kJ

For the comparative number of dactyls and spondees in

and ^j^g gj.g^ Jq^j. places no definite rule can be given.
Generally
speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrangement is
varied to avoid monotony. A succession of dactyls may be
(1)

used for various reasons,

Intdnu\erU pdli,

e.g.,

quick motion, cp. B.

I.

90.

mtcat\ lgmbiis\ aether,

et creb\ris

where the quick flashes of lightning and the instant peals of

thunder fall in quick succession.

SoinB. I. 150:
Jdmque Jac\es

et\

sdxa vo\ldnt furdr\ drma mln\lstrat:

where the quick succession

On

of

brands and stones follow.

the other hand a succession of spondees

ployed to describe a laboured

effort

Adpdr\ent rd\ri ndnt\es

in\

may

be em-

cp. B. I. 118.

gurgUe\ vdsto.

Here the slow spondees mark the struggling motions of the

crew amid the waves.

So

also

a dignified gait

spondees: B.

Ast

I.

ego\

may

be

imitated

by

successive

46.

quae dllvum ince\do re\glna Jdv\tsquS.

METRE OF THE AENEID.

(2)

Rarely the

line is called a

Tune
(3)

When

fifth foot is

spondaic^ line

ille\

a spondee, in which case the Spondaic

'****
e.g., B. I. 617.

Aene\ds quem\ Dardani\o An\chisaff.

the last syllable of a word remains over, after Word

the completion of a foot, that syllable

syllable, in

consequence of

its

is

called a caesural

being separated, or cut

off,

""^*"^'^

as

were, from the rest of the word in scaning the verse. The
term caesura^ is also applied to a pause or stress of the
The
voice, which naturally rests on the caesural syllable.
melody of the verse depends in a great measure on the posi-

it

The

tion of the caesura.

Verse
'**'*"''''

chief verse caesuras in the dactylic

hexameter are
(a)

PenthemimeraV" Caesura at the end

of the third foot

B.

I.

of the first syllable Penthemi-

621.

"^^ra.

Auodll\o Be\lt'; genl\tdr turn] Belus d\plmdm.

(b)

Hephthemivieral^ Caesura,

syllable of the fourth foot

B.

I.

at the

end

of

the

first ffephthe-

mitneral
Caesura.

441.

'

JjUcGs in\ urhe fu\it medi\d" lae]tlssimus\ umbrae.

(c)
r'Ao

Trochaic'^, after the trochee of the third foot

B.

I. Trochaic

Caesura

Lu8trd\bunt conv\exa," pdl\us dum\ stderd\ pdscet.

(d)

Bucolic^ Caesura,

fourth foot
B.

I.

when

the end of the dactyl of the

at

this foot

is

a dactyl and ends the word

Bttcolic
^''*"''-

154.

Sic cunct\us pelag\l cecl dU\ frdgor\" aethera] postquam.\

It

may

be observed, generally, that a verse

may have

one,

two or three caesuras ; that verse, however, is best divided

in which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as
in

each case given above.

In

Vergil

we have

28 spondaic lines: 17 of these end in a quadrisyllable, 9 in a

trisyllable, 2 in a mouosylalile.
**

Called by the Greeks

From

iriVre,

This

caesura.

wProm

is

firra,

five;

also

to/htj,

o cutting.

V'. ^V;

l^^pos,

part, or /oof.

hence the fi/th-hal//oot

caUsd the strong or masculine caesura.

seven; rim, half; ^epos, a part oi foot; hence the seventh-half-foot

caesura.

Also called the weak or feminine caesura,

So called
caesura

is

because often employed by Vergnl

common

in the

poems

of Theocritua.

in his pastoral ot Bucolic poetry.

Thi

METRE OF THE AENEID.

18
Last word
in the line.

(4)

The

most

jjart

word

last

in a dactylic hexametei' line is for the

A quadrisyllable is

a dissyllable,'^ or a trisyllable.

Someemployed at the end of a

est, and then usually with

rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name.

times, but rarely, a monosyllable

and generally

line,

an

elision

Dat

B.

I.

is

in the case of

105.

insequiHur cumul'o" prae\ruptu8 a\quae md7is.\

l(ttus\;

Expldr\dre lab\or-" mihi\ jiissa cap\essSri\ fas

Ac
Metrical

velu\ti mdg\n<} in popul\d"

(6)

Metrical figures

(a)

Elision occurs

tgt\

cum\ saepe c5\drla

e8t\

figure*.

Elision.

when a word ending in a vowel or diph-m preceded by a vowel and the

thong, or with the letter,

word begins with a vowel,

following
h.

When

such

is

di^jhthoug, or the letter

the case the last syllable of the word so

ending with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded

a vowel

is

and

elided, i.e., struck out together,

not regarded as a part of the verse,

(1) B. I.

95

e.g.

Quis dn\te ora pa\t7-um Tro\jae suh\ motnlhus]

(2)

B.

I.

prae,dae dccing\uni daplb\usque /u\turi8.\

180

Aenelas scd2)u\lum intSri\d cdnsc\endit,

(4) B. I.

213

246

et\

haec

(1)

6\ll7n me7nin\isse

the vowel

-e in

et p'^lag\6

ante

is

prhnit\ arvd son\&nti.

elided,

sion before the vowel o- in the next

i.e., left

word

(2)

the diphthong -ae in praedae

In

(3)

the -um

In

(4) et is

In

(5)

In

juv\dbU.

Itmare\ prdruptum\
In

dinnim.

St\

MlttiCe\; forsan
(5) B. I.

dltis.

210

Illi \se

(3) B. I.

bj'

in scansion is

is

out in scan-

ora.

elided before accin-

gunt.

"

Leaviiijf

dissyllabic

-um

not
in

is

elided before the interea.

aflFected in

proruptum

scansion

is

elided before

out the three unfinished hnes in the

323 trisyllabic

8 nionosyllabic

by the h

first

hook

in haec.

e- in et.

of the -Aeneid

2 quadrisyllabic endings.

we have 420

METRE OF THE AENEID.

(b) Tlie non-elision of a final

vowel, h or diphthong

initial

B.

16

I..

is

19

vowel or diphthong before a,nBiatus.

called a hiatus, e.g.,

Foslhubt\td 'colu\isse Sa\7nd, htc\ illius \drin&.

B.

617

I.

Tunc

The

first

ille

\Aene\ds quern \Darda}ti\o An\ch.u'ae.\

hiatus

may

be explained that in the case of a

proper noun, and a sense pause, the hiatus

the second example considerable license

In

admissible.

is

is

admitted in the

case of a proper noun.

is defined as the union of two vowels in
be properly pronounced separately as
which
should
sound
(c)

Synaeresis

Synaeregis.

-ei

in Oilf^

-eu in Ilioneus

-ei

This figure

in deinde.

is

also

called Synize.sis.
e.g. B. I.

Jd
B.

,1

120

fdli\dam Ilion

ei

ndv\em,

jdm

\fortis A\chaiae.

195:

I.

VinS, hon\us quae, \deinde cdd\ls oner\drdt Ac\estes.

It Synapheia.
(d) Synapheia is the principle of continuous scansion.
sometimes happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m preceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before the
initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next
line
e.g. B. I.

332

J(lcte\mur doct\ds t\gnari

homt\numque

I8\cdru7n\que

Errdmus,
So

also, B. I.

448

Aered\ cUi gradi\hus sur\gehdnt

Acre

nexde\que

tr&bes,

In these lines the

the initial vowel

final

vowel in -que

in the first

There are altogether

'

\llm,ina,\

word

struck out before

line.

twenty-one hypermetrical

Vergil.
(e) Ictus is

is

of the succeeding

lines

in Hypetmt'^'^^ IvMf.

the beat of the foot which corresponds with the jctm.

This naturally falls on the lirst

elevatif)n of the voice (apaic).

syllable of the foot,

and we, therefore,

find eases (jocnrriiig in

STORY OP THE AENElD.

20

which a syllaWu uaturally short

is

luiigfcheued,

simply from

occupying the natural position of a long syllable.

its

(1)

B.

(2)

B.

308

I.

Qui

478

I.

Per
(3)'

B,

tene\ant,

651

B.

668

I.

LUora

\et

ver\sd pul\vls ln\scrihitur \hdstd.\

Pergama
(4)

vi\det, hdinin\esnS /er\an&.

terrain

I.

nam m\cuUd

\r.um pete\ret m\conce.ss\dsque hymen\aeos,

:

\jacte\tur,

odl\ls Ju\ndni8 in\i(iuae,

VI.

THE STORY OF THE AENEID.

^

Ancestors of
Aeneas.

Aeneas was the sou of Anchises and Venus, and thus

connected with the royal family of Troy. In the earlier
stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his
flocks were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead
'

When

his followers against the Greeks.

ten years, took the

a siege of

LeavesTroy.

city,

the Greeks, after

according to Vergil,

Aeneas carries off on his shoulder the aged Anchises, takes

the young Ascanius by the hand while Creusa follows
His wife Creusa in the
behind, and escapes to Mount Ida.
confusion of the siege

is

He

lost in the darkness.

appears

have remained on Ida till the second year of the war,

when, with a fleet of twenty vessels and a number of followers, he set sail from Troy in quest of lands destined by
He flrst lands in Thrace, and begins to build a
^j^g fates.
to

Wandei-ing
of Aeneas,

Lands

at

Thrace.

At

the

Strophades.

At

Sicily

but
Next he

city,

deterred

is

sails

by the ghost

of the

to Delos, then to Crete,

murdered Polydorus.
where the Penates

appear to Aeneas, and declare his destined home to be in

Again he sets sail
Italy, the native land of Dardanus.
storm
the
by
a
to
Strophades,
i.eueadia, and
driven
and is
n
rr ^
t.
Chaonia where he nnds Heleuus, a seer, son of Priam, and
k'ng of that country, who tells Aeneas to sail round Sicily.
The ships of Aeneas land in the country of the Cyclops Polyphemus, near Aetna, when Achemenides, whom Ulysses had
.

>

-x

<

behind in the cave of the Cyclops, advises them to

the land of Polyphemus. Guidsd by Achemenides,
from
flee
Aeneas passes Scylla and Charybdis and lands at Drepanum,

left

STORY OF THE AENEID.

21

where Anchises dies. He then starts out for Italy, but stress
weather drives him on the coast of Africa, near Karthage.
Juno aware that Rome one day would conquer her beloved
Karthage had an unrelenting hatred against Aeneas, and
instigated Aeolus to let loose the winds and wreck the Trojan
Neptune, however, interferes in time and calms the
fleet.
The Trojans had a sheltered harbor for the
troubled waves.
seven remaining ships and soon they land. They afterwards
discover that they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had
meanwhile despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a
kind welcome to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. Sur.
rounded by a cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates
go to explore the country. They see the towers ami walls of
the youthful city and are surprised to find their missing comUnder the guise of
rades holding audience with the queen.
Ascanius, Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast
Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the
of Dido.
of

fates

M Karthage

Mercury is sent to remonstrate

In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the
given to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for

had

in store for him.

with Aeneas.
order

is

Dido, through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the Dido kUUs
funeral pile and stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her ^^^^^VItaly.

body.

He

Drepanum and then for

games in honor of his dead Arrives at
While the games were in progress, some of Sidly a

arrives a second time at

nine days celebrates the funeral

father, Anchises.

the Trojan

women

fire the ships.

despairing of ever having a settled home,

Jupiter sends rain and puts out the

fire,

but

Aeneas leaves in Sicily

all the elderly people and all weary of roaming where they
found Segesta. The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae.
Then he meets the Sibyl, under whose guidance he descended Segesta.
to the lower world aud learns the full details of his future
Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had
life.
Lavinia, wJiose hand is sought for by Turnus,
daughter
a
not

till

after four ships are destroyed.

king of the Rutuli. The Latins summon allies from all sides to
repel the foreigners, while Aeneas obtains the aid of Evander

and seeks the assistance

absent,

the Trojan

camp

Turnus, and the Latins.

While he was
attacked without success by
Aeneas returns and displays his

of

the Etrurians.

is

prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and

Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.

^r^rs in
^<^2/-

CONTENTS OF THE FIKST BOOK OF AENEID.

2J

vn.

THE CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK.

The poet invokes the Muse

The invoca-

twno/the

Aeneas

o'er the ileep,

and

to sing of the wanrlerings of

his sufferings while attempting to

lay the foundations of imperial

Rome.

The

trials of

the hero

are ascribed to the unrelenting rage of cruel Juno.

Karthage, a city of Africa, was founded of yore by settlers

The reasons
hatrcT^^

from Tyre.

against the

cherished

"

'

M-33.

This

city, rich in

by Juno before

all

wealth and proud in war, was

She, however,

other places.

was apprehensive of its destruction because she had heard

that a remnant of the Trojans were sailing o'er the sea, whose
descendants were destined in after days to overthrow her

beloved Karthage.

The

slight offered to her

beauty in the

decision of Paris, son of Priam, the late king of Troy, and the

heaped on Ganymede tended to foster her

and she accordingly determii "Hi to keep the
Trojans away from Italy.

honors

lately

bui'ning hate,

The Trojans had

Juno's pro-

left

Drepanum

the port of

in Sicily,

where

Anchises, the father of Aeneas had died, and were dashing

^A^olus-

through the foaming brine with brazen keel.

Slt-SO.

Aeolus, the god of winds, and instigates

overwhelm the Trojans

to

him

Juno comes to
to send a storm

In case he carries

in the deep.

out her purpose, she promises the fairest of aU her nymphs

The storm

l.'^eiopeia,

as a wife.

Aeolus

lets loose

breaks forth: South,

the winds, and in an instant the East,

and South- West winds lash the waves into

80-12$.

fury.
'

Then

follow the shrieks of the sailors, the creaking of cables, the

darkening

clouds which veil the

sky and brood

o'er the

While

deep, the peals of thunder, the gleaming lightning.

all

things threatened instant death, Aeneas wishes that he

had died

at

Troy before

commanded by the

his father's eyes.

trusty Orontes

went

One

ship

down and

that

the rest

are disabled.

Neptune
ttorm:
12k-156.

Meanwhile Neptune, the lord of the main, felt that a storm

had been let loose, and great was his wrath, as he knew well
j^}^Q wiles of his sister Juno and her wrath against the Trojans.
He summons to him the winds, and upbraids their king for
his presumption in allowing them to have free scope.
The
sea is calmed by the soothing words of the lord of the sea.

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID.

23

The toil-worn crew of Aeneas make for the nearest shores, The weary
and turn to the coasts of Africa. There is a bay, protected
f^".'**.
by an island, affording a safe shelter from every wind, and in 179.
this Aeneas takes refuge, with seven ships saved out of
twenty.
The weary Trojans land. Achates strikes a spark
from the flint and tries to start a fire. The corn damaged
by the waves is brought out of the vessels, and bruised to
make a meal for the shipwrecked Trojans.
Aeneas, in the meantime, mounted a

some

cliff

of the tempest-tossed ships that

vessel

is

He

in sight.

lowed by a herd

espies,

of deer,

in hopes of seeing Aeneas

he had missed.

No ^ock-e%ie

however, three stags, each iol-de'r:

on the shore.

bow and divides the

Seizing a

arrows from his trusty henchman Achates, he lays low seven

'

He

the deer.

of

number

equally

shoots

"""'^*'\.

among

the

returns to the harbor and divides the surviving

among the

ships

one to each.

He

also dis- g^sf*'

wine which kind Acestes had given to the

Trojans as they were leaving Sicily. With words of cheer
he bids his comrades bear up under their hardships. Tliey
then prepare the meal and enjoy their repast, after which
tributes the

they talk for a long time of the fate of their lost comrades.
Juppiter, meanwhile,

was gazing on the realms

of Africa Venus com-

when Venus, with tearful eyes reminds "the father

and men" of the promises that he had uttered as

of gods

^^'"'"f, ^f

to the the promise.i

Juppiter bids her spare her fears, and of the

destiny of the Trojans.
decrees
her
the
of the fates are immutable and If!"^ "/ "^
assuring
that

Trojans
that she shall yet behold the Trojan Aeneas wage a great 22S-250.

subdue hostile tribes, build walls, reign in

Latium, and subdue the Kutuli. lulus (also called Ascanius),
son of Aeneas, shall reign in Lanuvium and shall fortify Alba
Longa, After a period of three hundred years. Ilia, a priestess,
shall bear to Mars twin son, Romulus and Remus, and these
shall found an empire to which shall be set, "no bounds of
Even cruel Juno shall join in
realm, no term of years."
as
"lords
of the world."
As years
Romans
the
cherishing
roll on Greece shall be subdued, and Honor and Vesta shall
rule the world and the dread Gates of War shall be closed

war

in

Italy,

for ever.

Mercury

is

sent from heaven to inspire in Dido, the queen Mercury

of Karthage, a friendly feeling towards the Trojans

shipwrecked on her shore.

who

are \aHh^30^

is

$97-

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID.

24

-Ail nig'it

Aenea*
vuets his

long after the meal Aeneas broods o'er his

woes and the

mother

lot of his

comrades.
,

As

own

soon as day dawns ho

determines to go forth and explore the shores to which he

had come in his wanderings. After safely mooring his fleet

S05-SSU.

under the shelter of a rock, he sallies forth with trusty

Achates. In the midst of a wood he meets his mother, who
was dressed like a Spartan huntress. Venus enquires whether
Aeneas had seen any of her sisters wandering there. After
telling Venus that he had seen no one, he hints that her look
is more than human, and that she is evidently of divine race
:

he begs her lighten their sorrows, and

had come.

Venm

tells

"^

him he

tell to

what land they

and then unfolds the story

how the queen, who was from Tyre, had a
^^ IDiilo's wiongs
husband Sychaeus, and a brother Pygmalion in wickedness far
beyond other men how the savage Pygmalion killed the unwary Sychaeus at the altarj how the young Dido collected some
companions, sailed away to the west and come to the spot on
which the rising city of Karthage was now being built.

Venus

tells

is

in Africa

mdo^s'^^

wrongs:

Aeneas
If

is

tells

tale,

Aeneas

name and his race. Italy is the goal of his

With twenty ships he embarked on the sea, the

tells his

wanderings.

mother-goddess guiding his course, but only seven battered

ships remain.

him that

whom

he thought
out twelve swans, with joyous
She points
^ost, will be safe.
^
hii]ipy owcn
and reveals notes circling in the air, so the twelve ships with full sail are
At the end of
either entering or have entered the harbor.
Ss7-Ul7'
his
mother,
recognizes
who
he
shrouded
prophecy
them
her
in a cloud, so that no one might see them, though they might
see all. She takes Aeneas and Achates veiled in this cloud

She announces

Keniis

to

his comrades,

draws a

'

to Karthage.
Description
?^?l*//f''*^*'

Aeneas, from the

hill

o'erlooking Karthage,

admires the

Numidian huts. Eagerly

the Karthaginians ply their work, some building walls,
some chosing sites for houses, and marking
others a citadel
buildings, where

lately stood rude

out the boundaries with a furrow ; others digging a harbor,

and others still laying the foundations for a high theatre.

Among
Aeneas
amines
temple:
iSO-iiO.

exthe

the throng he mingles

In the midst of the city

is

in honor
lJ^il(\illcr
"<*
xo a temple

still

unseen.

a sacred grove, where Dido was

of

Juno.

While Aeneas was

'

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID.

25

waiting for the arrival of the queen, he examines with scruti- walls of a
nizing gaze each object in the great temple.

Here he

sees i^i./^s,

depicted the scenes of the Trojan war, the crested Achilles

pursuing in flight the Trojans, the snow white tents of

Rhesus, the flight of Troilus, the procession of Trojan

women

going to the temple of Minerva to propitiate the dread goddess, the

dragging of Hector round the walls of Troy

these scenes and

many more were

all

witnessed by Aeneas.

Meanwhile the queen, attended by her

courtiers, enters the

Th''

queen

With all the graceful dignity of Diana, when

enten
leads the dance, Dido enters the temple and takes her seat as ^^^ temple
queen and judge of her subjects. Aeneas sees, also amid
temple.

slie <,g

the throng attending the queen, Antheus, Sergestus, and the

valiant Cloanthus, and other Trojans supposed to be lost.
Ilioneus teUs Dido that they are a shipwrecked

the Trojans on their

way

bable loss of Aeneas.

to Italy.

He

remnant

of Hioiieus, tht

also hints at the pro-

Dido assures them

and protection, and promises them that she

^*^f

y*"

of her assistance jaii^aA;.

will

send them to

520-578.

they desire it, or allow them to settle at Karthage.

As for Aeneas, she promised to send trusty men to see
whether he had been cast on shore, or not.
Sicily, if

The cloud which had enshrouded the forms of Aeneas and T}m mist
Achates now parts and immediately Aeneas shone forth in f^l%]^^
beauty amid the clear light, declaring himself. With grateful
heart he prays for a blessing on Dido for her kindness to his
comrades.

Dido welcomes Aeneas to her palace, which was furnished Dido welwith princely splendor for the approaching banquet. She eis-sis.
also proclaims a public festival.

Aeneas sends Achates to the

bring lulus (also called Aeneas

fleet to

ABcanius) to the city. Gifts also were to be brought from fuh^^*^

61^-656.
the ships as presents for the queen.

The wily goddess Venus, meanwhile causes Cupid to be y^mis subtransformed in form and mien into Ascanius, and accompany Cupid for
the faithftd Achates with presents to the queen.
657696^'
Tyrians, amid the joyous halls, recline on Amid the
the embroidered couches. The' gifts of Aeneas are admired
fe(ut

The Trojans and

Cupid embraces Aeneas and then Dido, and both ^'^^"^ '?'
spwes the
,1
1
ii
T7the Trojan leader and the Jiarthaginian queen are mspired queen with
^' *^^^-^^^'
with mutual flame.

by

all.
rr,

26
The

CONTENTS OF THE FIKST BOOK OF AENEiD.

liba-

^eationo/^iie
ffoils.-sonf)

723-756.

After the
'^''^^^'n

ao<l

the guests.

first

part of the banquet, the tables are with-

golden goblets crowned with wine are set before

The queen prays

tliat

'

this

day mav be long

remembered by the iynaus. A libation is then poured on

the table and the cup is handed to the courtiers of the queen
to drink.
The long-haired loijas sings songs taught him of
yore by great Atlas.
At the request of the queen Aeneas
is asked to tell the story of the Fall of Troy, which occupies Books II. and III. of the Aeneid.

iS-a-.

AM^^

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

p.

LIBER

Anna virumque

cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris

Italiam, fato profugus,

Litora,

multum

ille et

Vi superum, saevae

Multa quoque

I.

Lavinaque venit
terris jactatus et alto

memorem

et bello passus,

Junonis ob iram,")

dum

conderet urbem,

Latinum
Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae.
Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso,
Quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus
Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores
Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?
Impulerit.
Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii te nuer e coloni,

Jlu^v^^

Inferretque deos Latio, genus un3e

10

Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe

Ostia, dives opu^m studiisque asperrima belli

Quam

magis omnibus unam

Hie illius arma,
Posthabita coluisse Samo.
Hie currus fuit hoc regnum dea gentibus esse,
Si qua fata siau.nt, jam turn tenditque fovetque.
Progeniem sed enim I'rojano a sanguine duci
Audierat, Tyrias olim quae ve rtere t arces

Juno

fertur terris

15

20

Hinc populum late regem belloque superbum

Venturum excidio Libyae sic volvere Parcas.
^~"
Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli,
Prima quodjad TrolaTn pro) carls 'gesse rat Afgrs
:

Necdihi;.!

etiam causae irarum saevique dolores

'^5


28

p.

VERGILl MAKONIS AENEIDOS LIB. L

Excideiant aniino manet alta mente repostum

Judicium Paridis spretaeque injuria foimae,
Et genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis honores
His accensa super jactatos ae quo re toto
Troas, reliquias Danauin atque immitis Ach[lli,
;

30

Arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos

Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum. i--

Tantae niolis erat Romanam condere gentem.

Vix e conspectu Siculae telluiris in altum
Vela dabant laeti, et spumas sails acre ruebant,
Quum Juno, acternum servans sub pectore volnus,

35

Haec secum " AJene incepto desistere victam,

Nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem ?
:

Quippe vetor

fatis.

^ Argivum atque

Pallasne exurere classem

ipsos potuit submergere ponto,

40

Unius ob noxam, et furias AJacis Oilei ?

Ipsa, Jovis r^pidum jaculata e nubibus ignem,
Disjecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis.

Ilium exspirantem transfi.xo pectore flammas

Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto
Ast ego, quae divum incedo regina, Jovisque
Et sorior et conjunx, una cum gente tot annos

45

Bella gero.

'

'-

Et quisquam numen Junonis adorat

Praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet

honorem

.'"

7-

Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans

'imborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris,

Aeoliam

venit.

Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro

Luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras

Imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.
I Hi indignantes

Circum

50

magno cum murmure mentis

claustra frernunt

celsa sedet

.^

55

eolus arce

Speptra tenens,'mollitque animos et temperat iras

'^'*lNi'iaciaf*, maria ac terras caelumque profundum

Quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per am^s.'

Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris,
Hoc metuens, molemque et montes insuper altos
Imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo
Et premere et laxas scirct dare jussus habenas.

60

VERGIL! MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

p.

Ad qucm

I.

Juno supplex his vocibus usa est

"Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque honiinum rex
Et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento,
Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,
tuin

Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates

65

Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue piippes,

Aut age diversos et disjice corpora ponto.
Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae,
Quarum quae forma pulcherrima l^eiopeia,
Conubto jungam stabih propriamque dicabo,
Omnes lit tecum mentis pro tahbus annos

Exigat

29|

'

pulchra faciat te prole parentem." -^

Aeolus haec contra " Tuus, o regina, quid optes
et

7^

75

Explorare labor

mihi jussa capessere

fas est.

Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Jovemque

accumbere divum,
Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potcntem." ^x^

Concilias, tu das e pulis

Haec

ubi- dicta,

Impulit in latus

Qua

80

cavum conversa cuspide montem

ac venti, velut agmine facto,

data^ porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant.

Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis

Una Eurusque Notusque

ruunt creberque procellis

85

Afiicus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.

Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum,

Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque

Teucrorum ex
Intonuere

ponto nox incubat atra.

crebris micat ignibus aether,

oculis

poli, et

Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.

*f Extemplo Aeneapsolvuntur frigore membra
Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera,palmas
Talia voce refert

"O

mene

90""

tcrque quaterque bcali,

Ouis ante ora patrum Trojae sub moenibus

Contigit oppetere

<>h

O Uanaum

altis

95

fortissimo gentis

occumbcre campis
Non potuisse tuaque animam banc efifundeie dextra,
Saevus ubi Aeacidae telo jacet Hcclor, ubi ingens

Tydide

IliaciS

Sarpedon, ubi tot Simo'is corr-pta sub undis

Scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit."

100

&

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

p.

I.

Talia jactanti stridcns Aquilone procella

Velum adv^rsa

fluctusque ad sidera

ferity

Franguntiir remi

tollit.

turn prora avertit et undis

Dat latus insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.

Hi summo in fluctu pendent his unda dehiscens
:

^,

105

Terrain inter fluctus aperit

furit

aestus arenis.

Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet

Saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus Aras
Dorsum immane mari summo tres Eurus ab alto

lie

In brevia et Syrtes urget, miserabile visu,

Illiditque vadis atque

Unam, quae

aggere cingit arenae.

Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten,

Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus

In

puppim

ferit

Volvitur in caput

excutitur pronusque magister

;

115

ast illam ter fluctus ibidem

Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex.

Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto,
Arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas.
Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae,
Et qua vectus Abas, et qua jjiandaevus Aletes,
laxis laterum compagibus omnes
Vicit hiemps
Accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt.
Interea magno misceri murmure pontum,
Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis
Stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus et alto

Jam validam

120

125

Prospiciens,

summa placidum

caput extulit unda.

Disjectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem,

Fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruina
:

Nee latuere doli fratrem Junonis et irae

Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, deKinc

130

"Tantane vos generis tenuit

Jam caelum terramque meo
Miscere

fiducia vestri

moles

sed motos praestat

componere fluctus
poena commissa luetis. -v

Post mihi non simili

Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro

Non

imperium pelagi saevumque tridcntem,

Sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa,
illi

sine nujnine, Venti,

et tantas audetis tollere

Quos ego

talia fatur

135

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

t>.

Vestras, Eiire,

domos

ilia

31

t.

se jactet in aula

140

Aeolus, et clause ventorum carcere regnet."

Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat,
Collectasque fvgat nubes, solemque reducit.

Cymothoe simul

et Triton

Detrudunt naves scopulo

adnixus acuto
Icvat ipse tridenti

145

Et vastas aperit Syrtes et temperat aequor,

Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas.
/'Ac veluti

magno

in

populo

quum

saepe coorta est

Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile volgus

Jamque

\^

ministrat)

si

Conspexere,

silent, arrectisque

auribus adstant

forte

aninios, et pectorji

150

virum quern

gravem ac mentis

Ille regit dictis

arma

pietate

Turn

faces et saxa volant (fu^r

mu lcet

^7 ^r^J^-ov^S^

"^

postquam

Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora

Prospiciens genitor, caeloque invectus aperto

155

\Flectit equos curruque volans dat lora secundo.

Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu

Contendunt petere,

et

Libyae vertuntur ad oras^

portum
Efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto
Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos.
Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur
In caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late
Aequora tuta silent tum silvis scaena coruscis
Desuper horrentique atrum Ihemus imminet umbra
Est

in secessu

longo locus

insula

160

Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum,

Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo,

Nympharum domus

165

.p

j/i

t^l

hie fessas(non vincula naves

Ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancoia morsu.

Hue septem Aeneas collectis

/Ex numero subit ac magno
;

l^^''*

navibus omni
telluris

\/,}J~%X

t^

170

amore

Kgressi optata potiuntur Troes arena,

Kt sale tabentesjirtus in litore ponunt. NAc primum silici scintillamexcudit Achates

Suscepitque ignemToITTsTatque arida circum

Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam.

Turn Cererem c orrupt aqi undis Cerealiaque arma

175

32

p.

Expediunt

fessi

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

I.

rcrum, frugesque receptas

Et tojjere parant flammis et frangere saxo.

Aeneas scopQlum interea conscendit, et omnem
Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quern
Jactatum vento videat Phrygiasque bircmes,
Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici.

i8c

Navem

conspectu nuUam, tres

in

Prospicit errantes

litore

cervos

hos tota armenta sequuntur

185

longum per valles pascitur agmen.

hie, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas

tergo, et

Constitit

Corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates,

Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita

Comibus

arborcis, sternit, turn volgus^ et

Miscet agens

Nee

alta ferentes

nemora

telis

omnem

inter frondea turb

an

IQC

quam septem ingentia victor

humi, et numerum cum navibus

prius absistit,

aequet.
Corpora fundat
Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes.
Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes
Litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros,
Dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet

'
.

195

"

socii-jf-neque

enim

ignari

sumus ante malorum

passi/graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.

Vos

et

Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes

L^*''
2co

Accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa

Experti
Mittite

revocate animos,

maestumque timorem

forsan et haec oHjti meminisse juvabit

Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum,

Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas

Ostendunt

illic

fas

205

regna resurgere Trojae.

Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis."

Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger

Spem
Illi

voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.

se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris

210

Tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant

Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt

flammasque ministrant.
Turn victu revocant vires, fusique per herbam

Litore aena locant

alii,

Implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae.

215

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

1.

3?

Fostquam exenipta fames epulis mensaeque remotae,

Amissos longo socios sei mone requirunt,

Spemque metumque

inter dubii, seu vivere credant,

Sive extrema pati nee

jam exaudire

vocatos.

220

Praecipue pius Aeneas, nunt'.Ofbntl(^\

Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum

Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum.
Et jam finis erat quum Juppiter aethere summo
;

Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentes

Litoraque

2J5

et latos populos, sic vertice caeli

Constitit, et

Libyae

Atque ilium

tales

defixit

lumina regnis.

jactantem pectore curas

Tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentes

Adloquitur Venus " O, qui res hominumque
:

deumque
230

Aeternis regis imperils et fulmine terres,

Quid mens Aeneas in te committere tantum,

Quid Troes potuere, qu^ibus tot funera pa^sis,
Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ?
Certe hinc

Romanes

olim, volventibus annis,

Hinc fore ductores revocato a sanguine Teucri,

Qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent,

235

quae te, genitor, sententia vertit ?

Hoc equidem occasum Trojae tristesque ruinas

Pollicitus

Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens

Nunc eadem

Insequitur. :-jQuem das finem, rex

Antenor

fortuna viros tot casibus actos

240

magne, laborum

~^-

potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,

niyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus

Regna Liburnomm, et fontem superare Timavi,

Unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis
^lt mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti.
Hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit
T.eucrorum, et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit
Troia

nunc placida compostus pace

quiescit

Nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus annuls arcem,

Navibus, infandum amlssis, unius ob iram yi/
!

250

Prodim ur, atque Italis longe disjungimur oris.

Hie pfetatis honos ? Sic nos in sceptra reponis
3

24.5

?"


"M

VEHGILI MAUON'IS AENEIDOS LIE

p.

Olli

hominum

subridens

I.

deorum

sator atque

Voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat,

255

Oscula libavit natae, dcliinc talia fatur

" Parce metu, Cytheiea
manent immota tuorum
:

Fata

tibi

cernes

urbem

et

promissa Lavini

><

Moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli

Magnanimum Aenean
Tlic

neque'me sententia vertit.

quando haec te cura rcmoidct,
volvens fatorum arcana movebo)

260

(fabor enim,

tibi

Longius et
Bellum ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces
Xontundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet,
Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas,

265

Ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis.

At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen lyip
'

Additur

Ilus erat, dum res

stetit Ilia

regno

magnos volvendis mensibus orbes

Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini
Transferet, et longam muUa vi muniet Alba n.
Hie jam ter centum totos regnabitur annos

Triginta

Gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos

Marte gravis geminam partu dabit Ilia prolenv ^'
Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus
Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet
Moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet.
His ego nee metas rerum nee tempora pono
Imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno,
Quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat,

270

,-

i'

275

Consilia in melius referet,

mecumque

280

fovebit

Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam.

Veniet

Sic placitum.

Quum domus

lustris

labentibus aetas,

Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas

Servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis.

285

Nascetur pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar,

Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,
Julius, a

Hunc

magno demissum nomen

lulo.

tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis

Accipies secura

Aspera turn

onustum,

vocabitur hie quoque votis.

posifis mitescent saecula bellis

29c.'

P.

Cana

VEUGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

Fides, et Vesta,

Kemo cum

LIB.

I.

35

fratic Quirinus

Jura dabunt dirae ferro et compagibus artis

Furor impius intus,
Claudentur Belli portae
Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aenis
:

295

Post tergum nodis, freniet horridus ore cruento."

*>-

Haec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto,

Ut terrae, utque novae patcant'Karrnaginis arces
Hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido
Finibus arceret. ^ Vol at ille per aerajnagnum

Remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris.

Et jam jussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni
Corda volente deo. In primis regina quietum
Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque bcnignam.
~^ At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens,
Ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque

no

305

Explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,

Qui teneant, nam inculta vid^, homjnesne fci'aene,

Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta'refcrre.
,-Classem in'cbnvexo nemorum sub rupe cavata

310

Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus unibris

ipse uno graditur coniitatus Achate,
Occulit
:

;'Bina
*

manu

lato crispans hastilia ferro.

Cui mater media sese

tulit

obvia

silva,

Virginis os habitumque gerens, et virginis

arma

^15

Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat /i^ijrtvtw

Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevortitur Eiirum.

Namque

umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum

Venatrix, dederatque

comam

dififundere ventis,

Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes.

Ac prior, " Heus," inquit, "juvenes, monstratc mearum
Vidistis si quam hie errantem forte sororum,

320

Succinctam pharetra, et maculosae tegmine lyncis,

Aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem."
Sic

Venus

et

Veneris contra

sic filius orsus

325

''Nulla tuarum audita rjyhi, neque visa sororum,

O quam
Mortalis,

memorem, Virgo.'' namque baud tibi

nee vox hqminem sonat. O dea certe
te

voltus

An Phoebi

soror.''

V.uA

an

Nympharum

sanguinis una

'

36
Sis

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

p.
>

7.

fclix, n'ostniin^iie

I.

,.''

...

'^

quaecumque, laboiein,

Icves,

Et quo sub caclo tandem, quibus orbis

330

in oris
;

Jactemur, doceas

igJnai^hominulTique locoruinque

Erramus, vcnto hue et vastis fluctibus acti

Multa tibi ante aras nostra cade^hostia dextra." __^
Turn Venus " Hand equidem tali me dignor honore
:

Virginibus Tyriis

mos

Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno.

Punica regna vides, Tynos et A generis urbem
Sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello.
Imperium DidoJTyria regit urbe nrofecta,

Germanum

fugiens.

Ambages

Sed

335

est gestare pharetram,

Longa

summa

340

est injuria, longac

sequar fastigia rerum^

Huic conjunx Sychaeus erat, dji^issimus a.rvh^ajy\^

Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore,

Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugarat

345

Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat

Ominibus.

Pygmalion, scelere ante alios in\manior omnes.

Quos

medius venit

inter

ImpfiJ^ ante aras, atque

furor.

Ille

c^ecus

at{ri

Sychaeum--

ariMbre,

Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum- Germanae factumque diu celavit, et aegram,

350

Multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem.

Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago
Conjugis, Ora modis attollens pallida miris,

Crudeles aras trajectaque pectora ferro

355

Nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omnc"

retexit.

Turn celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet,

Auxiliumque viae veferes tellure recludit
Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri.
lis commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat
Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni
Aut metus acer erat naves, quae forte paratae,
I

360

Corripiunt, onerantque auro

Pygmalionis opes pelago

1

portantur avari

dux femina

fict,i.^

)evenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis <-

_'

Moenia surgent^mque novae Karthaginis arcem,

Mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,

365

VEHGILI MAIIONIS AEiNKIDOS Lin.

p.

Taurine quantum possent circumdare tergo.

Sed vos qui tandem? quibus aut venistis ab

Quove

tenetis iter ?"

Quaerenti talibus

370

..

..

imoque trahens a pectore vocem

Pea, si prima repetens ab o: igine pergam,
;^^

Et vacet annales nostrorum audire laboriiriT;'

Ante diem clause componat Vesper Olympo.
Nos Tj^oja "antiqua, si veStraS for^ per aures

'

oris,

ille

Susjjirans

"

3^

I.

Trojae

nomen

irt,

diversa

pei"

/
375

aeqtiora vectos

.,

Foi^^jua

Libycis tenrpestas appulit ods.-0/\

."pum pius

Aencasiraplos qifi^cx'Foste Penates

,0^ /^'

Classe veho me.cimi, fanm sup^r aethera,notus^

Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab Jove

"<f

^,

(
^

380

Ipse ignotus,'i%ens, Libyae deserta peragro,

''Europa atque Asia pulsus."

(^

'

Bis denis Phiygium conscendi navibus aequor,

Matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus.
Vix septem convulse undis Euroque supersunt.

>
,

summo.

Nee

plura querentem

385

Passa Venus liiedio sic interfata dolore est

y "Quiquis es, baud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras
/ Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris uruem.

Perge modo, atque hinc

-Namque

tibi

te

reginae ad limina prefer,

reduces socios classemque relatam

Nuntio, et in tutum versis aquilonibusjictam,

^Ni frustra augurium vani docuere parente".\

Aspice bis senos,

lapta\i^es

390
,.

agpine cycnos,

.;

A^'X-'^

'^^
'

"^

Aetheria qiros lapsa plaga Jovis ale^aperto

Turbabat caelo

nunc

'

terras orahie~lbngo

30^^

Aut capere aut captas jam dcspectarc videntur

Ut reduces

illi

ludunt stridentibus

alis,

Et coctu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere,

Haud aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum
Aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo.
Perge modo et, qua te ducit via, dirigc gressiim."
^

^00

''

-^^

Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit,

Ambrosiaeque comae divinum

Spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit

Et vera inccssupatuit iWa

vertice

odorem

ad imos,

IIIp

ubi

matrcm

^o-

<(y<j

38

I*.

Adgnovit,

tali

"Quid natum

VERGIU MARONIS AENKIDOS

uiL;icntem est voce secutus

toties, crudelis tu

quoque,

LIB.

I.

falsis

Ludis imaginibus? cur dextiae jungere dextram

Ncn datiir, ac veras audire et reddere voces ?" '^
---Talibus incusat,

/At Venus obscuro

gressumque ad moenia Icndit

410

gradientes acre saepsit,

Et multo nebulae circun\dea^udit amictu,

Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset,

Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas.
Ipsa

Paphum

sublimis abit, sodesque revisit

Laeta suas, ubi templum

Ture calent

415

centumque Sabaeo

illi,

arae, sertisque recentibus halant.

Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat.

Jamque ascendcbant collem, qui plurimus urbi

420

Imminet, adversasque aspcctat desiiper arces.'

Miratur molem Aeneas, hiagalia quondam,
Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum.
pars ducere muros,
/Instant ardentes Tyrii
.Molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa,
:

-'Pars optare locuni tecto et concludere sulco.

425

Jura magistratusque jegunt, sanctumque sentatum. ^|>'

Hie portus alii efFodlu'nt liic alta theatris
;

Fundamenta

locant

a,lii,

immanesque columnas

Rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris.

Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura

430

quum gentis adultos

quum liquentia mella

Exercet sub sole labor,

Educunt

fetus, aut

Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas,

Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto

Ignavum

^j^ -\Kerve^pus_redolent ue thy Wb

.

"O

fortunati,

Aeneas

c^^^

fucos pecus a pracsepibus arcent

i

fr a grantia

quorum jam moenia surgunt

ait, et fastigia

435

mel la

"
!

suspicit urbis.

Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu.

Per medios miscetque viris, neque cernitur u]H.

7 Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae
/Quo primum jactati undis et turbine Pocni
[Effodere loco^rgnum, quod regia Juno

'

440
;

p.

VERGILI MARON'IS AENEIDOS LIB.

39

I.

/ Monstra'-at, caput aciis equi sic nam fore bello

\ Egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem. '"
liic templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido
Condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae,

445

Aerea'cui gradibus suiTgebantllimina, ;nexa^(jue

Acre

Hoc

trabes, foribus ca-do stridebat aenis.

primu''a in luco nova res oblata

Leniit, hie

Ausus,

primum Aeneas

et afflictis

i^-'\

timorem

450

sperare salutem

melius confidere rebus.

Namque

sub in^enti lustrat

Reginam

opperiens,

dum

singula temple,

dum, quae fortuna

sit urbi,

Artificumque ijianus inter se operumque laborem

455

Miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas

Bellaque jam fama totum vulgata per orbem,

Atridas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Acbillem.
" Quis jam locus," inquit, "Achate,
Constitit, et lacrimans
:

Quae

regio in terris nostri

En Priamus

non plena

laboris

460

sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi

Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt.

Solve metus feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem."
;

Sic

ait,

atque

animum

Multa gemens, largoque umectat

Jy
"^

ifc.'c^

^"''Hiis

^"^^

pictura pasci|. inani,

f^^umine voltum.

^liy^

+ u

yioeDaf, uijloellanteiPergama ciicnim

461;

/ I
q
^^f'V'-^^Ov^.
'

Hac iu^eraat Graii!^^emefetTr^j|ia j^ventus J^'^-'-^

Hac PnrygeS, instaret curru criST?rtus Achilles.
Nec procul hmc Khesi niveis tentona velis
Adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno

470

lydides multa vastabat caede cruentus,

avertit equos in castra, priusquam
Pabula gustassent Trojae Xanthumque bibissent.

Ardentesque

Parte alia fugiens amissis Trottus q,rmis,

Infelix

puer atque impar

cong;, res5ti's Achilli,

teuAxA AAA

Fertur equis, curruque jjasretre^upinus inani,

"Lora tcnens tamenj^h^krjfcrvixque

Per terram,
f.

et

\ ^v^
->-,

comaeque trahuntur ^

47

-^
.

^r^^.
n /\jA

versa puTvis inscribitur hasta.

liu^ea ad templiiuyjoi^.-fcquae Palladis ibant."'

peplumque ferebant ;

Crin?i5?rsniades pa^sis

Suppiiciter tristes et tunsae pectora palmis

480

'^

40

VKUGILI MAROXIS AENEIDOS

p.

1,115.

I.

^^"^^^

^o

fixos oculos ^ejsa tenebat.

Diva
^.Ter ciicum Iliacos rg^Dtaverat Hectora muros,

Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat

V~Tum

Achilles.

vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab

4S5

inio,

Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus a;nici

'fendentemque manus Priamum conspexit iner ncs.
Se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Achivis,

^Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma#<

Ducit Amazonidam lunatis agmina peltis

490

Penthesilea furens mediisque in millibus ardct,

Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula

mammae
'

audetque viris concurrere virgo.

Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur,
dum
Haec
Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno,

'^

Bellatrix,

"
495

Regina ad templum forma pulcherrima Dido,

Incessit

magna juveniim

stipante caterva.

Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per juga Cynthi

Exercet Diana chores, quam mille secutae
Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades ilia pharctram
Fert humero, gradiensque deas supereminet omncs
Latonae taciturn pertemptant gaudia pectus
^

500

\S

Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat

'^^^^aeptararmis,

solioqire alte

^-

^^
""**

subnixa resedit.

Jura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem

\Partibus aequab it justis, aut sorte trahebat,-

Qaum

subito Aeneas concursu accedere

magno

Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum,

Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo
~
'

510

Dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat orSs.

Obstipuit simul ipse, simul perculsus Achates

Laetitiaque metuque

Ardebant
'

avidi conjungere dextras

sed res animos incognita turbat.

Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti^

Quae

fortuna

Quid veniant

viris,
:

classem quo

litore linqunnt,

nam

navibus ibant

cunctis

Orantes veniam,

et

lecti

templum clamoie peteb.mt.

515

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

p.

Postquam

Maximus
"

introgressi et

coram data copia

Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit

regina,

novam

fandi^

I.

41

/\

520

cui condere Juppiter uil;cin-,

Justitiaque dedit gentes frenare superbas.

Troes

te miseri, ventis

Oramus

maria omnia

vecti^^

prohibe infandos a'havibus igncs,

Parce pio generi,

et

525

propius res aspice nostras^

NonVios aut ferro Libycos populate, Penates ~

VenimQs, aut raptas ad litoia v^rtere praedas.

Non ea

nee tanta superbia

vis aii'mo,

victis

Est locus, Hespeiiam Graii cognomine dicunt,

Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glacbae

nunc fama' minores

ducis de nomine gentem.

/Oenotri coluere viri

(

italiam dixisse

Hue

cursus

fuit

(.

x^uum subito adsurgens

m vada

caeca

530
;

tulit,

fluctu

nimbosus Orion

535

penitusque procacibus austris

Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa

hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris.
Quod genus hoc hominum ? quaeve hunc tam barbara morem
hospitio prohibemur arenae
Permittit patria
Bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra.
Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma,
^t spcrate deos memores fandi atque nefandi.
Rex eiat Aeneas nobis, quo justior alter
Mec pietate fuit, nee bello major et armis
Dispulit

.''

y*

540

Quern

si I'ata

virurn servant,

545

v^scitur kiira

Aetheria, neque adhuc cfudehbus occubat umbiis,

Non metus

Paeniteat

sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes,

officio

nee

te certasse

priorem

Armaque, Trojanoque a' sanguine clarus Acesles. v^/V VQuassatam ventis liceat subducere classem,
Et silvis aptare trabes, et stringere remos

"T

55

<\
I

Si datur Italiam, sociis et rcge recepto,

Latiumque petamus
Sin absumpta salus, et tc, pater optime Teucrum,
Pontus habet Libyae, nee spes jam restat luli

Tendere, ut Italiam

lacti

\At freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas,

555

42

VKROIIJ MARONIS AENKIDOS Uli

1'.

Unde hue

advecti,

Talibus Ilioneus

I.

regemque petamus Acestem."

;

cuncti sinuil ore fremebant

Dardanidae.

560

Turn breviter Dido, voltiim demissa, profatur

"Sol vile .corde metum, Teiicri, secludite curas.
Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt

Moliri, et late fines custode tueri.

Qiiis

genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat urbem?

Virtutesque, virosque, et tanti incendia belli

Non

565

obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Foeni,

Ncc tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe.

Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva
Sive Erycis fines regemque optatis Acestem,

mecum
Urbem quam statuo

Voltis et his

pariter considere regnis

vestra est

rsjjj

subducite na\es

Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur.

Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem
Afforet

Aeneas

equidem per

57o

\ZA^

Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo.

575

litora certos

Dimittam, et Libyae lustrare extrema jubel^oy

Si quibus ejectus silvis aut urbibus errat."

His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates

Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem
Ardebant prior r enean compellat Achates
q!^' Nate D^, quae nunc animo scntentia surgit
;

uC^ Omnia
^*'****

tuta vides, classem, sociosque receptos.

tin us abest,

Submersum
Vix ea

580

medio
:

dictis

fatus erat,

in fluctu

quem vidimus

ipsi

respondent cetera matris."

quum

585

circumfusa repente

Scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum.

1

RestititAeneas. clar^ue in luce

Osnumerosquet)^

similis

I'efulsit,

namque

ipsa

decoram

Caesariem nato genitrix lumenque juventae

Purpureum et laetos oculis afiflarat honores
Quale manus addunt ebori decus aut ubi flavo
Argentiim Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.
:

Tum

sic

reginam alloquitur cunctisque

repent?

590

VERGILI MARONIS AKNKIDOS

p.

Improvisus

ait

LIB.

43

I.

" Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum

Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis.

sola infandos Trojae miserata labores
(Jj

595

Quae nos reliquias >anaum, terraeque marisque

Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos
Urbe domo socias. Grates persolvere dignas
Non opis est nostrae, Dido nee quicquid ubique est
Gentis iJardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem ~^
Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid
Usquam justitiae est et mens sibi conscia recti,
Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt
I

600

qui tanti talem genuere parentes

Saecula

In freta

dum

fluvii current,

Lustrabunt convexa, polus

605

dum montibus umbrae

dum sidera pascet,

Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt,

Quae me cumque vocant terrae. Sic fatus amicum
Ilionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum

Post

alios,

610

fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum.

Ubstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido,

Casu dd'nde viri tanto"; et sic ore loquuta est

"Quis te, nate Dea, per tanta pericula casus
Insequitur? quae vis immanibus adplicat oris ?"
Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae
Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ?
"Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire,
Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem
:

Auxilio Beli.

Genitor tum Belus

Vastabat Cyprum

et victor

615
-

620

opimam

dicione tenebat.

Tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis

Trojan.ie nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi.
Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat,

625

Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat.

Quare agite, o tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris.
Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores
Jactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra.

Non
Sic

ignara mali, miscris succurrere disco."

mcmorat, simul Aenean

in regia (hicit

630

44

p.

VERGILl MAKON'IS AEXKIDOS LIB.

I.

Tecta, simul divum tcmplis indicit honorem.

Nee minus

inteiea sociis

Vil|[inti tauros,

ad

magnorum

Terga suimi, pingues

litora mittit

horrentia centum

c^tum cum

matribus agnos,

635

Munera laetitiamque dii.

At donius interior rcgali spIendidjiJuxu
,

'

Insti^U.ur njfi<^iisque pai'ahf dpnvivia teclis

Arte

labor.'ttae vestes

ostroque superbo

Ingens argcntum mensis caelataque

auro

640

Kortia facta patiLim, series longissima rerum

Per

tot-diicta virds antiqiir^

ab origine

gentis.

Aeneas, neque enim patrius consistere mentem

Passus amor, rapidum ad naves prafinittit Achatcm,

Ascanio

ferat hacc, ips^nique

ad moenia ducat

645

Omnis in Ascanio 'cari^tat cura parentis.

Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis,
Ferrejubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem,
Et circumtcxtum croceo vclamen acantho,
Omatus Aigivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis,

Pergama quum

peteret inconcessosque

Extulerat, matris Lecae mirabile

650

Hymenaeos,

donum

Praeterea sceptrum, llione quod gesserat olim,

Maxima

nataruin Priami, colloque monile

duplicem gemmis auroque coronam.

Haec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates.
">- At Cythere_a nova artes, novajpectore v6rsat
Consilia ut facicm mutatus et era Cupido

Baccatum,

et

655

Ascanio veniat donisque furentem

Pro
Incendat Yeginanij atque ossibus implicet i;.,ncm.
Quippe domiirn tiiTiet3mbiguam Tyripsque l.ilingues.
dulci

"

660

Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura re"cursa'.

Ergo

his aligerum dictis adfatur

"Nate, meae
Nate, patris

Ad

vires,

summi

te confugio, et

Frater ut

.-'

mea

Amorem

niagna potentia solus,

qui tela Typhoia temnis,*'"'J_

supplex tua numina posco.

eneas pelago tuus omnia circum

Litora jactetur, odiis Junonis iniquae,

1'

665

VERGILI MARONIS AKNEIDOS

p.

NoUl

tibi

et nostro doluisti

Nunc Phoenissa
Vocibus
Hospilia

saepe dolore.

670

quo se funonia yertant

baud tanto

Quocirca capere ante

Reginam

45

1.

tenet Dido, blandisque moratui^

et vereor,

LIB.

cessabit cardine reruni.

dolis, et

cingere flamma

meditor, ne quo se numine mutet,

a ''^Sed magno A^neae mecum teneatur amore.

,Qua facere idj)ossi., riostram nunc accipe menteni.

urbem
mea maxima

675

Rl^gius accitu cari genitoris ad

<j

Sidoniam puer

Dona

ire parat,

ferens, pelago et

cura,

flammis restantia Trojae.

Hui>c ego sbpiturh somno super

alti.

Cythera

680

'Aut super Idaliiim sacrata sede recondam,

Ne qua scire dolos rriediusve occurrere possit.

Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam
Wi**^i^ane dolo, et notos pueri inclue voltus

quum

gremio accipiet laetisssima Dido

Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum,
Quum dablt amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet,
Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno."

Ut,

te

685

Amor

Paret

dictis carae genit^cis, et alas

Exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit

.

r~^t

ttr-^

luli.

yenu,s' Asganio placidam per

v'^^^ririgat, et fotum gremio, dea

Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis

'

6go

membra quietem

tollit in

altos

amarcus ilium

Floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur umbra, ^"

Jamque

dona Cupido
duce laetus Achate.

ibat dicto parens, et

Regia

portabat Tyriis^

Quum

venit, aulaeis Jariise regina superbis

695

Aurea composuit sponda, mediamquetocavit.

Jam pater Aeneas et jam Trojana juventus/

"^^^
'"'
'i

Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro.

Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque

Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia

700

"

canistris

vilis.
i

Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam

Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates
Centum aliae, totidemque pares aetate ministri,
;

705

46

p.

VERUILI MAKONIS AKNEIDOS

Qui dapibus inensas

Necnon

ct Tyrii

LIB.

onereiit, et pocula pDuant.

per limina laeta frequcnles

discumb.re pictis.'^
\
Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum
V^X
Flagrantesque dei voUUjS simulataqiie verba
Pallamque et pictum croceo velainen acantho.
Convenere,

Praecipue
Expleri

toris jussi

infelix, pesti

mentem

N f^

710

devota futurae,

nequit ardescitqiie tuendo

Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur.

lUe ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit

Et

magnum

Reginam

falsi

implevit genitoris

715

amorem,

Haec

ocfculis, haec pectore toto

gremio
fovet, inscia Dido,
Haeret.et interdum
Insidat quantus miserae deus.x At memor ille
^

petit.

Matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum

Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere

y ^^y
iSj V

amore

720

jf

Jampridem resraes animos desuetaque corda.

Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque rciuotae,
Crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant.
Fit strepitus tectis vocemque per ampla volutant
^
"

Atria: dependent lychni laque; ribdf aureis,

72^

noctem flammis funalia vmcuni.

Hie Regina grav^i gemmis auroque poposcit
Implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes
A V>e\o soliti. Turn facta silentia tectis
" Juppiter, hospitibus nam
te dare jura loquuntur,
Incensi, et

'

7^^

$f^

Hunc laetum
Esse

velis

Tyriisque diem Trbjaque profectis

nostrosque hujus raeminisse minores.

Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator,

Et

et

bona Juno

vos, o coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes"

Dixit, et if^imensam laticum libavit

Primaque libato summo tenus

Turn Bitiae dedit increpitans
Spumantem pateram et pleno

Post

alii

proceres.

honorem

735
;

attigit ore.
ille

impiger hausit

se proluit auro

Cithara crinitus lopas

Personal aurata, docuit quern maxinius Atlas.

Hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores ;

740

p.

Unde

VKRGILI >tAKOXIS AENEIDOS

LIB.

47

I.

unde imber et ignes

Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones
Quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles
"*"
Hibemi, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.
Ingemuiant plausu -Tyrii Troesque sequuntur. ^i(^[
c-w
Necnon ei varlp nocterri sermone trahebat
Infelix Dido longumque bibebat amorem,
Multa super Priamo rogitans, super liectore jTiulta
^
/'*""'-'
^"^
Nunc, miibus Aurorae yenisset films armis
'T^'~
Nunc, qtiales'Diomedis equi nunc, quantus Achilles.
^*^/ "Immo, age, et a prima die hospes origine nobis
iToniinum genus,

et

pecudes

745

"

CUO^^-''-*-

750

"

liisidias," inquit,
'"

Erroresque tuos

Danauni^asusque tuorum,
te jam seprima portat

nam

Oinnibus errantem

terris et fluctibus aestas."

755

DESCENT OF THE ROMAN JULIAN FAMILY FROM

THE TROJANS.

Juppitcr=Electra

Scamander

Dardanus

Teucer

Batea

Erichthonius

Ilus

Tros

Ilua

Assaracus

Laomedon

Capys

Anchises = Venus

Priam
I

Hector

Aeneas
Ascanius or Inlus

48

NOTES.
1

Arma vimmque

Vergil
cano: "I sing of arms and the man."
observes the custom of epic poets by announcing his subject at the
outset : cp. the opening lines of the Iliad, Odyssey and Paradise
Lost arma may be used here to show the contrast between the
subject of the Aeneid and that the Georgics (cp. the opening line
of Georgic I. ), in which the theme, viz., the occupations of rustic life,
is announced.
Distinvirum, referring to the deeds of Aeneas.
" who of old from the coasts of
guish cano and cano
qui littora
Troy came, an exile of fate, to Italy and the shore of Lavinium."
primus
Heyne and Wagner, finding a difficulty in reconciling
the usual meaning of this with the statement of Antenor's previous
settlement, mentioned v. 242, make primus olini,
"of old."
Gallia Cisalpina was not formally included in Italia Propria till 42
B.C., and possibly was not considered by Vergil as a part of Italy
Proper.
Distinguish org aK-y, the land or district on the sea;
lj^us = pr/y/iiv, the land covered by the breakers of the sea ; ripa =
TxPV, the bank of a river.
.

ItaUam=ad

Italiam Vergil, with many other poets, sometimes omits

prepositions after verbs of motion
cp. Aen. I, 365, devenere locos ;
" But ere we could arrive the spot
Shaks. Julius Caesar I, 2
proposed. "/a<o may be taken (i) with profwjus as above, abl. of
instr.
or (2) with venit, abl. manner.
In what compound words
:

.short?
H. 594.5; A. & G. 354, d. Lavinaque others
read Lavliiiaque.
In scansion, if the latter reading is adopted, i is
^-*
consonantal, i. e. pronounced y.

is

3-5

pro

Latio: "hard driven on land and on the deep by the violence of

heaven, for cruel Juno's unforgetful anger, and hard bestead in war
also, ere he might found a city and carry his gods into Latium."
ille :
cp. Homeric 6 ys, not the subject of jactatus {est), but in
alto
apposition with qui.
ten-is
local ablatives
H. 425, note 3;
A. & G. 258, {. svperum=zsuperorum, scil. deorum. multa

Ille

passus, like jactatus, a participle, lit. "much, too, having suffered in

war also." dum conderet "in his attempts to build :" H. 519,
II., 2 : A. & G. 328.
The idea of purpose is implied. Latio in

Latium
6

in prose.

Unde = a

quo, scil., ortum est: "from whom (sprung)."

Some think
that the three stages of the growth of Rome are referred to, viz.,
the original settlement at Lavinium, the transference of power to
Alba Longa, and the final selection of Rome as the seat of empire.
The Latins dwelt in the broad plain between the Sabine mountains

and the sea, and traced their descent to King Latinus.

4

49

The word

50

vercil's Aiy.

b.

i.

cp. latus, nT^arvq, Eng.

Latini means the dwellers of the plain
for the loss of the initial mute, cp. laiix, jrAdf ; lavo, nXvvECv.
;
Vergil is incorrect in saying that the Latins were descended from
Aeneas, as they existed before his advent cp. Livy, i. i.
Their
chief town was Lavinium (now Pratica).
:

flat

Alba Longa was

the head of a confederacy of thirty

destruction by Tullus Hostilius, the leading
citizens were transferred to Rome, and became incorporated in the
common state. Many of the noble families of Rome, notably the
Alba Longa occupied a
Julii, traced their descent to the AIl)ans.
vi.penia (rt. MUN,
site prol^ably near the convent of PalazzuoJo.
to defend ; cp. a-fxiiv-eiv), the walls for defensive purposes ;
{7min-rus, also rt. mun), a wall of any kind ; varip s (rt. PAR, to
separate), the partition walls of a house ; mactrig a garden wall.
Rome at first occupied the
altae Bomae, "of stately Rome."
Afterwards the Capitol'me, Aventine, Esquiline, Coelian,
Palatine.
Also the Pincian,
Viminal, and Qu'irinnl hills were included.
Vatican, and Jau'iculan- hills, on the Ktruscan side, were brought
within the boundaries of the city under Aurelius.

Alhani patres

Latin towns.

After

its

mums

Musa :

Vergil, following the example of Homer, invokes the muse and

whole plot to the gods.
C'dlliopfi was the muse of epic
poetry.
quo numine lae.'io there are several ways of taking these
words ; (i) some supply, impulsus fuerit, "by what offended deity
was he (Aeneas) constrained;" (2) numine vol untate, "what
refers the

"T

purpose (of Juno) being thwarted;" (^) quo = qua de cau^ta, "for
what reason, her (i.e. Juno's) will being thwarted ; " (4) ob quam
laesionem numinis, " on account of what affront to her purpose;"
The last is
(5) "for what offencs to the majesty of heaven."
The first is objectionable because Juno has been
probably correct.

{yi_y^^
'"
i

'

mentioned as the offended

9

deity.

"or in what vexation;" lit. "resenting what." For

Quidve dolens
tot volvere casus:
case of quid: H. 371, ill. ; A. & G. 237 b.
" to run the round of so many misfortunes." For poetic use of
infinitive see H. 535, IV.
A. & G. 331, g.
:

10
/

the hero of the Aeneid is distinguished by the

Insignem pietate
epithet piits, which means that .hehad filial affeciion as well as
religious reverence.
He rescues his father from burning Troy (Aen.
adire, "to face."
also the gods (Aen. 2, 717).
For case
2, 723)
A. & G. 228, a.
of labores see H. 386.3
:

11

& G. 334. animis,

or (2) local ablative.
irae, the plural, denotes the various manifestations of her pa.ssions :
H. 130, 2 ; A. & G. 65, c.

Ivipulerit

taken

12

(i)

H. 529, I.
H. 387, A. & G. 231

indirect question
dative,

A.

Urbsantiqua: said with reference to Vergil's own time. Karthage

was founded probably about 853 B.C. Tyrii coloni: "settlers from
Tyre ;" the Tyrians founded also Tunes and Utica, near Karthage.

NOTES.
13

Italiam

51

longe: longc may be taken (i) as modifying; the whole phrase,

"over

Italy and the Tiber's moulhs afar;" or (2) longe

"the far distant Tiber's mouths." Italiam contra: what
H. 636, VI. What direction is Karthage from Rome?

against

distaiitia,

figure ?

Dives opum: compare df't'es ; d&cYn\e ojnim. What adjectives govern

sludiis: H. 424; A.
the genitive? H. 399, i. 3 ; A. & G. 2i8, c.
& G. 253: abl. of respect "in its passion for ;" see note on irae
Vergil here, no doubt, alludes to the experience
for plural, vs. II.
of the Romans in the Punic Wars.

14

15

Quam coluisse

the Romans identified the Syrian Astarte (the Ashtaunam, "especially;" unus gives to
roth of the Bible) with Juno.
superlatives, or to words implying a superlative force {inagis quam
omnes terras), an emphatic meaning; cp. (f; e'tg apLaroq "especially the best."
:

16

preference to Samos," lit., " Samos being

regard:" H. 431, A. & G. 255. Herodotus (3.50)
In scanning
mentions a famous temple of Here (Jitno) at Samos.

Same: "in

Pfy'habita

hi

in less

notice that the hiatus in Samo is relieved by the caesural

This especially occurs when a long vowel is in the arsis of
pause.
the foot
H. 708, 11. cp. v. 617.
this line,

17

Juno is rarely represented as a war goddess, though we have

instances: cp. Horn. II.
720-3.
hocfovetque: "the
5,
goddess even now strives, and fondly hopes that this would be the
seat of empire for the nations, if in any way the fates permit."
hoc is attracted to the gender of the predicate H. 445, 4 ; A. & G.

Currus

some

195.
342.

18

sinant:

ot intermediate clause;

jam t :m = etiam

turn

" even then,"

H.

529,

II.

A.

&

G.

at that early period.

Snl enim (cp. alia yap), ellipsis for sed {metuit Karthagini) enim,
Sec, "yet (she feared for Karthage) for she had heard a race was
dud: H. 523, I. ; A. & G. 336,
issuing Irom the blood of Troy."
:

present as

20

subj.

now

in the act of being accomplished.

" which should hereafter overthrow her vrian tc^wers ."

v."rteret
destruction of T^ jiith n gR (146 B.C.) is i-eferred to.
H. 491, i., A.
G. 286. oUvi may
everteret: subj. o't^^frnTpose
refer to either the past or future ; here it refers to latter : properly
"at that time."
(fr. ollus, ille),

Tyrias-arces

The

&

21

Hinc=a, qua progenii'. late rrgem = (by enallage]^ late regnanteTn

H. 441.3, A. & G. 188, d: cp. the Homeric evpvKpsiuv. belloque
superbum " tyrannous in war."

22

Excidio Libyae : "to destroy Libya ;" for the two datives see H. 390
Some read exscidio, but excidio is not for ezscidlo,
A. & G. 233.
cp. the forms ecfero, ecfari, ecfodio,
but for ec-scidio (ec, scindo)
volvere Parcas, scil. axtdlerat
there is
found in old writers.
The Parcae (rt. PAR, "to
reference here to the thread of destiny.
:

52

Vergil's aek.

g.

l.

allot:" cp. pars, portlo, t'-To/j-oi') were ihe goddesses of Miili and
three in munher, Nona, Dccuma, Morta, and so the
death
ari)iters of luinian destiny.
They were identified with the Greek
MoZ/jat {ueipo/iai, to allot), Clot ho, Lachesis, and Atropos, whose
Ciotho colum retiiiet, Lachesis
duties are included in the foil, line
cp. Milton's Lycidas
net, et Atropos occat
:

" Comes the

And
l'.\

- Metuen s

slits

blind Fury with the abhorred shears.

the thin-spun life."

"fearful of that ;" metuare . to dread with anxiety of some

future evil ; tiiiiej^, to fear an impending danger ; vereri , a respect-veteris belli
ful fear of some superior being ; formidare, to dread.
Salurnia, soil. Jilia, or dea, according to
the war against Troy.
Here (Juno) was the daughter of Kronos
the Greek thcogony.
:

The Romans, however,

by the Romans with Saturn.
represent no relationship between Juno and Saturn.

identified

24

(i)=-aduersMS, " against," or (2)=

here the town is put for the inhabitants=Here, or Juno, was worshipped
Argivis, and this for Graecis.
specially at Argos, one of the chief cities of Argolis.
prima,
" before all others," or some say, "long ago " cp. primus, v. 2.

-Ad Trojam
apud,

ad may be taken

"at."

Argis

25

NecJum animo

"nor had the springs of her anger nor the bitterness

:
of her vexation yet gone out of her mind;" etiam = et jam.
the motives of wrath ; the plural irae refer to
causae irarum
excidethe many manifestations of the passion; see note v. II.
rant "had faded ;" distinguish in meaning excido, excldo.
:

26

Animo
463,

in prose ex

I.

positum

27

animo

G.

205,

H. 412.2; A. & G.

alta

d.

b.

243,
repv.itum=al/e

"laid away in her mind ;" H. 425, N. 3

What

f.

&

A.

manet: H.
mente re-

(171)

A.

&

G. 258,

figure ?

Paris was judge in the contest of Juno, Venus,

Judicium Paridis
see Tennyson's Oenone.
and Minerva for the golden apple
" and the insult offered to her slighted
spretaeque formae
M. 549, N 2 ; A. & G. 292 a.
beauty ;" for obj. gen.
:

28

Genus invisam referring to the birth of Dardanus, the son of Jupiter

and lilectra and founder of the Trojan line. (See genealogical tree,
:

p. 48.)

29

rapti, scil.,

ad caelum.

super: "fired with this, too," i.e. by what has been said in the
super =i?isuper, "beforegoing lines: II. 416; A. & G. 245.
aequore why
sides," i.e. in addition to her anxiety for Karthage.
H. 425, 11. 2 ; A. & G. 258, f.
is the preposition in omitted?

His

30

Danaum what words are used in the plural only? H.

& G. j6. Danau7n the subj. gen. H. 396, H,; A. &
214. What words have um for oruin in gen. pi. ?
H. 52.3
& Q. 40, e. Vergil calls the Greeks Danai, Graii, Ar^ivi,

Seliquias
131

G.
A.

A.

Pclasiji,' Archivi.

Achilli

decline

NOTES.
'SlLatio

H. 414, N.

i ;

A.

&

53

G. 258,

a.

32

Errahant: " (had wandered and) were

2; A. & G. 277, b.

33

Tantae

erat

"so

vast a

work

still

wandering

was ; " H. 402

it

A.

;"

&

H. 469,

II.

G. 214, d,

&215.

Vergil,

34

following the usual method of epic poets, plunges the reader

medias res (Horace A. P. 148), the earlier adventures being left
The Trojans have now left
for the hero to tell in Books II. & III.

ill

The natural order for a connected

the port of Drepanum in Sicily.
narrative would have been Books II., III., v. 315, then Book I.
"did they merrily set their sails seaward."
laeti
in altum

35

laeti, because they expected soon to end

Vela dabant, scil., vends.
observe the alliteration, "the
their wanderings. spumas salis
foam of the salt sea ;" sal ; cp. aAf 77. acre, the bronze keels of the
ruebant=eruebant.
vessel = a?eis carinis.
:

36

Quum Juno secum,

"when Juno, nursing the unscil., loquitur:

dying wound in her heart, thus communes with herself."
sub
pectore, "in her heart," lit. "beneath her breast."
The heart was
the seat of intellect according to the Romans ; the lower organs
cp. Burns' Tam O'Shanter,
were the seat of passions. servans
" nursing her wrath to keep it warm."
:

37

Mene

victam:

539, III.; A.

38

Nee

"What! am

The

baffled?"

regem:

&

" and

aside from Italy?"

am

from my purpose, as one

denotes indignation here : H.
H. 413, N. 3 ; A. & G. 243, a.

to desist

accusative with
incepto
G. 274.

inf.
:

not able to turn the leader of the Trojans

H. 414; A. & G. 258, a.

Italia:

"because forsooth," ironical ; cp. 6t]kov. Pallas,

Athene (Minerva), from (l) tvclIIslv, to brandish, ox (2)
ndX^M^, a maiden.
Ne^nonne: H. 351, i. ; A. & G. 210, a.

S9Quippe [=qui-pe)
epithet of

Argivum
40

Ipsos=avTovg

see note on
:

abi. either of

41

v. 30.

"the crew themselves," opposed to the ships.

instrument or of place.

-ponto

etfurias : either "on account of the guilt and frenzy," or

ob noxam furiosam "on account of the guilty deeds
(by enallarie)
Ajax is said to have
committed in frenzy." With Oilei, sci\.,Jilii
offered violence to Cassandra, priestess of Minerva, daughter of
For another account see Ajax (Proper Names). Scan this
I'riam.

Ob noxam

line.

42

Ipsa: " she with her own hand."

deities

44

who

Pallas and Jupiter were the only

are represented as wielding the thunderbolt.

Pectore: abl. separation: H. 414, N. i ; A. & G. 243, b.

turbine:
abl. of means: H. 420, A & G. 248. sco^u/o : local abl. or dat.
H. 425, N. 3 : A. & G. 260, a.
.

54

vi:iuiiL's

ai:n.

b.

i.

cjero : " but I who walk with stately tread, the q-.iecn of the
gods, I, the sister and wife of Jove, with a single jieople so many
The language of
aH: archaic form of at.
years wage wars."
Note the majestic gait of Juno is
epic poetry alTectcd archaisms.
imitated by the spondaic character of the verse.

46

Ast

47

Et soror el conjunx : maiyi)fjTT]v alox^v

H. 379, A. & G. 256.

48

Gero: " have been (and still am) waging :" H. 467.2, A. & G. 276,
H. 457 A. & C. 105 h.
quisquam implying a negative
a.
adorat others
Distinguish quisquam, uUus and qaivis, quilibet.
H. 485, A. & G. 268.
read adoret
:

te

Horn.

annos

i6, 432.

II.

50 Corde
51

aris:

Practereaposihac: "hereafter."

49

We

H. 425, N.

A.

&

G. 258

II. 386,

A.

&

G. 22S.

f.

lines a lively personification of the winds.

The winds
place big with blustering blasts."
Aquilo
E.,
mentioned in the Aeneid are: N., Boreas; N.E
Eiirus; S., Notas or Auster ; S.W., Africus ; W., Zephyrus ;
N.W., Corns or Caurus ; N.N.W., /a^yx. Distinguish in mean-

have in the following

JjQca

austris:

"a

ing loca,

loci.

Distinguish

antrum: a cave or grotto, as a

tense v^nit, venit.
object with reference to its romantic appearance and
specus, a gap with a longish opening ;
cooling temperature
spelunca, a cavity in a merely physical relation, with reference to

52

in-

beautiful

its

darkness or dreadfulness.

We have

53

here a fine example of imitative harmony (onomatopoeia),

the hissing sounds of the winds being well represented by the suc" the struggling winds and sounding storms."
ce'jsive s's
:

54

frenat

" restrains beneath his sway and curbs them with

The picture of the winds may have
prison house."
been suggested by the Indi C'ircenses, at which chariot racing was
one of the chief features. Imperio H. 420 ; A. & G. 248. vinclis
what
et car cere =vinclis in carcere, or some sa.y = vinclis carceris

ImjX'.rio

fetters in his

figure ?

55

Illifremunt "they chaffing, while the great rock roars responsive,

Note the alliteration. magna cum.
rage round the prison bars."
murmure, a substitute for the ablative absolute.
:

57

Sceptra tenens = aKT]7tTovxoi: "sceptre in

iras: "rage:" cp. v. 25, note.
sions."

58

Ni

animoa:

"pas-

archaic form of nisi : see ast, v. ^?,.faciatferant verrant : the

A. & G. 307, h.^rquippc,
for impf. gives greater vividness
Note, W;r(e< is intransitive, "sweep."
"doubtless," ironical.

pres.

61

hand."

Molem

et

montes^^molem montium (by hendiadys)

tains." ?wa/*er

"on

the top of them."

"a mass

of woun-

NOTES.

62

55

habeas: "and gave them such a king as knew, v/hea

bidden (by Jove), by a fixed law either to tighten or to loosen the
reins."
quisciret, forsubj.: H. 497, I ; A. & G. 317.
premere,
scil.,
habenas or ventos.dare laxas^axare. jussus, sell., a

Regemque

Jove.

65

Namque

in prose usually etenim, introduces a self-evident reason,

:
"seeing that." Here the particle assigns the reason of her coming
"I have come to you, for, as you know," &c. divum
to him
rex Horn. II. 1.544 Trar^p avdpuv re deuv re.

65

Miilcere tollere=ut midceas tollas

H. 535, iv.; A. & G. 331. g.
vento must be taken with both mulcere and tollere. The ancients
seem to have thought that some winds calmed, while other winds
raised the sea.

67

Aequor

a kind of cognate accusative

H. 371.

II.

&

N. ; A.

G. 238:

cp. livai odov.

68

Penates

Ilium

the meaning seems to be that the conquered Trojans

and establish their religion.

Ihe
Penates are said to be victos, as their old home Ilium was destroyed.
Penates, Roman household gods, of which each family had its
own. These were worshipped with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth.
will in Italy perpetuate their race

Each city also had its Penates. Those of Lanuvium, the chief city
Afterwards they
of Latium, were brought by Aeneas from Troy.
The root of pe nates is from pa, or, pat,
were transferred to Rome.
"to nourish:" cp. naTJjp, Koai.g (^=-6TLg), r5e(T-7rdr-;/f cp. pater,
Eng. father. The word may therefore mean
pasco, panis, penus
the images of " the original founders" of the clan or gens.
;

69

Incute ventis : " rouse thy winds to fury ;" lit. "strike strength into
the winds," as if by a blow of his sceptre. submersas
"so that
they will be sunken," a proleptic use of the participle (cp. v. 29)=
obrue et submerge puppes : cp. Shales. King John, " Heat me those
irons hot."
:

70

Diversos, scil., viros,

scil., naves.

71

Corpore: abl.

72

Deiopea.

"the crew

specifica tion

If this

H. 419.

73

11.;

A.

&

G. 251.

be the correct reading, Deiopea

attraction, i.e., the antecedent

tive giwte

Others read diversas,

far apart."

cp. vs. 573.

is

Others

is a case of inverted
attracted into the case of the rela-

Tea.d

Deiopeam.

Jungam, scil., tibi. conubio to get over the difficulty of scansion,

consonant, i.e.=y.
some take this word as a trisyllable, making
propriam^perpetuam "and grant her to thee as your wife for
:

ever:" cp. Eel. 7.31.

75

Palchra prole
with facial

taken either
means.

as, abl,

(i)

with pareniem, abL quality, or (2)

56
6

vkrgil's akn.

Tuus

"thine

explorare:
optes

diooiest."

'.

b.

i.

whnt thou
task to determine
dependent question: H. 529; A. &
the

is

suhj. of

G. 33477

tu tu

note the emphasis : " '.tis thou who gavest me whatever

" the sceptre and
wliich I have."
sceptra Jovemqxve
the favor of Jove," or hy h&nAxniys sceptra Jovis, "the sceptre
derived from Jove." All kingly power came from Jove.

Ta

realm this

is

decline this word.

accumbere H. 535, IV.; A. & G. 331, g.
Vergil here ascribes to the gods a custom prevalent among the
Romans of his own day. The Greeks sat at meals as we do.

79

Epulis

80

Potentem: "lord," see note on Penates

399.3; A. & G., 218.

81

cavum latus "with spear-point turned that way,

Dicta, scil. sunt.
Note the allUeration. iJi.-,the hollow hill he struck on the side."

tinguish in

Velut agmine facto',

in.; A. &G., 248.

83

Data
For

84

"as

68.

in

banded array,"

abl.

" they swooped down upon the sea :"

H. 471, 11.; A. & G. 279 cp,
:

momentary

erreaKTiTpav.

Africa, or Gherbino.

EtflncfMS

the successive spondees well described the measured

tion of the

87

for

the change of tense is supposed to give vividness to the de" the gusty south-west wind."
creber proccUis Africus
Africus cp. y-i'i>, as blowing from Libya ; called by the Italians

still

86

419,

scription.

manner: H.

terra perjlant
"they blow a blast across the world."
(est).
case of terras, see H. 372., A. & G., 237, d.

Incubuere mari

Ruunt

H.

latus.

action of perfect, see

85

nimborum

meaning latus and

82

vs.

mo-

heavy surges.

rudentum: "then follow both the shrieks of the crew

and the creaking of the cordage. "^rjVwj/i what words of the 2nd
deck have the gen. pi. in um instead of orum? H. 52.3 ; A. & G.
md<ntes were the light hanging gear of a ship (roTreia),
40, a,
while funes (axoivia), were the strong ropes to which the anchors
were attached, and by which the ship was fastened to the land.

Insequitur

88

" suddenly the clouds blot from the eyes of the

oculis
dies, "light," probably the original
'irojans both sky and light."
meaning of the word ; cp. div., " bright:" cp. 6lFog, At F6q (gen. of
Zeif, god of the air), Juppiter (=DivpAter), Diana [
Div-ana,

Eripiuut

the bright one), "the

89

Incubat

moon."

"broods over."

Morris well translates

" Night on the ocean

lies,

Pole thunders unto pole, and still with wild fire glare the skies.
And all things, hold the face of death before the seamen's eyes."

NOTES.

atra

Of

"sable." Distinguish ater, denoting black as a negative

opposed to aLbiia, white ; nUjer, black, as being itself a
color, and indeed the darkest, opposed to candidus.
of

90

ail color,

Intonuere poll: "it thundered from po'e to pole;" lit. " the poles
thundered" polus, (ndAog), the Latin term for Trd/lof is vertex, the
end or axis on which, according to the ancient notions, the heavens
"and the heaven gleams with frequent
turned {verti). et aether
aethe.r, the bright upper sky above the clouds (ald^p)
flashes."
Here the distinction is, however, unaer, the lower air [a/jp).
observed.

91

Praesenlemque

mortem

"and

all

things threaten the crew with in-

intentant, note the force of the frequentative.

stant death."

from tempidum, dim. of tempus) "at once."

( = ea; tempulo,
frigore, "with a chilling fear."

92

Extemplo

93

Duplices: not

"clasped," as this was not the attribute of prayer

the Greeks and Romans, who extended the palms of their
hands to the supposed dwelling place of the deity addressed, but
"both": cp. the use of dLnlovq for a/j.(pu, 6vu Aeschylus, Prom.
Vinctus, 971, liTjSk fiot din'Xag bSovg, UpoftTjdev, npoajidTirig.
So also
duplex, said for umbo, uterque, of things in pairs
Aen. 7, 140
duplices parentes. palma, "the open hand": cp. 'Kakdjirj, "the
blade of an oar :" root, pal, to spread ; ;7a^o?% "I wander," and
pando, " I spread :" for d passing into I : cp. odor, olere ; dingtia,
lingua ; SaKpv, lacrima.

among

94

hidden
95

The meaning may be he brings bach

cp. Hom. Od. 5,309, et sqq.

Refert^dicit.

in his heart

to light thoughts

Quis contigit
"whose happy lot it was." quis=quibus. accidit,
of good or bad events
it happens unexpectedly, said
contigit, it
happens, said of fortunate events evenit, it happens, said of events
ante ora ; considered a happy lot, because
expected, good or bad.
:

their fathers

would see

their noble deeds.

scil., mortem, to die, as a moral act, in so far as a man, if

he does not seek death, at any rate awaits it with firmness: obire
mortem, to die, as a physical act, by which one ends all suffering.

96

Oppetere,

97

Tydide = Diomedes, who met Aeneas in single combat

II. 5,297.
"alas! that I could not have fallen on the Trojan
dextra
Tnene
plains and gasped out this life beneath thy right hand "
For the
occumbere, scil., mortem, or morte, or
case of me, see note, v 37.
obviam morti. campis, local abl. =itt campis.

99

perhaps " terrible in battle :" cp. Homer's deivbg (laxvv.

Saevus
Aeneas himself is called saevus in Aen. 12, 107. Aeacides:
Achilles is meant, who was son of Peleus, grandson of Aeacus.
:

58

vehgil's aen.

n.

i.

render jacet by " fell," a Iii>t()ric present, because we learn

from II. 1 6, 667, that the body of Sarpedou was conveyed to Lycia
by Sleep and IJeath.

Some

100

102

Simo'is

Name

decline.

Talia jaclanti

"as he

the other rivers in the Tread.

words :" dat. of reference :

stridens procella
either
G.
235.
;
384,
squall howling from the north," (Aquilone ^= ab Aquilone), or,
squall howling with the north wind," abl. of accompaniment.
ir., 4,

Avertit,
105 Dat,
104

note 4

soil.,

A.

utters these

&

e=aw6r<i<r (middle

force),

H.

"a
"a

" swings round."

" the prow exposes the side (of the ship) to the
insequitur mons : " close (on the ship) in a mass comes
on a precipitous mountain billow." insequitur, sell., navem.
cumulo, abl. manner, with insequitur.

prora

soil.,

waves."

106

Hi,

properly =i;jrj, "the crew," hut hy S!/necdoche=hae naves.

his
"to those the yawning billow discloses ground amid the
Distinguish unda, a wave, arising from the ordinary
waves."
motion of water ; Jluctus, a wave, caused by some external force, as
storms.

aperit

107

Furit arenis

"the seething

arenis : abl.
flood rages with sand."
" sand and surf are raving
:

Conington translates

of instrument.
together."

108

Abreptas torquet^=abripuit

et torquet: "has caught and whirls."

" hidden" by the overflowing sea in stormy weather ; in a
calm they were visible.

latentia,

109

Saxa aras.

110

The order

is saxa quae medili in fiuctibus {exstantia)

" rocks which (standing out) in the midst of the
billows the Italians call Altars." The saxa referred to are probably
Of these, the insula
the rocks just outside the bay of Karthage.
Aegimuri is the chief. Some say the Karthaginians priests used to
offer sacrifices there to avert shipwrecks on the rocks, hence the
Others say the Skerki rocks are alluded to, situated in
term Ara.
the shallow between Tunis and Sicily.

Jtali vocant

Aras

Dorsum summo

"a vast reef rising to the surface of the main."

dorsum, properly "a back" of an animal cp. x^P^C, properly a
low, rugged rock rising like a hog's back on the surface of the
local abl.
Ab alto " from the high seas."
ma7-i
waves.
:

Ill

"on the shoals of the

et Syrteii=in hrevia (loca) Syrthim
Syrtes." The Syrtes (so called from dragging in the ships j invb
Tov avpeiv rag vyag, or from the Arabian word Sert, meaning a
desert,) were two gulfs in Northern Africa, the Syrtis Major {Gulf
II. 547
of Sidra), the Syrtis Minor (O'ulf of Khabs). visu

In brevia

A.

&

G. 30 J,

"

59

NOTES.
114

Ipsius, scil., Aejieae.

Ipse like avrSc is often used as a superior, as
ipse dixit, said of Pythaof a leader, master, &c.: cp. avroQ hpa
goras by his disciples.
a vertice^=KaT' aKpr/g, " vertically," Scan
:

this line.

What words have the accusative in im^or em ? H. 62 ; A.

" the pilot is dashed away and
G. 56, b. excutitur caput
headlong is rolled forward." excutio, often used " to throw out" of
a ship, chariot, or from a horse. pronus, cp. Trpijvfjq opposed to

puppim.

115

&

supirius=^vTVTiog.

magister,

navis guhernator.

i.e.,

A^,

old form of at, and like the Greek drop, it joins a previous
tRbught to a new and different one : " whils t on the spot thrice

116

the billow whirls

illam, or navein^^r'wing

(scil.,

it

it

round and

round."

WJEt vortex:

"and the swift eddy engulfs it (i.e., navem) in the

rapidus, root rap: cp. dpTT-d^o) (by metathesis).
aequore,

deep."

local abl.

Oy\\% The

spondees describe well the labored movements of the struggling

rari
"scattered here and there.

sailors.

\\%Arma vndas. The

shields

and spears may be referred to as floating

may be merely mo;nentary.

for a while in the waves, or the p'cture

gazaOrjaavpdg, a prince's wealth.

120

Scan

this

Tell

line.

what metrical

figure is in

it

H. 608,

iii.

Decline Achates.

Qua=in qua
122 Hiemps. The p

121

nounce

local abl.

merely euphonic, because it is

cp. sumpsi.
laxis^'atiscunt;

is

s after vi

difficult to pro-

"through the

loosened fastenings of the sides, all (the .ships) draw in the unwelcome water and gape with (many) seams." imber properly rain
water: here;=//ia?-e
cp. Virg. Georg. 4. 115.
riviis, abl. manner.

124

Interea:

refers to a matter of some duration

interim: loathing
merely momentary interea, includes the time occupied from the
winds swooping down on the sea (v. 84) up to the present. We
may translate, " while this was going on, Neptune greatly moved
felt that the deep was disturbed with dreadful din."
What figure
:

in this line ?

125 Et-r-vastis

"and

waters were forced up (to the surface)

Servius takes stagna to mean the still
waters at the bottom of the deep.
vadis, al)l. of separation : H.
coinmotun: "moved" in heart, though
414, N., I ; A. & G. 243.
of serene countenance (/ilacidam caput.).
a/fo pros2nnens may
mean (l) " looking forth from the deep sea," where his palace was ;

from

that the

still

their lowest depths."

abl. sep.

(2)

the space over

"looking forth
which the view

o'er the deep," the abl. representing

taken : cp. v. 81 : (more correctly

is

vekgil's aen.

60

b.

i.

jrrospkere takes an ace. in tliis construction, as in

main," the dat.: H. 385, II., I ;

his res^ard for the

127 Urula
128

129

Tolo

abl. of sep.

aequore

Caeli ruina
is

H. 414, N.

i ;

A.

&

155)

A.

&

"

ir

G. 227,

c.

(3)

G. 243.

see note, vs. 29.

"by the wieck of lieaven." The violent storm of rain

considered as the downfall of the sky itself.
:

Latuere^fratrem

130

v.

"were unknown

to her brother :" with lateo

and

ace, cp. use oi /iavOdvu.

131

Scan

and

this line

tell

what metrical

figure

is in it

H.

608, in.

132

"has such confidence in your origin possessed

Tantane vestri
you ?" The winds were the sons of Aurora and the Titan Astraeos,
so that they were on the one side of divine origin and on the other
they were descended from a rival of the gods.

133

Numine

134

"such mighty billows."

Tantas mohs
audeo ? What others of the same class ?

"consent ;" from nno, "to nod."

:

135 Quos

What

ego, scil., ulciscar.

figure?

What kind
H.

637,

xi.

of a verb

3;

A.

&

is

G.

page 299.
136

"hereafter." Non may be taken (i) either with

with luetis ; the former is preferable: "you shall pay
Commissa lucre
another penalty for a second sin."
cp.

Post^^postea

simili, (2) or

me

irenpayfxiva Aveiv.

138

Non datum
of ocean

"not to him, but to me was allotted the stern trident

literally "the empire of ocean and the stern
saevum: "stern," as the sceptre is the badge of
:

empire,"

trident."

authority.

139 Sorte

Juppiter, Neptune, and Pluto are said to have received their

realms by allotment, a notion probably suggested by the Roman
mode of assigning the provinces at the beginning of the year.
:

140

Vedras: referring to the whole winds, though directly addressed to

Aeolus: "let Aeolus glory in his palace," literally
ill"
Eurus.
" give himself airs."

141

Et

regnet :
the winds."

"and

let

car cere

him
:

reign

when he has

closed the prison of

abl. abs.

" ere the words were spoken :" H. 417, N. 5 ; A. & G.

distinguish in meaning pldcare, placere ; j)erul^re,
h.placat
247,
pendert ; albare, albere j /ugare, fugere ; jacire, jacere ; sedare,

\i2Dicto

citius

aldere.

NOTES.

HlAdnixus,
1

+5

nnvihus

sell.,

"pushing against the ships."

Vergil does not seem to distinguish

abl. of separation.
cupulas, a high pointed cliff, affording a wide lookout (rt. scep ;

Scopulo

cp. CTKOTre/lof)

saxam, a huge rock of whatever form

down

in

cp.

nsTpa

the water and

" he makes his way through." Syrtis see note, vs. 1 12.
Aperit
temperat: distinguish the meaning of this verb with (i) dat., (2)
:

ace.

147

1;

rapes, a jagged cliff ; catites, a small rock

levat, scil. naves.
invisible to the sailors.

146

H.

385,

II.,

I.

The adj. is best taken

: distinguish in meaning levis, levis.
"and gently in his car he
^=lecUer, an adv., n\odiy\ng perlabltur
votis: part for whole [mjnech
glides o'er the top of the waves."

Levibus

doche)-=carru.

Ac

as when oft in a throng of people striie

multitude rage in their minds, and now brands
and stones art fl.ying ; madness lends arms." One of the best known
This simile reverses the order observed by
of Vergil's similes.
Homer. In 11. 2, 144, Homer compares the din of the assembly to
Vergil here compares the sea pacified by Neptune
that of the sea.
" Man reminds
to a violent mob swayed by some respected orator.
the more pictorial poet of nature ; nature reminds the more philoinar/no in jiopulo
lit. " in a vast throng."
sophic poet of man."
gnomic perfect H. 472.5, A. & G. 270, c.
coorta est

148-150

velati

"even

and the

arises,

fierce

derived from se, itio, "a going apart," i.e. "a riot :" for d
animis : probably a locative ; cp.
epenthetic : cp. redeo, prodeo.
animi discrucior, animi aeger.

149

Seditio

150

J^mque

" and
up to

at length

jam

implies the idea of a gradual pronimc, definitely the present. -faces

et saxa were tlie arms of a Roman mob, as the carrying of arms was
forbidden within the city.
:

gression

"

a certain time

Turn, correlative with cum ; v. 148

"then if, perchance, they
one revered for goodness and service, they are silent
and stand by with attentive ear." pktate (jractm nc vieritis. Some
quern: when is quis = aUquis? H.
say thit Cicero is meant.
455. X; A. & G. 105, A.forlf, "perchance," takes the indie, so
also foraan ; forlasse has once the indie, in Vergil, otherwise the
subj. ; forsitnn has regidarly the the subj.

151-152

catcii sight of

152

individuals composing the throng [vulgus) are

hence the plural.
The perfect is used to express
momentary action. adstant " they stand by." Note force of orf.

Conspexere
thought of

the

l5iCunctusfra(jor

Decline pc/agus.
prospiciens

"

all

the uproar of the sea

meaning
the calm deep."

Di>tingui-.h in

"looking o'er

is

at

once hushed."

cecldit recidit.

See note

aequora

vs. 126.

Vergil's

6'2

155

aen.

b.

i.

Ge,nilor^=NeptHnns pater seems to have been a general epithet of

a river or sea deity; cp. pater Tiherlmis (Livy, 2.10); pater
Oceanua (Virg. Georg., 4.382) pater Portiinus (Virg. Aen., 5.241).
So also Homer calls Ocean 6euv yeDeaiv. It was one of the dogmas
of the Ionic School of Philosoi^hers that water was the primary
element of all things a doctrine evidently held by Vergil. aperto:
"cleared" of clouds, i.e. "serene."
:

156

" and he lets his gliding chariot fly with

Ctirruque secundo
loosened rein," literally "he flying gives reins to his gliding
chariot."
cufru^=currui.
secundo: i.e. "following" his steeds,
hence "gliding."
:

"followers of Aeneas;" so the Athenians are called

Oecropidae, Thesidae, from their original leaders.
quae litora :
" the nearest shores ;" the relative here supplies the place of our
article.
cursu^rajikle, abl. of manner; cp. dpdjK^z^Taxv.

157

Aeneadae

158

literally " turn themselves."

Vertuntur = vertunt se
The passive
endings in Latin arose out of the reflexive forms of the active by
adding to the verbal stem with the tach vowel the ace. of the
reflexive pronoun which was for all persons
-se
e final was afterwards dropped, and the remaining form sometimes clianges s to r

vertor^=verto-se ; vei'teris=vertesi-se
A. & G. Ill, N. I.

159

Est

vertitur:r=verteti-se

H. 465

probably an imaginary place.

Some refer the descripKartliago [Cartar/rna) in Spain ; others to Neapolis.
" in a deep receding bay." Conington finely
in secessu longo
locAis

Kova

tion to

renders these lines

Deep

bay an island makes

haven by its jutting sides,
Wherein ench wave from Ocean breaks,
And, parting, into hollows glides.
High o'er the cove vast rocks extend,
A beetling cliff at either end
Beneath their summits far and wide,
in a

In sheltered silence sleeps the

While quivering

A
160

Objectu latcrum

which
161

;"

tide.

crown the scene

theatre of glancing green.

"by

abl. instr.

forests

the shelter of

H. 420; A.

&

its

sides."

G. 248.

s, "against
q uibu
'*
-'-

" and wave parts into the deep hollows of the

Inque reductos
bay." sinus, properly "a bosom," then "a gulf."
Cp. the
change of meaning of kSTltto^, Romaic y6A(pog, Eng. gulf. sciiidit
:

sese=: scinditur.

162

scopuU "on this side and on that huge rocks and twin cliffs
rt.
MIN, "to
tower threateningly towards heaven." minantur
minae, properly the gable ends of a house.
jut :" cp. mo)is

Hinc

IQ'iiLate

"

iar

and wide."

NOTES.
164

Aequora

silent;

"

the calm sea

lies

fi3

and

safe

still,"

lit.

"the calm

futa may, however, mean

safe (from the winds), is still."
safe for ships."
turn
coruscis : " then a background of waving

sea,

"
woods."

scaena: cp. cktjvi], the background of the Roman theatre,

the circular form of the bay (sinus) having suggested the idea of the
Distinguish sllva, a wood in a
pit [cavea).
silvis: abl. quality.
nemus, a pleageneral sense, with reference to the timber=:5i/l7/
sant place, a grove = i'o//(5f.

166

antrum:

"beneath the brow (of the cliff) facing (the entrance of the harbour) is a cavern (formed) of hanging rocks."
with antrum supply est.
scopidis, abl. of description.

Fronte

167

Aquae
"

salt

dulces

" springs of

;" opposed to aquae amarae,

" of native (i.e. unhewn) rock,"

water

fresh

vivo saxo

water springs."

abl. of description.

168

Nonulla=^nulla.

The calmness

the raging of the sea.

dowed with

life

of the harbour is contrasted with

the ships are spoken of as if en-

Komeo and

Shaks.

cp.

fessas

Juliet

"thy

sea-sick

weary bark."

morsu: "with its crooked bite." Vergil here is guilty of

anachronism. Anchors were not in use in the Homeric ships,
which had large stones (ewai, sleepers) to steady them.

169

Unco

170

Septem: the original number was 2o in all (vs. 381).

The seven
were made up oi three Jrovi the reef (vs. 108), three from the sand
bank (vs. 110), and his own. --collectis
"mustered." navibus
abl. of accompaniment, or abl. abs.
:

171

Subit : "enters." amore^desiderio:

absent or wanting.

172

Egressi, scil., ex navibus: "having disembarked;" cp. EK^aivu,

arena: what other case does potior
often used with /c vz/of omitted.

govern? H. 410,
173

Et

ponunt

with brine
yj^r-Silici

:"

" from

v. 3

" and they

A.

&

G. 223,

stretch

for dat

flint ;"

something

a.

on the shores

same

tah-es, tah-esco

"longing," for

root as

H. 385.4

their limbs

r?//c-w

A.

&

by

drenched

laliialism.

G. 229,

c.

"and nursed the fire amid the leaves :" H. 420 ;

115 Siiscepitquefoliis
"and besides he placed around (the
A. & G. 248. atque dedit
dedit may be by tviesis=:
fire, i.e., ignem) dry chips ;" or circum
circumdedit, scil., igni. The original meaning of dare (cf. with root
DA, de in Ti-OTi-jj.i) is "to place."
:

n6 Rapuitqueflammam.

Servius says rap^dt 1= raptim fecit, "and

quickly he started a blaze among the touchwood "
Heyne makes

64

Vergil's

akn.

I3.

l.

rapuU=raplim

excrpit, proliably meaning tliat the fire started by

rubbing together the dry pieces of wood and then quickly placing
the fire around the tinder.

" the corn damaged ;" note the metonymy : so

:
" the vessels of Ceres," may refer to the
Cerealia arnia
hundmill (saxa), kneading trough, etc.

177 Cererem corruptam

vs. 215.

Ecpediunti "they fetch," out of the ships. fessi rerum, either

"weary with the world," or rerum =^ eruiii adi!erm7~um, "weary
with their misfortunes:" H. 399-3; A. & G. 218, c. receptun :
"recovered" from the sea,

178

Scopalutn,

180

SPEC-cT/ce-,

181

properly, "a look-out j"

by metathesis.

cp.

aK6Keh)g,

Lat.

Specula,

Pelago, see

note on alto, vs. 126 ; the abl. of the space moved over
"o'er the deep." Antheavideat lit. "if he can see
any Antheus," i.e., "if he can anywhere see Antheus " It may
also be taken, " in the hojie that he may see some tempest-tossed
(hark of Antheus." For Anthea quem^^Anthei quam (iiavem): cp.
.^n. 2.31 1 ; jam proximus ardtt (Jcalegoii=jam proxima ardet
domus Ucalegontis. For mood oiindeat: H. 529, u. i A. & G.
Vergil is guilty of an anachronism here, as no
334, f.biremes
such ships existed in the Homeric era.
in vision

Arma,

183

shine

184

shields arranged

on the stem which would

the sun-

flash in

cp. .^n. 8. 92.

Some have raised the question whether deer are found

in Africa.

properly, "ploughing cattle," i.e., "oxen," but often

to horses (JEn. 3. 540) ; to apes
applied to other kinds of animals
(Pliny 7, 2) ; to sea monsters (Georg. 4. 395). jumeutum (=jug-

Arm^nta

185

mentum)

Hie

186

190

"draft cattle."

distinguish in

Sternit

meaning

hlc, hic,

"he lays low." vulgus, said of beasts, cp. Georg. 3, 469

et turbam
"and driving with his shafts the
valgus incantam.
whole herd (of deer), he disperses them amid the leafy woods."

Prius quam, denotes

192

aeqiiet

" nor

purpose: hence the subj. \n fundat. prlus

till he stretches on the sod seven great victims

stays he

and thus has a number equal to that of the ships." priu-i quam
H. 520, 2 ; A. & G. 327, a. humi what other words are used in
the locative ? H. 426, 2 ; A. & G. 258, d.
:

194
195

Partitur,

Vina

sci'.,

irraedam.

cadis onerarat, by hypallage=i)ino cados onerarat.

Scan this line, and tell what metrical figure in it.
join with keros.
dividit.

deinde
bonus,

NOTES.

65

called hy the Greelcs BpiraKpia^ TpivaKpia,

three promontories (rpcig a/cpa/i, and by the
Romans Triqiietra. The promontories are I'elorus (Fuj o), Pachynum {Passara), Lilybaeuro {Bona, or Marsala).

Trinacria.

196

Sicily

from

TpivaKpig,

\\n<:

its

Neqiie malorum: either " for we are not ii^norant of our former
misfortunes," taking ante malontm^ruv vplv Kanuv
or, " for we
have not been formerly ignorant of misfortune," taking ante sumus

198

=7ra/\ai ea/uiv.

graviora "O ye who have suffered heavier woes."

199

200

Sci/llaeam rahiein (by eiiaUage)^Sci/Uain rabid a

"the raging
Scylla :" cp. Herculeus labor, (ih] 'HpaKh/eiT/.
penitus sonantes
"resounding through their caverns," or "deep sounding." The
reference is to Charybdis.
The onomatopoeia well imitates the
hissing sound of the seething whirlpool.

20\ A ccestli^=accessistis "you drew near." For similar cases of syncope,

:

extinxem, extinxti, traxe, vixet

H. 235.3 ; A. &
G. 128, b. Cyclopea saxa, referring to the cave of Polyphemus.
The usual quantity is Cyclopeus, not Vyclopeus cp. Aen. 3.569.
in Vergil

cp.

juvabit
"this, too, sometime we shall haply remember
with delight;" eliptical for fors sit an ; lit., "the chance maybe
whether," i.e., "perhaps," H. 485 ; A. & G. 311, a. See note on
olim, here = aliquando in prose
see note, vs. 20.
forte, vs. 151.

203

Forsan

204

Discrimina rerum=^res periculosas.

ing point

root KRI,

discrimen

properly, the turn-

"to decide" or "to separate;" cerno

"we

Kpivu.

205

Tendimus,

206

" 'tis heaven's

Ostendunt : "promise." fas est,
will."/as
"
to declare": cp. fari, (prj/ii ; fatum, (pvju^.
FA,

207

Durate=TXvTe

208

Distinguish

scil., iter:

in

pursue our course."

"bear up."

meaning

rebiis

voces, vdces

dat.,

H.

384,

refert, refert.

A.

11.;

& G.

root

225.

Morris rendei"s

this passage:

So spake his voice, but his sick heart did mighty trouble rack.
As, glad of countenance, he thrust the heavy anguish back.

209

"hope in his look he feigns." vuUu: abl.

Distinguish simulare, to feign what you are not dissimulare,
not to shew what you actually are. premit dolorcm: "he holds
hidden deep in his heart his grief." corde : local abl.

Spent simulat vuliu

instr.

210

"busy themselves."
lit, "gird themselves," i.e.,
toga of the Romans, hanging loose, had to be tucked up for an
active task.
Hence, succinctiis, accinctus, "active."

Se accingunt

The

66
Jll

Vergil's aen.

b.

-Vergil was well versed in the ceremunial rites of the Roman religion.
The minuteness of the description is paralleled by Horn. II., 1.458costis: abl. separation.
vUcera, properly, the great internal
473.
organs, as the heart, liver, &c., but also applied to the flesh in
general, or to anything beneath the skin.

212

Pars

secantfigunt

veribus

abl.

instr.

what figure? H. 438.6 ; A. & G. 205, c.

trementia,
scil.,
viscera.Jig unt~ trans-

figunt.

213

" the bronze pots." Vergil is here guilty of an

Aena, scil., vasa
anachronism. Homer's heroes knowing nothing of boiled meat.
The hot water may have been for the bath taken before the meal
:

began.

214

"with food thjy

vires:
"stretched."

Victu

repair

their

strength."

fusi,

see note vs. 177 : H. 409, v. i

A. & G. 248, C. R.
see note vs. 158 ; H. 465 ; A. & G. ill.
N. i.ferinae, scil., carnis: "venison:" cp. agnina, "lamb;"
hovina, "beef;" vituUna, "veal." /era is etymologically the
same as Gr. 6r]p, German thier, Eng. deer, which was once a
generic term, as is each of its Aryan equivalents.

215 Bacchi^vini

imj)lentur=:se implent

216

;'

Postquam epulis " after hunger was appeased by the feast." Decline fames and ejmlum.
For tense of exemta est H. 471, 4 A.
& G. 324. Vergil is thinking of the customs of his own day, when
:

the tables were brought in and taken out.

shipwrecked Trojans had any tables at all.

217

It is

not likely that the

Amissos requirunt " they talk with lingering regret of their lost
comrades in many words." requiro, to ask about something
:

needed.

218

219

in the
Spent inter: anastrophe.
dubii,
"wavering." seu sive
pre-Augustan period we find sive xive, seu seu, but after that
crtdant : fl. 486, 11.;
time we generally find seu sive, siveseu.
A. & G. 334, b.

Extrema pati " to have suffered their final doom," a euphemism

"and that they no longer hear when
for moH.
nee vocatos
The reference is to the conclamatio, i.e. calling the dead
called."
by name, and also shouting vale, or have.

220

Orontei

221

Secwm

222

Aethere

223

Finis

decline this word.

"by

himself," not in sight of his comrades.

abl. separation

H. 413

A.

&

the end of the day, or of the feast.

G. 243.

NOTES.

67

i24

" hioking down upon." Oiheri reTiA dix/nciens, "l(ji>kDcspiciens

ing abroad." veiivolutn : " alive with flittinjj sails."

225

Sic

const kit

"even

Homeric

cp. use of

so took he his stand on

Kal, kqI

" on the realms "

apeak

'226

Regnis

227

Tales euros

228

Tristior=subtrlstis
"sadder than was her wont :"
& G. 93, a. oculos H. 378 ; A. & G. 240, c.

" such

cares

of heaven

;"

Sr/.

(dat. or abl.).

''

as

became

the ruler of the world.

H. 441,

i ;

A.

230- -Fulmine the lightning that strikes the earih Kcpawog

gleam of the lightning=:dCT-pa/r7.
:

231

-.

fulgur, the

orhls : " what sin so heinous could my Aeneas have committed

against thee, what sin, the Trojnns, to v. hom, after suffering so many
hardships, the whole orld is closed on account of Italy:" cunctus,
for co-jtiiictus ox co-vinclu<.
ob Italiam: to prevent their coming
to Italy.

Quid

234

/er^e

distinguish cn-to, a parti :Ie of afTiiTnation joined with scio,

:
"surely," " certainly," and ci'vti', which moMlies a statement, "at
least," joined to any verb
Join with pollicitu.i, soil., es.
hi}ic-

either a repetition, (2) or, there are two clauses : /wrac

Romanos fore, hiiic durtores fore a samjutne Teucri. volveniibus
annli : cp. Homer's TTEpi-'/Muevuv iviavruv.

hitic

236

is

(i)

tenerent:

Qui

tion

H. 493

237 PoUicitus,
238

Hoc

"shall hold," imperf. subj. of virtual oblique nanai

A.

&

G. 286.

scil., es.

" by

this," abl. of

means

referring to the promise mentioned

befoio.

239

" balancing fates by opposing fates ;" strictly

Fafls^rejyendens
contraria is an inverted epithet =co<rarJi^-. fatis
the downfall
of Troy is compensated by the hope of reaching Italy.
:

ados

" harassed by so many woes."

240

Tot

242

^fedits Adiiris: "escaping from the midst of the Greeks." Sophocles represents Antenor as having escaped by collusion from Troy,
the Greeks having s]iaied hi% life as he conco ted a jlan to deliver
Troy into their hands. Some say he survived the fallen city, and
founded there a new kingdom ; others, that he scitkd iruLibya.

243

Penetrare: "coasted along."

68

Vergil's

245 Per ora norcm

aev.

b.

i.

the '1 iinavus rises nlioiit n mile from its mouth at

Between the four.lain of the river
the hend of the Adriatic sea.
and ilie outlet are several subtcrrancui ch.mnels, throut;h which the
sail water of the sea is forced back by a storm, breaking out at the
fountain through seven holes or crevices in the rock, and overflowing
the channel of the river.

246

It

proruptuiyi

"the sea comes

(l)

247

Tamen

rolls as

"in

&

up;"

bursting:

a dashing sea ;" (3) " it

sea ;" pru7-uptum, a supine in this last.
pehnjo, "surge."
natural explanation.

Timavus)

spite of all his dangers.'"'

rolls to

The

(2) "it (the

break upon the

first

is

the most

urhem Patavi: H. 396,

In Vergil's day Patavium (now Padua) was

the fourth city of the empire in wealth, ranking next to Rome,
The Veneti, or Heneti, are said to
Alexandria, and Gades {Cadiz).
have come from P.aphlagonia to Italy ; others say they were Kelts.
VI.

248

A.

Fixit

f.

hung them up

i.e.,

G. 214,

in the

temple as a token of his wars being

over.

249

Nunc qtiiescit: " now

reposing, he rests in peaceful sleep."

com-

Some say that compostus

referring to his toils being over.
refers to Antenor's death ; cp. eKTitHvaicomponere, to stretch out
a body for burial.
ponius

250

i.e., Venus and her son Aeneas.

adnuo : cp. Karavevu, to nod
the head down, to give assent ; deniio dvavcvu, to nod the head
caeli arcein : Aeneas was worshipped as one of the
up, to dissent.
Aen. 12, 794: Livy, 1.12.
JL)ei indigetes

Nos,

251

Infandum
unius

" Oh, horror unspeakable

i.e.

"

are forsaken " by Juppiter,

252

Prodimur

25.3

Hie, agreeing with the predicate AoKOs

to piety:" H. 445.4, A. & G. 195, d.

254 OUi =^iUi

H.

force of sub

H. 381, A. & G. 240, d.

:"

of Juno.

"is

this

186, in., i. ; A. & G. 100, d.

cp. that of vtto\\\ VTroyeTidv.

the reward

shown

Subride.ns: with the

The majestic spondees give dignity the look of Jove.

256 Scan
and name the metrical figure in
see note,
131.
A. & G. 68,
ytherea: adjective fem.,
257 ^fe/u -metui H. 116
255

to

this line

it

iv.

vs.

from Cythera see note on Lavini, next line. Venus was so called
because she was worshipped at the island of Cythera (now Cervjo).
Her worship was probably a remnant of the old Phoenician
worship of Astarte, who was afterwards identified with Venus and
Juno.
;

"

NOTES.
258

Tibij

"according

ethical dative,

urbem

236.

here; in

vs.

69
your wish

to

:"

H. 389

moenia(hy hendiadys)

et

2: Ldvina

A.

&

G.

urbls moenia.
Lavlni
Such variations in quantity are

(adj.).

frequent in the case of proper names.

259

Sublimem

260

Maqnanimum

261

Hie

"on

high
cp.

:"

H. 443

Homeric

A.

&

G. 191,
fiEyalrjrup.

fteyddvfiog,

" this one according to your wish for I shall declare

:
this anxiety torments thee,
since
and, unrolling the
the
mysteries of destiny at greater lengtli, I will bring them to light
this one, I say, shall carry on a great war in Italy, and shall crush
the warlike tribes, and shall give laws to the people, and shall build
siihactis

iates,

until the third summer sees him reigning in Latium and

tibi :
three winters are passed after the subjugation of the Rutnli."
quando = quandoquldem this meaning occurs
see note, vs. 258.
only in poetry and in post-Angustan prose
cp. ote for on in Greek.
volveiis: the metaphor is taken irom the unrolling of a book:
cf vuliimen, properly an unrolling, hence a volume-.
mores
rdx^a Ouvai.
moenia ponere
cp. v6/xovg
The two ideas were
inseparable in the Roman mind, as the building of a city implied
There is no real zeugma, as the
the esiablishment of laws.
difference in sense exists only in the English translation.
viderit
H. 519, II. ; A. & G. 328. Butidis subactis
either (i) an abl.
absol
H. 384 4, IV., 3 ; A. & G. 235.
or (2) dat. of reference
hiberna, scil., castra tren hieinen lit. " winter camps," i.e.
ternn
winters.
Note the use ot the distributive instead of the cardinal
numeral with a noun having a pi. form only.

towns,

At:

the idea is "though the reign of Aeneas shall be short, still,"

&c.: see note, vs. 116. lulo : H. 387, N. i ; A. & G. 231 b.

37

26SStetit
III.;

for tense

& G.

A.

H.

519,

i.

A.

&

G. 276,

e,

N.

regno

H. 419,

248.

266 Maqnos orbes referring to the annual cycle in contradistinction to

volvendis = volrcntibus, from the deponent
the monthly revolution.
H. 465, N. I
reflexive volvor
A. & G. 296.
The gerundive
has been the force of^ the present participle.
meu.iibus
abl.
absol., or abl. inst., or manner.
;

270

Imperio

either

= wiperanrfo,

abl.

of

manner; or

"for

dat.

his

reign.

271

Longam Albam

272

Od.

II.,

llic:

at

cp.

Livy

l,

2.

For inversion

of

Alha.

jam:

the received date of the

"henceforth." ter centum:

fall of Tioy, this would put

Unme aluut 850 IJ.C, iuhleavl oi T^^ \>.G.

dyna-ly shall last:" H. 301, i ; A. & G. 146, c.
oi"

names

cp.

Hor.

2.3.

according
llie

to

founilalion

g,,ab'itur,

"the

vekgm/s akn.

70
2^:^

Hectorea:

b.

I.

its greatest liero

cp. Rornuor periiaps lliere is a rderence to
regina sacerdos : it is difficult
the warlike spirit of the Romans.
'i'he referto say which of these substantives is used adjeclively.
ence is to Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor.

the race takes

its

nan e from

lidae, A-ssaroriilne, Cecrojndae,

A. &. G. 248. rfa6(7: H. 519, li.: A. & G.

of the family of IUh, one of the loiinciers of the
Rhea Silvia is generally given as her name.

214:Pnrln: H. 419,
328.

-///((,

Trojan

275

line

ill.;

i.e.
:

Lupae Inetus " gay in the tawny hide

him:" H. 416 A. & G. 245.
:

of the she-wolf that nursed

276

Mars

278

"

by succession ;" cp. eKdixsoHai.

^^avortia
Mamers] was the patron deity of Rome,
and universally vvorshi]:>ped by the Italian people. The word is
from MAR, MAL, "to grind" or "crush." He is identified with
Tlior Miolnir, i.e., Thor, the smasher, of Norse mythology.

Exripiet

shall receive

(old form

^faror<<

Metas rtrum, "limit of empire:" the meaning

is

that

Rome

shall

have a universal and an eternal empire.

Distini^uish the meanings of
ne : "nay even."
used with the indie, the ^ubj., and the imper.

279

Quin^qui

281

"shall
Consilia referet
ing refert, rGfert.

282

Togalam: The Romans had

amend her

plans."

^wm when

Distinguish in mean-

the toga, or "gown," as their characdress ; as the Gaiils had the hrarcne, or " trews ;" the
Greeks the pallium, or "cloak." Hence (jmis togatu=Romani
gens hraccata Galli gens pallinta^=Graeci.
As the toga was tlie
civil gown I'm contradistinction to sagtnn, the military cloak) Vergil
may refer here to the civil greatness of the Romans as he may refer
to their military piowess as lords of tl e world (re7-uin dominos).
teristic

283

placitum, scil., mihi est=sic mihi placet "such is my pleasure :'

H. 301. 1 ; A. & G. 146, N. Ivstris lahentihus
"as the yenrs
glide by," ahl. abs.
cp. volvendis iii('nsihu-<. -lustrum, properly the
period between two successive purifications (Lli, " to wash ")
cp.
Greek "kovu. After the ccnxor had completeJ. his enumeration of
the people [census) which was done every five years, an expiatory
sacrifice (lustrum) was held.

^ic

284

Domus

Assaraci: "the line of Troy."

The family of Aeneas is
meant, being descended from -Assaracus (see table, p. 25).
Phthia:
a district of Thessaly, in which was situated Lai^issa, a town, where
Achilles and Neoptolemus were bom.
Mi/cenas: the royal city of
Agamemnon, near Argos. A reference is made here to the subjugation of Greece in 146 B.C.

NOTES.
285

71

Argis : "shall lord it over conquered Arj^os." Only in late

In the best writers it
writers doiiiinor governs a dative or genitive.
For dat.
H. 385, I. ;
is construed in aliquem, or in aliqtca re.

Viciis

A. & G.
286

Decline Argis.

227.

origin: H. 419, II.; A. & G. 51.

Caeaar, i.e.,
His proper name was C. Octavius Tluninus, Init l>y the
Julius Caesar, he was made hii heir, and conwill of his uncle,
sequently took the name, C. Julius Caesar, adding Oc'aiHdiiiis, his
own gentile name. Augiisliis (revered) was bestowed on him by the
Senate and the people, 27 B.C.

Origine

abl.

Aiigti-''tti-<i.

287

subj. of purpose: H. 497,

Qui termiiiet
Oceano abl. means.

I.;

A.

&

G.

317.

288

Caelo poetic=^cZ caelum in prose. Augustus in his lifetime was

Hor. Od. 3.5.3.
Orientis onustam.
worshipped as a drity
The
reference is probably to the restoration of the standards taken from
These were restored,
Crassus at the battle of Carrhae, B.C. 53.
Others think the poet refers to the return of Augustus
B.C. 20.
after the battle of Actium, B.C. 31.
:

Caesar, as well as Aeneas.

290

Hie quoque

292

Cana: "untarnished."

i.e.,

The Romans

often exalted abstract qualities,

The return of the

as Pudi/r, Furtunn, &c., to the rank of deities.

golden age

293

is

here prophesied.

"

impose laws." dirae portae

"the gates of
welded iron bars shall be closed." fcrro ei
compagibus=/errati'i compagihus, by hcndiadys. The reference is
to the closing of the temple of Janus, either in B.C. 29 or B.C. 25.

Jura

dahiait

war grim with

shall

closely

294

Impius: "unholy," as the cause of the civil wars of the Romans.

These three lines are said to describe a picture by Apelles representing War fettered with chains, or a statue of Mars exhibitingj the
god bound with chains and seated on a pile of arms.

295

Centum vinctits, .scil., inanus, implied in post iergum "his hands

bound behind his back with countless fetters of brass." centum,

often used for an indefinitely great number.

297

H. 415, li. ; A. & G. 244,

Juppiter and Maia, the daughter of Atlas.

Maia genitum

'i^iUt pateant

H. 498,

i.;

A.

&

a.

Mercury was son o'

G. 331.

299

HospUio Teucris

300

The historic present may

Arceret: H. 497, 11.; A. & G., 317.
take in form a present subj. (pateant), or an imperfect in respect of
sense (arceret) : H. 495, li.; A. & G. 287, e.

both datives after pateant.

72

VKKOlIi's AEN.

I.

I!.

alarum: "

Ae=;chylus,
l,y the onrage oT his wirgs :" cp.
TTTEpijuv epETfjo'taiv epeaaduevoc.
The wings of the cap
{petasiis) of Mercury and of liis saiulals (talaria) are aptly compared
oWs "and qui: kly he alighted on
to a ship's banks of oars. atciiiis
predicate adj. with the force of an
the coasts of Libya."
adverb. -o?'iS
local abl.
cp. Milloii, Far. Lost, 5, 266

30\ -7emir;io
Ag. 52

He

-FacU pojuott

and through ilic vast ethereal sky.

between worlds and woiids, etc."

note the simultaneous order and result.

Vnlrtite deo^=6eov

303

thither prone in nij;ht

.'peeds,

Sails

ii02

" Down

tit'Xovroq

"most

" since the god willed

in priniis

it."

does the queen entertain a peacefid disposition and friendly mind toward the Trojans."
Dido is represented as receiving these feelings from .Mercury. Distinguish aiiiniwi
:=(h>/!6c, the soul as seat of the feelings; me7is=^p^v, the mind as
the thinking faculty.
bf'iiii/iiain

VolvDis,

305

sell., in

Lux alma

306
307

Voilo:

of

all

animo

" the kindly

"by

stress of

" revolving
light."'

weather."

in his

governed by

exire,

oras

mind."

constituit.

explanatory of /occs

"to

what shores he has been borne by the wind :" gcjverned by ad

H. 3S6. 3
A. & G. 170, a. i. The subj. is used
acce.s.ser'd
indirect questions
H. 529.1 ; A. & G. 334:

in

in

either (i) "the result of his enquiries;" exigere, is some:

times used in the sense of, " to enquire:" so examen^exa<j-men,
TreTrpayfieva
"the beam of a balance," or (2)
"the report of
what he did :" "and to l)ring back the results of his enquiries to

Exacta

309

his

comrades."

vemorum : " within a vault of woods," i.e., " within tlie

vaulted wnods, " the overhanging cliffs were formed into a cave by
tlie action of the waves.

310

in convexo

311

Clasae.m
V.

clausam occtdit=classem clausit

et

occulit

see

note

69.

for deponents used passively: H. 231. 2 ; A. & G. 135,

Achate this ablatixe of agent is rare, except with the pan.
comdatus H. 415, I., 1 ; A. & G. 248.

312

Coiiidntiis:
b.

313Bina: "a
quality

Cui

314

pair:" H. 1742.4); A.
II.: A. & G. 251.

H. 419,

&

G. 95, d.ferm:
~~~

abK of.

" to meet him his mother crossed his

tuUt ohvia
H. 391. 1
H. 391. i ; A. & G. 228, b. ohvia, poetic
A. & G. 191.
media silva local abL
H. 443
for ohviam
H. 425.1 ; A. & G. 254.

maler

way." c'/j

sese

-.

73

NOTES.

i]50s habitumqne

316

"

the lool< and dress."

Harpalyce: a condensed mode of saying, vel {talis virglnis)

qualis Threissa Harpalyce {est quum) fatigat equos
"or (of such
a maiden) as the Thracian Harpalyce (is when) she out-tires the
" presses sore." The Spartans were
steeds."
Others lake fatigat
the
Thracians were famous hunters.
noted for their scanty drvss ;

F^e^

317

" oustrips the East wind :" for the case H.

Praevertitur Eurum
Some editors read Heiirum but (i) it
A. & G. 170, a, i.
386.3
is no proof of .swiftness to outstrip a river in speed
(2) the river
Hebrus is not a swilt slrtrani. So others propose to read Eurum.
:

318

Umeris:

dat. or abl.
de more, scil., venatricum
"after the man" the huntress had slung a
ner of liuntresses." hahilnnvenatrii:
light bow." The l)ow and sometimes the arrows were carried in the
bow case {yupvrog) and slung over the shoulder.
:

319

Diffundere = ut difundereiif: H. 533,

320

Genu: H. 378; A. & G.

flowing folds collected

in

240,

c.

a knot

A.

& G.

331, g.

-nodoqueJluentes
"with her
A. & G. 241. i, c
;
:

:"

" point out where she

11.,

H. 378

321

Monstrate

322

Quam

323

Maculosae

324

Aiit prementem : "or with a shout closely following the track of

the foaming boar," opposed to erraiitem, scU., per silvas : "sauntering (through the woods)."

325

Sic Venus,

when

is

lyncis

cp. Eur. Ale.

loquitur.

scil.,

H.

388.

after a perf pass,

^27Memore7n

A.

and

&

Phoebi

is

/iaTiiai

&

G. 105,

d.

te XvyKeg.

G. 237,
soror,
216.

sil., est,

from ordior.

a.
The dat. of agent is often used
the regular construction after the gerundive.

G. 232,

H. 484, V.

A.

sonat: a kind of cognate ace.

&
:

G. 268.

H. 371,

H. 483

11.,

N.

e.

i.e.,

Diana.

sanguinis:

A.

&

partitive genitive:

" iHopitlous." Zewes

G. 267./e/Zx
leves.
quaecunique, scil., ts.

guish in meaning l^ves,

331

579

A.

&G.

A.

3306'w

&

orsus,

subjunctive of doubt

Hominem = humanum
A.

329

H. 455.1

quis used for aliqids?

S2QMihi

32S

is."

Tandem: cp.if/Ta: "pray."

H
:

397*

distin-

74

vekgil's akn.

u.

i.

eq^ihltnn.
H35 -Venus, scil., loquitur.
"'tis true, I consider myself
worthy of no such honour :" H. 421, N. 2
A. & G. 245, a. She
refers to the honour of being addressed as a goddess or nymph.
:

337 Purpurea
l)y

Punka

338

cotkurno the purple bushinwz.%

hunters, horsemen, and actors.
:

Pociiica

also

worn high and generally

connected

moenia

For the dropping

Philology

of

with Phoenix : cp. munire

the h, see Papillon's Comparative

p. 82.

Libyci. The original Karthaginian settlers did not throw o(T the yoke
of the Libyan tribes till about the age of Camliyses of Persia, i.e.,
530 B.C. (jeiius in apposition with the noun implied in Libyci.

339

Iviperium regit
341 Longa injuria

340

A.

&

G. 311,

Ambages

342

"

" holds the sway," not "

" tedious would be the

c,

rules over the

tale of

wrong

:"

domain."

H. 476,

details ;"

lit.

" ins and outs."

order the main points of the

" round about ways

" but

:"

se(i7-erum
I shall relate in
se(]uar=^perseqnar.
story. "
suvima fastigia=:capita. Conington
renders :
" long.
And dark the story of her wrong ;
:

To

thread each tangle time would

So learn the summits of the

343 Scan

this line

in these

two

fail.

tale."

any word varying in quantity

" richest in land ;" H. 399,
As the Karthaginians were noi an agricultural,

also line 348.

Is there
lines ?
ditis.sim ns agri

3 ; A. & G. 218, c.
but a commercial people, some propose to read auri for agri.
Vergil, however, is describing -Sychae'is, as he would describe a
Roman of his day who^e chief wealth consisted in land.

Et amore:

"and beloveil with

(wife):" for the case of miserae
note, V. 326.

344

345

Intactam:

" a maiden

had united her

in the

:"

Ominibiis

A.

&

G. 232,

hapless
a.: see

the consultation of the omens was regarded of great importance before the celebration of the marriage rites. Here ominibus
Tyri local genitive.
is put for marriage rite.s.
:

Scelere:
alii

348

Priml'ique - ominibus : "and

cp. a5<K-(5c.
of wedlock." jungo: as ^evyvv/j.c is
cp. conjuux, abcv^.

347

by the

affection

first rites

often applied to wedlock

346

great

H. 388,

H. 424; A.
omnes

Qiwsfuror

&

G. 253.

ante

alius omnes= major

"in the midst between them a feud came."

quam

NOTES.
349

hnpius:

"unnatural," because violnting

natural claims, refer-

all

to his disregard for his sister or (or the place, as well as to his

rin<j

treachery.

350

Securos amorum: " regardless of his sister's love

G. 218. Distinguish in meaning and derivation

352 ~Malu.s=male, by enallage

355

Sed ipsa
&c."
mati

H.

599, 3

A.

&

secU7-ts, sScuris.

" wickedly."

" but

'twas in vain that he deceived her, for,

accord ;" cp. avT6r=avT6/uaTOC.
iuhu" unburied ;" this may account for the unrest of the shade.

the idea
:
ipsa : *' of

;"

is

its

own

" he revealed the cruel altars and shewed his

a zeugma
" the crime done to
dotims scelus
heart pierced with the sword."
What kind of genitive ?
the family."

Nudavit

356

357

Celerareui
414, N.,

celertl

I ;

35S

Auxilium

359

Ignotum pondus
rest

360

& G.

A.

H.

535, iv.; A.

&

G. 331, g.

patria

-.

H.

a.

243,

apposition to thesauros.

viafi in

"untold mass;" kept

secret

and apart from the

of his wealth.

Fugamparahat
companions."

362

Pelago

3G5

Devenere

abl. of

" Dido began to prepare for flight and

With socios, j)arabat=comparabat.
:

space

locos, i.e,

moved over

&

A.

G. 258,

g.

ad locos " they reached a spot." decome from the higli seas to land opposed

devenere

venire
cp. KaTayeiv, to
to conscewlere, vs. 381

to collect

cp. avdyeiv.

Construe:

mercatique (sunt tanlum) soli quantum. Sec: "and

they bought (us much) land as they were able to Surround with an
ox hide." The Phoenicim name for a fort is Bursa (Hebrew,
Bosra).
It is probable that the confusion of the Phoenician Bursa
with the Greek jivpca "a hide," gave rise to the story, according to
which the Phoenicians cut up the hide into thongs and so surrounded
possent
a considerable portion of ground.
virtual oblique narration implying the terms of agreement
H. 528, I.; A. & G. 341, c.

367

369

Qui,

soil., estis.

Quaerenti

370

371

vocem : "at her question he sighing and drawing his

voice deep from his breast answered in these words :" with ille,
scil., respondit.
With quaerenti, scil., illi, i.e., Dido.

Sipergam

" if going back, I were to tell thee the story in full

from the very beginning." Willi repetens or pergam, .scil., /amain..
For .subjunctive H. 509 A. & G. 307, b.
:

VKKGIl/s AKN.

76

B.

I.

"you had time." nnnnles p'-operly the antibi

were " yenr books " recounting the events of each year,
and were kept by the chief officers at Rome hence, the story of

S'Jii Varcl,

scil.,

nalt's iibri

events, generally.

374

Avti'

Ohj inpo

"ere

(I

had finished

my

*he evening sta'

tale),

closing (the qate ot ) heaven."

antc=
vesper: cp.
ante fineiii annal'iuiii "behold the end of my tale."
rcot ra.s, "to dvvell," as the abode of the
ea-epog, i.e., Fto-tfmg
701 xt.
Oli/mpu-s, a high mountain (no%v Eliinbo) in
cp. I'.ng.
sun
Thessaiy, the dwelling place of the gods according; to Homer,
afterwards often in the poets used a.s a conventional term for heavzn.

would

lay the

day

to sleep,
:

ZlbTroia
i.

e.,

H. 412,
join with vecloi^
has been heard ol by you.
:

376

Diversa either (i) "various," or

from each other.

377

" by its own chance

Fort^ sua
as
a substantive.
here used

378

Sum notua

this vainglorious

common among

the ancients

li.;

A.

&

G. 258, a.~psr aures

"distant,"

(2)

:" i.e.,

i.e.,

far separated

by mere accident

fora, only

method of announcing one's self was

cp. Od. 9, 19
elfi' OSvcevg Aaepri:

'AvdpuTOiat /je?iU, Kai jiev k/^oq ovpavbv

" rescued from the midst of the foe."

d6r]g, Of TzacL 66/x>loi

raptos ex hoste

380

Ikei.

"I am seeking Italy and my race (descended)

With genus, scil., ortum. Dardanus, the
from Jove on high."
founder of the Trojan line, son of Jupiter and Electra, originally
came from Italy. Aeneas seeks Italy to re-establish his line in its

Quaero summo

ancient seat.

381

Bis

deriis

the distributive, rather than the cardinal,

is

used because

conscendi:
ten are reckoned each time : H. 174, 2 ; A. & G. 95, c.
" I climbed": the sea seems to rise as it recedes from the shore :
or simply, " I embarked :" cp. note on vs. 365 : cp. Moiris (Life
and Death of Jason): " And swiftly Argo climbed each changing
hill, And ran through rippling valleys of the sea :" cp. avayeiv.

382

Monstrante

383

Ipse,

by a

i.e.,

star

Aeneas was led

to Italy,

Aen.:

2,

8ci.

"unknown" to the inhabiopposed to the ships. ifjnotus

from friends, as he was well known by report vs. 379.
:

tants, far

384

The

385

" beginning
Plura qwrentem
6
A.
&
G. 276, b.
H. 467,

reference to the three continents gives dignity to the story.

:

to

complain further

:" conative part

387

" not an object ol hntrt-d, I wenn, to the power above

Iluud rtrjiin
you breathe the vital air inasmuch as you have come to the Tyrian
:

77

NOTES.

The meaning

city."
Join haud w'lih invisus.
will that you have reached here.

Qui culveneris

J88

320,

"seeing that you have come

ad urbem.

"only go on."
Perge modo
meaning modo, mddo.

390

Namque

by heaven's

is

H. 517

Conjugate pergo.

A.

&

G.

Distinguish in

" for I announce to thee the return of thy comnuntio

the
recovery
of thy fleet."
Make reduces predicative with
and
rades
:

esse understood.

392

:"

it

urbein, i.e.,

e.

389

391

is,

)istinguish in

meaning rSduces, reduces.

actam " and borne into a safe (place) by the shifting winds."
Ni=nvii. frustra "in vain," disappointed hope of the subject:

Et

"to no purpose,"
augurium
has ended.

nequidquam

refers to the nullity in which

(avis, a bird, root GAR
the thing
"to
chatter :" hence ytjpveiv, garire) properly an omen from the notes of
birds, but often used for an omen from any source auspiciinn {avis,
a bird and spec to see) omens from the flight, or from an inspection
"deceivers," i.e. impostors,
vani
of the entrails of birds.

393

394

Venus here gives tidings of the missing

ships from the omen of the

There are twelve swans as there were
swans, her favorite birds.
Some of those swans already settle on the
twelve missing ships.
land (terras capers\ others are on the point of settling on the land
already occupied (captos despeciare): so the ships either now occupy
the haven [portum tenet) or are entering it {-subit) with full sail.
laetantes agmine : " in jubilant order : literally," joyful in line."

Aetheria caelo " which the bird of Jove, swooping from the height
H. 427, 11.; A. & G.
of heaven, scattered in a clear sky." plaga
Distinguish in mea.mng jjldga, jjUlga.
Jovis ales=aquila.
243, c.
:

aperto

396

caelo

Aut videntur
the ground,

^,p^

397
3^

abl. place

cp.

"they seem

alOepog.

di' ipTjfiov

in a long array either to

or to be gazing

be choosing

downwards on the ground already

(jam) chosen by them."

Ut dedere " even as these returning sport with whirring pinions

and gird the sky with their circling flock, and give fonh their song."
The swans were first scattered by the bird of Jove (as the ships have
been by the storm) they have now united, and with whizzing wings
and song they descend to earth. It appears that these worils should
alis
distinguish ala, a wing penna,
naturally come after caelo.
plui m, ihe smaller and
the larger and harder feathers of the wing
:

softer feathers of the body.

completed action.

cantus

dedere: the perfects express

the absence oT fear, perfect security, is

ciiixere
:

described.

399

Tuorwm for tua,

for the

sake of variety.

78

veugil's aen.

400

Suhit ostia

401

Perge modo

402

Averten-t:

b.

i.

"are niakin<j an entrance :" II. .^86. 3

Note the verb agrees with the nearest nominative.
:

&

A.

G. 228,

a.

" only go on."

A. & G.
"as she turned away:" H. 549. 1
" she flashed forth with the beauty of her

rosea,
292.
rosy neck,"

re/ulsit:

rosy neck shone forth to view.

i.e., lier

403

Ainhro-siae comae:

404

Veslis

cp. afijSpoaini ;i:aira, Horn. II., r.529 : "immortal locks." In Homer ainbru.sia is commonly applied to the
food of the gods, but it is also used for ointment and perfume.

She now appears

320 she was dressed as a huntress.

in vs.

in the flowing robes characteristic of a goddess.

Et dea

" and by her gait she revealed the true goddess." incessus and incedo ar^ff ''ten applied to the dignified gait of the gods :

405

Scan

cp. vs. 46.

406

Adgnovit

407

Tolies

this line.

distinguish in

meaning

adgnosco, cognosco, ignosco.

exaggeration, as Venus had appeared only once to Aeneas

tu quoque
i.e., you as well as Jano.faltiis
before: B. 2, 589.
:

imaginibus

409

" by empty phantoms,"

Audire voces

"

to hear

and reply

by assuming disguises.

i.e.,

in real

words,"

i.e.,

words with-

out disguise.

Talibus,

410

scil.,

G. 189,
411

verbis or vocibus
inczisat

b.

(in,

"in

causa),

.such

"he

words

:"

H.

441.

A.

&

chides her."

Acre:

412

aer (cp. a-i/p), the misty air near the earth, "a cloud," distinguished from aether (cp. aldr^p), the bright air above the clouds.

Circum fudit=circur)}fudit
&

G. 225

d.

What

413

Molirive moram

415

Paphum

Venus.
416

Templum

" or

Paphos,
subli'inis

by tmesis for const.

other construction may be used ?

in
:

"

H.

384,2

A.

to plan a delay."

Cyprus, was a noted seat of the worship of

aloft in air."

centumque

"and

(where) a hundred
breathe with the
fragrance of garlands ever fresh." Cp. Paradise Lost, IV., 162 :
" Sabaean odors from tlie spicy shore of Arabic the blest." In
Hom. Od., 8.362, we learn that " laughter-loving Aphrodite " had
one altar in Paphos.

altars

{esl)

illi.

lialant:

smoke with Sabaean frankincense and

Here via and

i\8 Corripuere viam: "they hastened on their way."
generally via is "a highway;" semiia
semita are not distinguished
(e, "aside," and meare, " to go ") "a by-path."
;

79

NOTES.

4X9 Qui imminet "which hangs

M- 453-5 A. &. G. 200, d.
:

with

its

mighty mass over the

ciiy :"

420

Adversasque arces

" and looks down from above on the opposing

may mean that the towers rise up to meet the mounwhich gazes down upon them, or that they are over a valley

tain

This

towers."

and so advcrsas.
421

Molem

to Aeneas, the city is a heap, a mass, of buildings, for he

" once a cluster of
magalia quondam
gazes from a distance.
mcKjalia
is
said
Phoenician
word
applied to "huts."
huts."
to be a
In some places it means " the suburbs " of Karthage.
:

"and the hum" of the thronged streets. strata

Strepitumque
viarum " the paved streets :" cp. opaca viarum H. 397, N., 4 ;
A. & G. 216, b.

422

Instant muros

" the eager Tyrians are ' . at work ; some to trace

instant, scil., operi.
the walls:" H. 533, i., i ; A. & G. 271
pars in app. to Tyrii, dacere muros cp. E?MvvEtv toIxov.

423

424

Moliri:

"to

build," with the idea of the magnitude [moles) of the

structure.

425

Pars optare

" some choose a site for their dwellings and mark it

The plough does not seem to have been used
The poet in tectum means the portion of the

out with a furrow."

for single dwellings.

city selected for habitation, in opposition to

that chosen for military

purposes.

426

Jura senaium,:

" they appoint laws and choose magistrates and a

Vergil is here thinking of the custom prevalent

the Romans in the establishment of colonies.
There is a
zeugma in legunt : i.e., the construction is jura constituunt magistratusque legunt.

reverend senate."

among

427

Theatris

others read theatre.

There is an anachronism here. No
:
theatre was built even at Athens till 500 B.C., and no permanent
theatre was raised at Rome till B.C. 58 ; no one of stone till 55

B.C.

Eupibus excidunt

429

G. 258,

430

a.

"quarry from the rock :" H. 414, N., I ; A.

in meaning
decora, decora, decora.

Distinguish

Qualis labor

&

the full construction is

:
(talis est) labor (eorum)
" (such)
qualis exercet apes nova aestate sub sok per fiorea rura
toil (is theirs) as engages the bees in early summer 'neath the sunshine throughout the flowery fields." The hive, awakened from its
torpor by the warm sunshine of spring, displays unusual activity.
:

431

Cumifetus
race."

" when they lead out the full-grown young of

in meaning educo, educo.

Distinguish

their

vekgil's aen.

80

Distinguish in derivation

432

4S3Stipant

"pack

:"

b.

i.

llqiieiitia, liniientia.

cp. areipu.

Agmiru
2, A. & G. 87, d
i(jnarum {in, gnavii-', (/imrus, con
nected with uosco), "unskilful," i.e., " \a./.y."praesepidm: givt
the different nominatives of this word.

4M^Venkntumvenientium: H.
facto: "in martial array."

i'^ieFervet opus
Ger. dorren

438

SuHjncit

" hotly goes on the work

Eng.

:"

with ferveo

cf.

depfu

drij.

" looks up

158,

he has now reached the bottom of the

to :"

hill.

439 Dic^u
440

Vlris

H. 547

H.

385, 3

visible to

441

& G.

A.

anyone

:"

A. & G. 24S, a, R. neque uUi

H. 388, 3 A. & G. 232, b.

Laethsimus umbrae
&G.

442

218,

Quo loco
A oris
nam

445

"nor

is

he

III.;

A.

" most luxuriant

in foliage :"

H.

399,

c.

inverted attraction : H. 445, 8 ; A. & G. 200, b.

"the first sign," i.e., of rest from their toils.

primum signum
444,

303.

"spirited," a token of their hold and active disposition.

"for thus had she pointed out."
monstrarat

sic, scil.,

Facikm

victu:

may mean

"rich in provision," or

either (i)

(2)

For the supine H. 547, A & G. 303.

The horse points to warlike prowess and wealth, probably because
the cavalry were supplied by the nobility, an formed an important
The horse was an emblem of
part of the Karthaginian army.
Athens also.

"easy of maintenance."

44:5Sidonia

many
447

448

= Phoenissa

Sidon was the parent city of Tyre and, for

years, the chief city of Phoenicia.

Donis divae

a zeugma, "rich with gifts and favored by the presence

of the goddess." The two notions are, however, closely connected.
:

Jerea

limina:

lit,:

" rose on

trahes,

scil.,

"of which the brazen threshold crowned the steps :"

H. 425, N. 3 A. & G. 268, f nexaeque
" and its door posts plated with
gradihus surgebrwt

steps :"

Trahes are the door posts. ?iexcw,

brass (crowned the steps)."
Others read vixae (from nitor)
aere=aeratae, plated with brass.
and take Irabes to mean the roof or the architrave and translate :
"its roof was supported on brazen pillars," or "its architrave was
supported on jambs of brass."

449_In

reading this

line,

note the frequency of r and a to express the

aenis
"the hinge creaked

sound of the creaking doors./a?-i&i

NOTES.
on doors of bronze. "/ores
description of the

gratiii^'

81

cp. dvpa
Eng. door.
Cp. Milton's
noise of the opening of Hell's gates :
:

On

a sudden, open fly

recoil, and ja ring sound
iloors
and on their hinges grate

With impetuous
Th' infern

Harsh

452 Atisus,
45.S

Luslrat

what verbs are semi-deponent

est:

scil.,

not for in

il

thiuider.

adjlictia rebus.

-?T/)iw

dative:

originally applied to the priest puri/i/ivi/ tlie people every

then used in the general meaning, "surveys ;"

five years (lustrum),

H. 467, 4
4') I

&

A.

G. 276,

Z)ra, join

e.

with mlratur
"while he was wondering."
H. 529 ; A. & G. 334.
dent question

depen-

sit:

454

458

miratur

rival (inter se)

"and was admiring the handicraft of the

workmen and their toilsome labors." What figure in

manus ? what

in ojjerum

Ariificiimque

Ex ordine

cp. i^Eirjg

"

lahorcm

in detail :"

join

this

The

wtth pxKjnas.

question has been raised by Heyne, whether the poet meant to

represent these battles as depicted in sculpture or in painting.
The
latter morle of representation would be more consistent with the
The poet ascribes here to the Phoenicustom of Vergil's own age.
cians the practice of the Greeks and Romans of his own time.

457 /am

" by

this time."

45J

Saevum

460

Nostrilahoris

461

En

in refraining

from the war and

"of our sorrows

;"

in killing Hector.

H. 399, 3; A. &(i., 218,

The ransom of the body of Hector by Priam was a

subject among ancient artists (vs. 484)
su7it
laudi
"here, too, has worth Us own reward :" H. 449, 2 ; A. & G. 196, c.
Priamus.

favorite

462

Sunt rerumi
&

463

" (here)

there are tears for

Feretsalntem
Inani

sil.

woes;" H.

396,

iii.

A.

--^

G. 217.

fama,
4G4

a.

" the fame of

this will

bring the sure deliverance."

Trojae.

because the persons represented are

at the time of the Trojan war,

now

Painting was

lost.

unknown
466

Namque juventus

"for he saw, how warring round the Trojan

Greeks fled, (how) the men of 'I'roy pressed in their
see for themood of fugerent
uti = quo modo
rear."
H. 529 A.
& G. 334. Per(jama circum anastrophe, With Pergama cp.
etymologically ~ipyoq "a citadel :" German hurg, "a town ;" berg.
" a hii! ; " Eng. -burgh -bury : cf. ^din-bury, Edmunds-fewr^.
:

citadel here the

Vergil's aen.

82
467

Hoc,

parte

scil.,

468 Cunit

iiistaret

i.

in this quarter."

" pursued them with his car :" curru

cf. Homeric Kopv8aio2x)c, ImrdKOfiog.

with criatatus

"

b.

abl.

of means:

469 ^trew veils: "with canvas white as snow:" an anachronism, as

The
the Homeric tents (K?.iaiai) were planks thatclied with grass.
Rhesus came from
story of Rhesus is told by Homer (II. 10.474).
Thrace, as an allay of Priam, with the oracular promise that should
his steeds drink of the waters of the Xanthus, Troy would be imRhesus pitched his tent near the shore, was slain by
pregnable.
Diomede and Ulysses, his horses were captured, and thus the fate of
Troy was foreshadowed.

470

Prima somno

either abl. (i) of time

"

their deepest sleep, or (2) of instrument

to him by their first sleep."

472

in their first sleep,"

after

prodita

i.e.

in

"betrayed

Ardentesqiie equo : " and he turned aside his fiery steeds."

One
MS. reads albentes, a reading sanctioned by Horn. II. 10.437, in
T^vKdrepoL x'l^ovog,
in which the steeds of Rhesus are said to be
6eieiv 6" avi/ioiaiv Ojxoioi: so Virgil 12.84.
castra, scil., Oraeca.
:

473

Gustassent

hibisxent

the subjunctive in virtual oblique

and indicating the purpose of Diomede

474

11.

narration,

&

A.

G. 327.

decline this word.

Curruque
227,

inani

" and

Huic

on his back clung to the empty car."

dat.=currui H. 385.4, 4 A. & G.

lying

abl. or

e.

terram

ground."

'
:

'

huic:

both his neck and locks are trailed along the

384.4, N., 2 ; A. & G. 235, a.

H.

478

Hasta

479

Noil aequae=iniquae

the spear of Troilus.

" unjust,"

(i) iraTJiEiv, to brandish, i.e. the

"a

TzaWka^,

4g0

520,

curru may be either

477

H.

the death of Troilus is mentioned (II. 24.25) as occurring

Vergil may have derived
before the time of the action of the Iliad.
the story from other sources.

TroUus

A15AchUli:
476

i.e.

Pallndis

unpropitious.

"brandisher" of the spear

horn.

or (2)

maiden."

" with dishevelled locks."

passis from pando.

the sacred shawl embroidered with figures representing mythological subjects was carried as an offering to Athene
(Minerva) by the Athenian matrons in the public procession at the
Panathenaea. Homer also represents a similar custom prevailing in

Crinibus passis

peplum

Troy

(II.

{TTSir-log),

6.90).

83

NOTES.

Suppliritfir

481

"in suppliant
H. 378 A.

their breasts :"

I
A. & G. 290,
were signs of grief.

N.,

Aversa

482

Rnptaverat

G. 11

N.

1.,

pectora

for the tense

iJealing the breasts

b.

"healing
H. 550,

and tearing the hair

:"

"averting her face

guise." -tunsae

&

Homer says that Hector was thrice chased round the

and dragged to the tomb of Patroclus. Vergil here follows
probably some Cyclic poet or Tragedian.

483

walls

Exanimum

485

What

"lifeless."

are heteroclitic?

adjectives

Some

"thus made lifeless," as Vergil

take exaiiiinum=ita exanhnatum
seems to have represented He-tor as being dragged while still alive
cp. Aen. 2.273
''^oph- Ajax 1030
at the car of Achilles
Cic.
Tusc. 1.44.
:

'

4S5 Ingentem

emphatic: "then truly deep was the groan he utters

from the depths of his breast." dat historical present.
:

Currus

i e. of Achilles.
or of Priam.

486

487

Inermes:

"unarmed,"

4S,%Principihas

489

Eoan acics

A'tdioTTig,

4Q0Lunatis

iii.,

i.i);

the Indian Aethiopians.

&

A.

The

G. 248,

a,

legends of

post-Homeric poems,
and other Cyclic poems.

peltis

in

"armed with moon-shaped

H. 419,

istic:

H. 419,

abl.:

may, however, mean the car of Hector,

suppliant.

i.e.

Amazons appear

of the

491

It

II.;

Medmgueardet:

A.

&

R.

Memnon and

in

'ITuag /uKpd,

shields :" abl. character-

G. 251.

"and with courage

she glows in the midst of

thousands."

Aurea

492

mammae:
:"

exposed breast

" having a golden

for case of

girdle buckled on 'neath her

H. 386 ; A. & G. 228.

mammae

virgo : note contrasted position: "a female warrior and

she dares to fight with men, a maid though she be:" cp. Homer's

4Q^Bellatrix

'A//aCovaf avriaveipag.

494

Haec

" while these wondrous sights were seen by the

Aeneae Greek dat.=a6 Aenea or " while these
Trojan Aeneas
things seemed wondrous to the Trojan Aeneas."
videntwr

;"

A^o Obtutuque

uno

struction of

496

Forma

" and remained fixed in one (long) gaze :" for con519, I.; A. & G. 276, e.

dnm: H.

abl. of respect

424, iv.

i ;

A.

&

G. 253.

84
497

Vergil's aen.

fnrr.txit

b.

i.

fiti/iator,

Qualis clioros

a condensed construction for (talii erat Dido)

qua/is {enl) Diami [quiun) exercet choros in Eurotae ripis ant par
juija Cyutlil
Didra here; elsewhere Diana. exircet choros:
" leads the d.ince."
:

499

Quam

500

501

magna
expresses tlio dii^iiity of her walk
cp. vs. 46.
"a great crowd of youihs tluonging about her:" cp.
"an altendunt."

cnUroa:

498

governed by secutae.

Oreades

ilia

fvom Oreas, " a mountain {6pog, "a mountain ") nymph."

cf. lox^acpa, as an Homeric epithet of Diana.

hunicro

Gradiensque omnes

:
"and as she steps alony; she o'ertops all tlie
H. 372 ; A. & G. 237, a.
(other) goddesses :" for ace. dt'as
:

502

Pe7-tevi plant

Latona takes dehght

"pervade."

in the glory of lier

daughter, Diana.

503

Ferebat

504

Liiilans^uturis
"intent on her work and on the (glory of her)
A. & G. 228.
realms yet to be:" for dat. H. 3S6

"joyously she advanced."

505

among the
the outer court
(celln, vaog)
(3) the
meant ihe duoru-ci/ of

Temples,
Furibus testudine local ablatives.
Greeks, had generally three distinct parts
:

(vestlbiilum,

Tzpovaoq)

(2)

the inner court

at

lea--t

(l)

" treasury {t/icsannis, OTjoavpog).

Hy foribiui is
the ceila, or inner court, which here was a vaulted roof (testudo)
resembling a tortoise shell.

506

"and supported from

fiolioqiie
rcsedit
firmatvi viris.
beneath l)y a lofty throne, she took her seat." solium (rt. SKD, to
alte alto, limiting solio, rather than
sit),
a high chair of slate.

Armis^=nb

resedit.

507

Jura

lerjesque

judge;
is

just

upon
508

jura dare was said of a

cf. d'uiijv, v6w)vq ridevai.
Distinguish .1/, what
dare was said of a lawgiver.
and right in itself or what from any cause is binding (jamjo)

us and-/e.c, the written (lego) statute or order.

Operumqve
the

509

trahcbat

" she adjusted into equal shares the toil of

by lot." partUms abl. of instrument or
either for sortem unius cujusque trahebat,
sorte traliebat

work or divided

manner.
or

leijes

it

nomina vniuscujusque

sorte trahebat.

Concursu magno either (l) abl. of accompaniment=CM7n concursu

magno, or (2) abl. of place=in concursu magno.

510 -Add son

tive

in Spectator, 273, iwint- out

in characterization.

the fact that Vergil

is

defec-

Gyas, Mnesili^us, Sergastus, and Cioaii-

85

NOTliS.
thus

are

all

of tliem

men

of

same stamp and character

tlie

for-

lemque Gynn, furtemque Cloanthum.

512

Podtus

513

Perculsus

514

Avidi

"far away." avexerat

other readi 'ys are advexcral,
For ace. oras H. 372 A. >t G. 237, d.
:

averterat.

"was

struck duml)."

Otliers read percussws.

ardebant=avideardebant

"they eagerly long," by enal-

lage.

516

Dissimulant, sell., Icietitiam metumque : "they repress their joy and

Distinguish
fear:" some supply .seaf/c.sse : "hide their presence."
dlisimido, to conceal an emotion which does exist ; siniulo, to
" an<l
aitiicti
exhibit an emotion which does not e.xist.
et
shrouded in a hollow cloud they see from a distance." amicti lit.,

" wrapped around

" (ainb

jacio).

&

517

Quae

518

Navibus=:ex navibus.

519

Orantes veniam
" to pray for the grace (of the queen):" the pres.
part here=^ora<uri
A. & G.
expressing a purpose: H. S49.3

dependent question: H. 529; A.

viris, scil., sit:

G. 334.

292.

520

Coramfandi

521

Max'nnus,

522

Novamurbem

"of speaking openly

scil.,
aetate et digiiitale.
Ilioneus well befits his age.

the v/o\<l

to you," with the queen.

The calmness of

the aged

Karthago mtans "new town," probably

being contrasted with the parent city of Tyre.

523

"and with the restraint of justice to curb

Justitiaque superbas
the haughty triijes." juatitia, from rt. YUG=JUG: "that whicli
binds states or communities together or that which restrains :" cp.
genlcs: the African peoples.
jungo, jus, relligio.
:

524

vecti: "by the winds borne over all the seas."

Ventis
H. 371, 11.; A. & 0^257.
of the space moved over

maria:

ace.

525

Infandos = appTiToq

526

Pr-'.pius:

either (i)

"unspeakable,"

"more

i.e.,

horrible.

closely," or (2)

"more

propitiously

"=

praesentiuit.

527

Popidare = ad populandum: a Graecism. The

so also in ca-;e of vertere.
a purpose in Greek

infin. often

expresses

!i'29Av>mo:
aitiiiu).

either

(l)

dat.,

after

e-it

omitted,

or (2) local abl.

=1

'^HV

86
^>:]0

~ Hcsp(-7-iam

VlCliOlLS AEN.

B.

I.

The term Hesperia, meaning tlie

cp. fia:vjna.
" weslern land," was applied to Italy by the Greeks, and to Sp.iin
by the Italians. S] ain was called also ultima /Icfiperia. "EoTrepoc,
from root WAS or VAS, "to dwell;" vesper, faarv;
i.e. Feawep'jg
Eng. went probably the abode of the sun at night.
:

.")

I'i

Oeuotri probably Oenotria, the poetic name for Italia, meant vineVergil makes Italiis king of the Oenoiri, while Thucyland (olmg).
The Latin Varro (R. K. 2.12)
dides makes him king of the Siculi.
as being rich in oxen.
derives /t<i!in from tra^of, vitidus, " an o.\ "
The prob.ibilities are that Rail, Vituli and Siculi are varieties of
the same word.
:

534

" this (i.e., to this land) was our course."

The
This is the first of
simpler reading liuc is given by some editors.
According to accounts
the fifty-eight lines left unfinished by Virgil.
Augustus gave instructions to Varius and I'ucca, the literary testators
of the poet, to publish the Aeneid with the lines unfinished.

HicJuit

535 Cm

Orion: "when suddenly arising o'er the billows the stormy

Oi\on." ^Jiuctii may be either a dat. or an ahl.
Orion in Latin :
'Qpluv in Greek.
Orion rises about midsummer and sets early in

November.

"and afar by wanton win Is

536 -TuHt, scil., nos. penilusque dispulit
and whelming brine o'er waves and trackless reefs scattered us."
The sibilants well express the whizzing of the wind.
:

537

Superante salo either (l) " the briny deep overpowering us," or
" the briny deep roaiing high."

538

Hue

(2)

oris

: "only a scanty remnant of us have drifted hither to your

pauci has a negative meaning. oris H. 380.4 ; A. & G.

shores.

225, b.

539

Barbara

hospitality

was regarded as a sacred duty among the

was a mark of barbarity punish-

ancients, and rudeness to strangers

able by the vengeance of heaven.

540

Hospitio

arenas

strand,"
to

541

we

"we

are debarred the shelter even

:
are not allowed even to land, a right which

of the
given

is

shipwrecked men.

Prima
A.

i.e.

&

terra:

"on

the brink of the shore:" local abl. II. 425

11.

G. 254.

543

At nefnndi

544

Emt

"yet expect that gods are mindful of right and wrong."

Fiimli ne/andi are u?ed as genitives of the indeclinable /as ne/as.
Operate exspectate in prose.

supposed
second to none."
:

Iliuneus

Aeneas dead.

quo

alter

"in

justice

NOTES,

545

Pietate hello

armis

546

Si

aetheria

i.e. if

547

Occubat: "lies low."

G. 254.

umhris

548

Non

nobis.

he

87

ablatives of respect

What

is still alive.

&

G. 253.

verbs govern the abl.?

abl.:

local

H. 424; A.

H.

425,

11.,

A.

&

paenileat : "nor are you

officio
the first to vie in an act of kindness."
paeniteat has nearly the force of a future,

metus,

est

scil.,

likely to regret that

you

vi'ere

dassem: sell., nobis : "may we be allowed to land our

shattered by the winds."
With subducere naves : cp. aveTiHEiv
rag vavg, opposed to deducere naves na-deTiKELv Tag vavg.

Quassatam

551

fleet

552

Et~ remos

for oars."

" and
silvis

to
:

shape forest trees into beams and

stringere:

local abl.

to strip

strip them
them of leaves

and twigs.

553 Itatiam tendere,

way
554

Ut, depends on

555

Sin

opposed

ad Italiam

tenderet

iter

"to pursue our

556

Jam: "any

557

Freta

deducere dassem.

liceat (nobis)

to

genitive plural

si, vs.

"but

553,

H. 52.3

Teucrumi

if."

A. & G. 40,

for the

form

of

e.

longer."

distinguish in meaning : freta, frtta.

:
StcHmae : elsewhere,
sedesque paratas
Sicdntae.
"and abodes already built," i.e.
the cities built by Acestes who was in Sicily as opposed to those
they expected to build for themselves.

Talibm, soil., verbis dixit. ore fremebant; "murmured their

applause:" cp. ETvevipr/fiyGav: literally "murmured applause with
(one) mouth."

559

561

i.e.

to Italy."

ViUtum

ace. of specification

H. 378

562

Solvite corde metumsolvite corda

fear."
secludite : " dismiss."

563

Regni
moliri

novitas=regmtm novum:
"to take such a course,"
:

A.

metu

"my
i.e.

&

G. 240,

c.

"free your hearts from

youthful

realm."

to prevent the Trojans

ialia

from

landing.

565

Aeneadum

H. 40.3

A.

&

G. 36, d

a complimentary reference to

their chief.

566

Virtutes

"

507

Obtunaa

"dulled," by their

their

manly deeds."

own

calamities.

88
568

VliKGlL's AEN. D.

aVoH

itrbe

llie

Italy was often called Satm-nia,

land of Saturnus," the sower (from satus, sero),

569

Sat urn id arva

570

Eri/cis fines

71

AuxUio

scil.,

" the

tciTa,

" the realm of Eryx." Eryx a mountain (now, St.

Here
Gniliano) of western Sicily, noted for a temple of Venus.
dwelt Acestes.
:

tufos, scil., viros

VoUis regnis

The

comma.
573

I.

the meanings seems to be that we are not so far

pule of civilization as to be ignorant of the manly
deeds of the heroes in the Trojan war.

(am-

removed from

.)7'2

Urhem-

est

&

445.9; A.

Some remove the interrogation mari<, and place a

sense would then require si before viillis.

inverted attraction =w>-6s,

suhducUt
G. 200, b.

opposed

vavq

avd^cLV

"(men) guarded by an escort."

to

quam statuo, vestra est H.

"draw up on shore;" cp.
:

deducere naves,

to

launch ships

cp.

Kade?.Keiv vavg.

574

A(jetur : t\\.\\tv [i)=dirigtnr, "shall be governed," or (2)

be regarded t/ceiMr," or (3) "shall be dealt with."

575

Ulinam
A.

&

afforet

what

is

the force in the tense here?

H. 483,

Equhlem: "truly." cerlos, scil.,

men," oi=cretos, "picked men."

577

Lustrare

578

Si

"to scour

errat

"

to see

;" see

note

viros

vs.

"tried men," or "trusty

283.

whether he wanders about

would be ihe more
A. & G. 334, b.
;

The suhj
G. 534, f
H. 529, 11. i
in prose

&

;"

H.

529, II., I ; A,
construction

common

"roused in spirits :" H. 378 A. & G. 240,

arrecti
Janidiidamardehant: 11. 469.2 ; A. & G. 277, b.

579

Animiun

582

Sententia

584

Unus

i.

"encircling."

scil., se

588 I?estiiit; "stood

II

que

c.

Orontes, vs. 113.

apertum

Scindit
par<jat,

" purpose."

e.,

586 -Circuvifusa

589 O.s'

I.;

G. 267.

576

587

"shall

inei-osqiie

honores

" parts and melts into the open sky."

from the scindit se.
:

forth."

H. 378 A. & G. 240, c. najnmother herself had given her son gracelul

ace. specification

With

"for

his

NOTES.

89

flowing locks and the ruddy glow of youth and inspired his eyes
with a joyous lustre." Tiicre is a zewjDia in adjiarat.
caesaries,
long flowing hair (from caedo, as Kovpd from neipu).
purpureum
does not necessarily mean merely "purple," but embraces all colors

from

scarlet to

592 Quale-

decits

-.

{tale)

his beauty as

200,

593

dark violet inclusive

decus

so also Tropcpvpeoq.

quale

(est)

the craftsmen give to ivory:"

el/ori
"such is
H. 445.9; A. & G.
:

b.

Parius

lapis, i.e., marble.

594 Cunctis, join with improvisua

"unexpectedly to

all."

Coram: "before

595

you." The sudden announcement of Aeneas is

by the declaration of Ulysses Od. 24, 321
ksIvoq

paralleled
jiivTOL oS"

Miserata

597

ipeiv,

cv /xeTaAXgg.

iyo), irdrepj oti

distinguish miseror, to express pity in wordsto feel pity in the heart

cp. eTieeIv,

and misereor,

oUre-

op.

" thou who dost welcome us as partners in your city,

orbeni
your home, a remnant escaped from the Greeks, now worn out
by all our troubles by land and sea, in need of all things 'tis not in
our power to pay you worthy thanks, O Dido, nor can all the race
of Troy scattered everywhere throughout the world." Danaum

Quae

598

avrbg

in

see

30.

vs.

tecum or

tibi.

urbe doiyio
grates ojns

local

ablatives.

With

socias,

scil.,

decline.

Sinumina:

"if any deities regard the benevolent."

When is quis
H. 455 i
A. & G. 105, d.
si quid est : "if
Distinguish in meaning usquam
justice in any place avails aught."

603

used for aliquis ?

Another readmg

and unquam.

605 Laeta:

justitiae.

"blessed."

is

current : distinguish dum with the indicative and with subA. & G. 276, e: Note v. 314 rfam
junctive
H. 467-4> 513- 1
"while the shadows shall course along the slopes of the
convexa
mountains." montibus dat. of reference
H. 384.4, i and 3 j
&G. 235.

Du7n

607

iO^Dum pascet

according to the ancient philosophers (cp. Lucr. r,

231) the perpetual fire of the stars was maintained by the aether
refined from exhalations of the earth.

610

Quaecumque=quaecujnque, tmesis:

H.

636, V. 3

A.

&

G.

page 298.
611

In scanning

this line, notice that e in Ilionea is

&Ci. 347- 5-

long

H. 577.5

A.

Vergil's aen

90

Post=postea.

612

i.

dextra petit

scU.,

alios,

b.

" he grasps the

right

hand of others,"
613

Primo:

614

Ccuiu

adverbial.

tanto
"at so great misfortune ;" distinguish casus, a natural
agent not the consequence of human calculation or known causes :
fors, a kind of mythological being sporting with and thwarting
:

human

affairs.

oris:

immanibus
Vis: not "power," but "violence:" cp. pia.
" savage shores :" H. 385.4.1 A. & G. 225, b.

615

6)7

Vergil here

African tribes.
Scan thi^ line. Note
often left unelided {hiatwi), it is in
the case of proper names : cp. vs. 16 : so also Aen. in. 14 ; III.
What kind of a line is this? H. 608, 11.; A. & G.
667, et saepe.

that

when

359.

e.

618 -4^wa
619

refers to the wild

final

the vowel

t/fe= Greek

is

kKlvog,

"

that celebrated :" cp. vs. 379, 565.

"fostering."

Sidona: H. 380, li.; A. & G. 258, b. Teucer, after the Trojan

war, was expelled from Salamis by his father Telamon, and soui^ht
a home at Cyprus, where he built a second Salamis. lie is here
represented as stopping at Sidon to make terms with Belus, who
was at that time master of Cyprus. venire: H. 537, I.; A. & G.
Here venire is used for venisse.
288, b.

"under

sway

:" i.e.

sub dicione or in dicione.

623

dicione

623

Jam:

"even."

624

Pelasgi : " the Greek," according to Glad.stone, the Pelasgi were a

pre-Hellenic race, and formed the base of the Greek army in the
Trojan war.

625

Ipse hostis

626

Se volebat
and vellet

&2nTectls
628

his

casus: "downfall."

"he, though an enemy."/erebat

" would have

in

Per multos

that

he was spring

:"

meaning.

H. 385.4.1); A.

it

&

"used

to extol."

distinguibh volebat

G. 225, b.

labores join with jactatam.

sirnilis

soil.

tuae fortunae.

" at length," not till now : denigue, opposed to primum,

"finally," " in short ;" tandem: "at last,'" after many efforts or
disappointments: postreTno ; "last," in order of time.

029

-Demum

632

Divuin

konorem " she proclaims in the temples of th gods a

saciilice." i(/Jc/^ a technical word for ordering a religious observCaes. I>. G. 7.90 supplicatio indicitur.
ance
:

NOTES.

633

Nee

viimts interea

634

Mafjnorum

used in transitions

o'"teii

to the force of interea.

91

60ciis=ad socios

suum=magnos

horrentibus

nee minus, adds

a Greek dative.
:

centum

tergis

sues

little

by

synecdoche.

dei

"

635

Munera

637

At

638

Splendkla, proleptically used

(sic) inMruitur [ui) splendlta [hU).
The atrium in a Roman house occupied the centre and was generally used for a dining- loom.
The use of the present tense gives
animation to the description.

639

Artesuperho

640

" embossed:" i.e. on the goblets, vases, &c., were carved

Caelata
the deeds of their fathers.

641

Series gentis
"a. very long, unbroken chain of feats continued by
so many heroes from the early origin of the race :" a reference to
Vergil had here in view the Ronxan
the deeds of the Tyrians.
customs prevalent in his own time.

643

Neque enim

the gifts

and cheer of the god,"

i.e.

Bacchus.

see note vs. ii6,

"skilfully wrought were the coverlets and of bright

purple.
ostro : properly the blood of the sea snail, which supplied
the oncients with their rich, purple dyes.
:

his

644

mind

rapidum

menttm:

"for neither did

his love as a father suffer

to rest."

"

in hsLSte,"

)om with praemittit, although grammatically

connected with Achatem.

645

Ferat=referat : subjunctive of oblique narration: corresponding

Jer in direct narrative.

to

6465^1!: "centres."
648

649

scil., Achntem.^pallam, properly a long, seamless garment worn by women over the tunica, corresponding to our gown or

Ferrejubet,

rigentem^signis aureis ligentem

a hendiadijs.

dress.

siijnis

of gold

:"

"staff with figures

Cireumtexlum acantho "and a veil fringed vnth a border of yellow acanthus." velamen veils were considered a very important
portion of a Roman lady's dress, and were of costly material and
exquisite workmanship.
Acantho abl. ofdescription the acathus
(rt. AK, "sharp"), a thorny shrub, now called bear's foot.
:

Q50 Mycenis

H 4.12, 11.; A. & G. 258, a. Helen is mentioned

coming from Mycenae, whereas she really came from

abl.:

in 2,577 as

92

VERttll/s A IN.

Sparta, the royal city of Menelaus.

Agamemnon
651

Pergama

I.

Vergil eonfounds the

city of

with that ol Menelaus.

is called Perga mvs {n^pyafjog i]), av.d

con)iected etymologically with irvpydg, a
tower: German bury, a town berg, a hill
Eng. burg, bury as
'Edin-burg ; Edmunds-/;M/'y.
Inconcessoa Hipnenaeosi "unlawful
wedlock :" scan this line H. 608, v.; A. & G. 359, f.

Troy

the citadel of

(ntpyaua

Perijavia

ra),

653

:
i.e. juhet Achn/em ut ferat sceptram.
Ilione
ried to Polymnestor, the treacherous king of Thrace.

Sceptrum

&5i Maxima,
monile

was mar-

natu: give the other degrees of comparison.

" necklace :" for the dative
H. 384, II., 1.3); A.

scil.,

CoHo

&

G.

23S'

655

coronam probably a crown formed by a circlet of two

Others say of one ring, and
one of gems and one of gold.
translate, "a crown of blended gems and gold."

DupVtcem

rings,

656

Haec celerans=vt kaec

657

At:

see

celeriler

H. 549.3

these orders :"

ii6.^aciem

vs.

A.

&

exsequafur
G. 290. a.

ora:

H. 378; A.

"to execute promptly

&

G. 240,

cfades

(from /acio, the natural niai-e of the face, i.e., the countenance as
expressing emotion by the mouth or by the eyes.

659

iynem "and by gifts influence the queen to frenzy, anvl

insinuate love's fire into her heart." fuientem
proleptic use of
vs. 70.
the adjective

Donisque

660

Ossibus

H. 386

A.

&

G. 228.

ossibus, often used for the seat of

feeling.

661

Qui/ipe

see note,

vs.

39.

ambiguam domum

*'
:

the treacherous

"going round about" (amb., ago). bUinguea

"double tongued," saying one thing and thinking another, referring

house:"

literally,

to the proverbial treachery of the Karthaginians.

662

"harasses her with anxiety." mb noctem

earn cura
approach of night:" cp. imb vvktu. recursat
"oft

Ui-it, scil.,

"at the

returns."

664

Meae

solus:

H. 369.2
665

A.

i.e.

&

(qui es) solus

G. 241,

meae

vires,

mea magna potentia

a.

"who dost despise the sovereign father's bolts that

temnls
struck Typhoeus." The giant Typhoeus was slain by the lightning
of Juppiter.
Tlie poet here represents the undying power of love.

Patris

666- -iVumJTWZ

"divine aid."

93

NOTES.

Cupid an' Aeneas were sons ofVenu'?.- Ut = qiio modo

what way:' jiitroducing an indirect question. nota = notum
by a Graecism.

QQ~^J<\(iter

"ill
est

668 Scan

this line

H. 608, v.; A.

eum: "

&

G. 359,

f.

detains him."

670

Tenet,

671

Vereor hospitia: "I am anxious how Juno's welcome

dependent question H. 529 ; A. & G. 334.

scil.,

may end

:"

672

Hand

scil., Juno, from Junonia

"Juno shall not be.
such a crisis," literally "at such a turning point of
H. 429 ; A. & G. 259, a.

-rerinn,

inactive

at

affairs :"

" wherefore I purpose to anticipate her by craft

meditor
and to surround her with (such a) flame (of love)."
The Romans
borrowed many of their metaphors 'rom military affairs

673

Qiiocircn

074

Ne mutet

"that she may not be changed by any influence," i.e.,

any power but mine, or "by the influence (of Juno) in any way."
see note, vs. 1 58.
e mutet mutetur
:

676 Qa,

scil.,

"

ratione.

accipe

summons

677

AccUu

679

Pelago

restantia:

343.

680

:"

"hear:"

H. 416

cp. da, "tell."

A.

"remaining from:"

&

G. 253.

H. 414,

iv.

I;

A.

&

G.

a.

"slumbering sound in sleep:" such pleonasms

somno
common. Note the alliteration. Decline Cythera.

Sopitum
are

at the

sede

"

a consecrated spot

681

Sacrata

682

Mediusve occurrere: "or

in

:"

either grove or temple.

to interpose to prevent it."

Here medius

= obviam.
683

Tu dolo: " do you

2

A.

&

counterfeit his looks for one night, no more:"

A. & G. 256. avipliusi H. 417, iv.
;

H. 379
noctem
G. 247, c.

for case o(

"

at the height of her joy."

685

Laetissima

686

Laticemque Lyaevm

Lyaeum

"the cups of Bacchus." latex, poetic word.

cp. Liber: " the one who frees {Xv-) men

cp. Ava'iog

from cares."

688

FaUasque veneno,

scil.,

earn:

"and may

poison.

689

Distinguish in meaning

/)are<, p&ret.

beguile her with (love's)


94

VERGILS AEN.

690 Exiiil

"

of lulus
691

At:

cp.

lie

doffs." P<

:"

for inces.su:

116.

vs.

11.

1.

/"/('
"and glaJ'y l.o walks with the step
see note on incedo: vs. 46.
:

Ascanio

inric/at:

"sheds

like

dew calm

sleep

limbs of Ascanius. "

Ascanio
dative of reference ; H.
Inriijdt may refer to the dews of night, or
384.4 ; A. & G. 235, a
more probably to perspiration : cp. Shaks. J. C. IL, I : "enjoy
the honey-heavy dew of slumber."

o'er the

692

Folum gremio

693

Ubi umbra
with

Dvxe

&
697-

" her

" where the soft majoram, breathing forth fragrance

blossoms and sweet shade envelopes him." With adspirans,
odorem.
:

Achate

G. 25s,

"glad

-Cum locavit

having Achates as a guide

:"

H. 431

A.

" by the time he arrives, the queen had already beneath the lich curtains taken her place on a golden couch, and hat!
stationed herself in tlie centre."
The historic present ten^e for cum
If venerat were read, then we should have had comvenerat.
posuerat.
aulaeis may mean (i) " in a curtain," or (2) " neath a
curtain (=sub aulaeis), or (3) "with a curtain,' i.e., contributing
to the ease of her position.

Aurea

in scansion

Medius
3

.'

in

a.

608

fondling in her lap."

its

soil.,

696

Icctus.

12

'

95

NOTES.
703

Penates:

" whose care it was lo furnish in turn the lastinj;;

and to worship the Penates." ordine=V fif-pei, referring to
penum, and Penates are connected
the division of the labour.

Quibus
store,

PA or PAT: cp. nivoiiai, nsvrjg, Trevia, TrSvog.

adolere Penates may mean no more than to keep up the fire for
cooking.
With adolere: cp. "magnify" in our ecclesiastical
etymolot,'ically root

writings.

onerent

706 -

Qiii

707

Nee non

708

Toris

708

Flagrantesque verba; "the glowing looks of the god and his

feigned words." The poet here transfers the looks and words of

subjunctive of purpose.

et : the negatives cancel each other, giving an affirmative

sense: " moreover, too." liminia atria: synecdoche.

pictis=ad coenam convenire jussi.

lovers to those of the

1 12 --Infelix

pesti futuiaex

"doomed

to

her

ruin."

713

Expleri mentem
A. & G. 240 c.

715

Ille

pependit

Aeneas:"

"

to satisfy her soul ;" for case

" when he hung on the

H.

abl. separation:

tinguish in
7ir>

love.

Phoenissa.

with

join

coming

god of

meaning pendere

Etavwrem: "and

IV.,
pendere.

gratified

578,

ofmentem

H. 378:

embrace and neck of

A. & G. 324. Dis;

to the full the affection of his pre-

tended father."

" she hangs on him with her eyes, she (hangs on him)
haeret
with her whole soul:" cp. Tennyson's Locksley Hall: "and her
eyes on all my motives with a mute observance hung."

717

Haec

719

Insidat

deits

" how dread a god

plotting against her

720

Paulatim

"

spring, near

721

corda

with

is

lying in wait for her :"

i.e.

is

inside7-e cp. i'nsidiae.

Acidallae referring to the Acidalian

little by little."
Orchomenos, in Boeotia, the haunt of the Graces.
:

" and he
dead

with a living affection to pre-occupy a

and a heart long unaccustomed (to
Others
praevertere : explained by some^praeoccupare.
love)."
resides: decline.rfftszieto, scil.,
like it to mean, " to surprise."
amori.

Et

soul long since

123 Postguam- epulis

in

tries

to

love,

soil., est

Decline epulis.
remotae, scil., sunt.

ox fuU.

Latin are heterogeneous?

What words
The tables

vekgil's aen.

96

b.

::

i.

began and were removed

was over lience such phrase-; as mennam apponere, or opponere, and menmm auferre or removere.
were

literally broiii;lil in before ih' feast

after

it

"they place the large mixers;" cp. Horn. Tl.

sta/inint
" thev crown the
vina coronant
526: Kpnrfjpa an'/aac&ac.
wine," may ineaii (l) as in Homer's Kpr/r^pag iireaTiipavro norolo
" tliey fill to llie brim the mixers with wine," or {2) " they deck the
bowls ol wine " with ivy or myrtle wreaths, as was certainly done

Crnteras

721

VI.,

in later times.

72.')

"a hum arises throughout the halls." tectis^in tfctis

425.2, IV., 3; A. & G. 254, a.. vocemque atria: "and
through the long halls they cause their words to re-echo." atria
It was
the atrium was the principal room in a Roman house.
used as the reception room, and also as the place wliere the images
derived hom nter, "black," i.e. blackof ancestors were placed
entd by the smoke ol the hearth {focn ): cp. jieXadpov, from fifkaQ.
tcclis

/-'(V

II.

72G

Night came on before they had finished their

cp. ^vxvog.
the small interstices (tocM-s) formed by the
laquearibits
meal.
fret-work of the cross beams of the ceiling were decorated with
H. 608, ill.; A. & G. 347, c.
Scan this line
guilding.

Lychni

727--Funalia

made of stout

a torch

728

Hie: "hereupon."

729

Mero

distinguish

cords (furies) and covered with wa.x.

meaning merum, "pure, unmixed wine;"

"a heady wine."

in

vinum, simply, "wine:" temetum,

730

"sprang from Belus," or = ea; tempore Beli

scil., orti
soliti, scil, sunt vino implere.
the time of Belus."
It was
customary to pour out a sm.ill quantity of wine with the usual
prayer to the gods as the preliminaries of a feast.

Belo,

"from

731

ffos/ntibvsjura
as the guardian

733

" define the

"
rights of strangers

Velis:

" may

it

rights of strangers ;" or "protect the

was worshipped
gods of guests among the Greeks and Romans.
'Zevg ^eivioq (Juppitvr ho.spitalis)

be thy

hiijus, scil., diei.

will :" distinguish

rainores,

scil.,

natu

in

meaning

veliH,

veUs.

give the other degrees o(

comparison.
7.34

dator cp. Hesiod (Works and Days, 614)

6o)pa AutvvLaetitiae
l/ojia
Juno: Juno was the tutelary deity of
cov TTolvy^'&eog.
:

Karthage.

735

" attend in throngs the gathering." coetum =

Cueliim celeh-ate
coitum {cum, e<t).fnveiues: " speaking words of^ood omen," or
"keeping silence." Mspetial care was taken during an offering to
:

9?

NOTES.

the cjods or during any vc'i;;ion=; rile tliat no inaiT^picious or frivolous

Hence the adinouilioii of the priests
wortls should be uUcied.
which we find at the beginning of a ceremony fautte limjuls animisque, ore favete, fave Unguis: cp. v<j)7//xelTe ; ev(p7/fio^ nag k<JTu
:

^wf,
736

ardfia avyiiXeiaag,

Laticem

honorem

"an

offering

of wine:" the

mensa being

re-

garded as the altar of Juppiter hospitalis.

735

Primaque

ore:

made, with the

Madvig, 429.
A. & G. 260,
738

impersonal, H. 431, iv., 2 ; A. & G. 255, b.

ienus: for construction of tenus : H. 434, IV., 4,

Libato

rank.

first in

she the first, when the libation had be>-n

of her lips touched it."
prima, as being the

"and
tips

e.

"with a challenge to drink

poculum. in crepitans
the Saxon, drinc hael.ilk pnferain: '"he quickly
drained the foaming bowl." There is some humour in contrasting
the act oif Butes with that of Dido.

Dedit,

scil.,

deep:"

cp.

auro

" and

swilled himself with the full cup of gold."

739

Et

740

crinitus: bards in
Proceres, scil., simmantcm pateram hauseriini.
imitation of Apollo are often represented with long hair: cp.

'An6?iAc,)i> aKEpaoKO/xrig.

741

Personat,

atria: "causes the halls to reecho." The Greek

as well as mediaeval nations, often enlivened their
the songs of minstrels.

scil.,

and Romans,
feasts

742

744

with

Errantem limam
some say eclipses

the revolutions of the moon.

lahorrs:
such a theme was common among ancient
Physical philosophy was a fruitful theme of the old Orphic
bards.
Cp. Lucretius and
writers, as well as among the Roman poets.
Vergil's Eclogues, passim.
i.e.,

Arcturum: 'ApicTovpog='ApKToFpov: "the watcher (Fop:

cp. Eng.
ward, wary) of the bear (apicrog)." This refers to the Lesser Bear
(Ursa Minor), cMed a.\so A ixtophy lax. Arcturus is often limited
to the brightest star in the Lesser Bear ( Ursa Minor), called Bootes
Hyadas the Hyades were seven stars at the head of
(ox-driver).
the Bull (Taurus), the rising of which (May, 7-21) was attended by
showers of rain (vecv, "to rain"). geminosque Triones: two pair of
stars, one at the end of the Greater Bear ( Ursa Major), and the
other at the end of the Lesser Bear (Ursa Minor).
The word
trio=strio ; root sTAR, "to scatter;" hence, "the scatterers of
light :" cp. Sanscrit trio=staras, " the showers of light ;" cp. Eng.
Varro (L. L. 7, 73) says trio=bos
star: Ger. stern: Lat. sterula.
and connects it with tero cp. septentriones " the north ;" properly
the "seven stars" of the Great Bear.
:

r45

Qnid
7

properent

dependent question

H. 529

A.

&

G. 334.

Vergil's aen.

98

Tardia opposed
747Ingeminant plaiLsu:

746

n.

i.

to jrroperent.

"applaud repeatedly:"

lit.

"redouble with

their applause."

Nee non

748

749

see note, vs. 707.

Longumqueamorem:

"and kept drinking in a long draught ol

love :" note the force of the imperfects in traheiat and bihebat : H.

468
750

&

A.

G. 277.

Multa

muha

&

G. 344.

A.
751

et

Nunc,

5c\\.,

note the emphatic position of these words

This shows her desire to prolong the feast.

rogitat.

quihusar7rns

AuroraeJilius

G. 334.

152 Quales,

soil, essent

dep. quest.:

H.

H. 561

"529

A.

&

Memnon.

H. 529

A.

&

G. 334.

quantus,

soil., esset.

"nay, come then :" often used to connect, or add emgive examples of irregudie
phasis to what has been said before.

Immo

753

age

lar imperatives.

Tuorum

754

who had perished at Troy : tuos

septima : some writers, Weidner
the case of Aeneas.
amongst the number, conclude that Vergil died before he finally
Vergil in Aen. V., 626, also
settled the chronology of the Aeneid.
says that seven years had passed since the fall of Troy, although a
year must have elapsed between the time of the reception of Dido
and the celebration of the games.
refers

to

referring to the Trojans

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Adj.

= adjective

N. =noun; n. =neuter;^Z. =plural;

sinr/.

=sinj:ular.

A.
Ab-as, -antis
Acest-es, ae
t-^

m.: Abas: a Trojan, one of the companions of Aeneas.

Accstcs: m.: a Icing of Sicily,

He was

his followers.

who

hospitably entertained Aeneas and

the son of the river-god Crimisus and of a Trojan

woman

Egesta, or Sergesta.

Achates, ae

m.: Achates

the faithful friend and trusty

henchman

of Aeneas.

Achill-es, -is and i m.: son of Peleus and Thetis, and the most valiant of the Greek
chieftains engaged in the siege of Troj'. His quarrel with Agamemnon caused his
withdrawal from the war.
The Greeks were in consequence of this withdrav al
plunged into misfortunes and defeated in battle. The death of Patroclus, who fell
by the hand of Hector, roused Achilles into action. He took the field and slew
;

Homer

Hector.

represents

Achiv-us,

-a,

-una;

him

make him

traditions, however,

as being slain in battle at the Scaean gate

to have

latter

to Acidalia, a fountain in Boeotia,

where

m.: a descendant of Aeacus,

Aenead-ae, -arum

Paris.

adj.: Grecian.

ACidali-US, -a, -um adj.: of or belonging

Venus and the Graces used to bathe.

Aeacid-es, -ae

been killed treacherously by

m.

pi.

e.g., Achilles.

followers of Aeneas,

i.e.,

Trojans, or Romans, as

being descendants of the Trojans.

m.: Aeneas

a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and Venus. After the

and his followers set out for Italy, where he arrived :ifter many
wanderings. He married Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus and succeeded to the
power of that monarch.

Aene-as, -ae
fall

of the city, he

Aeoli-a, -ae

f.

Aeolia

the country ruled by Aeolus, the king of the winds.

insulae Aeolian or Vulcanuie, north of Sicily, comprise his domain.

A6l-us,
Afric-US,

m.: Aeolus: the god of the inds.

-i;

-i

m.: the south-west wind.

99

The

Vergil's

100
^C

Agenor,
calls

^^

a::x.

i.

-oris; m.: son of Ncprunc .-.u^X Mbya, king of Phoenicia. Vergil

of Agonor, .since Did.) was descended from him.

(P..

1.338)

Karthage the city

Aj-ax. -acis

m.: Ajax

He

son of Oilcus, king of the Locrians.

is

described as of

small stature, biit of great skill in hurling the spear, and, next to Achilles, the

most swift-footed of the Greeks. Homer represents him as having been wrecked,
on his return from Troy on the " Whirling Rocks." Ajax escaped and boiisted
that he could escape without the aid of the gods. For his impiety Ajax was
Vergil represents Ajax as being especially hated by
swallowed up by the sea.
Minerva, because on the night of the capture of Troy he insulted Cassandra, the
priestess, in the temple of the goddess, whitlier she had fJed for refuge.

Alb-a, -ae

Alba Longa, the most amient city in Latiura. and the parent city of
was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius, and never rebuilt.

f.:

Kome

It

Alban-us,

-um;

-a,

Alet-es, -ae

m.

adj.: of, or

Aletcs

Amazon-es, -um

one of the companions of Aeneas.

a fabled race of female warriors w^ho dwelt on the banks of

They came to the aid of the Trojans in the war under

t.:

belonging to ^Z6a.

the Thermoiion, in Pontus.

the

command

of their

queen, Penthesilea.

m.: Amycus a companion of Aeneas.

m.: son of Capys, and father of Aeneas.
-ae
Anchis-es.
Troy, and accompanied Aeneas, but died on Aeneas' first

Amycus,

-i

Anten-or, -oris; Antenor:

of the

He

survived the

a Trojan: according to Homer, one of the wisest

ni.:

Before the taking of the city he was sent to

Trojan elders.

fall of

arrival in Sicily.

Agamemnon

to

negotiate a peace, and concerted a plan of delivering the city into the hands of the
His subsequent history is
Greeks. On the capture of the city he was spared.

Some say that he founded a new kingdom at Troy others that

or
Cyrene others, that he went with the Heneti to Thrace, and
Libya
to
went
he
thence to Italy, where he founded Patavium.

variously related.

Anthe-us,

m.: Anthexis: a follower of Aeneas.

-i;

Aquil-o, -onis

m.: the N.E. wind

called ^opea^

by the Greeks.

-i; m.: Arcturtis: a constellation near the Great Bear;

Bootes, or Arctophylax.

Arctvu'us,

Arg-i, -orutn.

Argiv

VIS, -a,

ni.

A rgos

-um

adj

one

Aryive

us, -i m.: Ascanius

Troy and taken to Italy.

Ascanl

Ssia, -ae

/C

f.:

Assarac-uS,

Asia
-i

one

m.

of,

towns in Argolis,

in the Peloponnesus.

or belonging to Argos.

son of Aeneas and Creiisa, rescued by his father from

of the continents.

Assaracus

5.thama-s, -ntis

of the chief

called also

m.: a Trojan prince, son of Tros and father of Capys.

At?Mmas

a follower of Aeneas.

INDEX OF PllOPKR NAMES.

Atla-s, -ntis

m.: Atlas

-arum

Atrid-ae,

a Titan

who upheld

m.. the Atridae

101

the heaven and stars.

descendants of Atreus, applied to

Agamemnon

and Menelaus.
t.: A urora : goddess of the dawTi, and WTfe of Tithonus.
;
usually represented iu a chariot di-awn by four horses.

Auror-a, -ae

She

is

B.

Bacch-us,

Bellum,
Bel-US,

-i

-i

-i

m.

Biti-as, -ae

f.:

son of Juppiter and Seniele, and god of wine.

personified.

Belus

king of Tyre and Sidon,

Bitias

in.:

Byrs-a, -ae

War

n.:

m.: Bacchus

Byrsa

aut' 'ather of Dido.

a Tyrian companion of Dido.

the port of Karthage

language, Betzura or Bosra,

i.e.,

citadel,

first built was called, in the Phoenician

which was corrupted by the Greeks into

Byrsa Oupo-a), i.e., a hide, and hence probably arose the story.
formed the citadel of Karthage.

Afterwards

it

O
Caesar,

-8,ris

CaiC-US,

-i

Cereal -is,

ni.

Capy-3, -OS

m.: Caesar
Caictts

-e

a follower of Aeneas.

adj.: of, or

belonging to Ceres.

m.: Cloanthus: a follower of Aeneas.

-i;

-inis

Cycl6pe-us,

a surname given to the Julian family at Rome.

Capyn); m.: Capys: a follower of Aeneaa.

(ace.

Cl6anth-us,
Cupid-o,

m.: Cupid

-um

-a,

son of Venus and god of Love.

(the regular quantity

is

Cyclopeus)

Cyclopean : adj.

of,

or

belonging to the Cyclopes.

Cymotho-e,

Cyntli-us,

-es

-i;

Cymothoe

a sea nymph.

m.: CyiUhus: a mountain in Delos, the natal place of Apollo and

Diana.

Cypr-US,

-i

or Cypria.
l

a large island in the Mediterranean sea colonized by the

was noted for the worship of Venus, who was often called Cypris
The chief towns were Paphos, Citium and Salamis.

f.:

Phoenicians.

Cyprits

It

Cyther-a, -orum;

Cythera (now Ccrigo), an island off the south-western

was colonized by the Phoenicians, who early introduced the
Hence the goddess is often called Cytheris or Ci-theroa.
worship of Venus.
AccoiiUng to some traditions she arose from the foam of the sea near the island.

point of Laconia.

Cythere-us,

-a,

n., pi.:

It

-um

adj.:

Cytherean

of,

or belonging to Cythera.

102

veugil's aen. u.'ti-'^^'^'^

-orum ; m., pi. Danai: a name given to the Greeks, as descendants

Danaus, sen of Belus and twin brother of Aegyptus.

Dd.nS,-i,

Dard.S,nid-ae,

-arum;

m.,

-um

adj.:

pi.:

Dai-danidae: the descendants of Dardanua;

ot

i.3^

Trojans.

Dard&ni-us,-

a,

V Deiope-a, -ae

Dardanian

of,

or belonging to Dardania or Troy.

f.
Dciopca a sea nymph, whom Juno promised to Aeolus on oonwould aid her in destroyhig the fleet of Aeneas.
:

diiion that he

Av Dia.n-a, -ae f.: Diana daughter of Jupi)iter and Latoiia, goddess of the chase, the
mooj., and archery. From root uiv, " bright :"=tZuna, "bright one."
:

Did-o, -us and -onis Dido also called Elissa, the reputed founder of Carthage.
She was the daughter of Bohis, or Antenor, and sister of Pygjaalion, who suoceeded to the crown of his father. Dido nKu-ried Acerbas, or Sychaeus, a priest ol
Hercules and a man of great wealth. In consequence of the murder of her husband by Pygmalion, she sailed from Tyre, ami finally landed at Karthage. She
purchased from the simple natives as much land as she could cover with an oxhide. Cutting the hide into strips she surrounded the spot on which she subse:

""

quently built Bursa (pvpaa, a hide), the citadel of Karthage. Vergil represents
Dido as fa'ling in love with Aeneas, although an interval of fully three hundred
years elapsed between the taking of Troy (1184 B.C.) and the foundinij of Karthage
(853 B.C.).

Diomed-es,

-is

who fought

m.: Diomede

son of Tydeus, and one of the bravest of the Greeks

the especial fav.i.ite of Minerva, and under her

He was

at Troy.

many feats of bravery. He engaged in single combat Hector and

Aeneas wounded ilars, Venus, and Aeneas ; with Ulysses, carried off the horses
of Rhesus and the Palladium.

direction did
;

K
E6-US,
^"-

-a,

-um

Er-yx, -ycis

adj.: of, or belonging to the East,

Eastern (^(is=ew9, " the dawn "\

Eryx: a mountain and town on the west

m.:

of Sicily; near it stood

Egesta, or Segesta, the city of Arestes.

Europ-a, -ae
y,

f-

Euro2M

a division of the Eastern world.

m.; Eurotas the chief river of Laconia (now Basilipvlamo), flowing

through a narrow ard fruitfid vale into the Laconian Gull.

Eurot-as, -ao

Eur-US,

-i; ni.:

Eur us: theS.E. wind

(eSpo;).

F.

Fides,

-ei

t.:

Faith personified.

FCiror, -oiis; m.:

/'ttri/

personified.

INDEX OF PROPER NAM liS.

103

G.

G3,nyined-es, -la ; m.: Ganymede : son of Tros, and the most beautiful
He was carried off by the gods to act as cup-bearer.

'

Grail-,

-orum;

N.W.

m., pL: the Greek: originally a

With

of Epirus.

this tribe the

applied the terra Graii, or Graeci, to

Romans

name

of mortals.

g^iven to the people in the

became acquainted, hence they

a people who called themselves Hellenes and
first

their country Hellas.

Gy-as, -ae (aoo. Gyan)

m.: Gyas

a follower

of

Aeneas.

H.
-es f.: Harpahjee daughter of Harpalycus, king of Thrace, noted
her swiftness of foot and for her skill in martial exercises.

yC HarpS,iyc-e,

y
Vs,

Hebr-ua,

m.: Hebrus

-i ;

Hect-or, -oris

m.

a river of Thrace,

Hector

now the

for

Maritza.

son of Priam and Hecuba, the bravest of the Trojan

when Achilles withdrew from the conhe drove the Greeks before him and burned their ships. The death of Patroolus aroused AchiUes to action. The two heroes met, and Hector fell. The conqueror, according to Vergil, attached the dead body of Hector to his chariot and
dragged it thrice round the walls cf Troy but according to Homer he dragged it

He

leaders.

the Greeks, and

long- baffled

test

away

Greek fleet, then, for the space of twelve days, to the tomb
The body was at last ransomed by Priam.

to the

dus.

Hect6r6-U3,

-um

-a,

adj.:

Hectorean

of,

of Patro-

or belonging to Hector.

f.: Helena: daughter of Juppiter and Leda, and wife of Tyndarus,

from whom she is called Tyndaris. She was the most beautiful woman of her time,
and her hand was sought for by the most illustrious princes of Greece. She was
Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy, was
married to Menelaus, king of Sparta.
In consequence of an
kindly entertained by Menelaus, at the Spartan court.
elopement with Helen, Paris brought on the war against Troy. Menelaus after the
war forgave her infidelity, and canied her back with him to Greece.

Helen-a, -ae

Hesperi-a, -ae

-um

f.:

Italy

literally,

the land to the west

i.e.,

west of Greece.

f., pi.: a group of stars at the head of the constellation of the Bull
They were the fabled daughters of Atlas, mourning the death of their
brother Hyas {vtiv, " to rain ").

Hj-ad-es,

(Taurui).

Hyraenae-us,

-i

m.:

Hymen

the god of marriage.

I.

idftli-a,

-ae

f.;

Idali-um,

-i

the favorite abode of Venus.

n.t

Idalia, ICalium a grove and height of Cyprus,

There was also a town in the island, sacred to
:

Venus.

-ae
mother

i\ Ili-ft,

f.:

of

Ilia another name tor Rhea

Remus and Romulus.
:

Silva, a vestal,

who became by Mars

the

104

vekgil's aen. b.

-um

riI3,C-US, -a,

-um

Iliad 63,

Uion-e, -es;

Ilian

women

pi.:

adj.: of, or

of Troy

belonging to Ilium, or Troy.

the Trojan

women.

King Priam, aud wife

eldest daughter of

i.:

i.

of Polymnestor,

king

of

Thrace.

[lioneus,

-ei

lli-um,

n.:

-i

m.: a follower of Aeneas.

Ilium: another name

-um

Tli-us, -a,

[llyrlc-us, -a,

Ilian

-um

of,

for

Tmja.

or belonging to Ilium.

Illyrian

of,

or belonging to Illyria, a district north of Epirus,

along the Adriutio.

il-US,

m.: Ilus

-i;

table, p. 4S)

top-as, -ae

Ital-us, -a,

-um

the fabled founder of Troy; see geneological

Italy.

f.:

-i

(1)

lulus, or Ascanius originally.

a bard who sung at the entertainment given to Aeneaa.

rtalia; ac,

Iul-U3,

a rame given to

(-')

adj. Italian.

m- lyius

another

name

of Ascanius, son of

Aenea&

J.

JuU-US,
/x

-a,

-um

Jun-O, -onis

f.-

Julian

adj.:

Juno

-a,

-um

nomen

of the Julian family.

the wife and sister of Jove, and daughter of Satumus.

aided the Greeks agaiiist Troy.

Junoni-US,

the

(For i>joui;io

not

(iiu:

adj. of, or belonging to Juno.

Juppiter, Jovis: m.: Juppiter: king

of gods, son of

Satumus and Rhea.

" father of light.") He represents the sky

Djovis pater
nine and physical phenomena generally proceed from him.
:

TC'T

hence thunder,

(For
light-

f.: Karthage: one of the most celebrated cities of the ancient

founded about 853 B.C. It embraced the chief citadel (Byrsa), the port
cCothon), and tlie suburbs (Magalia). It. was involved in long and tedious wars
with the Romans for the supremacy of the ancient world. It was finally destroyed
146 B.C. It was rebuilt under Julius and Augustus under the uame ol Cv^ia

Ihag-O, -inis;

world

Karthago.

^x

She

"to shine").

The ruins are near

El-Mariia.

LCltin lis, -1 ; m.: Latinus : son of Faunus, and king of the aborigines of Italy. He
kindly received Aeneas, and gave the Trojan leader his daughter Lavinia in marriage.
After bis death Aeneas succeeded to the throne of Lalium.

INDEX OF PKOPEK NAMES.

Lati-um,
hilla

-i

Latium: a broad

n.:

and the

south of the Tiber, and between the Alban

district

Probably called from

sea.

105

its flat

character

latiis, cp. TrAariis,

Eng.

JUU.

Latdn-i, -ae

Lavini-um,

-i

Latona

f.:

Lavim-vis,

now

-am

-a,

Led-a, -ae;

Lavinium: a

n.:

Lavinia, his wife

Libum-i, -orum

mother

city of

Italy,

founded by Aeneas in honor

of

Pratica.

Lavinian

Leda

f.:

the mother of Apollo and Diana.

of

of,

or belonging to Lavinium.

Helen and

m., pL: the Libunii

of Castor

and Pollux.

a nation

of Illyria,

inhabiting

modern

Austrian Croatia.

Liby-a, -ae

Lobyc-us,

LJae-us,

f.

-a,

Libya

-um

district of

Libyan

or belonging to Libya.

from Auaios, from

\vei.v,

" to free

" cp.

i,

Lj^Ci-US,- a, -Tim; Lycian

""^Lyc-uSi-i

of,

Northern Africa.

-um an epithet of Bacchus

quia libcrat eiUeni a ciwis.

-a,

Liber

of,

or belonging to Lycia.

m.: Lgcus: a comrade of Aeneas.

jL^

M.
\ Mai-a, -ae:

f.:

Naia: daughter

beautiful of the seven stars

Mars,
of

-tis

m.:

Mam

-a,

-vim

of Atlas

the eldest of the Pleiades, and the most

the mother of Mercury.

the god of wars

son of Juppiter and Juno

the patron deity

Rome.

Mavorti-U3,

Memnon,

Mavoiiian

of,

or belonging to Mars, or Mavors.

onis m. Memnon a king of Ethiopia son of Tithonus and Aurora

Tioy with a body of soldiers to aid Priam distinguished himself for his
bravery was slain by Achilles.
:

came

to

Mercvlri-U3,

Mus-a, -ae

-i

m.: Mercury

Muge

son of Juppiter and Maia

messenger of the gods.

the Muses were daughters of Juppiter and Mnemosyne, and

Hesiod states the names as Clio (history), Euterpe (lyric poetry)
Thalia (comedy), Mclpomeni: (trairedy), TevjsUhofe (dance and song), Erato
1

f.:

orn at Pieria.

(amatory poetry), Polymiua, or Polyhymnia (sublime poetry), Urania (astronomy), Calliope (epic poetry).

Mycen-ae, -arum

f.,

pL:

Mycenae

one

of

the chief cities of Argolis, in the

Peloponnesus.

N.

Neptun-us,
N6t-us,

-i;

-i

m.: Ne2Jtune

the god' of the sea.

m.: Nottts: the south wind.


lOG

vekgil's aen.

Oenotr-us,

-um

-a,

adj.:

Oenotrian

of,

n.

i.

name

or belonsfintj to Oenotria, an old

foi

Italy.

m.

Olymp-us,

Oile-us,

to

-i

OUeus

a king of Locris, father of Ajax.

m.: a mountain of Northern Greece, near the Aegean Sea: according

-i
Homer, the abode of the gods ; hence often used for Caelum now Elimbo.
;

Orea-s, -adis

mountain; hence, a m'^untain nymph

bclon<jing to the

f.:

(opeiat:

from 6po?, a mountain).

Orien-S,

-tis

m.: the quarter where the sun rises (oriens)

lience, the East.

m.: Orion: a cele'.)rxted hunter andg'ant; placed after his death as

a conste'-lation in the heavens showers attended its rising and setting B. 1, 535.

Orton, -onis:

Oront-es,

-is

and

Troy to Italy

ironi

Orontes
:

a leader of the Lycjana, shipwrecked ou his voyage

B. 1, 113, 220.

Pall-as, -adis ; f-: Pallas an epithet of Athene, or Minerva, the goddess of war and
of wisdom. The epithet is derived from (1) either naWeiv, " to brandish," i.e.,
"the brandisher" of the spear (2) or from TroAAaf, " a maiden," i.e., the virgin
:

goddess.

>

P&ph-os,

-i

Paphus: a

t.:

of

city

south-western

Cyprus, where Venus was

especially worshipped.

Parc-a, -ae f.: one of the three Fates or

names were Lachesis (\a.y\iv<i.v, "to
;

Atropos

(a,

neg. Tpimiv, " to turn

").

Destinies.

allot");

According to the Greeks their

(Aiideii', "to weave");

Clotho

Their duties are expressed in the fo'lowing

With the Romans

Dccuma.
Nona.
The
best
derivation
Morta,
seems to
woiship]ied
as
were
these
For the interchange of y and m: cp.
be pariiip, "to allot;" cp. Moipai.
line

Clotho cuhiin retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat.

jxdAu^Jos,

Pari-S, -dis

/n

plumbum.
;

m.: Paris:

also called Alexander, son of

Priam and Hecuba. He

was the cause of the
He was the especial

carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta, and thus

He was slain by the arrows of Philoctetes.
Trojan war.
favorite of Venus.

X.

Pari-us,

-a,

noted for

-um
its

adj.:

Parian

of,

or belonging to Paros, one of the Cyclades,

quarries of marble.

-i; m.; Patavium: a city of Gallia Cisalpina, founded by

Meduaous Major and Minor (Brenta), now called Padua.
the
between

P&tavi-um,

Pelasg-us, -a, -um; adj.: Pelamjian: of, or

race who inhabited Graeci before the arrival
from

TreAAos

cp. palidus, palleo

An tenor,

belongini; to the Pelasgi, an ancient

of the Hellenes.

hence, dark, or ash-colored.

The word

is

derived

INDEX OF PKOPER NAMES,

I'enat-es,

-ium

m.,

the Penates

pi.:

deities

who

107

presided over the household and

The word seems connected with pa, "to feed" or "protect;" hence
pater, janis, jienus ; jrdcris (=7rdTis), potens. They were probably deified founders
the state.

of thn faaiily.

Penthesile-a, -ae
war of Troy.

PergS,m-a, -orum
Gennan,

burif

Phoeb-us,
shine

:"

-i

n., pi.:

Amazons, an

of the

the citadel of Troy

ally of

connected with

Phoebus: an epithet of Apollo: op.

cp. ^aiviiv,

-um

Phoenic-es,

queen

Priam

jriJpyos,

in the

"a tower:"

En<;. -borough, -bur^^h, -bury.

m.

t: Penthesilea:

^oi)3os,

"bright;" fa, "to

<j>ao;.

pi.: Phoenicians: people of Phoenicia, a district on the east

bounded on the south by Palestine, and on the north and
The Phoenicians were the most celebrated navigators of antiquity,

m.,

of the Mediterranean,

east by Syria.

and founded colonies alonjf the shores of the Mediterranean

Tunis, Utica. Tyre and Sidon were their chief towns.

notably Karthage,

from mas. Phoenix

Phoeniss-a, -ae f., adj.: a Phoenician woman
Threissa, from Threx, a Phoenician woman. As a noun = Z)irfo.
:

Phryg-es,

-um

Phrfgius,

-a,

Phthi-a, -ae

m.,

-um;
f.:

cf.

the Phrygians, a people of Central Asia Minor.

pi.:

adj.: Phriigian.

Phthia: a

district in

southern Thessaly.

Achilles

was

bom

at

Larissa, in Phthia.

Poen-i,

-orum

m.,

pi.:

the Karthaginians.

ni.: Priam
son of Laomedon, and last king' of Troy. Hercules took
-i
Troy, and Priam, then called Podarces, was amony the prisoners.
Hesoine, the
sister of Priam, ransomed her brother, and he clianged his name to Priamus
(irpia/j.at, " I buy," or " ransom ")
He married Hecuba, tlje dau-jhter of Cisseus,

Priam.us,

and had amon^'

his sons Hector, Paris, Polites

The conduct

father in a war with the Greeks, which lasted for ten years.
(1184 B.C.)

Punic-US,

and Priam was

-um

-a,

Pygmalion,
murderer

-is

adj.:

slain

by Phyrrhus, son

of Paris involved his

Troy was

finally

taken

of Achilles.

Karthaginian.

Pygmalion

son of Belus, and king of Tyre

brother of Dido

of Sychaeus.

Q.
Quirin-us,

-1;

Derived rom

m.: Quirtnus: a name given to Romulus after his ascent to heaven.

rt. kur, " powerful i' cp. Quirites, icCpos, icuptos, K^ipai/os.

R.

Rem-us.-i;

blain

Remus:

the twin-brother of Romulus.

m.: Rhesus king of Thrace, whose horses were captured and who wa4
-i
by Diomede and Ulysses in the night attack.

Bh^a-us,
/\
/^

m.:

108

vkkgil's akn.

Bora-a, -ae

f.

Rome

a city in Italy, on

tlie

b.

i.

banks of the Tiber

Derived: Koina=(s) Koina: root sru

llomaii world.

cp. 'p'"

the capital of

:" to

flow

;"

tlio

heiiue,

"the stream town."

Roman US,
R6.uiil-U3,

-um;

-a,

-i

Romidas

R&tul-i, -orUiH

m.,

Roman.

adj.:

of

pi.:

thu Rululi

a people of Latiuin.

son of Mars and Rhea

They were defeated, and

the Trojans in Italy.

ine:i* of

Rome

The founder

Silvia.

They opposed the

their

kiii;;,

settle-

Turnus, was

slain.

S.

Sabae-us,

-um;

-a,

Sa.m-03,

-i

Sabaean:

adj.:

ture), the capital of

of,

or belonging to Saba (the Sheba of Scrip-

Arabia Felix, situated

in the

S.W. part of Arabia.

Samos: an

island, S.E. of Chios, opposite Mt. Mycale.

It was noted
temple of Here (Juno), situated about two miles from the town
The remains of this temple are still to bo seen.
f.:

for a nia.L^nificent

Samos.

Sarped-on, -onis; m.: Sarpedon: king

war. He was slain by Patroclus.

-'

Saturni-us,

-a,

-umi;

Satumian:

adj.:

of Lycia,

of,

and an

ally of

Priam

in the Trojan

or belonging to Satumus, Satumlan.

Saturn, according to the Konians, was the father of Juno.

from sera, to sow hence ho was the god of agriculture.

His name

is

derived

i(

Scyllae-us,

-um;

-a,

adj.: Soifllaean

of,

or belonging to Scylla, a monster

who

inhabited the rooky strait of Messina, between Bruttiuui and Sicily.

Sergest-us,

-i

m.

Sergestus

a follower of Aeneas.

Sicani-a, -ae t.: another name for Sicily. The Sicani, from whom the island obtained its name, were an Iberian people, while the Siculi were an Italian tribe.
;

Sicul-us,

-a,

-um

Sicilian.

r Sid -on, -onis (ace. Sidona) f.: Sidon (now Saida): the most ancient of the PhoeniIt was eclipsed by its own
"r^cian cities, and for a long time the most powerful
;

colony. Tyre.

Sid6ni-us,-a,-um

adj.: Sidonia/n: of Sidon.

Simo-is, -entis m.: ace. Simoenta (now Guinbrek)

the Scamander {Mendere).
;

Spartan-US,

Sychae-us,

-a,

-i

-um

Spartan

Sychaeus

of,

a river of the Troas

falling into

or belonging to Sparta:

the husband of Dido.

Syrt-is, -is f.; the Syrtes two gulfs on the northern coast of Africa the Syrtis
Major (Gulf of Sidra), Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Cubes). The word is derived (1) either
,
from crupeti', "to draw," (2) or from the Arabian word scrt, a desert. Both were
proverbially dangerous to sailors on account of the quicksands and their exj osure
;

to winds.

INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.

109

T.

Teuc-er,

-1

m.: Teiieer

(1)

an ancient king of Troy

(2)

a soa

of

Telamon, king

of

Salamis, and brother of Ajax.

-orum:

Teucr-i,

Threiss-a, -ae
Tiberin-us,
of

-um

-a,

m.: the Trojans.

pi.,

fem

which Rome was

Timav-us,

-i

ni

Threx, Thracian.

of adj.

adj.: of, or

belonging to Tiber, a river of Italy, on the banks

built.

Timavus (now Timavo)

-um

a river of

Istria.

adj : THnacrian
of, or belonging to Trinacria, another
The island obtained its name from its three promontories
(rpeis cLKpa.:) I'eloruin (now Capo di Faro, or Peloro)
Pachynuui {Capo di Passara) ; Libybaeum (Capo di Bona, or Marsala).

Trinacri-us,

name

-a,

for Sieilia.

Trion-es, -ura
=strio

m., pi.: also called Septentriones, seven stars (septem=seven ; trio

root stri, " to scatter," hence, scatterer; of light, near the north pole.

Triton, -onis; m.: Triton: a

sea-deity, son of

Neptune and Amphi trite, and trum-

peter to his father.

Troil-US, -i ra.: Troilus

was slain by Achilles.
;

Troi-us,

-a,

Troj-a, -ae
.

-um;
f.:

son of Priam and Hecuba, remarkable for his beauty.

He

adj.: Trojan.

Troy

also called Ilium, one of the

most noted

cities of

situated in the north-eastern part of Mysia, in a district called Troaa.

antiquity

It

was built

near the junction of the Simois and Scamander. It was taken by the Greeks after
a siege of ten years, B C. IISI. Recently Dr. Schlieman has, by excavating the

ground, brought to light the remains of this once memorable

Trojan-US,
Tro-S,

-is

-a,
ni.:

-um;
Tros:

(1)

son of Erichthinius, and grandson of Dardanus.

ried Callirhoe, daughter of the Scamander,

and Ganymede

(2)

city.

adj.: Trojan.

He

mar-

and had three sons Ilus, Assaracus,

an adj. =Trojanu3.

Tydid-es, -ae ; m. : son of Tydeus, an epithet

of Diomedes.

-um ; Typhuian adj.: of, or belonging to Typhoeus, a monstrous

Earth brought forth to war with the gods after the destruction of her
giant progeny. He was destroyed by Juppiter and placed beneath Aetna.

Typhoi-us,
gi int,

Tyri-U3,

-a,

whom
-a,

-um;

adj.:

Tyrian:

of,

or belonging to Tyre, a celebrated city of

Phoenicia.

Tyr-U8,

-i

f.:

Tyre an ancient city of Phoenicia, founded by a colony from the olde

It was noted for its famous purple.
:

city of Sidon.

Venxis the goddess of beauty and the mother of Aeneas. By

; f.:
adjudging the award of the golden apple to Venus, when Minerva, Juno and
Yenui were the competitors for this prize of beauty, Paris was promised the hand

Ven-U8, -^ris

VERGIL'S AEN.

110
of the

B.

I.

handsomest of earth's daii'^hters. He soon eloped with Helen, and henc(

The iiillueiice of Venus in this coutust was always exerted on the

the war of Troy.

side of the Trojans

Veat-a, ae

f.:

V^esta:

the goddess

who

presided over the hearth orio).

priestesses, Vestal virgins,

Xanth-US,

-i; m.:

kept alive the sacred

Xanthus:

also called

fire.

Scamander, a river

rising in the defiles of

The
Mt. Ida, and after receiving the Siniois, falls into the Hellespont.
derived from the yellow color of its waters (fafdos) : now the Mendere.

ZephjT

US,

nubeg,

all

-i

m.:

Zcphyms

She

In her temple at Koine, the attendant

syinboli/.ed the sanctity of the family ties.

the western wind, (from ^oi^ot ifo^tdf

name

is

cp. M^o;,

referring to the dark region of the world).

ABBREVIATIONS.
or act

a,

abl

aeo
adj

adv

cf.

confer

active.
ablative.

num

nominative.
numeral.

obsol

obsolete.

ord

ordiiial.

coniiiare.

p. or part

pass
perf
pers
pluperf
plur

participle.
passive.
perfect.

conj

conjunction.
dative.

demonstr
dep

demonstrative.
deponent.
feminine.
from.

fr

negative.

accusative.
adjective.
aih ei'b.

dat

neg
noni

person, personal.
pluperfect.

pos

plural.
positive degree.

treq
fat

f refiuentative.

J10SS

pos.sessive.

future.

prep

gen

Kt'iutive.

pres

preposition.
present.

Gr

Greek.

imperf

imperfect.

prob
pron

ind. or

iiiilic

indcyi
indef
inf.

or infin

iuciicative.
inileclinable.
indefinite.
infinitive.

interrog
irr. or irreg

interjection.
interrogative.
irregular.

Lat

Latin

interj

n.

or neut

N.B.^The

figures before v. a

Where the etymology

is

v.

relative.

sing
subj

singular.

n
voc

subjunctive.
uncontracted.
verb active.
verb deponent.
verb neuter.
vocative.

equal ta

V.
v.

dep.,

and

pronoun.

rel

uncontr
V. a

nuusouline.
neuter.

probably.

dep

v.

not given, the word

is

n denote the conjugation of the verlx

of very uncertain or

unknown

origin.

A
tA^

-^"^X ,,<y.Uj^^

-.

2*i-t.to->^>,^^^

9.

VOCABULARY.

n
welcome, 20^, 685 ; hear, 678.
tally : to learn, vndersta id.
123

4b

prep. gov. abl. [akin to Gr.

To denote the direction
from which an object is viewed At, in
a tergo, at one's back behind.
iir-o)

From.

acci-tus, tus, m. [accl-o, '* to sum"], a summoning, summons, call.

mon

ab-do, dldi, ditum, dere. 3, v. a. [ab,

"away;" do. "to put'"], to hide, conceal.

ab-So,

Ivi

".away;"

o,

or

li,

Itum,

"to go"],

to

ire, v. n.

ab-6l-eo, evi or fti, Itura, 5re, 2, v. a.

denoting " reversal ;" obsol. ol-o
(=cresco), "to grow"], to banixh or remove an object from the memory, etc.
[ab,

V. 720.

ab-ripio,

riptii,

a. [for ab-r'iplo

fr.

reptum, rIpCre,
ab,

"away;"

3, v.

ripio,

"toeize"], to seize and carry away, or

draj, or carry forcibly atoay.

off; to

ab-sisto, stiti, stitum, sistere, 3, v.

"away from ;" sisto, "to stand"],

[ab,

off,

or desist

ab-sum,

ffli,

from;" sum, "to

one to 6 absent.

n.
to

to cease.

esse, v. n. [ab, " away

be "J, to be invay from

"away ;" sumo, "to

away remove.

to take
;

take"],

see atque.

d<;anthus, i, m. [a.Kav9oi, " thornflower;" rt. AB," sharp" ai'9o<;, a flower],

the plant bear's-foot, or brank ursine.

ac-cedo,

cessum, cGdOre, 3, v.
n. [for ad-cedo ; fr. ad, " to ;" cedo, " to
go "], to go to, or towards ; to approach.
cessi,

ac-cen-do,
ad-can-do;

fr.

oibltum, cumbSre,
ad, " on,
di)wn "], to
;

acerb-US,
" sharp

-a, -aim, adj. [root

see acer], bitter, crud.

;"

sum, dSre, 3, v. a. [for

ad, in "augmentative"

di,

cinxi, cinotum, cingSre, 3,

fr. ad, " to or on to ;"
;
cingo, " to gnrd "] : with per8on.al pron.
in reflexive force ; with dat. : to gird
one'g e{/ /or something ; i.e., to prepare
one's self, get one's self ready /or.

ac-cingo,

ad-cingo

ak,

ac-ies, ici, f. [ak, root of a,c-i1o; see

acer] (" a sharp edge ;" hence, " order of
battle;" hence) aVi army, host, fcn-ces,
drawn up in line of battle.

actus,

perf. part. pass, of

ago; 8e

ago.
acu.-tu.'>, ta tum, adj. [see acer].
rock, etc.: sharp, pointed, etc.

ad, prep. gov. ace.

against, near to, beside, at.

Of a

totoards

to,

ad-do,
" to
to

dldi, ditum, dCre, 3, v. a. [ad,

do, " to put "] (" to put to, or on
hence), to add ; to give in addition,

;"

;"

to.

ad-eo, Ivi or Ti, Itum, Ire, v. a.

"to;" 6o, "to go"] ("to goto" an
etc.

hence),

to

approach,

[ad,
act,

encounter,

undergo.

ad-eo,

adv. [prob. for

" to or up to ;" com

pron. is], so very, so.

ad-6om

= eum),

old

adflictus; see afldictus.

adflo see afflo.
ad-for, fatus, sum, fan, 1,
"to;" for, "to speak;" cp.

force ; root can, akin to Gr. ca-io, ai'-io,

" to light, kindle "], of persons, the
passions, etc. ; to inflame with rage, exasperate, enrage.
V. a. [for

a.

a-cer,_cris, ere, adj. [for accer ; fr. ar,

root of aKT), OLKMKr), cLKix-q, axpoi;, uirvf
acus, acuo, acies, ocior]. In character:
ardent, bold, spirited, etc.
Of fear
sharp, strong, intense.

sumpsi, sumptum, sumure,

3, V. a. [ab,

ciibtli,

[for ad-cumbo
fr.
upon ;" obsol. cumbo, " to lie
recline at a table, least, etc.
v.

ab-sumo,

ac-cumbo,
3,

[ab,

go aioay, de-

jiart.

ac

Men-

(a),

leave

ad,

fr.

aca

o)

v. a.

[ad,

<^r)M'].

to

address.

ad-gnosco,

gnOvi, gnotum, gnoscGre,

"to;" gnosco, "to know:'
root GNO, as A, "to know "], to recognise.
ad hue, adv. [ad, " to, or up to ;'
hue, old form of hoc, "this"], as yet.
3, V. a.

ac-cipio, cCpi, ceptum, plpGre, 3, v. a.

[for ad-cipio ; f r. ad, " to ;" oapio, " to
take "\, to receive, vs. 304, 434 ; let in, v.

[ad,

ad-l6quor,
tus sum,

3,

"to speak"',
111

V.

to

lOqui, Klqm'itus, or loCM

(ad, "to;" loquur,

(ii'p.

address.

T
u

VOCABULAnV.

112

adnitor,

nisus and nivus sum,

niti,'.

"a;raiiist;" nltor,
lean "], to exert nne's xcl/, etc. ; to
forth one'n itretujth, etc.
(lop.

V.

3,

liVl,

ad-no. navi,
" to, or up to ;"
to, or up to.

adnuo
V.

"], relisfious
pitiate, etc.

(ul turn, ere,

OL-o, "to

e\-i),

"up;"

grrow

Oris, n. [aequ-o, " to make

wateis of the sea; thesea, in

level "1, the

any condition.

aequ-us,
make even ;"

Oi (rarely

[ad,

a.

fieqii-o, avi, 5tnm, Sre, 1, v. a. [aequ" equal 'J. to make equal, place on an
equality, eqwlize.
U8,

aequ-or,

natuiii, nfire, 1, v. n. [.id,

no, " to swim "], to swim

see annuo.

ad-ol-eo,
2,

"to
put

obsol.

term

honour, pro-

to

r)p;

iHi',vi,

parSre, parfli, paritum,

ad-pareo,
V. n.

"to;" parOo, "to be

[ad,

2,

visible"],

to coine into sijht, be visible.

" to

;"

aer-eus,

ad-spiro,

spirare, spiravi, spir.'itum,

1,

"towards;" spiro, "tobrea he"],

V. a. [ad,

Gum,

adj.

cloud,

[aes,

aer-is.

or iiiadf of bronze; bronze-.

aes, aeris, n. : bronze (an alloy of

coi>per and tin, not brass, which is an
alloy of copper and zinc). Of vessels a
prou' of bronze, a bronze-prow [akin to
Ger. eiscn, "iron"].
tatis,

cp. aedes, aestus

see applico.

aura], the air;

Ca,

of,

aes-tas,

to.

ad-plico

"to

pellGre, pCili, pulsum, 3, v.

pello, " to drive "J, to dnve

ad-pello,
a. (ad,

cp.

a Friiii.
vapour.

"bronze"],

to.

adj. [root ik,

aequor cIkuj]. favourable, friendly.

non aequ-us: unfavourable, unfriendly [akin to t^ans. eka.",
"one"].
aer, aCris, m. [root av, " to blow :" cp.
6.1-

ad-6ro, oravi, oratani, Orare, 1, v. a.

[id, "\s'ithout force;" oro, "to entreat"],
to entreat, beseech; to address an entreaty

um,

a.

al^u, ai&qp],

summer.

tiis, m.
Of the sea: a wave
the sea in an agitated state

aes-tus,
or billow

bum ;"

[root aed, " to

f.
;

to breathe forth.

[see aestas).

(a-sto), stiti stitum, stare, 1,

V. n. ad, 'by ornear;" sto, "to stand"],
to stand by, or near, a person or thing.

um, "age;" aiioi/ root Aiv, a lengthened

form of I "to go "J, time of life, age,

ad-sto
I

[ad, "at;"
fili, esse, v. n.
to be "], tv be present, or here.

ad-sum,
sum, "

aetas,

tatis,

[tor aev(i)tas

f.

fr.

aev-

generation.

aet-ernus, ema, ernum,

adj. [contr.
aetfit-ernus ; fr. aetas, aetat-is], constant, lasting, eternal, everlasting.
fr.

ad-surgo,

surgCre, surrexi, surrecn. [ad, " towards ;" sui-go, " to

tuni, :!, v.
rise "1, to rise.

adul-tus,

vexi, vectum, vehcre, 3, v. a.

"to;" vcho, "to carry"], to bear to

ad-veho,
a place, etc.

" to

;"

vCni, ventum, venire, 4, v.

venio, " to come"], to come

to.

sum,

adj. [for advert8us; fr. advert-o], opposite; i.e., lying

oner aguin.st, or in an opposite quarter
coming in an opposite directum, or from
an opposite qaarter.

adver-sus.

sa,

vertGre, verti, versum, 3,

[ad, "towards;" verto, "to turn"],

ad-verto,
to

turn towards.

aeger,

gra,
ing, troubled.

ae-nus,
aes,

aei

copper

na,

-is,

aenum,

grum,

num,

n.,

adj.: sad, sorrow-

adj. [for

" bronze

"],

of

copper-.

bronze-,
i.

m.

[see aestas], the ui>per

the sky.

aether-ius,
"the

vessel or

aemus
bronze

As

fr.

or

subst.:

caldron of

bronze or copper ; a bronze caldron.

la,

lum,

adj.

[aether,

or upper air"],
pertaining to the upper air or sky.

afflic-tus.

ether,

ta, turn, adj. [for afflig-tus;

"to dash, or

strike

down"],

unfortunate, wretched, distressed.

af-flo, flavi, flatum, flare, 1, v. a. [for
fr. ad, " upon ;" flo, " to blow,
or breathe "], to blow or breathe upon an
object; i.e., of a deity, to bestow on, or
impart to, by breathing.
ad-flo

v. a.

aether-is,

fr. afflig-o,

ad-venio,
n. [ad,

Gris,

ta, turn, adj. [for adol-tus

fr. adol-esco, "to grow up"], groion up,

full gruvm, adult.

[ad,

aether,

air, or ether

(af-for)

see adfor.

m. [root AG, "to drive ;"

hence, where cattle are driven ; cp.
aypd? ; German trift, pasturage, from
treiben, " to drive ;" Eng. acre ; hence],
land, landed property or estate.

ager,

agri,

ag-ger, gCris, m. [agger-o, "to bring,

or carrj-, to" a place], a mound, pile,
high or mighty heap.

ag-men,

minis,

n.

[ag-o],

line,

stream, train; a band, crowd, tnultUude.

Of soldiers : a column, or troop.

VOCABULARY.
ag'n-us, i, m.: a lamb [aMin to omi'os,
iamb;" root Av, "to please;" cp.
oFit: ovis: Eng. ewe (probably the pet
".1

thing)].

ago,

actum, Sgere, 3, v. a.: to

drive, drive abnut.
Imperative: comp.
aio, V. defect. : to say, to speak [akin
to root ATH, " to say ;" cp. ad-ag-iuin, a
6gi,

ambrosius,

um,

adj. [Gr.
/noprds ; cp.

iuPpomors,
hence, liteially, "immortal"],
lovely, pleasant, sweet, etc.
(rio5

Moipa

am-icio,
[for

a,

nag.

a,

fr.

am-jacio

"to throw

ictum, icire,
am, " around

Ictli,

fr.

wrap around,

"], to

amic-tus,

tus,

m.

ala, ae,

f.

a^da= axilla

[for

see ager],

a wing.

am-icus,
lo\e

to clothe.

[amic-Io,

"to throw

al-e-S,

alltis, adj. [for al-i-(t) s

"a wing,"

I,

epenthetic letter

fr. al-a,

"to go;"

root of e-o,

(t)

bird.

al-i-ger, g^'ra, gOmm, adj. [al-a, "a

;" (i) connecting vowel
gOr-o, " to
bear"], bearing xviiif/s, tv'nj/ed.

wing

icum, adj. [am-o, " to

/riendly. As subst.

ica,

loving,

"],

amicus,

B.

4, v. a.
;" jacio,

around"], clothiwi^Qarnient.

sajdng].

m.: a friend.

i.

a-mitto, misi, missum, mittSre, 3, v. a.

[a, "from;" mitto, "to let go"], to let
go, slip, to fo.sf?. l^ass.: a-mittor, missus
sum, mitti.

e:

al-i-qui, qua, quod, gen. (alicu jus

dat. alicui
plur. aliijui, quae, qua, etc.),
indef. pron. ;idj. [illi-us
qui], some, any.

al iter. adv. [,ll-is, old form of fil-iusan adverbial suffix; compare fortiter]:

ter,

another

in

113

iliter

manner,

not otherwise

otlterwise.
i.e.,

baud

just in

the

tame way.

am-O, avi, fitum,

am-or. Oris, m.

are, 1, v. a.: to love.

[am-o, " to love "],

affection. Versom^eA : Love, or

love,

Cupid.

amplexus,
aniplect-or,

fr.

nKiKeiv

Eng.

m.

us,

amplect-sus

[for

"to embrace;" cp. plecto:

plait

root

plak,

" to

an embracing, embrace, caress.

ampli-us, comp. adv. adverbial neut.

twist

"^,

al-ius, la, lud (gen. alius dat. alii),

adj.
another, other of many [akin to
;

of ampli-or
fr. amplus, "extensive"].
Of time longer, farther, more.
;

J.L

aA-Ao?].

al-ligo, ligavi, ligatum, ligare, 1, v. a.

;"
[for ad-ligo ; fr. ad, " without force

Of an anchor as sub-

"to bind").

ligo,

make or holdfast.
alloquor, liJquutus sum, Ifiqui, 3, v.
dep, [for ad-16quor fr. ad, "to speali"],
ject

to

to

speak

''o,

adj.

"to

alt-e, adv. [alt-US, "high"], on high,

a pnmitive word],
whether ... .or

Or:[prob
an.

conj.

whether.

.an,

ivhether.

ancora,

ae,

[root a.vc,

f.

ancus, uncus, anguis

ayKvpa, oyKO;], an anchor.

breathe

;"

imae,

f.

" to bend ;"

Gr. dyKuir,

[akin to root an. " to

animus

cp.

due/xo^,

arnxt],

life.

aloft.

al-ter,

turum

tc-ra,

(gen. alterius

miothe):
subst. m.: another person, another.
altCri), adj. [akin to al-ius],

dat.

As

tum, adj. [root .\L, ar, or OL,

cp. opi'j'M', opo?, opfis ; ad-ol.-Vs
alo],
high, loity.
subst. :
the high heaven.- As
altura, i, n.
subst.: altum, i, n.: the deep; the main
or open sea.

altus,

" high
esco

ta,

;"

amaracus,

i,

comm.

gen.:

marjoram

[a/ioipaKOs].

amb-ag-es,
sing.,

spacious.

an,

anima,

benijn, projiitiou-i.

"],

sive,

adj. [am, "around:"

large extent, exten-

cp.

to, addre.ts.

al-mus, ma, mum,

nourish

am-pl-us, a, um,
j)l-Oo, "to fill"', of

complete

ag-o, " to
rative.

is (found only in abl.

in plu.), f.[amli, "around;"

go

intricate details or nar-

"),

i.e.,

in

Oum, a^lj. [arabo,

two directions; ago,

Qa,

" to level "], doubtjul, uncertain, not to

be relied upon.

arabo,

eV-o9 = ei'-iauT05,

"a year "J.

ante, adv. and prep. Adv.

previoiLsly, beforehand, sooner.
gov. aec.
before, in front of.

before,

Prep.

ambig-uus,
"both;"

animus, imi, m. [akin to anlma,

mind, feeling, courage.
annal-es, ium, m. [annal-is, " of, or
belonging to a ye^r ''|, annual records.
an-nuo, nfii, nutum, nuere, 3, v." a.
[for ad-nuo
fr. ad,
"to or towaids ;"
nuo, " to nod "], topromise.
an-nus, ni, "ml Of time a year
[akin to am, "to go;" annulus
to Gr.

ae, o, plur.

both.

adj.

[Or.

a/i<^io],

ant-iquus,

iqua,

former, ancient,

antrum,
aper,

1,

apri,

iquum,

adj. [ant-e],

old.

n.:

cave, grotto [ai'Tpoi'l.

m.: a wild boar [akin to

KCLTTp-O?].

a-per-io, fli, tum, ire, 4, v. a. [prob. ab,

denoting "reversal;"
root par, "to

f
V

114^
cover
patxa

VOCABULARY.
mule

"I, /0 ojtni, i.e., to

closed

.sonieUiing

tlirnu'ili,

If

(i Tmi/, or
previously

view permit to be

to dixcloxe to

mSrum, n. plu. [root ar, " to

fit;" f'p. ilp-ui, ap-api<TKui, dpOpof. artus,

ar-ma,

arms, ivenpons, utensils.

articulus],

seen.

um

Of the sky

Apertus,
aperio.

a,

perf.

p.

pass,

of

unclotided, cloud-

less, clear.

ar-mentum,

menti, n. [a,r-o, "to

hence, properly, ploughing
"
cattle in general.
Of deer: a

plough
cattle],

herd.

a-p-is, is, f. [akin to root ro, " to

drink ;" cp. po-to n-uw
hence, " the
drinker or sipper " of the dew, juice of
flowers, etc hence], the bee.
;

'/ar-rigo,

rexi, rectum, rlgC-re, 3, v. a.

;"
ad-rCgo
fr.
ad, " up, upwards
rfgo, " to keep straight"], to lift, or raise
up. Of the ears to prick uv; i.e. (supp.
[for

ap-pareo,

panli, parTtum, pfirCre, 2,

V. n. [for ad-parco ; fr. ad, "at;" pareo,
"to appear "J, to come or be in sight, to
be vuiible, to show otie's self, etc.

appello, pMi, pulsum. pellere, 3, v. a.

[for ad-pello ; fr. a<l, "to or towards;"
pello, " to drive "].
Of a storm : to drive
to.

appllCO,

or

plicfivi,

or plicitum, plIcAre,

1, v. a.

apt-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [root ap,

"to work, or join;" cp. opus, opes,
:

oirTeti'], to

adapt, fit, adjust,

i>re-

ar-s.

art-i-fex,
fac-s;

"to make; to exeran artificer, artisan.

m.: a joint
a linib [see

ar-tiis, tus,

arnia].

ur-tus
close,

(arc-), ta, turn, adj.: narrou',

cunfined [see arnia].

ar-vum,
cp. apotLv

vi, n.

[root ar, " to plough;"

0. E. ear], a /ield,
;

aralium

plain.
arcis,

arceo],

[see

f.

castle,

citadel.

a-scendo,

aqu-a,

ae.

f.

water [akin to Sans, ap,

"water"].

ar-a,

ae,

[root ar, see altus],

f.

elevation for sacred purposes

i.e.,

an
an

altar.

V.

3,

ea,

scando,
climb, ascend.

aspec-to,

tavi, tfitum, tare,

look at attentively.

aspec-tus,

tree.

Cum,

adj. [arbor,

rcsemblimj a

"], tree-like,

arc-anus,

f.:

ana,

anum,

"] [see arceo], secret,

"a

"a

concealed.

arc-eo,

fii (obsol. sup. itimi), ere, 2,

(root ARK, " to protect
cp. ap/ceu',
area, arcanus], to confine, restrain,
apKTi
keep vjf\ drive away. At v. 300 supjily
;

eos, i.e. J'eucros.

lis,

m.

tus.

m.

[aspicio,

or look at," through root spec],

1,

" to

v. a.

see,

glance,

look.

tree.

adj. [arc-a,

V. a.

arcus,
ardeo,

scendi, scensum, scendere,

ad-scando ; fr. ad, " up ;"
" to mouut "], to mount up,
[for

a.

[id', to

arbor. Oris,
arbor-eus,

chest

conim. gen. [for art-i(ijc'i'iPCtiiig vowel

tu is,

ars. art-is

KAC, ro it of fiVc iij,

cise" a caJUiny, rtr.],

with.

tree

fr.

arx,

prep, with ace. : at, in, among,

gtratagem [root

art, skjjl,

tis, f.:

AR, "fit"].

pare, provide.

apud,

to rouse,

animate, encourage.

pliratum

plicfti,

[for ad-plico;
fr. ad,
"upon:" plico, "to fold "J, to
force, or bring to, a place, etc.

apisci

aures), to listen, be attciUtve

asper, Gra, erum, adj.: rough, rugged;

cruel, bitter, violent, fierce.
(Comp. :
aspOr-ior.) Sup. : asper-rimus.
a-spicio, spexi, spectum, spTc6re, 3,
a.
[for ad-spOcio
fr.
id, " on or
upon;" specie, "to look "J, to look upon,
beliold, see.
Mentally
to consider, reV.

[see arceo],

a bow.

arsi, arsum, ardcre, 2, v. n.

[root Alt, " to burn, or parch ;" cp. arena,
areo, aridus], to burn with anj' passionate
emotion to Ion;;, be eager.

gard.

a-spiro,
V. n. [tor

splravi, splratum, spTrare, 1.

;
fr. ad, "upon;" spiro,

ad-spiro

" to breathe "J. Of flowers : to send jorth

scents, emit fragrance upon a perfaon.

avdesco,
V.

n. lardeo,

flamed with

arsi,

no

sup., ardescCre, 3,
"J, to become in-

" to burn

love, etc.

are-na,

nae,
beach, utrand.

f.

[see ardeo], sand, shore,

arg-entum,

enti, n. [root aro, "to be

bright ;" cp. apyupos, arguere, argilla],
silccr, silver vessels or plate.

ar-idiis. ida, iduni, adj. [see ardeo",

dry

as-surgo,
gCre,

i,

rise "].

up,

surrexi,

svuTectum,

sur-

"up;"

surgo, "to
Of the heavenly bodies : to rise
V.

n.

|ad,

rise.

ast

see at.

asto, are

astrum,
scatter

;"

1,

see adsto.
n.

a star [root star, "to

cp. aTopitfviJ.L

straiiien : stella=sterula,
of light"]

sterno, stratus,
" the scatterer

i
I

VOCABULARY.
at (ast), conj.
[akin to Gr. ar-dp,
ater,

but

[fi,

atra:/.

tnim, adj.: black, dark.

tra,

at-que
que
" and
;

fr.

"],

a-veho, ve.xi, vectuni, vChere, 3, v. a.

"away;" veho, "to carry"], to cairy

hut indeed, yet

"ImfJ.

115

(contracted ac), conj. [for adad, denoting '"addition;" qu6,

and also, and beside*, moreover,

and.

avers-us,
averto

-um,

-a.

turned away,

of

part,

perf.

9.

unfavourable.

i.e.,

a-verto, verti, versum, vertere, 3, v.

" away from ;" verto, to turn "J, to
[.a,
turn away. Pass, in reflexive force, also

a.

atrium, li, n. : a hall [from ater,

"black," i.e., blackened by smoke; cp.
neKa&pov, from /neAas].
atr-OX, ocis, adj. [ater, atr-i, "black"].
Of persons fierce, cruel, harsh, severe.
:

a ortcre

for avertere se

self, etc.,

away

to retire,

to turn one's
withdraw.

av-idus, Ida, Idum, adj. [av-eo, " to

desire eagerly "J eayerly desirous.

tig], tactum, tingfre, 3, v.

ad-tango fr. ad, "against;" tango,
" to touch "J, to touch.

at-tingo,

a. [for

at-tollo, no perf. nor sup., toUC-re, 3,

V. a. [for ad-toUo; fr. ad, "up, upwards;"
telle, "to lift"], to lift or raise up.

audeo,

ausus sum, auderc, 2, v. semidare or venture something, or to

do something.
dep.

to

aud-io,

or li, itum. Ire, 4, v. a. : to

hear [akin to aus ( = ous), avT-d?, "an
ear ; modem Greek avTiov : auris, ausIvi

culto].

bac-atus,

atum, ad. [baco-a, " a

ata,

hence,
"a pearl";,
pearls pearl-.

berry;"
adorned

icilh

or

set

barbarud,

um,

a,

adj.

barbarian,

harbitruus [/3ap^apos].

bea-ta.s,

tum, adj.

ta,

make happy"], happy,

bella-trix,

"to

[be(a)o,

fortunate, etc.

tricis,

[bell(a)o,

f.

"to

war"], a female warrior.

avi, atum, are, 1, v. n. [bell-um,
to wa'je war ; to war.

bell-O,

augur-ium,

"a

bird;"
ypaOs;

[avis,
chatter;" cp. yijpus,

n.

ii,

root GAR, "to

garrire], av/jury,

aula

ae,

an omen.
[root av, "to blow:"

f.

see

the avKr\ of a Greek house, corresponding somewhat to the allium of the

Koman, was open above], a palace.

aulaeum,

n.:

i,

tapestry [see aula].

aura, ae, f.: the air [see

aur-atus, ata, atum,
"gold"], ornnmented with
Ca, Cum
golden[xoot is, ir, "to
aueii': aurora, uro].

aur-eus,

aur-is,

is, f.

aer].

[aunmi,

adj.
ijold

gilt.

made of

gold,

burn:" cp.

eOeii/,

[for aud-is;

fr.

aud-io],

an

ear.

Aur-6ra, Orae, f. : ulwrora, the, goddess of the dawn [akin to Gr. aii-uJs=^-io?,
' the early morn ;" fr. root us, "to bum,"
and so ' to shine "].

aur-um,

n.

i,

money

gold,

[see

aureus].

wind [see
auster means, therefore, "the

au-ster,

stri,

m.: the south

aureus
burning wind"].
;

aut,

con.
.

or : aut

aut,

ance.
ara,

b-ellum,

arum,

adj.

[root
" to be pleased ;" cp. avere, ovis :
agnus], covetous, avaricious.

av,
see

elli, n.

[old form, dQ-bellum;

da-o, "iwo"]. war, warfare

ben-e, adv.

[obsol. bgn-us=bOn-us,
od way or manner; well.
mjl.ussup. optime.

"good"],

iiia:ii

Comp. irreg.
ben-i-gn-us,

um,

a,

a<lj.

[for b6n-i-

bOn-us (=bonus), "good;"

GE.s, root 'f gigno (in pass.}, " to be
born"], Icind, friendly, benignant.
bib-O, i, Itum, ere, 3, v. a.: to drink.
Of love: to drink in, imbibe [root Bi ( =
u-i in TTt'-fu), "to drink") reduplicated

gCu-iis;

fr.

bi-lingu-is,
e,
adj.
[bi
(=bis),
"twice;" lingu-a, "a tongue"], doubletongued, i.e., hypocritical,
deceitful,
playing a double part.
bi-ni, nae, na, distrib. adj. plur.
twice "], tico apiece ; a pair.
( = bis),

oared;"

"an

fr.

[birem-is,

t.

" two-

"twice;" rcm-us.
ivith two banks ofuar.t'

bi (=bis),

oar"],

is,

rcssi

a bireme.

bis

composition

(in

[for dais;

fr.

bi), num.
diio, "two"], twice.

blandus,

a,

um,

adv.

of things

etc.

bonus,
mC'iior

adj.

a, um, adj.
sup.: optimus.

good.

Comp.

brev-ia, ium, n. plur. [brgvis. "sho.

hence, "shallow"], shallow piace.i, -sit

>
'

lows, xhoals.

brev-iter,
shortly, briejly.

adv.

[brev-is

" short

^;

[bi

'

birem-is,

fond, kind,

or.

auxil-ium, ii, n. [prob. fr. obsol. adj.

auxil-is ( = aug-sil-is; fr. aug-Oo, "to increase"), "increasing"], aid, lielp, assistav-arus,

"war"],
fr.

aer:

either

e:

'],

RS

T
u

116

VOCAbULARY.
C.

carpo,
a.:

cado, cfcldi, clsuin, c'ldfre, 3, v. n.

to fall, in the fullest accfi>tation of the

Of victims:

word.

mr, I'lire ;
Of sounds': to

to tall in

be slain

or offered.
almte, subnidt, die aw<iy.
to

cadus,

m.

i,

jar,

esp.

for

wino

carptum, earpCre, S, v.
live itpon [akin to apir-a^uj,

carpsi,

or

to Iced,

" to seize"].

ca-rus,
[for

iiiiior.

rum, adj.

ra,

cam-rus
I.e.,

dtar

beloved,

"to love;"

root kam,
camor].
;

cp.

castra, trOrum, n. plur. [root SKAD,

"to cover;" hence castra =scadtra cp.
;

caecus,

imi, adj. : Mind, blinded,

phj sically or mentally; hidden,

whether

a,

concealed, urcret.

caed-es,

f.

caelestis, e,
ven "], heavenly.
cael-O,

adj. [see

slay"],

caelum,
o|,

are, 1, v. a. [oacl-

"to swell;"

[root ku,

heaven.

caes-aries,
[eaedo,

hea<l

fr.

n.

i,

cal-eo,

tii,

arioi,

cut

to

no

t.

the hair of the

cp.

Kovp-q,

sup., ere, 2, v. n.

fr.

to be

hot.

campus,

i,
m. a plain [prob. akin
garden "].
canistra, Oram. n. plur. a basket
made from weeds [^dvaarpa].
:

cano, cCcini, cantum, c'lnero, 3, v. a.:

to sing, celebrate in song or ceise [root
"to sound

a cock

fr.

cad-o],

caterva,

ae,

a crowd,

f.:

troop,

band

causa,

ae, f. [rootsKU, "to protect;"

(tkOtos, KeudcLv : cutis, scutum, obscu-rus], a cause, reason, viulire.
t-p.

Cav-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [cav-us,

"hollow;" root ku, "to swell out:" cp.
KoiAo?, Kvixa: cumulus, caelum (=cavillum)), to hollow out.

cavus,

urn, adj.

a,

celebro,

avi,

hollow.

atum,

are, v. a. [ceieber,

cclcbr-is, "much freijuented ;" hence, of

a relijjfious ceremony, etc., to which great
numl/ers of pei-sons resortj, to solemnize,

ki'cpjestive or festal.

to KfjTTOi, ''a

CAjf,

[for cad-sus

luin.

cdl'iiiiity,

caelum, "hea-

cavillum: that wliieli

to engrave in
relief
metals; and, later, to cast or found
to chase ; to emboss.
see ca^

a chance, accident, event; misfortune,

of jitisons.

atum,

5vi,

uni, "afjraver;"
hollows (cavo)],

cirniji.

ca,-3us, sus,

"to

[caed-o,
bhu'd shed in slauifhter, g-ire.
is,

ca.sa (=ca<lsa);
cassis (=scadsis): Ger.
schatten Eng. shade), an encampment,

;"

cp. Kavaxn; A.S. hana,

(siiifrer)].

cel-er, oris, ere, adj.troot kar, or hal,

" to move ;" cp. k4\Xm, kcAt)?
celox,
currere A.S. hor-s), swift.
:

celer-o,

tus, m. [see can-o].

singinii, note, etc.

Of birds:

atum.

are, 1, v. a. [celer,

cel-la,

can-tus,

avi,

"swift"], to qui ken, to hasten, or speed

mi or towards to accelerate.
f.
[root kal, "to hide;"
Ka\ia, KaM^
oc-cul-ere : celiare
cilium, clando, color; A.S. helan Eng.

lae,

cp.

ca-nus, na, nuni, adj. grey, hoary,

^nerable [akin to Ka-iu>, " to burn "].

healj, a cell.

''

capesso,

essC-re, 3,

or

essitum,
v. a. desid. [capio, "to take"],
essivi

capio

cGpi, captuni, cipOre, 3, v. a

[root KAF, ' to take, or hold ;" cp. Kojir-q,
KaiTTU), Kairrj : capulus], to take, in the
widest sense of .the word
to reach,
arrive at, etc., a place ; to take, seize,
choose.
;

cap-ut,

career,

Itis, n.:

a head [see capio].

6ns. m.

a prison, prison-

hoitxe [Sicilian (capxap-oi'].

card-o,

sum, adj. [root kar, "to

Kapa
cer-ebnim, collis,
columna, culmus, culmen: A.S. holm,
ce!-sus,

project

perform.

to

c^l-o, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a.: to hide,

coi.ccal [see cella].

essii,

inis,

m.: the pivot

high, lofty.

centum, num.
dred.

adj.

Poetically for

any

indecl. : a hunindefinite lai^'e

number ; e.g., unnuriibered,

[akin to Gr. i-KaTov].

countless

cerno, crcvi, cretum, cernere, 3, v. a.

[root CER. "to separate, or divide ;" cp.
Kpu'ui, Kpiaii, Lat. crimen], to perceive,
discern, see, whether by the eye or the

socket
;

monly rendered, hinge

the turningpoint, main jiuiut, of matters [root kard,
" to swinjf ;" cp. Kpabaeii; xapSia, COr.
A.S. heorte
Eng. heart].
;

sa,

cp.

mind.

and

which the doors of the ancients were

.ixed and made to open and shut
com-

')y

:"

cert-e, adv. [cert-us,

asstiredly, certainly.

certo,

tavi,

'

'

sure

tatum, tare,

1,

"],

v.

surely,
n. in-

CER, root of cer-no, "to flght ;" see

cerno], to contend, vie with one in something.
tens.

VOCABULARY.
certus,

him,

ta,

root of

adj. [cf.r,

" to decide"], fixed, settled, sure;

cer-iio,

kalendae],
shouting.

trugty faithful, etc.

:

carry

"],

iieck.

cer-vus,

m.

vi,

" to be
comu, carina
kar,

[root

hard cp. xepa^, xapvov

Eng. hart, horn], a stag.
ces-SO, savi, siltum, sare, v. n. intens.
fr. c5d-o, "to go away"], to
[for ced-so
he remiss in anything.
:

ceterus,

um

(rare in sin^.), adj.

the remaining.
As subst.
the other
cetera, orum, n. plur. : the remaining
things,
a,

chorus,

m.: a dance [xoposj.

i,

outcry,

cla-rus,

cer-vix, vicls, t. [rootKAR, "to pro;" cp. Kapa

celsus, columna, collis,
for cer-vehs (vehs
"to
cerebrum
ject

117
clamour,

mm,

ra,

adj.

eonfiised

Of light

clear, brviht [probably for c(a)Iarus: same

root as clamor], /ajncfus, famed, / cnowiied,
illustrious.

classis,

is,

the ships and the

[See clamor].

clau-do,

Of persons summoned
fleet, comprising both
men serving in them.

f.

for sea-service

sum, d6re, 3, v. a.: to

; to surround, shut

si,

shut, to shut uj), close

in [KhU, " to shut ;"

cp. xXeiu,

Aei's

clavis].

Claus-trum,
fr.

n. [for clauri-trum

tri,

claud-o, "to shut"],

bar, or bult.

coepio, i, tiim, ere and isse, 3, v. n.

ajid a. (contr. fr. coftj^io
fr. co (=cum),
in "augmenfative" force;
"to
ai)io,
lay hold of "].
Neut.
to ba/in, commence.
Act.
to begin or commence
;

cieo,

citum, ciere,

civi,

v.

2,

a.

("to

go ;" hence), to rouse, stir np

"to stir up:" cp. kiw, iVvjuai:

make

to
[root Ki,

something.

citus. solli-citus].

cinxi, cinctum, cingere, 3, v. a.:

Of birds: to wheel
to iurroundrencircle.
around in flight.

cingo,

cing-uliim,
a

tlli,

n. [cingo,

"to gird"],

girdle, bdt.

adv. and prep. [prob. adverbial ace. of circus, "a ring"] [root kar,
" to curve :" cp. xvpTo^, kukAo?, piKos^
curvus, corona, colluni]. Adv. aruutid,
round about, all round. Prep, with ace:

circum,

around,

etc.

actum, agere, 3, v.
" to drive "
a. [circum, "around ;" ago,
Of a ve*'el as object: to drive round,
wheel around.
egi,

circum-do,
[circum,

dudi,

"around;"

datum, dare, l,
do, "to put"],

v.

to

surround, encircle, enclose.

circum-fundo,

fndi, fusum, fundere,

fundo, "to pour"], to
pour aiound: to surround with, envelope
in, a cloud, etc.
3, V.

a.

[cirruiu

circum-tex-tus,
cum, "around;"
woven around, or

cithara,

tum, adj. [cir"to weave"',

r und.
ta,

te.v-o,

all

ae,

f.

a harp,

cithara

^ cit-O, adv. [cit-us, "quick"], quickly.

clt-ius.

tum, adj. [cI-5o, " to put

In adverbial
swift, fiect.
swiftly, quickly, rapidly.

Ci-tus,
in

motion

force

clam,

ta,

"],

adv.

privately, by
root kal, " to co\er ;"

secretly,

stealth [for calam

celo;.
cp. KoAuTTTw
:

pany,

Of birds

etc.

co-gno-men,

Oris,

cp. Ka\ely,

m.

kal, "to
(c)lamentor,

[root

/cAd'^u

flock, body, et

minis, n. [co

,-.

(=cum),

"together with;" gnomen=n6men, "a

name "J, a family or surname. For nomen a name or appellation.
:

CO-gnosco,

gnovi, gnltum, gnoscfire,

(=cum),

[CO

in

"augmentative"

gnosco,
nosco, ' to become
acquainted with "], to become thorowjhiy
acquainted with ; to understand, learn.
force

COgO.
[contr.

cOactum, cogere, 3, v. a.
cO-ago ; fr. co (=cum), "toago, " to drive "], to force,

gether ;"
compel.

coUectus,
colligo

c6eg:i,

fr.

um,

a,

p.

pert pass,

of

gathered up, or collected.

col-ligo, legi, lectum, ligere, 3, v. a.

[for con-lego
fr.
con (=ciun), " together;" lego, "to gather"], to gather
together, or uj) ; to collect.

collis,

m.

is,

hill [see cervix].

neck [see circum].

colo, cOlui, cultum, colore, 3, v. a. : to
till, cultivate ; esteem, hold in favour, or
i,

n.; the

regard.

c6l-6mas,

oni,

m.

[col-o,

"to inhabit"],

a^sejtler^ colon ist.

columna.

ae,

f.

a column, pillar

[see c-ervix],
ae,

f.

the hair of the head.

c6mit-or, atus sum, ari, l, v,

[cOmes, cOniit-is, "a companion "J,

dej),

to be

^:

AS

coma,

Clam-or,
call;"

tus, m. [another form of

coCo, "to come together;"
"
co = cum,
together ;" root i, "to go," or" come "]. Of persons a rneeting, corn-,
fr.

CoUum,

[Kiddpa].

Comp.

coe-tus,

c6itus

3, v. a.

circum-ago,

a.

VOCABUI.AKV.

118
a co:npanion
P.

to ; to nccom-jmwi, attend.
pass, force : acc<'iiipaiiicd,

in

jierf.

commis-'sum,

a fault,

etc.],

[for coinmitt-

n.

si,

"to commit" a

coniiuitt-o,

fr.

fault,

offence,

transgres-

sion.

a.

l(.'oin

misi, niissum, mittere, 3,

(=cuni), " together

" to cause to go

Of a

"J.

;"

to

com-moveo,

movi, mOtum, mOvCre,

the

com-pag-es, is, f. [com (=cum\

"together;" rAO. root of pango, "to
Of a structure a fantening.
fasten "].
Of the sides, etc., of a vessel a joint,
ncam, etc.
compello, avi, atnm, are, 1, v. a.
[conipollo (3, V. a.) in reflexive force, "to

[con

n.

bring one's self " to a person in order to

ddress him ; hence], to address, speak
accost.

'^oOm-pello, pflli, pulsum, pell6re, 3,

a. [com (=cum), in "strengthening"
force; pello, "to drive"], tu drive, force.

congressus,

con

= cum),

step"],

to

a coming

to-

con-jungo, junxi, jnnctuni, jungOre,

[con ( = cum), " together;" jungo,

' to join

"], to

join together, unite.

conjunx [for conjung-s; fr. coNJid,

root of conjungo, "to join to-gether"J,
a husband; a

wife.

co-nub ium,

ii, n. [con (=cum), "together ;" niibo, " to veil one's self," as a
bride does; hence, "to wed"], marriage,

con-scendo,
3,

v.

scendi, scensmm, scen-

[for

a.

con-scando

fr.

con

(=cum), in "augmentative" force, scando, "to mount";, to mount, ascend,

olimb. With aequor, etc., as object to
:

complexus, us,

m. [for complect-sus;
couiplect-or, "to embrace"], an em-

fr.

"to

m.

us,

grfidi, 3,

siiui,
fr.

3, V. a.

dOre,

embrace, clasp.

"to

match.

gether,

com-plector, plexus sum, plecti, 3,

V. dep. [com ( = cum), "with;" plecto,
to

frigere, 3,
fiigio,

for refuge or succour.

dep. [for con-gnidior

"together;" grSdior,
fight, engage, contend.

wedlock.

"],

strongly,

fugitum,

fugi,

= cum), "with;"

con-gredior, gressus

V.

" to entwine

V.

I,

trust "], to trust

confident hope.

con-fugio,
V.

a.

VVitti respect to
affect, disquiet, etc.
passions, etc.: to rouse, excite.

" to

entertain

flee "], tojlce

(com (=cuni) in "intc-usive

force; mOveo, "to move"], tu dixHa-b,
V.

Of

found.

con-fido, fisus sum, fid6re, 3, v. semidep. [con (=eum), in "intensive" force;

mitto,

fault, etc.

pcrjiitrate, cominit.

2,

a nation:

fldo,

Com-mittO,
V.

Of a state, etc.: to
to fomid, establish.

to b add.

attended.
suni

con-do, dTdi, dituin, dSrc, 3, v. a.

[con (=cuni). "together;" do, "to put'.)

navigate.

bracing, embrace.

con-sci-us, a, uni, adj. [con (=cum),

"with;" scio, "to know"], conscious to

pOsItum, ponere,
;" pono,
With accessory notion of
"to put"].
arrangement, and with personal pronoun
as object to recline on a couch at table,
("To
Of the day: to end. close.
etc.
dress, or lay out, a dead body ;" hence),
to bury, to inter; to calm, still, allay,
appease.

one's

cora-pono,

3, V. a.

pOstli,

[com (=cum), " together

self.

con-sido,

scdi, sessum, sJdCre, 3, v.

n. (con (=cuni), "together;" sido, "to
sit down "], to settle, take up one's abode.

COncill-O,

avi,

atum,

are,

1,

v.

a.

[concili-um, "an assembly"], to make

friendly, conciliate, procure the favour

consfl-ium, li n.
ium fr. consi"d-o, "to
;

plan.

con-sisto,

con-cludo,
force

clusi,

clusum,

mark out.
con-curro,

or eaae.

conspec-tus,
look at;"

con-spicio,

fight.

3,

sus,

m.

[for

concurrsus;

"to run together"], assem-

blaye, crowd, concourse.

spexi, spectum, spicCre,

con-specio ; fr. con ( = cum),

in "strengthening" force; specio, "to
see "], to see, behold.

3, V. a. [for

concurr-o,

tiis, m. [conspIcTo, "to

through true root conspec],

sight, vieu'.

curri (rarely cucurri),

cursum, currCre, 3, v. n. [con (=cum),
"together;" curro, "to run"], to rush
together in battle, engage in combat,

concur-sus,

3, v.

close,

fr.

stitum, sistere,
in

cliidere, 3,

"augmentative"
cludo=claudo, "to shut"], to e7i-

[con (=cum), in

V. a.

stiti,

= cum),

"strengthening"
sisto, "to stand"], to stand still;
force
Of the mind
to stop, remain.
to be at
[con

n.

rest,

of.

[prob. for consQlconsult"], counsel,

con-stituo,

stltOi, stitutum, stitQCre,

[for con-statfio; fr. con (=cum),
"together;" statuo, "to set, r place"].
V.

a.

Mentally
etc.

to resolve,

determine to do,

119

VOCABULARY.
con-tendo,

tendi, tensura or tentum,

tendiire. 3, v. a. [con (=cuin), in

sive " force

inf.

to

tendo, " to stretch

endeavour,

COn-tingO,

"inten-

"].

With

a.

in

"augmentative" force; tango, "to

tfgi,

Act.: to take hold of, seize, lay

hands on, touch. Neut.: to happen, fall
out,

"J.

come

adv. and prep. Adv. on the

other hand, in reply. Prep. gov. ace:
of place
over against, opposite.

rlum, adj. [contra],

cor-rumpo,
in

con-vello,

or

velli

to

"],

c6rusc-us,

con-venio,

COSta,

v5ni,

ventum, vSnire,

ae,

[cp.

f.

French

turn.

convex-um,

(mostly plur.), n. [con-

"concave"], a vault, arch;

hollow spot, a hollow, cavity

a sloping

side, slope.

con-viv-ium. ii [conviv-o, "to live

"], a feast, entertainment, ban-

together

didi, ditum, dere, 3, v. n. and

to truxt, believe.
Parentheticredo, / believe, suppose, imagine.

cre-do,
Neut.

a.

cri-nis, nis, m. [for crc-nis;

fr. crb,
root of cre-sco, "to grow"j, the hair of
the head.

crin-itus, ita, itum, adj. [crin-is,

"], with flowing hair, or locks.
Crisp-O, avi. atum, are, 1, v. a. [crispus, "curled"], to whirl round, brandish.
Crist atus, ata, atum, adj. [crist-a,
" hair

"a

crest "=cer-ista
ivith

cro-ceus,

cnior, caro, crusta],

f.

[contr.

fr.

power, opportunity.
cordis, n.: a heart
m,ind [see cardo].

cor,

(=cum

adv. [contr.

fr.

presence.

cor-nu,

nus, n.: a horn [see cervus].

corona,

crown, or

metal

ae, f.: a
[see circum].

c6r6n-0,
(cOron-a,

"a

avi,

atum,

are,

garland," see

make

circlet, of

1,

v.

a,

circuml^Of

"to
n. [root kar,
:" cp. KpaCvw, Kpiiov : Ceres, cresco,
6ris,

creare', the body;

case or corpse.

a,

blood

"],

a dead body; a

'

cu-mulus,

um,, adj. [prob. akin to

bloody, gory.

car-

mCUi,

ivith [akin to

m.

[see

cavo],

um, (most frequently

a,

plur.), adj. [contr. from

perf. pass, of conjungo,

conjunctus, p.
" to join, or

unite together," or co-vinctus, " bound

together " ], all, the whole, the whole of.
As subst. cuncti, orum, m. plur all'.
:

cur (anciently quor), adv. [contr. fr

qua re, or cui rei the abl. or dat. of qui
and res, respectively], why.
cur-a, ae, f. [for coer-a fr. coer-o, old
:

form

of quaer-o,

"to seek

;"

root bku, "to

r
u

heap, pile, mass.

cunctus,

goblets: to fill to the brim with wine.^^

COrp-US,

cruentus,

MS

fierce.

cum, prep. gov. abl.

Gr. ^vv (for K(Tvv), cruV].

"the

'

Of hatred

cruel.

co-or-am

in "strengthening" force;
face"], before one, in one's

"],

crud-elis, ele, adj. [root kru, " to be

hard;" cp. Kpv6<;, xpuno;, KpucrroAAos

cruor,

fr.

adj. [croc-us, "safsaffron-coloured, yellow.

Sa,

the heart, or

WMfed,

plume.

Sum,

co-op-ia ; fr.
CO (=cum), in "strengthening" force;
(ops) op-is, "means" of any kind], means,
lae,

see cervix],

crest or

fron

OS, oris,

to increase," see corpus], frequent, repeated.

With abl. furnished
abundantly with; abounding in, thick.

CO-6rior, ortus sum, 6riri, 3, dep. [co

( = cuni), in "strengthening" force; Orior,
"to rise"], arise, break forth.

CO

a high hunting
worn by the Greeks

m.

i,

cre-S' o,

plumed,

quet.

C-6r-am,

e:

verti,

C-6p-ia,

cote, c6t61,

cally

vex-us,

[see celer],

adj.

crater, Sris, m.: a bowl for mixing

a goblet [icpaTijp]. ^^^
cre-ber, bra, brum, adj. [orb, root of

4,

versum, vertere, 3,
V. a. [con ( = cum), in "strengthening"
"
to turn "], to turn round,
force verto,

um,

[/cotjopi/os].

n.

Con-vertO,

mar.

a,

boot, laced in front,

vulsum,

[con (=cam), "together;" venio,

" to come "], to come together, assemble.

rib.

wine

vulsi,

con (=cum),
rumpo, " to

fr.

force

in waving motion, waving, tremulvas.

subdue,

con. (= cum), in "augvellCre, 3, v. a.

mentative " force ; vello, " to pluck "], to
tear in pieces, shatter.
,
V.

to spoil,

"],

ruptura, rumpfire,

riipi,

con-rumpo

" intensive "

cothurnus,

COn-tundO, ttldi, tusum, tundCre, 3,

V. a. [con ( = cum), in "intensive" force
tundo, to bruise or pound
overpower, crush, destroy.

[for

3, V. a.

opposing, untoward.

hostile,

over.

rla,

ripio,

;"

snatch.

contra-rius,

fr.

" to drag, or draw "], to

to
Of space traversed
hasten through or along to jiass quickly
gether

break

to pass.

contra,

reptum, rTp5re, 3, v.
con (=cum), " to-

rlpfti,

[for con-rapio

seize

strive.

taotum, tingCre, 3, v.
and n. [for contango ; fr. con (=cum),

touch

cor-ripio,
a.

VOC'ABULVKY,

120

care,
care,

anxiety. sMcitxuie

next in order, after that.

Of time :
the next place, dflerwards, after that.

"to search"],

cavfo,

cp. Kofeo),

look;"

an

object of

a care.

demis-SUS, sa, sum, adj. [for demittsus

fr.
demitt-o, "to send down"!,
down-dst, bending downiviirds. Of genederived, descended.
alogical descent

curro. cricurri, cursum, currCre, 3, v.

to run [see celer].
11.
CUIT-US, us' (dat. curru, v. 156\ m.

"to run;" see

[ourr-o,
car.

ourro],

ihaiiot,

de-mitto,

~~

a.

fr.
cun-sus
cur-sus, BUS,
cun--o, "to run"], a voyage, course, hy

m.

[for

cuspis, iilis, f. [root Ki, "to sharpen ;"

a spear, lance, javelin.
custos, 6(lTs, con.m. gen. [rootSKv,
,

" to cover ;" see causa], a keeper, ;/uardCollectively : guards, an armed

uin.
force.

cycnus,
sing, or

m.

l,

sound

a swan

;"

[root kan,

"to

see cano].

da, pres. imper. of do.

dap-s, is (gen. plur. seems not to
a ii<fi feast, a marmificcnt
occur), f.
:

dator,

" ex))eiise

de-ni, nae, na, num. adj. plur.

fr. dCc-cm, " ten"], ten.

dec-ni

[for

de-pendeo, no perf. nor sup, pen"down;" pendeo, "to

With abl.: to hang down, or

hang"|.
depend, from.

desert-a, orum,

n.

plur. [desert-us,

"desert, solitary"], desert, solitary, or

waste places ; deserts.

ds-sisto,

stitum, sistCre, 3, v. n.
sisto, " to set one's
to leave off, give over, cease,

stitl,

[do,

"away from;"

self,

stand

"],

desi4.

de, prep. gov. abl.

from', dotvn Jrom.
Of origin,

Of local relations
Of time: dlrc-tU/

despec-to,

etc.

from., accurdiitrj

tatum, tare,

tavi,

[despicio, " to look

through root spec], to look

intcns.

1, v. a.

down upon,
down upon

intently from a height.

to.

dea, ae, f. [akin to deus], a goddess.

decor-US, a, um, adj. [decor, d^-coris,
" gracefulness

"],

f/race/M/, elegant,

beau-

tiful.

becom-

6ris, n. [ddc-et, "it is

dec-US,

ing"], ornament, decoration, splenlour.

de-fetiscor, fessus sum, fGtisci, 3, v.
fr.
de, in
dep. inch. |for de-fatiscor
"strengthening" force; fatiscor, "to
grow faint"], to become quite faint, or
;

weary.

eyes:

lixi,

"down;"

fixum, figere,

figo,

"to

de-sue.sco, suCvi/suetum, suescGre, 3,

V. a. [de, denoting " removal ;" suesco,
"to accustom"], to become accustomed.
de-sup3r, adv. de, "from;" super,
" above "J, from above.

de-fluo,

to thrust

deus,

or fix intently, downobject beneath.

fluxi,

garment:

fluxum, fluere,

3, v. a.

"to

flow"].
Of a
to fall in flowing fulds ; to

"down;"

flao,

descend, etc.

de-hinc,
"hence"],

adv. [dc, " from " hinc,

hereupon, afterwards, next,
;

then.

de-hisco, hTvi, no sup., hiscSre, 3, v.

[de. "asunder;" hisco, "to yawn"],
yawn, or gnpe, asunder.
de-inde, adv. [do, "from;" inde,

'thence").

Of succession

de-trudo, trusi, trusum, trudSre, 3,

a. [de, "down;" trfido, "to thrust"],

a.

v.

ajterwards.

spicere, 3,

dO-specio; fr. de, "down npon ;"

specio, "to look"], to look down upon
from a height.
~-^

Of the

3,

fix"].

to fasten,

ward on some
[dg,

de-spicio, spexi, spectura,

V. a. [for

V.

de-fi!?o,
[de,

n.
to

to

dOre, 2, v. n. |de,

"].

toris, m. [d(a)-o, "to give "J,

giver, bestower.

after.

3, v.

"to send"],

dem-um, adv. [a lengthened form of

the demonstrative particle dem in I-dem,
tan-dom), at length, at Inst.

banqxK't [akin to &aw, root of Saw-Tia, " to

5a7r-ai'i),

mitto,

deripio, ripfii, reptum, ripgre, 3, v. a.

[for de-r:ipio ; fr. de, "away;" riplo,
" to tear"], to tear away, or off.

D.

devour," and

mlssum, mittCre,

misi,

"down;"

ld('',

send down.

sea, etc.

see cieo

ti

bright

;"

down, or

m.

With

from..

a god

de-venio,
a. [de,

off'

[root Div " to be

dies, divus].
cp. 6iFos, ^Aos
i,

"down

veni, ventum, venire, 4, v.

;" v6nio, "to come down"].

ace. of place

to

come

to,

arrive

at.

de-v6veo,

vovi,

vOtum, vOvcre,

2, v.

" from ;" v6veo, " to vow "J. In a

bad sense to devote, destine, to some
misfortune.
a. [de,

dextr-a, ae, f. [dexter, dextr-i, "right,

on the right side;" root dek, "to
receive," or dik, "to point out;" cp.
6exo/xai, &tiKvvjj.i

hand.

dico, index],

tlie

right

VOCABULARY.
dici-O, Oiiis, f. [perhaps fr. dic-o, " to
say "J, dominion, power, authority.

diCO, dixi, dictum, dicere, 3, v. a.

[root DiK, "to point out;" cp. biiKvvjxi,
SCxri : digitus, indico], to sny, tell, speak;
to relate,

declare; to

call,

atum,

are,

dic-O,

avi,

ncme.
1, v. a.

dic-tutn,
comtnand.

a word, order,

n. [dic-o^,

ti,

"to drive"],
tions

dnve in

to

different direc-

disperse, scatter.

to

dissimvil-O,
[for dissimil-o

atum, are, 1, v. a.
dissimil-is, "unlike"].

rui,
fr.

Vvithout nearer object: to conceal, or

hide one's self; to remain concealed, or
hidden.

<o set

apart, dedicate [akin to dico].

121

distendo,
tendere, 3,
"to stretch

tendi,

v.

tensum or tentum,

(dis,

a.

"apart;" tendo,

to swell out, distend.

"],

day, the liyht of day, the dayliyht [see

diu, adv. [adverbial, abl. of obsol.

dius (=dies1, " a day "J, for a long time ;
a long while. (Comp. : diutius sup.

deus].

diutissime.)

dies,

m.

ei,

(in sing,

sometimes

f.)

fudi, fusum, fundcre, 3, v.

[for dis-fundo ; fr. dis, " in different

div-a,

dif-fundo,
a.

directions;" fuudo, "to pour out"].

the loclis : to spread, or waft about.

dign-or, atus sum,

ari,

[dig-n-us, " wortiiy "], to deem,

etc.,

worthy
Of

firojier ;

1, v. dep.
or hold one,

num,

adj. [root : see

things : suitnble. Jit, becomimi,
that of which one, etc., is

na,

ae,

sa, sum, adj. [for divertdivert-o, " to turn in a different

direction"), turned in a different direction, i.e., hither and thither; far distant.
fr.

div-es, itis,
abounding in.

to love.

di-mitto,

nilsi,

missum, mittere,

3, v.

With gen.

adj.

:
rich, or
ditlor) ; sup. :
'
ditissinius [akin to root div,
to shine ;"

(Comp.

see deus].

di-vido,

lectum, ligere, 3, v. a.
[fordi-lego ; fr. di (=dis), "apart:" ICgo,
"to choose "j, to value, or esteem hiyhly
Ic.vi,

divei"-sus,

worthy.

di-ligo,

[akin to divus see deus,

deity, a goddess.

f.

a female

for not],

sus

of something.

dig-nus,
dico].

Of

divide

to

visi,

out,

visum, vidCre,
distribute

3,

[di

v. a.

(=dis),

"asunder;" root viD, " to separate ;" cp.

viduus, vidua Eng. widow].
div-inus, Ina, inum, adj. [dlv-us, " a
;

deity

"],

divine, heavenly.

di (=dis), ''apart;" mitto, "to send"],

to send about in different directions, or to
different parts.

div-us, i (gen. plur. divflm), m. a

deity, a god [see deus
do, dedi, datum, dare, 1, v. a. to give

rectum, rigere, 3, v. a.
di (=dis), in " strengthrfigo, " to keep or put

in the widest sense of .he word. Phrases:

Dare vela (to give the sails to the wind

a.

di-rigo,
[for di-rego

ening "
straight

rexi,
fr.

force
"J,

Dare amplexus (to give

embrace. Of sounds
to give, or pour, forth; to allow, permit
[root DA, "to give;" cp. Si-Su-iii, Sdcrts,
i.e.), to set sail.

embraces

to guide, direct.

dims, a, um, adj. fearful, dreadful,

hon-ible [proh. akin to SeiSui, " to fear"].
:

iorrip

disco, didici, no sup., discere, 3, v. a.:

to learn [root dik ; see dico].

discri-men,

minis, n. [for disoremeii; fr. dis erno, "to separate," through

root CRE], distinrtion, difference ; rink,

hazard, danyer.

dis-cumbo,
bCre,
sides

3,
;"

v.

n.

cabal,
[dis,

cumbo, " to

cabitum,

"towards
lie

down

cum-

i.e.),

dator].

doc-eo, ai, turn,

dic-o, "to say"], to

6re, 2, v. a. [akin to

teach, instruct, in-

form.

dolao,

itum, ere, 2, v. n. and a.

or sorroiv.
Act.
to
grieve or sorrow at, or over ; to lament,

Neut.

to

lie

ai,

to grieve,

etc.

dol-or,

oris,

stretching one's self out from

one side of a couch, etc., to the other; to
recline on a couch, etc.
dis-jicio, jcci, jectum, jicere, 3, v. a.
[for dis-jacio
tr. dis, "asunder;" jacio,
" to throw"], to scatter, disperse.
dis-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungi-re,
3, V. a. [dis, denoting "opposition" or
" reversal ;" jungo, " to join "], to divide,

grief, sorrow.

part, remove.

and

dis-pello, pan, pulsum, pellgre, 3, v.

[dis, "in different directions;" pello,

different
"].

down by

a.

to

dol-us,

i,

m.

m.

[dol-eo,

craft,

"to

grieve"],

fraud,

guile,

deceit [S6\o?].

domin-or, atus, sum, ari, 1, v. dep.

[donunus, "lord," "master;" root daji,
" to conquer;" cj). Sa/xau}, 6a/iap domo
Eng. tame], to bear rule, hold sway, have
the dominion.
:

dom-inus,

Ini, m. [either fr. dOm-us,

" one pertaining; to the house ;"
or, ruiher, from dom-o, ;i,,.l so, "the subduer," etc.], master, ruler, lord.

so,

RS

T
V

122

VOCABULARY.

domus,
abode,

and

hnime

us,

f.

a ilwrUing,

a family,

house,

line

6ge-nus,
in need"].

tute

donee,

conj.: tmtil, till at length.

do-num,
root of
vulice

<lo.

(jijt

I)A,

fr.

orsi,

[contr.

n.

"turned"].

devorvorscm,

fr.

" ilowtiwards;"
Of rocks a rid<jc.

de,

fr.

darnun

(for

of.

eg-eo,

' to tfive
"J. yift. present
or ojfci-iug to a deity.

d-orsum,
sum

n.

ni,

na, num, adj. [CgSo "to be

With gen.: in need, or dssti-

no sup.,

fti,

Cre, 2, v. n.

to be

needy, or in need (root aou, "to be in

want

;"

cp. axrjv].

eg'O, gen. niei (plur. nos, gen. nostrum, or nostri), pron. pere. I.

e-gredior, gressus sum, grC-di, 3, v.

dep. [for C-gr'.dior fr. 6 ( = ex), "out;"
gr.'idior, "to step"], to disembark, land,
from a vessel.
;

dfib-ius,
fr.

la,

"two

duo,

lum, adj.

;"

"to move;" i.e.,

"to hold doubt-

lialieo,

'to hold Ijy two," i.e.,

duco,

duxi, ductuin, ducCre, 3, v. a.;

to construet, erect; io derive

lead;

due-tor,

tdris,

m. [duc-o, "to lead"],

a leader.
dtilc-is, e, adj.
beloved
[usually
yAvKv?].

sweet in taste ; dear,

considered akin to

dum,

" hard

avi,

e-labor, lapsus sum, labi, 3, v, dep.

(=ex), "out, or away from;" labor,
"to glide"], to slip away from, to

"J.

e-mitto,

Of persons

1, v.

n. fdur-us,

endure, hold out,

niittCre, 3, v.

[u

en,
are,

missnm,

mlsi,

(=ex), "out;" mitto, "to send"],

to send out, or forth ; to let go.

both.

atum,

(=ex),
eminent,

[e

[e

a.

Plur.

"],

du-plex, pllcis, adj. [for duplic-s fr.

du-o, "two," plic-o, "to fold"], two-juld,
;

adj.

" a flock

grex,

e-jicTo, joci, jectum, jicore, 3, v. a.

cjacio
fr. e (=exj, "out;" jicio,
"to cast"], to cast, or throw out. P.
perl', pass.: wrecked, shipwrecked, cast
ashore.

escape

dur-O,

"

famous.

conj. akiti to diu], ivhile, whilst,

durinrj the tiiw that ; until that, until.

double.

[for

one's orij^in, etc.; de.scend.

um,

e-gregius, a
" from

doubtfiU, uncertain.

ful "],

to

[for du-hibius

interj.

behold

lo !

enim,

conj.
indeed; for.

truly, certainly, surely,

3tC.

durus, a, um, adj. hard in nature,

itc; unforttinate, adierse.
:

dux,
duc-o,

pdde

dilcis, coinni.

gen. [for duc-s, fr.

leader, conductor,

"to lead"], a
a leader, commander.

ivi or li. Stum, ire,

akin to Gr. i-tVort],

e-o,
[root

I,

eodem,

adv.

a,

um,

f.

[e

(=ex, " out

;"

duco,

lead out, or forth.

eflfero, exti'ili, glatum, efferre, r. a.

irreg. [for ex-fCio ; Jr. ex, "out;" furo,
" *o bear"], to bear, carry, or bring out
or forth : to raise up, or nhift ; to uplift.

ef-ficio,
[for ex-facio

make

"J,

[for

ex-fodio
"], to diji

ef-fundo,
a. [for

" to pour"].

egens,

fea-it,

3, v. a.

to resiyii, yive u//.

egco

needy,

m.

a horse

root

AK,

[akin to Gr.

"swift;"

cp.

[akin to verge, "to bend

therefore, in consequence,

consequently.
[for e-rapio

erro,
wander,

ntis, p. pres. of

i,

ergo, adv.

fusum. fundere, 3, v.
ex. "forth;" fundo,
:

j^

epulae, arum,

itself, incline"],

ffuli,

life

n. plur.

bangiieL^

equ-us,

set free.

Of

i,

lKK-os=i7r7r-os ;
loKus : aquila].

"out;" f6dio, "to

up ; to excavate.

fr.

"the dawn"],

ex,
;
out, or

[ijios,

adv. (for ec-quldem

fr.
demonstrative suffix ce, changed before
the k sound into ec quidem, " indeed "],
indeed, verily, truly.

e-ripio,

fossum, fSdere,

fOdi,

ex-fuiido

destitxUe.

ex,

fr.

ficere, 3, v. a.
"out;" facio, "to

tojorm, irrodnee.

ef-fodlO,
dig

fectum,

feci,

adj.

e-quidem,

ducere, 3, v. a.
" to lead "], to

go

[eomdem=eundem, ace.
to the tame

_,

^.epulum,

ebur, Oris, n.: ivory.

e-duco, duxi, ductuni,

to

place.

eous,

see ex.

n.

"the same"],

sing, of idem,

.^eastern.

E.

v.

rlpfti,
;

fr.

reptum, ripere, 3, v. a,
(=ex), "away;" rapio,

"to snatch"], to snatch

avi,

ingi,

are,

l,

to deliver,

v.

n.

to

rove, stray.

err-or,
AK8, to

atum,

away ;

oris,

m. (perbaps=er8or

fr.

move quickly ; hence, a wander

a wdnJering,

123

VOCABULARY.
e-rumpo,

niptum, rumpere,

rOpi,

a.

[e

et, oonj.

and : et
et, hoth,
and too, and moreover
;
.

and

"moreover"].
etiara, conj. and also, furthermore,

[akin to Gr.

T-i,

hausi, haustum, haunre

"out;" haurio, "to draw"

ex-haurio,

3,

(=ex), "ouc;" nimpo, "to

break"], to break out from, to sally forth
fnjm.
V.

4, V. a.

[ex,

to drain a person of resources,

drink up, exhaust
ex-igo, egi, actum, Igere, 3, v. x. [for
ex-ago fr. ex, " out;" ago, "to drive "J.
Of time to pass, spend, lead ; to weigh
accurately in the mind.

water

^,

etc.; to

moreover, likewise
Lat.

even [akin to

iri

[ex,

verti, versum, vertCre, 3, v.

(=ex), " out ;" verto, " to turn ''J.
Of the waters to upheave, aaitate.

e-verto,

a. [e

ex

prep. gov. abl.

out of ; away
/rom. from amonij, from the midst of

(e

from,

perf. passs. of
exact.
As
accuOruui, n. plur.

a,
ji^ecine,

p.

accurate,

subst.
exacta,
rate things, i.e., precise or exact infor:

mation.

ex-anim-us, a, um, adj. [ex. denoting

"negation;" anim-a, "life"], without,
or devoid

of, life ; lifeless,

ex-audio, audivi or

dead.

audii,

auditum,

audire, 4, v. a. fex, "without force;"

audio, "to hear"]. Without nearer object
to hear.
:

ex-C8do,

cessum, cedSre, 3, v.
"to go"]. With
depart from ; to

cessi,

n. [ex, "forth;" c?do,

abl. : to go forth, or
leave.

stroy

"],

ex-cado

no sup., cidcre, 3, v. n.
ex, "out;" cldo, "to
out, escape, from the mind,
fr.

cidi,

fr.

pulsuin. pellCre, 3, v.
"to drive"], to diive

piili,

"out;"

pello,

out, expel.

ex-perior. pertus sum,

periri, 4. v,
[ex, in "intensive' force; perior,
"to try"], to prive, piut to the test. In
perf. tenses : tn experience ; to know or

dep.

prove by experience.
ex-pleo, plcvi, pletum, plere, 2, v. a.
[ex, in "strengthening" force;" pl6o,.
"to fill"]. Of time: to complete, finish,

etc; to Satisfy.
ex-pl6ro, ploravi, plOratum,

plor.Tre,

in " intensive " force ; ploro,

call out "], to search out, seek to-dis
cover, ascertain.
/

1, V. a. [ex,

" to

ex-sero, sCriu, sertum, sercre, 3, v.

"out or forth;" sfiro, "to put"],

a.

to

spiravi, spiritum, spirare,

"forth;" spiro, "to breathe"],
to breathe forth, or out.

ex-spiro,

1, V. n. [ex,

cisum, cidre, 3, v. a.
ex, " out ;" caedo, " to
to cut or heiv out.

ex-caedo

expello.

fr.

de-

cidi,
;

memory.
ex-cido,
cut "J,

fall "], to slip

[for

foot"],

ready, etc.

to prej are, get

be bare, unC'iveretl, naked.

ii, n.
for ecscidium
intensive scindo, " to
destruction, overthroiv.

e<c,

ex-cido,
[for

4, v. a.

[ex.

excid-ium,
ec=Gk.

remove.

ex-ped-io, Ivi or ii, ituni, iii,

[ex, "out of ;' pes, pCd-i.'j, "the

a. [ex,

after.

um,

exactus,
exigo

to

Cmi, emptum, imCre, 3, v. a.

or "away ;" emo, "to take ''J,

Of time

of.

ex-imo,
"out "

et].

ex-templo,

adv.

[contr.

fr.

ex-

"old

" immediately after ;"

temptilum, a dimin. form of tempua,
" time "], fmihivith, at once.

tempulo

fr.

extremus,

a, tmi, sup. adj. (" outerfurthe.it, exhence), of piaee

treme. As subst. extreraa, orum, n.
In quality or
l)lur., the furt he-it parts.
extreme, utmost.
As subst.:
degree

most;"

ex-cipio,

cepi,

ex-capio
c&pio, " to take
a. [for

ex-CUdo,
a.

[ex,

fr.

ceptum, cTpCre, 3, v.
ex, "without force ;"

"], to

ciidi,

ciisum, cudOre,

"out;" cudo, "to

strike forth,
striking.

or

out

to

ex-trem-a, orum,

take, receive.

extreme

plur.,

n.

things, limits.
3,

strike"],

produce

v.

to

by

cussi, cussum, cQture, 3, v.

a. [for ex-qiiatio ; fr. ex, "out;" quatio,
"to shake"], to sh.ike out or off from

vsex-cutio,

exuo,
put

off

I'li,

iitum,

from one's

I'lere,

self

3,

to

v.

a.

to

lay aside

doff:

\ex-uro,

ussi, ustum, urere, 3, v. a.

denoting " completeness ;" Ore, " to
burn"], to burn iip, consume by fire.

[ex,

anything.

ex-eo, ivl or ii, itum, ire, v. n. [ex,

"out;" eo, "to go"], to go out or forth
from a place.
ex-erceo, ercfli, ercTtum, erccre, 2, v.
a. [for ex-arcOo; fr. ex, denoting "oppo-

fac-ies, iei, f. [prob. fr. fSc-Io, " to

make"], make, form, figure, countenance.

sition ;" arcuo, " to enclose"], to einpUyy,

through

koei.

ex,

fac-ilis, lie, adj. [facio, "to do;"

root FAC], easy, prosperous
suitable, adai-ted.

BS

f
V

124

VOCABULARY.

factum, faeSre, 8, v. a. : to
the widest sense of the term.
With (loul)lc ace. to mnke an object that
which is denoted by the second ace. to
do [root akin to KU, "to be" in a causative sense
op. fu-i ; -bam, in inipf. of
active verb ^liw].

facio,

fooi,

miike, iu

ferin-a, ae, f. [fCrTn-ns, "of, or belonging to, a wild animal ;" hence, with
especial reference to stags], venison.

ferio, no pe rf. nor sup.,

~--

fero,

fac-tum,

n.

ti,

a deed, act

[see faoio].

fefelli, falsuin, fallCre,

fal-lo,

3,

v. a.

imitate or assume for the

purpose of deception [root spal or spa;;,
" to fall or tumble ;" cp. <T<^a.KKu',
(T-rraipdv, irakK^iv; sperno, pellSre, pulvis,
to deceive

to

deceptive, false

true or real.

fama,

fa, "to
fabula],

[root

f.

<<)aTis;

fa-mes,

fari,

niis,

"to

f. [for fag-mes], hunger

eat;" cp. (/)r)y6s, <^ayetv ;

"J.

famulus,

aii,

m.

servant, attend-

ant [see famula]

fa-ndus, nda, ndum, adj.

"to

[f(a)-or,

speak"], rliiht, %>roper, etc.

As subst.
n. : i-ighX ; that which is
i,

fer-veo,

iron,;

biii,

a sword;

the

no sup., vCre,

2, v. n.
febris : torreo
to glow, i.e., to
or briskly.

Of a work

on warmly

be cairied

fes-sus, sa, sum, adj. [for fatsus fr.

"to grow weary"], wearied, worn

fat-isco,

out.

fe-tus, tus, m. [fe-o, "to produce"],

progeny, offspring, young.
fe-tus, ta, tuni, adj. [id., root fe, " to

produce ;" see

ing in, etc.
fid-es,

fas, n. indecl. [see fandus], a lawful.

or right thing.

fastlg-ium, ii, n. [fastisr-o, "to make

pointed"], a projecting puiiit, or the
highest elevation of a building, etc. ; a
battlement.
Of naratives,
the leading or m,ain point

pinnacle,
events, etc.
the head.

f.

"to

[fid-o,

with, aboundtrust"].

ficuc-is, "trusting"],
fidence, assurance.

fid -us, a, um, adj. fid-o,

trusted, trustworthy, to be
faithful.
f igo, fixi, fixum, figere,
fasten [op.
(rAiv-vw,

v. a.

1,

to

fa-tisco, no perf. nor sup., tisoCre, 3,

v. n.
to gape open, yawn asunder [prob.
akin to x^i root of xa-"'w, " to gape, or

con-

trust,

"to

trust"],
relied on,
v. a.

3,

fix,

avi, atum, are,

tire out, fatigue.

Per-

fidux,

fatigo,

"to

to

bind

tight"].

filius, li, m. [root dha, "to milk," or

BHU, "to be "J, a son.
nis, m. [prob. for fidnis; fr.
"to divide;" through root fid],

finis,

findo,

an

"].

fatum,
destiny,

ei,

felix], filled

Faith as a goddess.
fiduc-ia, tae, f. [obsol. fiduc-us or

sonified

Jit,

[cp. depu), tSepos, tJepjaos

fandum,
rightful.

Fates

n.

i,

yawn

ferrum,

say;"

fame,

a female servant or
fa.mu.la, ae, f.
attendant [for fac-mula, from facio, " to

weary,

ocis, adj.
In a good sense
In a bad sense fierce, violent.

spirited.

fagus].

do

to

Eng. dry].

root BUAO,

iron head of a spear.

ae,

cp. <^t)jii,
report.

irreg.

v.

sus-tul-ij.

supposed, as opposed to

latum, ferre,

toll,

ferox,
perf. pass, of fallo

p.

n. [f(a)or, "to speak"],

Plur., personified : the

ti,

fate.
the goddess of destiny.

fav-eo,

favi,

end, termination, conclusion. Plur.

borders of a country
territory, land,
country.
;

flagrans,

fautum, favere,

2, v. n.

to be favourable.

ntis,

p.

pres.

of

flagro:

glowing, impassioned.

flag-ro, ravi, ratum, rare, 1, v. n. to

flame, or blaze; to b\im [flag, "to
:

fa-x, cis, f.
a torch [root fa, " to
shine ;" cp. ^a-etVio, <^oo; fenestra].
:

burn

"

cp.

<i>Kyei.v

flamma

fulgeo,

(=flagma)].
fe-lix,
cp.

<j>voi:

adj. [root fb," to

fui, let\is],fortu7iato,

licis,

fe-mina, miuae,
a woman.
fer-a, ae,
deer],

a wild

.^

bear, carry, bring, convei/ ; bear one's

self along ; present one's self ; say [roots
are fer and tul. The second roct'has the
form of TOL, TLA, or tal. The supine
latum=tlatum is derived from this latter
root
cp. TAaio, ToiAai'TO', <t>ipo} : toUo,

populus (poplar)].

falsus, a um,

Ire, 4, v. a.

jo strike.

f.

[op.
beast.
f.

[see

produce;"
happy.

feli.x],

a female,

flam-ma, mae,
of

love

[for

flamm-o,
*^p

ferus

Eng.

f. :

flagraa;

aflame;
fr.

the flame
;
see

i^Ae'y-w

flagro].

avi,

atum.

are,

1,

v.

a.

[flamm-a, "aflame"], to injiame ; set on

fire, whether actually or figuratively.

VOCAfeULARV.
flav-US, a, um, adj. [jnob. for flair-vus,
same source as flamuia; seu llainiiia',

f.jrtuna-tus, ta, turn, adj. [fortnn(a o,

"to make fortunate"], ha./ipi/, lucky, fortunate.
Assubst.: fortuiia-tus, i. ni.:

yellow.

flecto,

a hapiy or fortunate person.

flexi, flexuni, flectCre, 3, v. a.

hind, turn, turn rvund [prob. akin to

TrAeV-o), " to plait or twist "

to

foveo,

cherish, foster;
brace, etc.
to

"a

Ga, 6iim, adj. [flos, floris,

floris,

m.

flower [root BUL.i,

" to flourish ;" cp. (^Ae'etf

A.S. bloom, blood].
fluc-tus, tus, m.
flflo,
through root
wave.

flu-men,
a stream,

florere, fluere;

frag-or, oris, m [frango, "to break,"

through root frao), a crushiiuj, as when
something is broken to pieces a crash ;
the din or roar of the ocean.

[for flugrvtus; fr.

I'LUov],
a billow,

minis, n.

|firi-o,

Of

teara

river.

"to flow"],
a stream,

frag-ro, ravi, ratum, rare, 1, v. a.: to

emit a smell, whether good or bad ; to be
fray ant.

flood.

fluo,
thin;;s

Vhv,

fluxi, fluxum, fluere, 3, v. n.

Of
not fluid
to flow, stream [root

frango,

" to flow, to swim

pluo, pluvia].
;

;"

cp.

TrAe'i,

priyvvixi.,

foedus.

Oris, n. [for fid-us

trust"],

lea'jue, treaty,

((

fol-ium,
to

ii,

produce

fo-mes,
"to

f6v-eo,

:"

ceive the spark struck out from a

Nj(for). fritus sura, fari, 1, v. dep. ITithout nearer object: to speak; to speak,
\ say, utter [see fania].

fore (=futurum
for-is,

is, f.:

esse), fut. inf. of

a door [akin to Gr.

3,

low,

n.

v.

to

murmuriny

"to sound;"

cp.

lipe/jLoi

frig-US,

ere,

ifrequens, ntis, adj. root farc, " to

cram ;" op. faicio]. Of persons in yreat
numbers, numerous
fretum, i, n.: a strait, frith ; the sea.

flint.

tis,

Q.H

"].

to iiovcrn, restrain.

f r.

re-

m. [prob. for fund-ts

fr.
fund-o, "to pour forth"].
Of a river:
the source, sprinj-head [root QHtJ, " to
pour ;" cp. x"""! XVt xi'Mos
f undo
Eng. ijush].
fon-S,

break

freno, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [frenum, "a bridle"], to curb, hold in check

mitis, m. [for fov-mes ;

foster"], iourhwood, to

ituui,

tli,

to

brother.

minmur ; make a

[root BiiRAM,
fremitus].

compact.

a leaf [root fu or fe,

see facio[.

n.

sound, whether in approral or otherwise

"to

fr. fido,

m.

tris,

frem-o,
to

3, v.
to pieces [akin to Gr.

dash

and root fkag, "

frater,

fluv-ius, ii, m. for flujjv-ius fr. fluo.

' to flow," through secondary root
FLUQV see fluo], a liier.

fractum, frangfire,

fregi,

a.: to break,

ttAoioi'

''

to

2, v. a.:

to

Aowei "], Jlowery, decked with Jlowers.

flos,

fotum, fOvJre,

fOvi,

clasp ni warm emenfold warmly in the

bosom, etc.
Mentally, with objective
clause to hirish a desvjn, foster a hope
or an intention.

flor-eus,

155

sum.

t>i/p-a,-

"to be cold"].
by fear
piyo?

frigidus].
'<.

frond-eus,
frond-is,

"a

frons,

Eng. door].

Oris, n. [frlg-eo,

cold ; a cold shudder produced

[root FRIO, " to shudder ;" cp.

eum,

ea,

adj.

[Irons,

leaf "|, leafy.

f.
the fore part or
Jmiit of anything [root bhlir, "to move
;"
ciuic'!ily
furere, fervere
c]).
6-0pus,
ivptiv: Kng. broiv, brew].

front-is.

forma, mae, f. [for fer-ma,- fr fCr-o],

form in the widest sinse of the word

frustra, m\v. [akin

shape, contour, flyure;

beauty.

fors,

abl. forte,

fine

Jvim,

[prob. for ferlis,

f.

f6r-o, "to bring "I, chance,

bial abl.: by chance.

hap.

no

frustuxa,i,

see fore.

frux,

t vain,

n.:

piece, bit, of food.

(mostly plur.), f. [for

fr. fr.or, in etymological meaning of "to
e.it " thiough root I'liuo], fruits of the
earth, corn, yrain.

fucus,
fug-a,

frngis

i,

m.: a drone.

ae,

f.

courayeoiis, brave,
(Comp.: fort-ior) sup.: fortjissimus
bold.
[cp. dapaelv ; Eng. dare],

fleeinj, jVnht.

fort-una, unae, f. [fors, fortis], forPersonified:

te. whether good ar bad.

Act.:

to flci

[root

BII' fJii

the yoddess Fortune,

frrvyetft fu^arc]

for-tis, te, adj.

to fraudo],

I'liCi o-:e.

fr.

Adver-

fors-an, adv. [elliptically for fors sit

an, "whether there be a chance"], perchance, perhaps.

forte

to

[frig-io,

"to

flee"],

fugio. ffij^i, fugTtum, fi'igere, 3, v. n.

and a.
Kent.
to flee, take to fli iht.
:

from,
to

to

escape by flight

bend or turn

;"

op.

VOCABULARY.

126

gen-itrix, Itricis, f. rg5n-o, old form

"to bring forth"], a mother.

fiig-O. Svi, Stnm, Hre. 1, v. a. [^^p:-a,

"Uijflit'J, to cau.tf to jli'e : to jnit to
fliijht ; to drive or chime tiw.iy.

ful-men,
fulg-eo, "to
ning flush, a

(if ^ri^fixi),

gen-s.

minis, n, |(or fiilsfineii fr.

flash; see flagro"j, a lightthunderbolt.
;

tis,

01

"to beget"].

IgCn-o,

f.

persons: aiiatvon; a country, rtgion.

a knee [root gen, "

erenu, us, n.
bend ," cp. ydi/u, ytVus genae].
:

to

fulvus,

um,

a.

"to

adj. [root biiaro,

fuigeo, fulshine ;" cp. <i)Key(i.v, <JAof

gur, fiamnia (=flag-iiia)], redUixh yellow,

gen-US,

awn y.

'

fujial-e, is, n. [funal-is, "pertainin

to a cord or rope"], a wax torch,
torch.

funda-mentum, menti, n. [fund(a)-o,

" to found

fudi,

Qsuni

undere,

xiu>,

xuat?

funus,

" to scatter

l<ill ;"

" cp.

"to

biia,

fiir-iae, liirum (rare in sing.), f. plur.

"t) rage "J, rage, fury, violent

[fur-o,

madnens.
fur-O, t'li, no sup.,

ere, 3, v. n.: to rage,

rave, be out of one's mind,

anger or love" [see frons].

whether from

m. [far-o, "to rage"),

angry pussion, etc. Rage, as
the companion of Mars.

(leity,

gigno

fr.

tare,

g5r-o

"origin:" sjjriing from-.

glaeba, ae, f. Icp. globus; Eng.

eae, f.:

gaudeo,

a helmet, head-piece
;"

see cella].

gavisus sum, gaudere,

n. senii-dep.: to rejoice, delight [root

" to rejoice

;"

cp.

g]6mer-0,

atum.

avi,

assemble or mass

gaud-ium,
joice
'

li,

n.

gaud-eo, " to re-

joy, gladness, delight.

"],

gaza,

ae, f.
s lid to

[yd^a,

gau,

ge-minus,
for

gc'ii-minus,

forth"
,

trea-nire, riches, wealth,

originallj' a Persian

be

mina, iiilnum, adj. fprob.

gen-o, " to bring
fr.

Iwin-born, twin; double, two.

body.

'

'

1,

3,

v.

[grand-is,

a, ura, adj.

(usually found only in the

ace. ; the abl. gratibus is found
in Tacitus), f. plur. [grat-or, "to manifest
joy ;" root gra, "to be glad ;" cp. \aLipu>:
O." H. German grierig], thanks.

grat-es

heavy, ponderous,
grav-is, e, adj.
With respect to character:
premant.
:

of weiiht, or authority; grievous [akin

to /3ap-vs].

grav-iter, adv.

itum,

ere,

3,

v,

a.

fr,

gremium,

[grav-is,

"heavy"],

n.: the lap,

bosom.

m. [for grad-sus
gres-SUS.
gi-ad-ior, " to step "], a stepping, step.

to

bewail, bemoan.

gen-itor. itoris, m [gun-o (old form

"to beget"], a Jalhcr [root
'.,'iirno),
OKN\ "to beget;" cp. v^'"?! yiyvoii.ai:
genus Eng. kin].

li,

sOs,

;'

gurges,

Itis,

m.

iddgin:/ stream.
.

of

gradi,

walk.

vehemently, strongly, violently.

mae, f. [for gen-ma

"to bear"], a jewel, jem.

gem-O, fii,
mourn lament,

to step,

grand-aev-us,

itus,

gem-ma,
gen-

a.

"great;'' aev-um, "age"], of great age,

aged.

groan '"],
or norrow.
t

v.

grad-us, us, m. [grad-Ior, " to step"].

Plur.: the steps of a building.

m. [gem-o, " to
a groan, groaning ; cry of pain

gem-itus,

1,

ball" of yarn], to
together ; to form into

nom. and

word].

are,

"a

IglOmiis, glOmCr-is,

2, v.

y7)i>e<o].

clod],

soil, layid.

dep.

"to hide

grarlTor, gressus sum,

gal-ea,

a.

carry

form geno), gSnai, genlto bring f/rth,

a.
3, v
Wita abl. of
birth
to.

give

a compact

[root K,\L,

v.

2,

to

(old

tum, gignCre,

oris,

tatum,

tavi.

intens. [for ger-to

to hirs.

the

rage, fury,

wage.

bear,

passiijn,

gestum, gerCre, 3, v. a.
Of war
to carry on,

gessi,

bear, wear.

gesto,
death [root

cp. pdi'os, <J>eVw].

fur-or,

to

fons].

eris, n.

i, m. [id], a full brother,

from the same father and mother.

gero,

our out.

them,seloes [root ghc,

etc.

3, v. a.

Of several persons, pass, in

reflexive force
to spread abroad, scatter
I

persons,

german-us,
i.e.,

fundo,
to

Of

german-a, ae, f. [germati-us, " full,

own," as applied to brothers and sisters ;
root OKS, 'to beget"], a full m(er, i-e.,
from the same father and mother.

a foundation.

"],

to gen-s], birth,

eris, n. [akin

origin.

descent,
race.

gust-o,

"a

tasting

a whirlpool ; an
-i-

'"

are, 1, v. a. fgustus,
cp. yeuco, yao-rijp], to taste.

iivi,
;"

atum,

fr.

VOCABULARY,

Of cause, soiirce, etc.: from, this

vrrg s-iurce, from this cause, hence.

H.

h&be-na,

nae,

riur., of horses

this.

"to hold"],

[liai)L-o,

f.

homo, Tnis. comni. gen. [Sans. oii.\m,

" the earth ;" cp. x^m"" humus hence,
"a son of earth"]. Sing.: a person, or
man generally a human being. Plur.
persons, men.

,tha reins.

127

hab-eo,

itum, ere, 2, v. a.: to h'tve>

to
in the widest acceptation of the term
tli,

hold.

honor

hab-ilis, He, adj. [hah-So, "to hold"],

suitable,

an

itus, m. [hab-So, "to have

in a particular condition],
dress, bearinr/, Inok.

hab-itus,

(honos),

esteem

rcij^ect.

etc.

fit,

m.

oris,

an honour,

honour,

dig^iity, etc.;

offering or thanksgiving to the gods,

in their honor.

made

one's self"

honos

see honor.

horre-ns, ntis, p. pres. of horr8\

Pa. (horrC'-o, "to stand on end," as hair,
etc.
hence, "to be of a rough or fright-

hac,

adv. [adverbial abl. fem. of hie,

"this"], in this place, on this side, here.

haer-eo,
n.

haesum, haerere,

remain fixed.

to clixfj,

halo,

haesl,

_^

atuin,

are,
breathe out, or forth ; to
scent, be fragrant.
"ivi,

ful appearance ;" hence, "to be terrible"],

terrible, dreadful, fearful, horrid.

2, v.

n.

v.

1.

horreo,

to

emit a sweet

to

horr-idus,

His, n. [hast-a, "'a spear"],

adv.

not at

not.

haurio,
a.

to

hausi, haustum, haurire,

" a host

v.

drain, drink up, empty, a sfoblet,

herb-a,

and

that is
feed "],
comprehended under the English expression of " green food."
herbage,

her-os,

;iras.<<,

heu, interj.: nh! alas!

heus, interj.: hoi ho
holloa

all

m.: a hero [Gr.

ois,

Tjp-ws].

there

hark

adj.

[for

hiOm-ernus fr. hiemps, Mem-is " winter"],

As subst.
of or belonging to winter.
hib-ernum, i, n. (xc. tempus), tvinter
;

time, winter.

pron. dem.
thi'se

As

this.

hi ...
she.

dat. huic),

a. Masc.
these .... those.

s'lbst.

hi.

thij> thing
Neut.
Fem.: heec
to pronominal root i, aspirated
with c (=ce), demonstrative suffix].
:

(akin

hlem-ps,
" snow

snow:"

;"

iiiM,
HiMA.
" house
of
winter; a storm, tem-

f.
(Sans.
Hinia-hxya,

is,

ep

x^'M"^''].

pest.

h-in-C, adv.
;

[for h-ini-c

fr.

im. locative suffix, ce].

base of
Of place

hi.

this pice, hi nee ; on this side, here

hjnr .... bine, "n this nida ... .on t/Tat
tide. Of time : from this wry time, after

from

down

"to
for

of hie,

adv. [for hoc, adverbial neut. ace.

'

this "], to this place, hither.

huin-anus,

vm,

a,

adj. [for

hCmin-

anus; fr. h6mo, hOmin-is], of ov belonging

to a man or inen ; human.

humi

see

humus.

i,

f.

the

ground

'Sansc.

GHAM, "earth;" akin to xMa', "ou the

ground

"].

hy-menaeus,

i,

m.

wedlock

[Gr.

Vfiifalos],

hie, adv. [hie, "this"], in this place,

here: hie. ...hie, here. ...there.

hi-e

hostl-o,

as struck

hos-tis, tis, comm. gen.: an enemy or

foe of one's country.
In collective force
the enemy, the foe [prob. akin to Sans,
"
root GHAS,
to eat "].

hum-US,

h.ic haec, hoc (gren. hujus

:

[obsol.

f.

victim,

sacrifice.

hue,
I

ae,

strike"],

[hospes, hospit-is,

n.

ii,

hospitality.

"J,

hib-ernus, ema, ernum,

ni

liost,

hosti-a,

[akin to 4)ip?m, " to

f.

m. : a guest, friend,
entertainer ; a stranger
[perhaps for hospet-s akin to Sans, root
Gil AS, "to eat ;" Lat. pet-o, " to seek"].
]iitis,

hospit-ium,
4,

etc.

ae,

hospes,

visitor

by no means,

all,

idum, adj. [horr-So^^

Ida,

sec horreo], terrible, grim.

spear, javelin.

baud,

ere, 2, v. n.
to bristle, be

shaggy.

haren-a, ae, f.: the sand [see arena],

hasta, ae, f.: a speur or javelin.
hast-ile.

no supine,

tii,

stand on end, as hair

ibi-dem, adv.
suffix

[Ibi, with demonstrative

dem], in the same place, in that

very place.

i-dem,

e.udem,

idem

gen. ejusdem

dat. C-idem), pron. dem. [pronominal root

I ; suffix dem], the .lame.
As subst., m.
the snme m'ln or i>erson.

i-gnarus, gnara, gnarum,

fr.
in,
"nut;"

in-gnarus

adj.

[for

gnarus,

"knowing"]. With gen. not knowing,

unacquainted with, ignorant of.
:

128

VOCABULARY.

1-gnavus, cnSva, piavum,

in-pn;kvus

inactive,

dilistenf'J,

adj.

(for

"not;" giiavus. "busy,

fr. in,

lazy,

in-

slotli/til,

dolent.

m.

is,

fire ; lightniny

flame

loiv.

gnotus,

gnOtum. adj. [for

"not ;" gnotus (=nOtus),
"known"], nut known, unlniotrn.

in-griMiis;

plger

frnota,

fr. in,

lud (gen.

illTus, but, at v. 16,

dejuonstr. ]>ron. [for
is-le
fr. is],
person or thing. As
subst., of both nunil)t'rs and all gendei-s:
thinj
that perwn or
With
; lie, nhe, it.
accessorj' notion of reputation, etc.
that
well-known, that famous or famed.

il-le, la,

dat.

illi),

that,

illic, adv. [pron.

place, there.

il-lido,

"that"J, in that

illic,

lisum, lidcre,

lisi,

3,

v. a. [for

aiiin to jii^-eojxai, " to imitate"].

m.

imber,

bris,
.shuiver

impius,

a heavy rain; a
;

sea-

ira-pleo,
force

jitTpof,

iiumSn-ior (for in-manis f \ In,

root ma, "to measure;" cp.
n^rr), modus, metior, metare,

Eng. month].
no perf. nor sup., minere,
;"
fr. in, " over
2, V. n. ifor in-mineo
r>jt .MiN, to project; cp. minae, mon],
niensis

"to

pleo,

\Vith

fill "].

some

Hum

im-p6no,

pCsTii, pOsitum, ponCre, 3,

in-pOno fr. in, " upon ;" pono
"to put"], to put or pace something
upon an object.
;

im-provisus.

provisa, prOvisum, adj.

"not;" prOvisus,

"foreseen"], unexpected.

imus,

um, sup.

adj.

: lowest, deeplowest; i.e., the

loivest part, or bottom of that which is
repiesented by the subst. to which it is in
attribution.
Poss.
infernua ; conip. :

a,

where a thing

is

in. prep. gov. abl. or ace. With abl.

; in the case of, with respect
With ace.: irito, within; towards;
to.
upon ; against ; for ; among.
in, zvithin

inanis,

adj.

e,

empty, in the fullest

sense of the word.

in-cautus,
" not

;"

cauta. cautum, adj. (In,

cautus, " cautious"], incautious,

heedless, o]f one's guard.

cruel, fierce, inexorable.

advance, tvalk,
notion of dignity

yes indeed ; by
immo, age, nay, come.

adv.
;

im-motus,
;

"moved"].

fr.

Of
unchnngeable.

mota, motum, adj.

in,

"not;"

all

in-cedo,

gen. im-paris, adj. [for m-par;

"not;" par, "equal"], not equal,

pGli, pulsum, pellCre, 3. v.

in-pello; fr. in, "against;" pello,
" o drive"], to drive, thnist, or push
someihing against an object; to invite,
With inf. : to force on,
urge, impel.
compel to do.

im-pello,

burn

inolus,

the fates: unchanged,

unc'iual.
a. [for

n. [in, " in

;"

"I,

cessum, cCdOre,

cessi,

cOdo, " to go

"],

3,

v.

to proceed,

With accessory
walk majestic.

etc.

to

incend-ium,
[for

im-par,
fr. in,

to fill

plico, tli.
(also avi, atum),
are, 1, v. a. [for in, "in;" plico, "to
fold"], to enfold, involve, wrap.

in-mOtus

feeling.

im

overhang, hang overhead.

im-mitis, mite, adj. [for in-mitis fr.
Of persons:
in, "not;" mitis, 'miJd"].
t-/

immo,

al.l.

make

quite full v^h. Pass, in reflexive force, with gen.: to fill one's, etc ,
self, i.e., to sati-\fy or regale one's, etc.,
self icith something ; to satisfy or gratify

immineo,

means, nay

a.

v.

2,

"augmentative"

in, in

fr.

"not;"

plotum, plcre,

plevi.
;

inferior.

adj. (" not to be niea*

im-ma-nis,
sitred;" heuce),vast, hxtrje; cruel, savage.
e,

Conip.

plum, adj. (for in"holy"],

pla,

pla,

(for in-plCo

est;

or xtonn ; water
sea [akin to hiJ.^po<;].

],cit n-i

w iter

adj. (for inplger, "indolent"],

[for in-prOvIsus; fr. in,

a'jaini>t.

im-ago, aginis, f. : form, appeirance,

image, an apparition, phantom [root lil,
"

p grum,

pigra,

"not;"

fr. in,

V. a. [for

in laedo ; fr. In, "upon;" laedo, "to

strike or dash "], to strike or dash upon

or

plus ; fr. in, "no';" plus,

unholy, wicked, impioiis.

up,
illlus

realm, empire.

quick.

i-gnobilis, CTJuhlle, adj. (for in-;,'nobUis; fr. in, " noTT pioliliis ( = nolillis),
"well known "]. low, baxi-horn, v/iioble.
i

sovereignty

im-piger,

if^nis,

of

irap6r-ium, li, n. [impCr-o, "to coma command, order ; dominion,

niaiid "],

n.

li,

[incend-o,

"to

a burning, conflagration.

in cen-do,

di,

sum, dere,

3, v. a.

to

set on fire, burn.

Of lamps, etc. : to
light.
P. perf. pass.: Ivihted, burning;

to

inflame with any emotion, esp. love

[root CA.v, akin to (ca-u,

incep-tum,

"to

bum

"J.

incaptum fr.
incipio, "to begin," in, without force;
"
"
capio,
to take
or "begin "], a design,
ti,

n. (for

purpose, etc.

inces-sus,

sfis,

IncOd-o, " to walk

m.

"],

[for inced-sus
walk, gait.

fr.

129

VOCABULARY,
In-cIpiO, cepi, ceptuni, clp6re, 3, v. a.
[for in-capio ; fr. in, " in ;" capio, " to
take "], to begin, commence.

in-COgrnitus, cognlta, cognitum,

"not;"

[in,

cognitus,

adj.

"known"], un-

known, not kmywa.

"not;"

concessa, concessnra,
con-cessus, "allowed"],

unlawful, forbidden.

increp-ito,

Itavi, Itatutn, Itare. 1, v.

[increpo, '' to make a noise "],

to call or cry out to one in an encouraging

way,

infiffO,

etc. ; to call upo)i,

"to

fix"],

to

3, v. a. [in,

impale, or

drive into.

in-gemino,

gSmlnStum,
"augmentative"

gSmIna%i,
in

1, v. n. [in,

force; geniino, "to double"], to be redoubled, to increase.

in-gemo, gomQi, gSmltum, gemere,

"without force

3, V. n. [in,

challenje.

fixum, figSre,

fixi,

figo,

geminare,

iiitens.

n.

ceed.

"into;"

in-concessus,
adj. [in,

in-fero, in-tOli, il-latum, in-ferre, 3, v.

[in, " into ;" fSro, " to bear or bring
into a place.
With personal pron.: to
betake one's, etc., self; to go, walk, proa.

;"

gCmo, "to

groan"], to lament.
cubui, cQbitum (rarely cQ-

in-Cubo,

cabatum), cfibare, 1, v. n. [in,

Of
cabo, "to lie down"].
to settle upon, hang
night, with dat.
over, overhang.
in-ciiltus, culta, cultum, adj. [in,
bavi,

"upon;"

in-gens,

in-hunia-tus,

" not

;"

inimicus,
In-3,niicus

/^in-cumbo,

things

upon
obsol. cumbo,
to
With dat.: Of the winds:
upon; to fall or rush violently

3, V. n. [in,
lie
to_

cabal, no sup., cumb6re,

upofC

in-CUS-O,

atum,

avi,

are, 1, v. a. [for

"a

incaus-o; fr. in, "against;" causa,

judicial process "], to blame, chide.

in-ciitio, cussi, cussum, catfire, 3, v.

in,
"against;"
fr.
a.
[for in-quatio ;
quatio, "to shake;" hence, "to strike"].
With ace. of thing and dat. of person : to
strike into, to inspire in one.

i-n-de,

Of time

adv.

from

that

time, after that, afterivards [pronominal

root I n. epenthetic ; suffi.K de (=9e or
Oev, "from")].
in-diCO, dixi, dictum, dIcSre, 3, v. a.
dico, "to
[in, in " augmentative" f^rce
say ;" hence " to declare "], to proclaim,
announce, appoint.
:

V.

in-di&nor, dignatus sum, dignari, 1,

dep. [in, "not;" dignor, "to deem

worthy

"], to

be indignant or disdainful.

in-diio, dili, datum, da6re, 3, v. a.

put on, asuum^ the appearance, etc., of
another [ivSvia].
in-erm-is, is, e. adj. [for in-arm-us;
fr. in, "not;" arm-a, "arms"], without
to

arms or weapons unarmed.

In-fandus, fanda, fandum, adj. [in,
"not:" fandus, " to_be_aiioken of"], un;

siiekhahle, unuUei'dble, abominable.

noin neuter sing. as an exclamation
,

horrible or dreadful thing

or, adverbially, horribly I

in-felix, felicis, .-.dj. |in, " not

" happy "J, unhiippy. miserable.

adj.

[in>

imicum, adj.

imlca,

[for

" not ;"

amicus,
unfriendly, hostile.
Of
in,

fr.

"],

hurtful, injurious, destructive.

'

;"

down"].
settle

" friendly
:

turn,

ta,

hum(a)-o, " to bury"], unburied.

"not;" cultus, "cultivated"], wot culti^vated, uncultivated, untilled.

''

gentis, adj. [in, "not;" gens,

"], hufe, vast, immense.

" a race, or kind

In
:

horror

Iqua, iquum, adj. [for In-

in-iquus,

sequus fr. in, " not ;" aequus, " favourable "], unfavourable, adverse, hostile.

"not;"

injuri-a,
right "

],

ae,
f.
[in,
iiijury, wrong.

jus,

in-piger, pigra, plgruni, adj. [in,

"not;" piger, "indolent"], quick, active.
inquara or inqiiio, v. defect. to
:

say.

in-rigo, rlgavi, rigatum, rigare, 1. v.

" without force " rigo, " to
[in,
moisten "], to bedew.
;

n.

iu-SCi-U3, a, um, adj. [In, "not;"

"to know"], not knowing, un-

scl-o,

awares
in-scribo, scripsi, scriptum, scribgre,
3, V. a. (in, " upon ;" scrlbo, "to write"],
to

make marks upon, tnark.

in-sequor, sequutus sum,

dep.

[in,

In

order

"J,

or

sSqui, 8, v.

upon;" sCquor,
follow after, pursue.
succession : to succeed,

"after,

"to follow

close

to

in-sido. sedi, sessum, sldSre, 2, v. n.

fr. In, " upon ;" sgduo, "to
[for in-sedeo
sit"], to sit down upon, settle upon.
;

insid-iae, larum, f. plur. [insldgo, "to

take up a position in a place "], artifice,
plot, snare.

in-sign-is,
urn,

e,

adj. [in.

"a mark"],

"upon;"

remarkable,

signdistin-

guished.

in-spiro, splravi, splratum, spirSre, I,

a. [in, "into;" splro, " to breathe "].
Of a passion, emotion, etc. : to inapirt^

felix,

F
^'

RS

folloio.

V.

;"

J.U

produce, excite, kindle.

130

VOCABULARY.

In-sto, stiti, stTitum, sUlre, 1, v. n. [In;

" to sUiid "] (III, " on or upon "J, to
press onwards or linrd.
sto,

in-struo,

8,

a.

" to build
fit

structum, strfifire,
" without force ;" strflo,
Of a bouse to furnish,

struxi,

[in,
"J.

up.

ble,

in ;" siil-utn,

f.

the sea

in-super, adv.
Buper, " above
head.

rtor

"],

[in,

on the

in-sal-a
"],

an

In,

fr.

;"

top, above, over-

psum (gen. ipsiusat v. 114

dat. ipsi), jTon. dem. [for is-pse
is; suffix pse], self; very.
As subst.,

fr.

tatum,

tare,

1,

v. a.

menace.

inter, prep. gov. ace. : between. Of

time during, in the course of; among,
amidst, in the m.id.'st of.
:

inter-dum,
intervals of
ace. of dies
times.

;"
;

and both numbers

/, etc.,

myself.

ira, ae,

f.

anger, vrrath, raae.

angry passions, wrathful

Plur.

feelings,

emo-

a.

ir-rigo, rlgSvi, rlgitum, rlgSre,

[same as inrigo).

1, v.

i-S,
tfivi,

intens. [for intend-to ; fr. intend-o, " to

Btretch out against " in a hostile manner],
to threaten,

liaUful.

tions of rage.

in-tac-tus, ta, turn, adj. [for in-tagtus; fr. In, "not;" tango, "to touch;"
through root tag], jiuie, chaste.

inten-to,

(for invldus;

"], luiteii,

impenetrable.

of all persons

island.

" on or ujion

sum, adj

1-pse, psa,
ipsius

'

so,

invld-eo, " to hate

in-vi-us, a, um, adj. (in, " not ;" vl-a,

" a way "], that affords no way ; impassa-

In-SiU-a, ae,

"

invi-SUS,
fr.

adv.

(prob. inter, ''at

dum, contr. fr. dium, old
see diu], occasionally, some-

dem.

C-a,
:

ejus ; dat. ei), pron.

that person or tiling.
As

id (i?en.

this,

subst., of both numbers and all genders

the pnrson or thin;] just mentioned ; he,
she, it. =talis: o/ such a kind ornatwt

such [akin to pronominal root

i-ter,
root ij,

tlnC'ris,

n. [eo,

a way, road ;

i].

"to go," through

a journey, course,

etc
J.

ja-ceo,

ctii,

citum, cSre, 2, v. n. Of
dead. Of places : to lie

persons
to lie
fr.
inter-ea, adv. [for inter-eam
" between ;" 6am, ace. sing. fem. .beneath or below.
Of time
of is].
meanwhile, in the ^^*"jac-tO, tavi, tatum, tare, 1 v. a. intens.
mean time.
[jac-io, " to throw "J, to keep throwing or
tossing ; to toss to and frn^ to drive
(inter-for), fatus sum, fan, 1, v. dep.
hither and thither.
Of words, etc.
to
finter, "during;" (for), "to speak"], to
toutt^r, pr,u: jiirth ; to resalMA, turnover,
break in upon, or interrupt, the converetc., in tlieTlftiind.
Wih personal pron.
sation, etc.
:

inter,

inter-ior; lus, comp. adj. [obsol.

" within "], inner, interior ; the
inner part of that denoted by the subst.
to wbuch it is in attribution.
Sup.
intOr-us,

intimus.

intimus, a, nm, sup. adj.: iyinermost

the innermost part of that denoted by
the subst. to which it is in attribution.
'.^
y.

hshave haughtily.

jaculor, atus sum, ari,

"a javelin"], to

in-tono,
n.

[in,

tOnfli,

no supine, tCnare,

" without force

to

thunder.

;"

1,

tono, " to
'^^"^

With ace.: wit/im.

in-tractabnis, tractabile, adj.

jam,
of

" not

;"

adv. [prob. =eam, ace. sing. fem.

"this, that"], at this time, now
jam, at this time
at that tim.e;

is,

at one time
..at another time ; now ...
no^v ; at that time, then. Strengthened
by tum at that very time, even then.
.

intra, prep.

jam-dudum,

[In,

" to be handled "].

unconquerable, not to be

tractabilis,

indomitable,

1, v. dep.
hurl, cast,

[jacai-um,
launch.

jam

thunder "],

t^ibdued.
gredi, 3,
V.
dep. [for intro-gradior ; fr. intro,
within;" gradior, "to step"], to step
withiv to enter.
,

intus, adv.: within, in the insidt or

interior [akin to Gr. evrdy].

in-veho. vexi, vectum, vghfre, 3,

[in, "upon;" veho. "to carrj/"],
ride on or upon ; to be carried upon.

adv. [jam, "now;"

dtidura, "not long since"], now at once,
instantly, forthtvith.

j-am-pridem,

adv.

[jam

"long ago"], long ago, long

intro-gredior, gressus sum,

a.

in reflexive force : to conduct ont's etc.,

self in a proud and haughty manner ; to

v.

to

prTdem,

since, for

long time past.

jubeo, jussi, jussum,

command, bid.

Jflbere, 2, v. a.

to order,

judic-ium,Ii,n. judic-o, "to judge"],

sentence or decision of a judge; a
judgment.
jug-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [jOg-um,
" a yoke "j, to join or give in marriage
;
to marry.

VOCABULARY.
Jdgr-UXQ,
join

n. [JDo,

i,

root of

a mountain

"],

summit,

rid'jc ;

Juni,'o, " to
a Iwii/ht,

hollowed out

larg-U3,

junxi, junctum, jungSre, 3, v.

to join, unite ; to harness horses [see

ju-S, ris. n. [root JU," to bind"]. Plur.:

laws, ordinances.

Neut

just-itfa,

itiae,

"just"],

[just-us,

f.

" to

hid

lie

jus-tus, ta, turn. adj. [for jur-tus ; fr.

jus, jur-is, "lay;"], just, fair, equitable.
youthful. As
a youth, young

juven-ta,

youn'j.

person;

[id.],

f.

"].

m.: any liquid or fluid.

um, adj. wide, extendtd,
far and toide [root plat, "to
:

;" cp. n-AaTu;, n-AoTavos, jrAanj

planta, latus (i.e., platus), platessa].

n.

Oris,

the side,

persons or things [prob. akin to latus).

youth,

[for (c)laus,

i.e.,

young men.

KK-iifiv

juvi, jutum, juvare, 1, v. a. and

Act.: to aid, assist. Neut.: to please,
delight, gratify.

loosen

;"

commendation
cp.

um.

a,

cp.

adj. [root Lu, "to

solvo (=se-luo)], loose,

Av'u),

slack.

lego,
L.

irraise,

f.:

root CLtJ, "to hear;"

clueo, gloria (=:clu-oria)

laxus,

JUVO,

n.

laudis,

whether ot

"young"],

laus,
tutis,

widely,

"J,

extend

youth.

juven-tus,

" wide

[lat-us,

a,

latus,

fjtiven-is,

f.

co-

icis,

sprcadiiig

man.

tae,

abundant,

Qi, Itum, ere, 2, v. n. and a.

Act. : to
to lie hid, be concealed.
tie hi' I or be concealed from ; to escape the
iidlicc of [akin to AaS, root ot \a.vB6.v(a,

latus,

adj. comm. gen.

subst. : a young

adj.:

latex,

is,

the

lat-eo,

justice.

jiiven-is,

um,

a,

late, adv.
far and ivide.

fr.
jus-sum, si, n. (for jub-sum
jabuo, " to order"], anjtni&r, co mmand

in

pious, pleiit ful.

jugumj.

jiif

a sunken panel

"],

ceiling.

jieak.

jungo,
a.':

131

lectum,

legi,

magistrates,

etc.:

legfire,

to

.S,

choose,

Of

v. a.

J.L

apj: -nt,

elect.

lab-or, oris, m. labour, toil. Of the

sun an eclipse [akin to root labh, " to
:

len-io, Ivi or li, ;tum. Ire, 4, v.

"mild"], to appease, assuage.

acquire;" Gr.

"to

root Aa^jSara),

Aa(3,

lev-is,

take"].

labor,

laps\is

sum.

'\Kd

or mroop downwards
LAMB, " to fall "].

labor-O,

avi,

dep. : to
[aJAn to root

labi, 3, v.

to

atum, are,

v. a. [1.

1,

make

lacriraa,
tear,

form dacrima),

ae, (old

[root dak,

" to bite

;"

f.

laedo,

"a

atum,

are, 1, v. n.
tear"], to shed tears, weep.
avi,

laesi,

laesum, laedere,

laet-itia,

Itlae,

bri,

m.

atum

avi,

dep.

laetus,

a,

a book.

adj.

joj/M, glad,

With gen.: abounding in;

of
laev-US,

full

flit, itum,
Cre,
or permitted.

"to

um,

As subst.
.-laeva,

adj.
:

on the

left, i.e.,

laeva,

on ihe

ae,

left

f.

the

hand or

side [\aiF-6';].
lS,-pis, pidis, m.:

linquo,

stone [cp. Aa-as,

" a stone "].

laqu-eare (-^r),

to Ic'ive

I4c-u8, In etymological force of

(akin to

"a

thing

n.

v.

lictum, linquOre,
[akin to Gr. AeiTrw].
perf., qui, 3, V. dep.:

or liquid [akin

Jhiid,

to root

3,

i'

fr.

v.

to be

u, "to

li-tus, tOris, n. [prob. li, tfiot of li-no,

"to overspread"], the sex-shore, bench,
strand.
i,

m.

avi,

atum,

are,

v.

a.

"a

place"], to place, set; to take

place or seat.

[locus,
one'f:

Saris, n.

2,

llqui,

liquor, no

loco,

<

n. [for lig-men ;
tie or fasten "], a threshold.

smear over"
a,

Of wine,

are, 1, v. a.

li-raen, minis,

[id.],

locus, i, m. (plur. loci, m., and loca,

a place, spot.

n.),

licet,

a.

um,

" to

leg-o,

llg o,
ari, 1, v.

fr.

for religious purposes

to Vike
nd
pour out in honour of a deitj- ; to
ke a
lib 'tion of: Gr. Aei^o).

[laet-us, "joyful"],

f.

to rejoice, delight.

hand

or cn-ictment.

all meed,

laet-or, atus sum,

left side.

f.

aAaw

libo,

3, v. a.:

joy, gladness.

left

[for leg-s

legis,
,

liber,

cp. &a.Kviu,

to displease, offend.

pleasini].

avi,

"],

etc.,

lacrim-o,
[h'lcrira-a,

rapid [akin toGr.

atum, are, 1, v. a. [lev-is,

to lilt, or raise up ; to lighten,
relieve, alleviate.

leV-O,

light

lex,
read "

Soico?].

e, adj.: light,

i-Kax-v';].

"

laboriously or with toil

to work something labor ioiislij.

labor],

a.

[len-is,

RS

T
u

VOCABULARV.

13:

long-B, adv. (loii2f-us, "lonj;"), 'i '""'7

U'ly oi/\ afiir off; i.e., to a dhtance ; al
a dulitncc.

long-US

adj.

uin,

a,

the

in

Ions;,

mag-is, comp.
mag-ister,

sum,

iitus

to

magistr-ij,

magn-anim-us,

16-rum,

ri,

Plur.

reins of

the

us,

luctor,

tatus sum,

dep.

tari, 1, v.

111.

i,

wood or grow

in

[magn-

adj.

" soul

greit-

"),

nam,

na,

adj.: great, i.e.,

r,/c, Sijticious,

general.

lusum, liidere, 3, v a. and

ludo,
Act.: to iiuilce sjiort
n. [ludus, "play").
Neut. to vUiy,
of, i.e., to jnuck, deceive.
lusi,

sport.

maximus

inagGr. ixiy-a<;.
Sans, inah-a,
great " f r. root maii
(ori^'-inally magh), ' to be great ; to be

Sup.:

niug-lor).

(i.e.,

simns: [root

akm

m.^o,
'

(i.e.,

to

liOiVerful ").

lu-men,
lvic-6o,

'

minis,

to shine

n.

"],

(for lucnien
; aw eye.

fr.

UjM

lu-na, nae, f. [for luc-na;

" to shine "J. the moon.

fr.

luo-co,

mamma,
man-eo.

IQitum or lutum, lilOre, ?., v.

Of punishment, etc. : to pay, suffer;
atone for, exidate, a fault, etc.
lOi,

a she-ivolf [like Gr. Au'kae, f

akin to Sans. LUP=Lat. RUP, " to break

lup-a,
or tear

"J.

"),

lux,

luois,

"],

"to wash out

years, a

five

[for luc-s

f.

fr.

luc-So,

" to

dawn.

lux-US, us, m.
a good sense

[lax-us, "dislocated").

splendour, magnifi,-

lyclinus,

i,

ere, 2, v. a.: to re-

" to shine

lymptia, ae, f.:

l5mx, cis, comm.

towel,

nus, f.
a hmd ; h mdyworlnmnsldp, work [akin to root
ma, " to measure ;" see immanis),
:

n. : the sea [root mar, " to

that which kills
cp. mors,
MopTd9 = 3poTd5
also cp. Sans,

mar-e,
main

is,

i.e.,
:

more

Slav,

marios, mares

Celtic

;"

Ivjht, lamp,
cp. lux].

torch

meaning
MAR, means

[vviJ.<fir)\.

"bright;"

mater,

tris,

cp.

/j-apixaipw,

Of persons: a mother.

f.

[akin to Gr. fi^-xjjp

a root ma, in meaning of "to produce ;" and so " the producer"],
;

matur-O, atum,
meaning

of

1, v. a.

fire,

"quick"],

med-itor,

itatus

sum,

think or rejlect upon

meditate about [akin to
care for"].

spotted, dappled.
part. pres. of maeres.

maer-eo, erp to be sad.

maest-us. a, um, adj.: sad.
magalia, Turn, n. plur.: little
to

mel,
dwel-

be a Punic

dep.:

itari, 1, v.
;

to

muse or

ixeS-o/j-ai,

"to

med-ius. ia, lum, adj.: m,iddle. mid

(where a person or thing is in the middle;
i.e.), the middle, or med.H of that denoted by the subst. to which it is in
attribution
mid-ius).

[said

[matur-

to hasten,

s^jeed.

osum, adj. [mucrda,

macul-osus,
" a spot or blemish ;" hence, " a spot or
mark" on the skin, etc.], full of spots,

etc.

dim

Of animals: a

gen.: a lynx [Au'yf ].

PL.

lings, huts,
woird).

Lith.

marmor).

us, in

water

osa,

mor

Goth, marei
Ir. muir
"sea." Others say thf rt.
;

to

maerens

"the

[miln-us,

n.

telis,

fr.

cewe.
[root LUC,

l/iec-io].

a napkin,

all

light,

a breast.

ma-nus,

morior

a space of

of its kind

frrid

teor/c,

search, traverse.
stri, n. [in-o,

f.

sum,

man-tele,
hand

die,"

lu-strum,

ae,
si,

miin, continue

lUStr-O. avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [lustrum, " an expiatory offering "], to review,

or expiate"],
lustrum.

adj.:

inoon shaped, crescent shaped.

luo,

um,

in:!ll-us, a,

injurious, hurtful; ir ckcd ; evil; unfortunate. Assubst.: malum,!, n. ^n

Comp. pejor sup.
evil, misfortune.
pessimus [akin to Gr. /oieAos. "black"].
:

luna-tus. ta, turn, adj. [lun(a)-o, " to

bend like a half-moon or crescent"], haij-

Ill

um,

mighty. Of sound Joifd,

nuiiierous, noble.
Of persons, with re.s))ect to age
advanced. Coinp major
I

luc-us,

shine

a,

anim-us,

mag-nus,

to

struggle

o^-,

" irreat ;"

.^oukd, mignanimoxts.

horses.

(o

m. [magister,

atus,
gistrate.

of.

the steersman.

magistr-atus,
dep.

v.

3,

i,

speitk.

a.

m. [root maq

istri,

Of a vessel

iiiagnus].

fullest sense of the word.

l6qu-or,

adv. [akin to magnus],

more.

[cp.

|J.e<ro^;,

mellis, n.:

membrum,
[for menmim,
cp. fxepiiui].

i,

jae<r7;yi/s

koney [akin to
n.

a limb,

root mar,

di-

iieki].

mevilier

"to divide;"

VOCABULAUV.

133

I
mS-min-i,
mEn-i
mens],

v.

isse,

men-

defect, [for

reduplicated fr. root men

see
to bear in mind; to remember,
;

recollect.

meinor,
ful

6ris, adj.

rememberiitj.

of,

With gen.: mind-

dered at

Of anger

mii'a-ndus, nda, ndum, adj. [mir(a)or, "to wonder at"], wonderful, marvel-

unfor-

getting, vindictive.

memor-o,

avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. and

"mindful"]. Act.: to relate,
With double ace. to call an

n. (inOmor,

declare.

Neut.: to speak, say,

object somethirig.

nee minus {and no less, i.e.), and in like

manner, likewise.
mu'a-bilis, bUe, adj. [mir(a)-or, "to
wonder at"], that mmj or can be won-

declare, etc.

lous, extraordinary,

mir-or, ratussftm, rari, 1, v. dep.: to

wonder, or marvel at ; to admire, regard
with admiration [akin to Sans, root smi,
"to smile"].

mens,

tis, t.: the mind, as being the

seat of thought; notion, idea, thought;
disposition, .leeiijigs [Lat. root men ; fr.
root MAN, ''to think;" cf., also, Gr.
/u.ei'-o!].

mirus,

ae,

f.

"to measure,"

[metlor,

through root mk-, found in part perf.

meu-sus], o table; food; dishes; an
entertainment, etc.

men-sis,

sis,

m. [root men; whence

men-sus, p. perf. of metier. " to measure"], a month, as a measure of time.

merc-or, atus sum,

dep.
[merx, merc-is, "merchandize"], to buy,
purchase.
mer-itum, Tti, n. [mer-eo, " to
deserve "], a service, kindness, benefit
desert, merits.
ari,

v.

1,

i, n. [mSr-us, 'pure"], jjwrc

not mixed with water.

mer-vim,
wine

i.e.,

7^ met-a,
end,

'

iiiiiit,

ae,

[met-Ior,

f.

miscSo,
misccre,

mCtui, mStutum, motuere, 3,

V. a. [metus (uncontr. gen.), mctd-is,
"fear"], to fear, dread, be a/raid of.
metus, us, (old dat. metu, 257), m.:
fear, dread.
me-US, a, um, pron. poss. [me], of or
-belonging to me ; my, mine.

^>SvaiC-0, fli. no sup., are,

gleam, spqjMe.

I,

v. n.: to

'

indt-cl.:

a thousand

m. [m. referred to
and so ''an inferior" [or to man-us, " a hand," and so
"one at hand, an attendant "J, root min,
"to lessen ;" cp. fnvvdia, jneicoi' minor].

min-ister,
"to

istri,

lessen,"

servant, attendant.

ministr-O,

avi,

atum,

are,

1,

v.

a.

[minister, mlnistr-i, "a servant"], to provide, furnish, supply.

minor, atus sum, ari,

jut forwards, project.

1,

v. dep.: to

minor, "

less "J,

in a

to

mistum or mixtuin,

mix

or mingle. With
mingle with or amongst persons,
throw into confusion, disturb ; to
to

up, excite, rouse [akin to Gr. /mVy-iu,

ixty-vvixi, "to mix"].

mis-er, era, emm, adj. [prob. akin to

niaer-eo, " to be sad ;" maes-tus, " sad "],
ivretched, miserable.
As subst.: miser,
eri, m.
a wretched one, a poor wretch.
:

misera-bilis, bile, adj. [miser(a)-or,

" to pity "], worthy or deserving of pity
;
pitiable.

miser-or, atus sum,

ari,

l,

v.

dep.

[miser, "

wretched "], to pity.

mit-esco, no perf. nor sup., esccre, 3,
V. n. [mit-is, "mild"].
In character,
etc.: to become gentle or softened.

mitto,
of, cast

raisi,

Of

missutn, mittere,

fear, etc.: to dismiss,

modo,

modus,

rid

measure
measure

;"

;"

With im-

akin to root ma, "to

whence

also Lat. me-tlor, " to

Gr. ixi-rpov, "a measure"].

moen-ia, lum,

n. plur.: walls, fortifi-

rampaits, of a city; a walled

less degree,

city enclosed by fortifi'-alions

[root MUN, "to ward off;" cp. Gr. i-uu.-u)
" to ward off '].

moles,

is,

an immense

structure

a huge pile of buildings ; labour, trouble'.

mol-ior, itus sum, iri, 4, v. "dep"
[mol-es, -'power, might 'j, to undertake,
set about, betake one's self to ; to build
erect, construct; to make, cause,
occa-

sion.

moU-io,

and

itum, ire, 4, v a
(moll-13, "soft"], to mollijy, pacify,
soften '
Ivi

li,

southe.

less

grind

;"

m.: a manner, method,

di,

[prob.

etc.

cations,

(jet

off.

adv.: only, merely.

perat.: just, now.
luay,

3, v. a.:

mollis,

Hunor, us, comp. adj. see parvus.

man-US, comp. adv. [adverbial neut.
of

"to won-

town; a

[akin to Gr. x'^-'oi].

min-Qo,

adj. [mir-or,

miscui,

2, v. a.:

to send.

metu-O,

mill-e, num. adj.

etc.
stir

"to measure"],

ternnnation.

um,

a,

der"], wonderful.

abl.: to

men-sa,

wonderful, marvellous.

e, adj. : soft [root mal, "

to
cp. /laAoxd?, naAdtraeiv : malva,]

nipn-ile, ilis, n.: a jewelled ornament

for the neck ; a necklace.

RS

T
V

134

VOCABULAltV.

mon-S, tia, ni. (for min-s fr. min-Co,

" to project "], a iiwuntain. Of thi- s^ea
a towerinj mass

nata,

monstr-o,

uvi,

.Itum.

are,

[monsti-um, "that which

show, p"int out.

mora,

ae,

f.:

v.

a.

warns"],

to

1,

firi,

1,

v.

mor-s, tis, f. [mOr-lor], death.

mor-sus, bus, m. (for mord-sus
mordco,

'

to bite

dep.

fr.

;
:

Jlulce.

mort-alis.

ale,

to

[mors, mort-is],
of or belowiinij

a./j.

subject to death, mortal

men.

m-6s.

m.

Oris,

" to go

nie-o,

[prob.

for me-os;

cuntoin

"J, usafie,

fr.

a law.

navis,

mulsum

raulsi,

mult-um,

adv.

Sinjf.

plus

many

sup.,

I'lur.

a.

plurlmus [perhaps akin

f. : a ship, vessel [root ma,

cp. i-aOs, nare.]

that not,

enclitic

lest.

and interrogative particle

or

Ivi

li,

Itum,

Ire,

nebula,

ae,

NOB, " to cover

f.

;"

necdum

nee,

necnon
nectar,
the gods

mist,

vapour

[see inoenia], to rvall, fortify.

munus,

Ji-is,

mui-mur,

n.:

Oris, n.

see neque.

see neque.

iris, n.
nectir. the drink of
at v. 433 applied to honey as
:

being something exquisitely delicious [ne

" not ;" KTAN-, " to kill :" aa conferring
immortality).

necto,
to

bind

nexfii,

toj'dn,

nexum, nectGre,
lie,

i,

[prob. the natural

m.: Ihe wall of a city [akin

:

" to speak of

execrable.
As subst.
n.: imj/iety, wickedness.

adj.

fne,

iminou^,

"],

ne-fandum,

i,

nem-us, Oris, n. feedinfj-land amongst

woods; a wood with open glades; a
:

grove [root nem, "to feed

ing-ground

to root MIR, " to encircle"]

Musa, ae, /. a
whom Virsri! invokes

;" f(a)-or,

a low mvttcrinq sound; a

a roaring sound, a roar.

mur-us,

" not

3, v. a.:

or fasten together.

gift, present.

ninr],

murmur ;

[root

cp. vejio^, nubes.

to

i, v. a.

it

whether.

ne-fa ndus, nda, ndum,

mun-io,

indie,

n-oA-us].

sound

conj.:

1, v. a.

sail over, navigate.

Sing-.:

many.

much.
Comp.

;"

throws force and emphasis on the word

to whi(;h it is attached, pointing it out as
the principal one in the clause or sentence
in this force it has no English
equivalent.
In indir.et questions with
subj.
whether: ne
ne, whether

or mulctum,

[adverbial neut. of
r/reaUy.

much "J, much,

mul-tu3, ta, turn, adj.

niult-us, "

;"

"], to

in direct questions with verb in

reveil

mulcere, 2, v. a.: to soothe, pacify, allay,

soften, appease.

Igatum, Igare,

I-avi,

is,

" to swim

<yr

mOvi, niotum, niOv-ere, 2, v.

Mentally
to shake, toss about, agitate; to move, influence, affect; to tell,

mulceo,

ti,

nav-ig'O,

moveo,

a.

" to be born,*

o daughter.
m. [id.] ('he that is born
"J,

hence), a son.

ne,
ne,

Of an anchor

"].

natus,

[na-scor,

f.

born

is

[navis, " a ship

delay.

mor-or, atus sum,

[mOr-a], to delay, drtain.

tae,

"she that

Muse.

ne-que
The Muse

at v. 8 is Calliope,
the Muse of Epic I'oetry [root mon, " to
advise ;" ixov(Ta.=ij.6v-cTa moneo].
:

mu-to, tavi, tatuin, tare, 1, v. a.

freq. [for niov-to: fr. mOveo, "to move"],
to change, alter.
With personal pron. in
reflexive force: to change one's self ; to
change one's mind ; to alter in feeling,

" not

[ne,

the feed-

;" i.e.,

cp. yo/ios, fiiinv].

(conti.

nee), adv.

que, " and

;"

md

conj.

Adv.
not.
and not, alsn vol, neither:neque
neque (nee;, neilher
nor :
neo dum (also written as one word, necdum), and not yet
nee non (also as one
word, necnon) (r.nrf not not, i.e.), and
"].

Conj.:
(nee)

and

also,

besides, moreover, further.

ne-queo,
v. n. [ne,

quivi or quii, quitum, quire,

;" queo, " to
be able "], to

" not

be unable.

etc.

ne-SCio,

N.
V.

nam.

conj.

nam-que,

\ni,

not to kn

for.

conj. [nam,

a.

"for;" suffix

sclvi or scii, scltum. scfre, 4,

"not;" scio, "to know'H,

iv ; to

nesci-us,

que), /or.

na-scor,

(old form g-na-), tus sum,

sci. 3, V. dep.: to be horn.
With ahl. of
origin to he born of or from [root o.n-a,
another form of root oen (=Gr. ytr), cp.
vi-y(f)>'o^at
gens, gigno).
:

be ignorant of, or unac-

quainted with.
to

know "I.

ignorant

neu

ne-ve
It'll,

of,

um, adj.
With g;en.

a.

[nescl-o,

mt

"not

Icnowing,

uiuicquainled with.

see neve.

(contracted neu), conj.:

and

nor[ne, "not;" ve, "and "J.

TOCABULARY.
ni (old form nel), conj. ndentical with
ne, "moi"J. As a concUtional particle:
^ if not, uiUess.
**^*niger,

rum, adj.:

ra,

nimb-us,

m.

i,

nitens,

ntis

a black rnn-cloud,

[see

gtorm-cloiid

glUstening,

bright,

shining.

niteo,

no

tii,

thine or be bright

niv-eus,
"snow"],

sup., ere,
;

time [see novus].

n.:

v.

2,

avi, .atum, are, v. a. [for

novnovus, "new;" veu-io, "I

earry or bring a message or
intelligence about ; to announce,
ven-tio

fr.

come "],

to

nutrimentum,

adj. [nix,
snow-white, snoioy.

menti,

"to nourish"]. Of a
which feeds the flame.

nutrix,

fire

cis, t. [id.],

[nutrl-o,

n.

fuel, as that

a nurse.

Nympha.

ae, f.: a nymph ; a demigoddess, inhabiting either the sea, rivers,

woods, trees, or mountains [Nti/x^q].

to

to glitter, glisten.

eum,

ea,

nun-c, adv. : now nnno

nuno,
now
now; at one tim4....at another
nunti-O,

J^lack,

nihil, indecl. subst. [ne, "not," hilum,

" a mark," or filuin, " a thread"], nothing.
nimb-OSUS, Qsa, osum. adj. [nimb-us,
" a storm-cloud "], ft'rmy. tempestxious,
attended toith many storms, eto.
a thunder-cloiid,
nubes].

135

O.

nivis,

no, 5vi, no sup., are, 1, v. n. : to swim

[root NA, " to swim ;" cf. navis, nauta,
natare vaOs, vdeif, i-ai's, i-oias].

O, inter]. :

6b, prep. gov. ace. To indicate object

or cause on account of, in consequence
o/[akin to eir-t'].
:

nodus,

m.

i,

nomen,

objiclo,

minis, n. [no-sco],

a name;

renoion; reiiutation, fame.

non, adv.

not [for ne-unum, "not one").

nos-ter. tra, trum, pron. poss. [nos,

plur. of ego], of or belnngimj to xis ; our.

no-tus,

tum, adj.

ta,

"to

[no-sco,
.,_

[nSv-us,

"new"],

neivness.

nov-us,

um,

a,

adj.: ntti, >resft [procp. '0', reTos. nunc,

no\'us].

nox,

noctis, f.: night [root nak, "to

cp. veku's, vexpo^ : nex, necare,
[for noc-sa

nOc-eo,
hurt"], a fault, offence, crime.
ae,

"to
nub-es,

f.

is, f.:

fr.

a cloud [root xabh, " to

neswell ;" cp. i'(()05, i>e<l>eXrj, o^tcfiaAds

bula, nimbus, iniber, umbilicus, umbo].
:

avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [nudus,

" naked "], to make miked or bare; to lay
bare, expose to view.

nud-O,

nud-us,

um,

a,

adj.

naked, bare, un-

covered.

n-ullus, uUa, ullum

adj.

ullus, "

ra,

"over;"

rum,

root

adj.: dark,

SKir,

"to

dim

cover:"

scutum].
ob-StX>, stiti, statiim, stare, 1, v. n.
" over against ;" sto], to withstand,
oppose, present an obstacle.

ob-stipesco,
cfire, 3, V. n.

stlptli, no sup., stipesinch, [ob, " without force ;"

"to become amazed"], to become amazed, to be struck with amaze-

stipesco,

ment.

noxa,

nulli),

riltum, rOere, 3, v. a. [ob,

;" rQo, " to throw down
to overthrow, overwhelm^

rfii,

[Ob,

nominal root mr

perish :"
nocerej.

ob-ruo,

" without force

with violence "],
[ob,

indecL: nine.

f.

ing, opposite position.

ob-scu-rus,

know "], known, well-knmon.

novem, num. adj.

no vitas, Itatis,

objec-tus, tiis, m. (for objactus fr.

"to cast before," ob, "in front
of;" rt. JAC, "to throw"], a castir^g or
placing before or in the way ; an oppos;

a knot.

(^en. nulllus ; dat.

fr. ne, "not;"
not any, none, no.

[for ne-ullu3

any

"J,

nu-men,

minis, n. [na-o,

" to nod

"),

obtu-SUS,

sa, sum, adj. [for obtudobtundo, " to beat against ;"

"
hence,
to blunt "].
Mentally
blunted,
8U.S

fr.

dull, insensible, etc.

tiis, m. [obta-gor, " to look
a look, gaze.
ob-vi-UB, a, um, adj. [ob, " towards ,-"
^^-o, "to go on one's way, to trav^"],
going or coming to meet ; meeting,
falling in with.

obtu-tu3,

at

"J,

occa-sus,
occid-o,

oc-cubo, no
n. 'for
cflbo,

riuninms].

cel-o),

will.

m.
;"

[for

occad-sus

fr.

through root cad],

overthrow, ruin, destruction.

divine
Of the gods
godhead, divinity ; a
trill or j'vwcr ;
deity, whether a god or goddess.
num-erus, eri, m.: a number [root
NKM, "to allot;" cp. ve/ieiy, coftos: nemus,

command,

siis,

" to perish

perf. -nor sup., are, 1, v.

ob-cabo fr. 6b, " without force ;"

" to lie down "[, to rest or repose
;

with the dead.

oc-cul-o,
cai-o

fr.

Oi,

6h,

tum, ere, a, v. a. [for ob"over;" root cal (see

"to cover "J,

lu

hide, vr conceal.

RS

T
u

136

VOCABULARY.

occultus,
den,

a,

um

[see ocmlo), hid'

st'eret.

oc-cumbo,

ciibltum, ciimbCre,
8, V. n. (for ob (.-umbo
fr. ob, "without
force ;" obsol. cunibo, " to lie down "J, to
lie doim in death
to/all, perish.
cCibili,

oc-curro,
currCre,

and

curri

cticurri, cursuni,

ob-curro
"towards;" curro, "to run"],
come in the way a/.
v.

3,

n.

6c6anus,
ociilus,

i,

tlli,

[for

fr.

ob,

meet,

to

pressi, pressum, primCre,

ob-premo fr. Oh, "against;"
"
prCmo,
to press"], to crush, overivhdin.

an

m.:

n. [Od-i,

li,

op-S, is (nom. sing, does not occur

dat. is found perhaps only once), f. [prob.
for ap-s; fr. root ap, whence apiscor,

"to obtain"], power, might,

means or resources of any kind

tavi, Utum, tire, l,v. a.: to

for, desire.
With inf.: to wish to
do, etc.; to choose, select.
I'ass.
op-tor
titus sum, turi [akin to root ap, "to
desire to obtain"].

eye [akin to Gr.

"to hate"J, hatred,

6p-ulentus,
:

oflFero, obtcdi, oblatum, offerre, v.

irreg. [for ob-fero
fr. ob, " towards
fero, " to bring"], to present, shew.

a.
;"

op-facium ; fr.
"to perform"],

n. [for
fac-io,

li.

"aid;"

weoUh,

^ih

od-or, oris, m.: a scent, odour [root

od; akin to Gr. oiw ( = 66crw) also Lat.
61-eo, "to emit a smell"; to "smell of"].

of-fic-ium,

ability;
;

riches.

hate, ill-wUl.

(ops), op-is,

\\ op-to,

m.: the ocean otKeavo^}.

oK-o!, root AK, " to see"].

odium,

op-prlmo,

8, V. a. [fo!

a kindness, favour, courtesy.

ol-im, adv. [for oU-im
fr. oll-e, old
form of ill-e]. Of future time in time
to come; at some time or other, here-

tilenta,

[opes, " wealth -J.

wealthy with or tn.

opus,
ora,

abl.:

Of the land

f.

adj.
rich, or

work, employment.

Cris, n.:

ae,

tUentum,

With

coast, sea-

coast; count )-y.

orbis, is, m.: a circle, orbit, orb :

orbis terrarum, or orbis alone (the circle
of lands, i.e.), the world, the earlh.
Of
things that return at a certain period of
time

circuit.

after.

olli, old

form of

dat. of

illi,

ille.

6-men.

minis, n. [ f. r or-men f r. 6r-o,

" to speak "], a prognostic, or omen of
any kind.
In the poets, sometimes
marriage, nuptials, as being alwajs preceded by the taking of auguries and the

omens.

omn-i-potens,

pOt4ntis, adj. [omn-ij,

" rll ;" (i) connectingr vowel

pOtens,
"powerful"^, all-potcerful, omnipotent.
;

omnis,

adj.: all, every.

e,

omnes, mm, comm.

gen.

As

subst.:
plur. : all

all.
a\'i,

onus-tus,

to, turn, adj. [for

Onus, Oner-is,
laden, etc,
fr.

"a

oner-tus

burden"], loaded,

op-imus,

Una, imum, adj. :op-s), plur.

op-es, " wealth "], wealthy, rich.

opperior,
4,

perltus and pertus sum,

v. dep.: to wait /or.

op-peto,
petere,

petivi
v.

3,

" towards

a,

and

to

[for

ob-peto

fr.

peto, " to

encounter death,

perish.

As

ntis.

subst.: the

East as
'

rises.

6r-igo, Iglnis, I. [Or-Ior, " to arise ;"

"to begin"], a beginning, commencemcnt,
origin;
birth,
descent,
hence,

lineage.

6r-ior, tus sum, Iri, 3 and 4, v. dep.:

Of birth to spring, or descend
from [prob. akin to op-rv/ai, "to stir
<"

me

up "].

Le.,

to

adurn "

',

6t-0,

tus, m.
[orn(a)-o,
dress, attire, apparel.

avi,

"the mouth

"to

atum,
"],

.Ire, 1, v. a. [os 6r-is

'
to bej, imjlore, entreat.

Orontes, is, (gen. Orontei, v. 220),

:
Orontes, a chief of the Lycii, one of
the

companions

of ^neas.
OS, oris (gen. plur. not found),

mouth;

at v. 245 the
the face, countenance.

OS,

ossis,

n.

mouth

of

bone [akin

n.

the

a river-

'

to

Or.

petitum,

petii,

Ob,

go to "], to go to
Tneet ; to encounter.
With ellipse of
mortem (which is sometimes e.vpressed),
;"

oriens,

the quarter where the sun

oma-tus,

atom, are, 1, v. a. [onus,

oner-is, "a burden"], to burden, load.
Of liquids, with abl. to stow in.
onus, eris, n.: a burden, load.

6ner-o,

penri,

succession.

iioting of the

persons,

ordior, orsus sum, oidlri, 4, v. dep.:

to begin, commence.
ord-O, Inis, m. [ord-ior, " to weave "]
arrangement, order; a row. Km; order,

die,

fall',

os-culum,
08, or-is],

cfili,

n. [for

or-ctUum

fr

kiss.

os-tendo,

tendi, tensum, tendere, 3,

for obs-tendo; fr. oba (=ob), "before or over against ;" teudo, " to
stretch
V. a.

out "J, to show, point out

VOCABULARY.

Vost
-irSt-ium,
thing

OStrum,

i.

n.

a purple couch,

mouth

the

n.:

li,

an entrance

Collectively

any-

of

mouth].

[os, oris,

i.e.,

pabulum, bOli, n. [pa-sco, "to feed"].

[rt rv, " to
-uit,
ere
cp. punio, iroiv)], " it repents ;"
purify
me paenitet : / repent.
;"

ae,

f.

par-VUS, va, vum, adj. [prob. akin to

"a part"], small, little. (Of persons "young;" comp.: "younger, less
in age ;" hence), as subst.
minor-es,
um, comm. gen. plur. descendants, pos:

terity.

Comp.: minor

(sup.: minimus).

[see pelta for root], a robe,

or loose drexi, worn especially by women

in the poets sometimes assigned to men.

"

-^

par-9,

food, fodder.

paenit-et,

palla,

part-ior, itus sum, Iri, i, v. dep. [pars,

" a part"], to divide, portion out,

par-feus, tiis, m. [p3.r-Io, " to bring

forth "], a bringing forth, a birth.

P:

oi

part-is,

apportion.

purple hangings.

Of animals

pars .... pars,

some

others.

a purple dress, purjik ;

a couch covered with

13^

pall-idus, Ida, idum,

be pale "\, pole, pollid.

[pall-eo,

adj.

to
pa-SCO, vi, stum, scere, 3, v. a
Pass, in reflexive force, of animals:
feed.
to graze, browse, feed [akin to root pa,
"to nourish;" cp. Trar^p, notns, irdr^ca
pater, panis, penxis Gotliic fadar ; O.H.G.
y- fatar ; Eng. father].
:

to

[root pal or pat,

palma, ae,
cover," or " to spread :" see pelta
pando], the palm of the hand.
f.

pando,

panai,

"to

and

pansum and passum,

open, thri/w open.

P. pert, pass., of the hair: dishevelled
[root P.AT, "to spread;" cp. jreTdi-i-vM',
ire'ToAo', Trarai/t/ patere, paiulus, pandoj.

pandOre,

3, v.

a.:

to

p4ris, adj.: equal, corresiwndiffj,

par,
giinilir.

Par-ca, ae, f. sin^.: one of the (three)

I'lur. . the Fotes
goddesses of /"te.
their Latin names were Xona, Decunia,
Morta , their Greek names Clotho, Lacho" to bring or
sis, Atropos [prob. root par.
put
80,

whence par-o, " to prepare ;" and

" she who brings or assigns " ones
;"

lot;

cf.

Moip-a,

Gr.

Apportioner,"

fr.

"the Allotter or

/leipofiai,

in force of

" to allot"].
parc-O, peperci (less frequently parsi),
parcitum or parsum, parciire, 3, v. n.
" rare "], to
o-Trapfos,
cp.
[=sparco
;

tpare a thing;
frain from.

i.e.,

to

abstaiii

or

re-

comm. gen. [either for

par-io or fr. obsol. par-o =
beget to bring forth"], a
parent, whether a father or mother.
par-ens,

ntis,

pari-ens, fr.
par-Io, "to

parens,

par

eo,

ati,

Itum. ere,

2,

v. n. [see

With dat. to obey.

pario, 6re, peperi, partum,
:

name

no sup., ere,
open; to be

2,

pa-ter,

m.

tris,

v.

Plur.

or

o father,

[see pasco],

as one who protects.

forefathers, ancestors.

n. [see

man ifest

'

fathers,

pat-era, 6rae, . [pat-eo, " to lie

open ;" hence, "to spread out, extend."
see pando], a broad fiat dish, especially
used in making ofterings
a bowl for
;

libations.

patior, passus sum, pati, 3, v. dep.:

endure ; to permit, allow,
suffer [root spa, span, "to increase or to
to suffer, bear,

pain

;"

TreVop.ai

a-deLv, spatium ; -acrx"), JroSos,

putientia, penuria].
:

patr-ius,

lum, adj. [pater,

la,

patr-is],

of or belonging to a father ; a father's

paternal.
As subst. patri-a, ae, f.
fatherland, native country.

a,

adv. [par, "equal"], equally;

time, together.

round shield

ae, f . : a small
target [Gr. irap/ii)].

a, um, adj. [patri-a, "fatherof or belonging to on^s fatherI'nd, or native crruntry ; native.
"],

paucus,

-jm,

a,

Of

adj.

number

"smaU"], plur.: few.

paul-atiin, adv. [paul-us, " little "],
by little and little ; by dejrees, gradu-

(sing.:

pax,

pacis,

or PAG,

portion, etc.

f.

[for pac-s

" to bind
:

;"

fr.

root pac,

whence Tn^yyvm,

paciscor, pagus], peace, tran-

quillity.
Oris,

n.

breast; heart;

t?ie

mind.

pec-us,

Oris, n.

animals in general

[see pax].

pec-us, Qdis, f. (sing. " a single head

of cattle "X plur.
cattle in general [see
pax].
:

par-o, 5vi, atum, are, 1, v. a.: to m^Uce

or get ready ; to prepare.
par-S, tis, f. [see Parca], a part, piece,
Of persops

a part,

etc.

patri-us,

land

pectus.

panna,
a

lie

TratrcroAos
v.

jorth.

par -iter,
at the

Oi,

ally.
ntis, p. pres. of pareo.

Parca].
briitr/

pat-eo,

'pandol, to
evident.

A),

pelagus,
sea (either

i,

n.

the sea, esp. the

from root plak, "to^u;

T
V

138

VOCABULARY.

" the beatinp thinp ;" cp. 7rA^<rcrtc,

nAjjy^: platig-o, plaji.i, plecto, or from
irAaf, TrAttTi)? : "flat;" cp. aequor, fr.
aequus).

i.e.,

pello, pOpQli, pulsum, pellere,

hence, " to
irdpo;,

3, v. a.:

nut or aivdi/ [root par, " to go

to drive

cause

TTOpCfid?,

to

trope via

ro

;'

cp.

;"

nepdu},

porta, portus

"in thorouj;h/are "].

pelta, ae, f. a pclta, i.e., a target or
small liiiht shield (in the shajie of a halfmoon) [root PAL, " to cover ;" cp. irdWa
Eng.

fare,

to glide through; tn pass udth glidii^

motion almtg ; to slrim almg.

per-misceo,
mixtum,

pellis).

pendeo,

pGpendi, no sup., pendcre,

harvj doxon ; to be suspended

be uplifted in the air ; to overhang.
V. n.: to

pen-etro,
V.

n.

per-solvo,

etrSvi, etratum, Otrare, 1,

PEN, denoting the idea of

" the interior "], to enter,

[root

" entering,"
penetrate.

pen.itus,

wUhin ;

adv. [id.],
deeply, far
wholly, thoroughly, completely.

jjenus, us and

i,

m. and

f.

[see pater],

food, provisions.

peplum.

n.,

i,

and peplus,

v.

per-sono,
song,"

etc.], to fill

per-aerr-o, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a,

[per, " through ;" uger, agr-i, " a field "],
to wander about, or through; to traverse.
'

per-cello, c-ali, culsum, cellCre, 3, v.

per in "augmentative force;" cello,
"to impel"!, to strik:, whether physically

a.

pe.S, pfidis, _m. : o foot [root pad, "to

;" cp. TTarelv, jroSs, itcSt] : Eng. foot].

pes-tis,

intensive

per-fero,
irreg.

[per,

bear"].

tis,

tfdi, latum,
ferre, v. a.
" without force ;" ffiro, " to

With

flexive force

to

pron.,

in

re-

bear or betake one's

self.

per.-onal

peto,

Ivi or li, itum, Sre, 3, v. a.: to

proceed to or toxoards ; to desire,
to ask for ; to endeavour to obtain ; to

to

atrive

[root

after

Tri-TTT-etv, TreVo/iai

[per,

flavi,

"through;"

flatum, flare,
flo,

1,

v.

"to blow"],

a.

to

blow through.

straight"], to proceed,

goon.

In speaking : Of one who has not yet

spoken : to begin and go on ; la proceed.

perl-culum,

pat, "to fly;" cp.

penna (=pet-na), im-

pharetra, ae, f.: a quiver ['jyapirpa.,

"a quiver," as being "that which carries"
arrows].

pic-tura, turae, f. [for pig-tur; fr.

pi(n)g-o, " to paint ;" through root piq ;
cp. TTot/ctAot: pictus], a painting, picture,
whether in painting, mosaic, or any other
mode of delineation.
etatis,

f.

see plus],

[pl-us;

piety with respect to the gods

dutifulness, love, tendei-ness
pidrlotism.

affection,

loyalty,

pi(n)g'0, pinxi, pictum, pinggre, 3, v.

(" to paint ;" hence, of needlework), to
embroider.
a.

pi-us,

a,

e, adj.:

um,

a<1j.

faU
Of persons

devout, just [root pa, " to purify

TTvp
parus, putare].

piovu,
;"

cp.

per-go, rexi, rectum, gSre, 3, v. n.

[for per-ri-gii ; fr. per, " quite ;" rfgo,
"to make

pet-us].

pingiois,
per-flo,

[prob. for perd-tis ; fr.

"], destruction, ruin.

f.

"to destroy

pi-etas,

cussi, cussum [per,

qualio, "to stiike"], strike.
Sre,

with song.

go

or mentally.

perciitio,

1,

temptavi, temptitum,
temptare, 1, v. a. per, " thoroughly ;"
tempto, "to handle;" heuce, "to try"],
to pervade.

!<eek,

all over, throv/jhuut, along.

sOmli, sOnltum, sOnare,

per-tempto,

at Athens, with wliich her statue was

solemnly invested every five j'ears, at
the festival called Panathenaea hence),
a splendid or sumjituous upper robe or

3,

[ptT,

a.

perd-o,

garment ; a robe of state.

through.
per, prep. gov. ace. ca.se
throuf/h, throughout, during ;
Of time

sOlutum, solvere,

"without force;" sono, "to

sound forth ;" hence, " to pour forth in
v.

[see peltal (.the robe of state of Jlinerva

solvi,

"completely;" solvo, "to

Of a recompense, thanks: to

[per.

a.

m.

i,

and
[per,
"],
tn

a.

pay"].
return, render.

2,

to

v.

2,

" thoroughly ;" misci'o, " to mix

mingle together, intcrminile.
per-mitto, mlsi, missnm, mittSre, 3,
v. a. [per, " through ;" mitto, " to allow
to go "], to grant permit, suffer, eta

mistum

miscCii,

miscCre,

ctlli,

n.

[obsol. perl or,

" to try "], danger, i^eril.

per-labor, lapsus sum, Ifibi, 3, v. dep.
[per, "through;" labor, "to glide"],

plac-eo,
please.

ili,

Impers.

pleased (me)

; i.e., it is

plac-ldus,
" to

itum, Sre,
placitum

Ida,

my

idum,

i>lease "\, gentle,

calm,,

2, v. n. : to
(est), if lias

will.

abj.

[pliic-eo,

mild, peace-

ful, idacid.

plac-O,

avi,

atum,

are, 1, v. a. [prob.

akin to plac-eo, "to please"], to pacify,

appease, calm.

VOCABULARY.
il&gSi, ae,

Of the sky
"to extend ;"

f.

x.ict [root PLAT,

AaTOS,
jrAararos
(=platus), platessa].
ttAcitt),

a region,

op. n-Aaxus,

planta,

latUS

plau-sus, sus, ni. [for plaud-sus fr.

plaud-o, "toclap;" hence, " to applaud "],
applause.

139

posco,

pOposci, no supine, poscCre,

3,

a.: to ask for, demand; to reqiiest

[root park, " to ask
pray for ;" cp.
prox, precari, procus: posco=porsc-ere,
V.

postulare].

ple-nus,
fill "],

full of [root
7rA)9(u

/it,

num, adj.
With gen.
PAL, "to fill ;"

na,

filled, full.

TToAus

TToAi?,

[pl6-o,
:

"to

filled with,

cp. b-iV-ttAt)plere, plebs,

po-pul-us, aniplus].

plus, pluris, (plur. plures, plura),

comp. adj. (see miiltus), contr. and
pal, root of ple-o,
changed fr. ple-or
"to fill;" comparative suffix "or"],
;

many.
rimum,

lore, several, very

plu-rimus,

su|>. adj.
(see tnultus) [PLB, root of plOo, "to fill "J.
Of size : very great, very large, vast.
riiiia,

plu-vius, via, vium, adj.

swim ;" root phi

rain " or "

nXvveiv.
flood],

[plQ-o, "to
cp. n\v(iv,
pluir.a; Eng.
;

plorare,

pluit,

rainy ; attended with or bringing

possum,

posse, v. irreg. for

pot-is, " able ;" sum, " to
be"], to bi able. With inf.: (I, etc.) can,
could, etc., do, etc., something.

pot-sum

pOttii,

n.:

[root PC, " to drink

potio, bibo).

poena,

ae,

goblet

cp. niveiv, Trdtrts

post-habeo,

hitbrii, hrdiitum, habere,

"after;" habCo, "to have;"
hence, "to hold or deem"], to esteem or
re /iird less ; to consider of less impuvtance.

post-quam,

adv. [post,
ace. fern, of qui, " who,
after that, ivhen.

quam,

" powerful

lae,

f.

[potens, pctent-is,

might, force, power.

"],

pot-ior, itus sum, Iri,

"powerful"]. With

abl.

licltussum,

praecipu-e,

llceri, 2, v.

praeda,

dep.

ae,

f.

booty, spoil,

thing.

( = praehibsre].
prae-mitto,

;"

polus, i, m. [root pal, " to go

hence, "the turning thing;" cp. ttoAo;,
no\eu>], heaven, the heavens,

pono,

[for pend-us
a weight.
pOsui, posltum, ponere, 3, v.

n.

Sris,

fr.

i,

m.

the sea

a.:

a sea-wave,

hillou' [irdvTOs].

p6pul-0,
U8,

"a

atum,

5vi,

people

"],

5re, 1, v. a. [popul-

lay waste, devastate,

to

Xa(,v)S-di'etv

V.

3,

a.

plunder

game

seize

;"

(for

cp.

hed-era, prehendo, praebere

misi,

missum,

" befofe

[prae,

;"

mitt'ire,

" to

mitto,

send"], to send before or forwards ; io

send in advance.
li.

n. [for

prae-em-Ium

"before;" em-o,
reward, recompense.
fr.

prae,

praerup-tus,

ta,

turn,

"to take"],
adj.

[prae-

ru(m)p-o, " to break off in front"], abrupt,

precipitous, steep.

prae-S-ens, entis (abl. usually praesente of persons, praesenti of things), adj.

[prae, "before;" s-um, "to he"}, present,
at hand, instant.

pot?.

po-piSl-us, i, m.: a people, nation;

the people of a particular country, etc.
[prob. for pol-p61 us fr. ttoAu?, "much;"
plur. "many;" see plenus].
;

por-ta,
city,

prae-m-ium,

"],

to put, place, In I/; to lay aside; to assign,

set; to put or liydoim,; to cast off. Of
walls : to build. Laws, etc. : to enact.

pontus,

get

adv. [praecipu-us, "espe-

prey taken in the chase, etc.

prae-hend-a
root ohad, " to

pond-U3,

to

cial "], especially.

n.

pend-o, " to weigh

or take possession of.

[for pot-liceor ; fr. inseparable

prefix p6t, "much; liceor, "to bid" at
an auction], to hold forth or promise a

and

a.

dep.

v.

4,

[pot-is,

satisfaction for an
;"
[root pu, " to purify

" after ;"

which "],

potens, ntis, (part. pres. of possum,

but used only as) adj.: piowerful, mighty.
With gen.
having pcwer over; ruling
over ; muster or rulei of,

f. :

offence committed
see pius].

poUiceor,

;"

a cup,

after-

Piep. gov. ace: after.

2, V. a. [post,

p6tent-ia,
cQli,

Adv.

post, adv. and prep.

wards, hereafter.

rain.

po-culum,

fr.

house

tae,
;

por-to,

[see pello], a gate of

outlet, passage, etc.

f.

an

tfivi,

tatum,

tare, 1, v. a.

a
to

carry, convey [see pello].

por-tus,

tus,

m. [akin to

harlxrur, haven, port.

por-ta],

praesep-e,
fence in front

n.

is,

"].

[praes:-p-io,
:
a hive.

"to

Of bees

praesta-ns,
71), adj.

ntis (abl. praestanti, v,

[praest(a)-o, "to stand before;"

hence, "to be superior"], superior, surpassing, distinguished.

prae-sto,

stiti,

stitum and

statum,

stare, 1, v. a. [prae, " before ;" sto, " to

stand"], to be superior;
to surpass.
Impers.: prae-stat, is ig better.

RS

VOCABULARY.

140
praetfer-ea, adv.

[for

procul, aiv. (raoctiL, a root of pro"to drive forwards"). Of place:

prueteream

praeter, "beyond;" earn, ace. sing,

'"'
this "J, hereajter, morefeni. of pron. is,

fr.

cello,

at a distance, fir

over, further.

pro-do,
[pro,

ditum, dCre,
"forth;" do, "to put"],

versuni, vertgre,
"before;" verto, "to
V. a. [pra.-,
S,
turn "], to pre occupy, to take possession

perfidiously.

qf beforehand.

V.

prae-verto,

verti,

prae-vertor, versus sum,

dep.

"to turn one's

surpass, outstrip in

"before;"

[piae,

self"], to

verti, 3, v.

outrun;

to

premo,

prcssi,
reins: to

Of
overwhelm,

V. a.

jursue

profic-iscor, fectus sum,

dep. n. inch, [pro, " forwards

as

closely

pressum,

prC-mfire, 3,
ti/jht ; to cover,
etc., does; to
the (.-iLose ; to

draw

flood,

in

war,

oppress, weigh down ; to check, hold in

check, restrain curb; to suppress, conceal, hide.

a.

betray

ficisci, S,
;'l

fic-Io,

out or jorth; to say.

pro'.ug-us, a, um, adj. [prOfOglo, "to

flee forth or awa\ "], fieein<i from one^t
country. As subst. protug-us, i. m.:
a fugitive from ont^s country ; an exile.
:

pro-fund-us,
wards;"

um, adj. [pr6, " for"the bottom "), rfeep,

a,

fund-us,

high.

pridem,

adv.: for

lon:i time.

[prl(=

prae)) "before;" dem., a Jemonstrative

EufBx.

prim-um, adv. [adverbial neut. of

primus], firstly, in the first place, first
for the first time.
sup.

[for

adj.

prae, "before;" with sup.

Phrase In
the first.
one word imprimis),
amo7ig the first, i.e., chiefly, especially;
the first to do something ; the first thut
fr.

suffix mus], first,

primis (also as

the first part of that denoted

subst. to which it is in attribution.
prior.

pro-Mbeo,
V.

hibai, hibltum, hibfire, 2,

;"
fr. prS, " before
;

prOhabeo

[for

a.

With

is, f. [for pro-ol-es ; fr. pro.

OL, root of ol-esco, " to grow ;"
Of persons: offspring, prosee altus].

" forth

;"

geny.

pro-luo,
I

latum, I06re,

iQi,

pro, " without force

3,

v.

a.

"to wash"],

Ido,

;"

to swill, drench.

cipis, adj. [for

As subsc m. a chief,
'dii'inguished.
lender, leading or principal person.

"], to ward or keep off.

abl.: to exclude, shut out, keep av>ay

from.
pr-61-es,

by the
Comp.

prim-cap-s;
fr. p.-imus, "first;" cip-Io, "to take"],
Hrr,, foremost, chief, most eminent or

prin-cep-s,

progen-ies, lei, f. [proglgno, "to

beget, or bring forth," through root obn,
" to produce "], offspring.

hUbgo, " to hold

pri-mus, ma, mum,

prae-mus;

v.

3,

to

" to make "], to set out, go, proceed.

pro-for, f.itus sum, fari, 1, v. dep,
[pro, " forth, out ;" (for), " to speak ''j.
to s^ieak

speed.

off.

didi,

V.

to

promitto,

3,

[pro,

"],

a.

mlsi, missum, mittere,

"forth;" mitto, " to send

promise.

'

pronus,

adj. [for prae-or ; fr.

pri-or,
prae, " before ;" with comp. suffix or],
previous, former, prior often to be rendered first: BO, at vv. 321, 581. Sup.:

comp.

u,

proper-o,

pri-us, comp. adv. [adverbial neuter

prius quam (or,

as one word, priusquam), before that;
heforet'xme, previously.

pro, prep. gov.

abl. case

before, in

front of; for, on behalf of; for, iiutead

in the place of ; on account of [akin to

prop-ius, comp. adv.

proprius,

mon

ae, i [pr6cell o, "to drive

for\vard ; see celer], a violent
cind, storm, tempest, hurricane,
pro-cer, ceris, m.: a chief, chieftain,
loble [prob. pr6, "before;" ckr; see
elensj.

1,

v.

n.

make

"],

[adverbial
nearer.

neut

um,

a,

adj.:

with others; one's

iwt in com-

own;

Le., hi,

her, its owti.

prora,

ae,

the

f. :

prow

or Iiead of a

vessel [Trpu>pa].
3, V. a. [prO,

ruptum, rumpSre,
rumpo, "to break"],

rupi,

"forth

;"

to break or burst forth.

tus, m. [prosplcio, " to

pro, " forward ;" root spbc,
see scopulum], a dintant view,

prospec-tus,

procell-a,
dash

" nearer

of prOpI-or,

pro-rumpo,
adj. [see posco], bold,

uanton.
r

are,

haste, be quick.

Gr. TTpo].
acis,

atum,

of,

proc-ax,

avi,

adj.

[prOperus, "hastening'], to hasten,

primus.
of pri-or],' before, sooner

a, um,
doumwards,

Of things inbending forwards,

headforemost, headlong [irpTji/^'s].
clined

look out

;"

"to see ;"

prospect.
3,

pro-spicio,
V. n. aud a.

spexi, spectmn, eploiii-e,

[for pro-epteSo ; A. pro,

Ul

VOCAfiULARY.

queis = qiiil)us, abl. pi ur. of qui.

queror, questus sum, queri, 3, v. dep.

Neut.:

"forwards;" spScIo, "to look").

to look forwards, forth,

Act..: to

or out.

discern, descnj, espy.

proximus.
prop-simus

fr.

to

um,

a,

obsol.

Relative
quae, quod, pron.
which. At the beginning of a clause
instead of a conjunction and demonstra:

rvho,

pii-bes,
the youth,

f. [prob. akin to pu-er],

yourig men.

bis,

i.e.,

and this, etc. With subj. (a)

to denote a cause or reason as, inasmiuh
as, because, since ; (b) to point out a purpose, etc.: for the purpose of ; thnt : in
order to or that; to. quod., neut.: In
as much as ;
restrictive force=:quantum
tive pron.:

Eng-. foal].

nae, f. [puo, "to strike;"

root of pungo], afyht, bittle.

pupr-na,

Interrogative
wlio,
Indefinite anyone, any.

as far

"S.

chra, chruin, adj. [for polcher; fr. p61-io, "to polish"], beautiful,
Comp.: pulchr-ior; sup.: pulcherfair.

what.

rimus.

cumque)

pul-cher,

pillvis,

eris,

puppis,

m.: dust.
'

ship, v esfd,

pur-go,

gavi,

[pur-US, " clean

v. 115),

f.

"], to

qui-cumque, quae-cumque,

1,

v.

a.

purpur-eus, 6a, gum, adj. [pur piir-a,

" purple "], bright coloured, purple.

what manner, how.

quaero, quaeslvi, quaesItum,quaerSre,

3, v.: to

seek; to usk, enquire.

qua-lis,

le,

adj.

what

;"

Gr. Kti-jiac, "to

adv. [adverbial ace. fem. of

After comparative adjectives
or adverbs, or words involving the idea
of comparison or difference (alius, aliter),
tlian
prius quam, sooner than ; before

how.

that.

conj.: because, since.

qua-ntus, nta, ntum, adj. [akin to

how great: as great as; as much

qua-lis],
as.

abl.

fem. of qui, and of

Interrogative:

from what cause?

wherefore ? why ?

qua-re, adv.

on what account f
Relative for which reason, wherefore.
:

quas-so,

sa\i,

satum, sSre,

[for quat-so ; fr.

"], to shatter, batter,

intens.

1,

quat-Io,

v.

a,

"to

knock about.
qtiater, adv.. four times.
and : que
que, enclitic con j.
as; partly
and; as well
que, 6o(/i
:

lie

to

quie-sco, evl^ etum,

escere, 3, v. n.
quies, quigt-is, "rest;"
root Ki, see quies], to rest, repose.

[for quiet-SCO

fr.

a,

adj. [quie-sco, " to

ki, see quies],

um,

be quiet ;" through root

quiet, calm, peaceful, etc

qui-n, conj. [for qui-ne ; fr. qui, abl.

of relative pron. qui, "who, which;" ne
= non]. With subj. : that not, but that,
without, from. To corroborate a statement : but indeed, verily, of a truth.
adj. indecl.

(" five tens ;" hence), fifty (for quinque-aginta; fr. quinque, 'five;" (a) "connecting vowel ;" ginta=(coi'Ta=" ten ].

qui-ppe,

conj. [for qui-pte ; fr. o"i,

able of relative pronoun qui suffix ptej,
inasmdch us, because.
In an ironical
sense certainly indeed, forsooth.
;

quis, quae, quid (gen. cujus

dat.
cui), pron. interrog.
what person or
thing? what sort of a person or thing?
who f which oiie ? what ? Adverbial
neut. Ace: quid, why f wherefore t
[tl<;, "who? which?"].
quis, no fem. quid, pron. indef. anyone, anybody; anything: ne quis, that
no one : neu quis, and that no one [ti?,
" anyone "].
qui-squam, quae-quam, quic-quara
or quid-quani, pron. indef. [quis, "any;

quando,

shake

lie

from any-

down
down "].

"to

Rl,

'

quam,

res].

repose,

etis, f.: rest,

thing [akin to root

quinqu-a-ginta, num.

.^

Interrogative
of
Relative r/ such a

sort or ki7id.
Hort or land as ; such as.

me

cumque], whoever, whosoever; what-

quiet-us,

qua, adv. [adverbial abl. fem. of qui

see qui]. Relatively: M'/ipre. Ind Initelj':
wherever: in whatever wa>i or manner
ne qua, that in no way whatever ; in any
way, by any means, luterjogatively in

quod-

v.

ever, whatsoever.

sleep

clear, clear oicay.

which,

61C, in tmesis, quae

pron. rel. [qui, " who ;" indef.

'at

qui-es.

gatum, gare,

cumque
suffi.x

puppim,

is (ace.

a boy, lad [root pa,

naU, wwAos : puer,

pu-er, eri, m.
" to beget " cp.

qui],

complain, lament,

to

__^

qui,

nearest.

puella

complain o/T

bewail.

sup. adj. [for

prOpis, "near "],

,pnrtly.

quam], any, any whatever.

anyone, anybody
As subst., masc.
Neut. anything.

one

surtix

;"

quis-quis, no fem., quod-quod or

quidqid or quic-quid, pron. indef. [quis
reduplicated], whatever, whatsoever, per-

RS

T
V

142
son

err

VOCABULARY.
As

thin^r.

ever, whosoever.
soever.

quo,
que-m,
or

subst.,

masc.

adv. (for quo-m, old

ace. of qui].
Of place

tch'it

plans, etc.

place

whither,

whit

in

quo-circa.

who-

Neut.: whnteier, what-

nm

quom-dam

redoleo,

olere, 2, v. n.

duxi, ductum, ducSre, 3, v.

dfico, " to lead"], to lead

" back ;"

or conduct back.

eonj.: alxo, too; placed after

the word to be emphasised.

quot, num.

no sup.,

dolent.

re-duco,
fr.

of quern
ace. of 1, qui
dam], at a certain time; at one
time, once upon a time, .formerly.

" how

Clrii,

with d or dc denaon. ; oleo, " to emit

a scent"], to diffuse a scent; to be re-

reductus,

suffix

quoque,

"to

to

"J,

a. [re,
;

recurr-o,

(re,

which reason or cause, where/ore.

adv. [for

fir.

fr.

where.

direction, whither.

(old form of f)tieni), ace. sing, niasc.

of qui; circa, "with respect to"], /or

quondam,
quoin, old foi m

recurr-so;

Of

form of

back

return again and again.

I'ed-do, d:di, ditum, dere, 3, v. a. [red
(=re, with d for de demonstrative),
" back ;" do, " to give "], to give back,
return in answer.

to wliich

adv. [for quom-circa

quom

n. intens. [for

adj. plur, indecl. [quOt-us,

many " how many ;

qu6ve=^uo, ve v. SJiL
,

many as.

as

quum, adv. and conj. [for quom, old

form of quem, ace. of 1, qui].
Adv.
when. Conj. as, dnce; seeing that.
:

retired

um,

a,

Of

pa.

deeply situated

locality

deep.

redux, rcdOcis, adj. [for reduc-s

rOduc-o, " to lead back "], returning.

fr.

re-fero, tflli, latum, ferre, v. a. irreg.

" back ;" furo see fOro], to brir./j or
carry back or backwards; to bring back
word; to report, announce, mention.
[rZ,

v.

re-fulgeo, fulsi, no sup., fulgere.

n. [re, "back;" fulgeo, "flash"],
back or

fla,^h

reflect

the light

2,

to

to shine

brightly, etc.

re-fundo.
rab-ies, lem,

(other eases do not

" to rave "], rage, fury,
ie

occur), f. [rab o,
violence.

rap-idus, ida, Idum, adi. [rap-Io, " to

"to hurry onwards'"]. Of fire:
fierce, consuming; hurrying onwards;
seize,"

a. [re,

ere, 3, v. a. [root
to snntch, seize; to

carry off or away ; to xilunder, ravage, etc.

Of fire, etc., as object: to hasten for wards,
promote, increase.

.rap-to,

tavi, tatum, ture, 1, v. a.

intens. [rap-Io, " to drag alonj,' "], to drag

violently or hurriedly along.

rarus,

um,

a,

here

and there;

baric, vessel,

ship [prob.

adj.:

recens,

ntis, adj.

fresh.

ceptum, cipSre, 3, v. a.
[for ro-capio
fr. re, " back ;" cilplo, " to
taki- "J, to get back ; to recover.
re-cipio,

re-cludo,
[ro,

claudo,

clusi,

denoting

"to

clQsum, clfidCre, 3, v.
" reversal ;" cludo=

shut, close"),

to

re-condo, condldi, eondltum, condOre, 3, a. a. [re, "without force;" condo,

" to hide "], to hide, conceal.
rec-tus, ta, tum, adj. [for reg-tus ; f r.
reg-o, " to lead straight], right, correct.

recur-so, no

perf.

nor sup.,

sare,

1, r.

"to

rule"],

reg-ius, la. lum, adj. [rex, reg-is, "a

king "], of or belonging to a king ; royal
princely, splendid, magnificent.

'^Tegn-o, avi, atum,

num], tu reign, rule.
ni,

are, 1, v. n. [reg-

[reg-o,

n.

duminion,
kingdom, realm.
hence,

"to

sovereignty,

rule"],

reliqu-iae, Urum,
"\, the remnant.

f.

rule;

rego, rexi, rectum, rSgere, 3, v. a.

rule, govern, have supremacy over.
[reli(n)qu-o,

to

"to

leave

ramigium,

li,

n. [remlg-o,

"to row"

the oarage.

re-mordeo, no

disdooe,

reveal.

[r6g-o,

f.

reg'-ao, ionis, f. [reg-o, " to diaect"], a

portion of vhe earth, etc., of indefinite
extent; a territory, tract, region.

cCpi,

a.

Inae,

a queen.

reg-num,

pour back.

magnificent.

scattered about.

ratis, is, f. a
akin to remus].

reg-alis, ale, adj. [rex, reg.is, " a

king "], of or belonging to a king ; kingly,
royal, regal ; worthy of a king', spleiidid,

reg-ina,

rap-io, _ai, tum,

rap: op. apn-diiu],

fusum, fundere, 3, v.
fundo, " to pour "]. In

fudi,
;"

reflexive force

sunft, rapid.

!.'?'

" back

perf.,

morsum, mor-

dure, 2, v. a. [rk, " without force ;" mor.

duo, " to bite"], to vex, torment, disturb.

re-moveo,
V.

to

a.

[I'O,

movi, motum, mOvere, 2,

" back ;" m6v6o, " to move "],

remove, withdraw.

re-mus,

mi, m.

ret-mus. akin to

an oar iprob. for

"an oar," aa

e-per-fio;,

VOCABULARY.
shine

rowing

'''the
ro'.v ;"

V.

thiii;r ;"

throuffh

ipecrait,

fr.

or

tv^-i

" to

t'peT].

weigh"], to balance, counterbalance, compensate.

repent-e,
"sucfden

adv.

re-peto,
petere,
force of

or

ptivi

repent-is,

a.

"to

[r6,

pCtrtum,

p6tii,

" again

;"

pC-to,

etc.

[rS

posQi, pOsitum, ponCre,

"to put or place"]

pono,

" back again

or away

"],

to reinstate; [re,

"',

3, v.

[iG,

"aside

to coll
etc.

b'lck,

rex,
rule

"],

V.

qulsivi, quisltum, quircre,

[for rciqiiaero. fr. re, "again;"
"to seek"], to seek to know; to

a.

quaero.
ask or enquire after.

res,

rei,

f.

rig-eo,

" to say or

pe-tt),

tell

etc

[akin to

or inactive"],
sluggish, etc.

idle,

re-sido, sedi, no sup., sldere, 3, v. n.

"without force;" side, "to seat one's
to seat one's self,

tke

one's seat,

doivn.

re-si3tx3,
[re,

" back

no sup., sistere, 3, v. n.
" to stpnd "], to stand

atiti,

tii,

no

ri-ma, niae,
ri(n)g-or, "to
senn, etc.
ae,

robur,

sup., ere, 2,

v. n.

to be

f.:

[peihaps for rig-ma; fr.

Of a vessel: a
"J.

f.

gape
the

bink

of

river.

rGbOris, n.: oak; strengh.

Icatum itire, 1, v. a.
" to asK "], to ask frequently
or repeatedly ; to keep nsking.

r6g-itO,

Itavi,

ros-eus,
rose

eum,

ea,

adj.

"a

[r6s-a,

'], roinj.

"to drive

;"

f. :
o ivheel [root ra or ar,
cp. ratio, rota, rotundus].

/^ rudens,
Plur.

ntis, m. : '/ rope, line, cord.

the cordaje or rigging of a vessel

ru-ina, inae, f. [ru-o, "to fall down"],

a tumbling or /ailing down; a fall.

ru-O,

inactive, inert,

[re,

self"],

"to

''].

^-reses, Idis, adj. [for rCsids fr. resideo, " to remain behind ;" hence, " to be
idle

[for reg-s; fr. reg-o,

\oX\n to ptyeu)].

rot-ci, ue,

matter, event,
For res publica

tinn'j,

affair, circunustince.
the state, commonwedth,

m.

regis,

a Idnj.

freq. [rog-o,

to I'y or store tip.

re-quiro,

sit

[re,

ripa,

re-pono,

3,

V. a.

stiff

in
fetch "J, to recount, detail,

v.

3,

[repens,

on a sudden, suddenl;/.

"],

vOciW, v6catum, v6care,

" back ;" voco, '" to call "],
recall ; to restore, renew,

re-v6co,
1,

re-pendo, pendi, pansum, pendere, 3,

a. frc,
"back again;" pendo, "to

a.

143

:"

;" sisto,

i,

tum,

and

6re, 3, v. n.

Neut.:

a,

to fall with violence ; to rush, hasten,

Act. : to cast or throw up from the
etc.

bottom.

rup-es, is, f. [rumpo, " to break,"

through root RUp], a cliff, steep rock.
rus, riiris (in plur. only in nom. and
aca), n.: the country.

Plur.: the fields.

still, halt, .''top.

respec-to,

tavi,

tatum, tare,

l, v. a.

Intens. [respicio, "to look at," through

root spec], to regard, pay heed or atten-

tion

re-spondeo, spondi, sponsum, spon

dere, 2, v. n. [re, " in return ;" spondeo,
" to promise soleinnl.v "]. With dat. : to
correspond or unswer to; agree or huriitonize vnth.

re-sto,
[re,

sttti,

no

"behind;"

rem'iin, be

sacer-do-s,

sup., stare, 1, v. n.
sfcind"], to
sto, "to

suplnum,

adj.

"intensive" force; sQpinus, "lyiii^'

on the back "), lying on the back, or icith
surrexi.

n. [re,

cover"), to disclose, reveal, discover.

re-ViSO, vlsi, visum,

"again;" viso, "to

[re,

again,

revisit.

cr<iTTii',

crdyna],
i

cut, as

tempus,

fr.

"to sow;"

[root sa,

hence, a nenerjtion, age

re/xi/w,

or
or

seco, to

fr.

icoLpos,

visere, 3, v. a.
visit "j, to visit

fr.

Kei'po)].

saep-e, adv.

surrectum, sur" again ;" surgo, " to

rise "], to rise again.
re-tego, texi, tectum, tegere. 3, v. a.
denoting " reversal ;" tego, " to
[re,
v.

gen. [for sacer-

sa-cro, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a, [sicer,

" sacred " to consecr te [root sag,
"ti fasten;" hence, "to bind" by a
religious ceremony
cp. sancire, sanctus:

sacr-i,

the face upwards.

3,

comm.

sac(e)r-i,

saecLilum,
suplna,

[re, in

re-surgo,

fr.

priestess.

left.

re-supinus,

g;ere,

tis,

" sacred," see sacro

DA, root of do, " to give "], a priest ; a

da-(t)s

to, etc.

saep-is,
[obsol.
"], Jrcquenthj, often.

quent
saep-io,
round.
"

si,

ptum,

6re,

3, a.

"freto suT'

saev-io, li, Itum, Ire, 4. v. n. [saev-us,

fierce "], to be fierce ; to rage.

saevus, a, um, sA].: fierce, savage

In a good sense : spiHted, daring,
cruel.
bold, valiant.

RS

T
u

144

VOCABULARY.

S&gitta, ae, f. [root sak, " sharp ;"

saxum, secare], an arrmc.
sal, silis, m. (rarely n.): the salt wntrr,

sec-o,

cp.

the sea,
oA-os).

the briny ocean [akin

to oA?,

seciSlum,

tum,

ta,
;"

sed,

" to
Of persons

tois,

sa-tor, toris, m. [sero, " to beget

throu h root sa], a father.

saxum,

n.

i,

s^ag-sum

[for

sa<rittal,

"to
background.
root

SKIT,

scelus,

forsooth,

guilt,

teat,

or.is, f.: [ace.

;" i, root

to

some

n.

bench,
fr.

sed

semper, adv.: ever, always, at all

times [root sam, from pronominal sa,
together with ;" cp. a^<x, bti.6^, 6/iioios

you m,ust

licet].

simul, semel, similis, singulij.

scidi,

sen-atus,
old

m.

atiis,

man "],

or assembly

the senate
of elders.

[senex, sSn-is,
the council

i.e.,

se-ni, nae, ni, num, distrib. adj. plur

fr. sex, " six "], six.
;

tuin].

[for sex-ni

scintilla,

ae,

f.

a spark [akin to

sentent-ia,

amvBrip].

inf.

to Imuio

SCopulus,

how

m.

i,

to do.

a projecting point

of rock ; a rock, cliff, crag froot spar, " to

see ;" cp. (jKen-rOfiai, (TKottos ; specio
spectare].

lae,

[for sentlent-Ia

f.

of thinking;

an

r^olve.

^
'

sentio, sensi, sensum,

to perceive, observe ; to
or

aware

fr

" thining
"J, a way
opinion; purpose, will.

sentiens, sentient-is,

sclo, scivi and scli, scitum, scire, 4, v.

to know, perceive, have kn avUdge of.

With

[id.],

ills,

sit "J,

se-mi-ta, tae, f. [for se-me-ta ; fr. se,

aside;' me-o, "to go"], a by-way; u
path, footpath.

scissum, scindere, 3, v.
With personal pron. in reflexive force:
a.
to divide, separate, part asunder [root
scii),
"to cleave;" cp. o-xi^ui ; caedo,
aielura (=caedlum, " a chisel "), caemen-

"to

[sCd-eo,

of eo, " to go ;"

and so, "a going apart;" ace. to others
fr. se, "apart ;" do, " to
put ;" and so,
a puttin-r apart, a separating"], insurrection, sedition.

by itself"
'

"J.

f.

(=sine), " apart

sceptrum, i, n. a royal staff, a

sceptre; kingdom, sovereignty, dominion,
rule [aKTiTTTpov, "a staff," as that on
wliieh one leans or supports one's self.
scilicet, adverb

to sit

sed-ne,

wickedness.

know [scire,
SCindo,

[an abl. of se:

is,

ssditio,

a wicked deed ;

(=sine),

[se

etc.

roujh

f.

eris, n.:

adj.

dwelling-place, abode.

[Gr. Vk^'u'ij, " a tent ;"

cover ; see scutiim], a stage;

ae,

'

sedes,

stone OT fraijment of rock.

scaena,

coiij.

root SAD,

;"

sak,

fr.

huge

um,

a,

sedeo, sedi, sessuni, sedere, 2, v n

to sit [akin to Gr. f ^o^ai
(=5<roMat), Sans.'

blood; family,

stock, race.

"sharp;" see

see saeculum.

und.a,

sed], but, yet.

venerable, aitgust.

sangu-is,

to cut

cp. e.>t^,'

without; cur-a, " Qa.re"], without care,

unconcerned, regardless.

adj. [sane lo,

see sacer].

a.

welfare, profjieriti/, deliverance.

sanc-tus,

i,

_^se-cur-us,

Salu-S, tis, f. [for salv-ts, fr. salv-eo,

" to be well or in pood health "], safety,

render sacred

v.

1,

iindum, adj. [for

sequ-undus, fr. sequor, "to follow"!
favourable, prosperous, fortunate. Of a
chariot speeding along, rapid,
swift.

at all events,

the sea [Gr. aA?].

n.:

i,

lenst,

are,

"to cut;"

canalis].

sec-undus,

saltern, adv.: at
amihow.

sal-um,

tum,

fti,

[root SAK or SKA,

sen tire,

4,

a.-

become sensible

of.

sept-em, num.

adj.

indecl.

seven

[eiTT-a].

SCU-tum,

ti,

n.

a shield of oblong

shape, covered with leather [root sku,

" to cover ;" cp. axevr), (tkOto^, KiuSeii'

cutis, oliscurus].

sOs,

m.

dep.

sui.

[for seced-sus

the
;

fr.

8eced-o, "to retire, withdraw"], a retreat,

rirCfiS.

si-cludo,

clusi, clusum, clOdure, 3, v.

"apart;' cU'ido (=claudo), " lo
shut"].
Of cares, etc.: to dismiss, exa.

[se,

ciaje.

Imum, num.

Ima,

ord.

sequ-or, utus

se, ace. and abl. of

secessus,

Septimus,

adj. [sept-ein, "seven"], seventh.

{or sec-) sum, 1, 3 v

to follow, follow after; to
follow

example

of,

imitate;

to

narration;

follow in

to detail or narr:te in succession ; to follow in pursuit ; to

pursue
(root SAK,
"to follow;" cp. eVo/iat.
cTrer)?, oirAo;'

seren-o,
[seren-us,

secundus, socius].

avi,

atum,

"clear"

are,

root

swar,

.a.

"to

145

VOCABULARY.

at-i. Unm, ire, 1, v. a. (sodus,

friend, oooipanion, etc.], to join with
one^s gelf, eic ; to uttiie, axsodate.

shine ;r cp. oei/tuK, aeXwt, o-cA^jtj ; soL:

En^. swart, sultry), to clear, eU <r up.

sdci-O.

"a

ser-ies, lei, i. (sr-o, "to joinl, a

tvceetsUm, $eries,

ser-mo, monis, m. roontmonly

"to connect "I

ferred to sOr-o,

SOCIUS, li, m.: a friend, companion,

eomrude (see sequor].

re-

talk, eoti-

sol,

venation, diieoune.

ser-tum,
"

entwine

n.

ti,

" to

raer-o,

or

iriait

a ffurland, wreath.

serv-itium,

"a

'serv-os

n.

Itfi,

servo,

1, v. a. [root
cp. oA-o$, salvos,
servos, salvni, solus], to preserve, protect;
to keep, retain, etc

seu

avi, atiim, are,

;"

sol-um,
solus,

n. [pn.tb.
sit"), the

nm,

a,

signura, i, n. a tol-en or sign ; a

image ; a pjure, device.
aOent-iura, Q, n. (silens, gUent-is,

s6n-0,

Neut.

Oi,

Sim-ul, adv.

a teood
:

v.

itum, are,

a dream

fr.

root svap.

v.

1,

and

n.

a.

nm,

a,

adj.

[san-o,

roiring.

s6p-io, ivi or itum. Ire 4, v. a.: to jmt

or luU to fleep ; to cause to sleep [akin to
root SVAP, "to sleep"].

174X m. (rarely

soror,

[see seiuper].

same time

oris,

t: a sitter.

sor-s, tis, L: a tot by which a thing

determined lot, Le.,fate, destiny.

[see

is

semper].

simulo,

avi,

atom, are,

1, v. a.

sparge,

[for

V. a.

simllo; fr. simlLis, "Uke"], to asaume

the aippearanee of ; feym, counterfeit.

Sl-n, conj. [shortened

" if ;" ne, " not "I,

however; hut if.

>/

fr.

si-ne

ae,

s^

ari, 1, t.

"],

dep.

to look oui

eavem

cave,

spemo,

sprevi, gpretom, q>emere, 3,

to despise, aight, contemn [root
SPEE or SPEE, akin to root SPHt-E, "to
Gr. (rs-a^Kuro-ta, "to tear, rend,"
destroy

V.

sinere, 4, v. a.

etc. J.

to

aOov, permit, tufer.

the hangirtg fold of
sinus, OS, m.
a dress ; a 6ay, fiarbour, gulf.
si-ve (contr. seu), oonj. (si, " if ;" ve,
sive (seuX
"or"l or if; sive (seu)
or wh e ther.
..or; whether

a.

dtom,

sparsum, q>ar^'cre, 3,
to disperse, scatter.^

speciSl-or, atus sum,

on the contrary ; if

abL [akin to

[spcc&l-a, " a look-out place

for, observe, watch

fr, si,

sm-grulixs, gfila, gfilnm (mostly plor.X

hs
adj. : one by one, one after another,
sabet.
singula, onim, n. plur.: individMol things; each thing [see semper].
flivi,

spaisi,

Of persons

si>eliinc-a,

gov.
" tigaiX'^ withmct,

^X\&, prep.

^no,

sUep

sopor,

[vX/'-ijJ.

Hie

at the

"sound"], resounding, loud sounding,

Icis (abL alid,

a JUnt, jtMrStCTte.
f.:

" to

Iflo,

to be

sQex.

Tlia, Oe, adj.

tilent ; silent, stid-

sop., ere. 2, v. n.

Ivere, 3, v. a. [for

to.sound, resound. Act : to qioe

forth the sound of anything (akin to root
SVAS, "to sound T.

tilent.

silv-a, ae,

m.

ni,

sonor-us,

Tm

soliX

'1,

som-mos,

statue,

L),

to

soil.

dat

sol^sed

root

fr.

ground^

" apart

se,

fr.

[akin to Gr. Hv-roi

" to sleep "J.

sid-iiS, cris, n. [see serenoj, a ttar.

no

dep.

r.

1,

to render powerless from the

effects of cold ; to paralyte. Of fear : to
ditmist, get rid of, cast of.

loosen

much.

tli,

(see sereno].

(gen. solius

so-lvo. hi, Intum,

sS-lQo

^-eo,

sun

adj. : along ; the only on,^

ei-C [apocopated from a-ce; i.e., si,

udn to hie,, is, ita ; demonstrative suffix
oe], in thi* manner, in gueh a manner,
In introducing a statement : tn
$0, thus.
the following loay, as foUowt. In condoding a statement:
t/iU manner,
thw, in the foregoinj icay ; to exieh a

^^

" silent "H. a being

i,

" to

in sed-C,

si, conj.: if.

degree, to

t}ie

SOlor, atos sum, ari,

comfort solace console.

see sive.

m. :

sdlium, Q, n. [prob. akin to sol-om

see solum, a seat; a chair of state,
thrune, etc.

slaTe**], slavery, tervitxide,

EAR or SAL, " to keep

sulls,

s6l-eo, ItoB sum, ere, 2, v. semi-dep.

n.: to be aeeuttomed or leont.

sper-O, avi, atum, are, l,y.sL.: to hope

for; to expect; to bear something in

mind ; tobi aegured of fomething.

spes,

spi,

f.

;for sper-s

fr.

sper-o

the word, in some old writers, being

found in the forms speres and speribusj,
hope, expectation.

146

VOCABULARY.

spiro,

atniTi, are, 1, V. a.

.Iv.i,

lo give

forth, emit, exivde.

splend-ldus, Ida, Idum, adj. [splend"to sliiiie or be briffht"], hrilliunt,

Co,

uplendid, shining.

spol-ium,

n.

li,

one's self,"

arms, armour,

etc.,

stripped off a fallen foe; spoil, booty,

plunder.
sponda, ae, t.: a couch, etc.
spu-raa, mac, f. [spO-o, " to spit "],
foam, whether of the mouth or of the
sea.

eager pur-

stiip-eo,

no sup.,

fli,

Cre, 2, v. n.

to

be amazed or astounded [akiu eitlier to Or. tutt-to), " to

beat;" root tup, "to hurt" or to root
STiniBFi, " to stupefy "].
be struck anhast

to

SUadeo,

suasi, suasum, suadCre, 2, v.

to advise, recommend, etc. [akin to

a.:

root svAD, " to please

"].

sub,

prep. gov. aco. and abl. : under,

beneath. Of time
at the approach of,
towards ; v. 662 [akin lo Gr. inr-d].
:

spum-O,

.atum, are,
to foam,.

avi,

[spum-a, "foam"],

v.

1,

adj.
[st{a)-o,
sta-bilis, bile,
stand"], firm, endurinii, etc.

n.

" to

Sta-gnum, fjni, n. [id.], a piece of

standing water; n pool, -pond, swamp,
Plur.: twier* in general.
fen.

V Statuo,

statOi, statutum, stattiCre, 3,

V. a. [status, uncontr. g-en. statu-is, "a
standing- position"], to plice put set ; to
build, erect.

Sterno,,

stratum, .stemere, 3,
V. a.: to spread, sprend out; to hrinrj to
the ffiound, prostrate, ovtrlhrow [root
STR.\
akin to 6r. o-ropcVimjui : stratus].
stravi,

avi, atum, are, 1, v. a.: to press

compress; to surround, encomraccompany, attend upon.

sub-diico, duxi, ductum, ducCre, 3,

a. [siib,
"from below;" duco, "to
draw "]. Gf the vessels of the ancients
to dram or hatil up on land.
sub eo, Ivi or li, Itiim, Ire, v. n. and a.
[sub; eo, "to go"]. Neut: [sOb, "toV.

wards

p ';

to

is,

L (rarely m.), a stem,

stock,

egi, actum, Igere, 3, v. a,

sub ago fr. sQb, "under;" ago, "to
put in motion'], to subdue, vanquish.
subit-o, adv. [saWt-us, "sudden"],
suddenly, on a sudden.
high, on high,
sublimis, e, adj.
;

aloft.

sub-mergo, mersi, mersum, merggre,

3,

V.

a.

statum, stare, 1, v. n.: to

sttnd.
Of care, for a person to stand
in, he centered in ; to stand firm, remain
stMnding[ak\n to Gr. crra-ai, i-(rTT)-;ui].
stSti,

[stemo, " to spread ;"

hence, "to cover"]. Of roads, etc.: the

Stra-tum,

pavement:

n.

ti,

strata viarum (the pavements

of the ways,

the

i.e.^,

paved ways or

roads.

strep itus,
make a noise "]. a

Itus,

m.

[atrep-o,
noise, din.

"to

sink or overwhelm.

to

sub-necto, noperf., nexum,

3, V. a.

or tie

[sub,

"], to

"beneath

bind,

tie,

nectfire,

necto, "to bind

;''

or fasten beneath or

below.

subnixus, a, um, p. perf. of obsoL

verb, subnitor [fr. sub, "beneath;" nitor,
"to lean upon "J. With abl.: supported
b'j, reclining or resting on.
sub-rideo,

no

i"lsi,

sup., ridere, 2, v.

denoting "diminution;" nd6o,

"to laugh"], to laugh somewhat, or a

a.

(silh,

little ; to sm,ile.

strid-eo, i, no sup., ere, 3, v. n.; also

Strid-O, i, no sup., ire, 3, v. n. Of a
to creak.
Of a stonn to whistle,
hing-e
Of the wings of birds to
howl, roar.
:

" beneath ;" mergo, " to

plunge another beneath

[sub,
to

something

hneage.

Sto,

Sub-igO,

[for

plunge"!,

Stirps,

Act.

appjroach.

proceed,

to

"],

[sub, " under"], to enter a place.

Stip-O,
togetlter,

race,

eagerness,

etc.],

suit.

subvolvo,

volvi, vOlutum, volvgre, 3,

[sub, " without force ;" volvo, " to
roll "], to roll, roll along.
v.

a.

suc-cedo,

whirr, rustle.

m. [strldeo, "to make a

harsh or grating sound "]. Of the cordage
of a ship a creahing.
Stridor,

oris,

stringo,
S, V. a.

strinxi, strictum, stringfire,

to cut down, lop off, in order to

make.
stru-O,
or pile

up ;

cessum, cedere, 3, v.
sub cedo, " to go ;"
sQb, "below"]. With dat. : to go beloie
[sub, ." towards or up to "].
or under,
With dat. : to go towards or up to ; to
approach, draw near to.

SUC-cingO,
V. a. [for

xi,

ctum,

to set

to Gr. arop-fvvviiL

Stiid-ium,

li,

Cre, 3, v. a.

to

heap

in order, arrange [akin

; see stemo].
n.

[stQd-eo, " to

busy

cessi,

n. [for sub-ccdo

fr.

cinxi, cinctum, cingCre, 3,

sub-gingo

fr.

sub, ' upwards,

Pass.: to be

up;" eingo, "to gird"].

girded or

girt.

suc-curro,
V. n. [for

curri,

sub-curro

cursum, currere, 3,
sub, " towards or

fr.

h;

vocabulakY.
up

"to run"],

to ;" curro,

to aid, assist,

" upwards, up
or direct

tuccour.

suf-fundo,

fundSre,

fusiim,

fudi,

SUS,

3,

"],

" a hog

suffuse.

a.

sui (dat. sibi ; ace. and abl. se, or reduplicated sese), pron. pers. sing, and
plur.: of himself, herself, itself, or them-

take, receive.

selves.

3, v. a. [for

sulcus,,

m.: a furroiv [Gr. oAkos].

i,

sum,

With dat.:
frti, esse, v. n.: to be.
to belon:j to one [root as, " to be ;" in
perf. tenses and in fut. part, akin to root
Biiu, "to be "].
adv. and prep.
dition, inoreover.
Prep.,

super-bus,

adj.

hiujhty,

[Gr. 5v,

suspendo,

pendi, pensum, pendere,

subs pendo fr. subs (=sfib),
"beneath ;" pcndo, " to hang"], to hang
up, to sus]:end.
;

su-spicio,

spexi,

subs (=sab),

fr.

" to behold"],

su-spiro,

spectuni,

"from beneath

to look
spirrivi,

up

to

or

spIcCre
spCcio,

;"

at.

splatum,

splrare,

[for subs-spTio
fr. subs (=sQb),
"fiom below;" spiro, "to breathe "], to
dr^iw a deep bre th; to heave a sigh ; to
n.

v.

1,

sigh.

SU-US,
ing

bum,

ba,

a hog

cepi, ceptuni, ciiere, 3, v.

subs-capio ; fr. subs ( = siib),
"without force;" cSpio, "to take"], to

suum,

"above"], proud,

gen.:

"J.

[for

superb-ia, lae, f. [superb-us, "proud"],

pride, hnughtiness

straight

SUS cipio,

super,

Adv.: in adwith ace. or

abl.
With ace: (a) over, (b) upon, on the
With abl.
top of, (c) above, beyond.
respectinj, concerning, about [akin to

"to lead

rOgo,

comm.

stiis,

aub-fundo fr. sub, " beneath ;"

funilo, "to pour upon"], to overspreid,
V. a. I^for

;"

to rise arise, etc.

gen. plur. of sua.

a,

um, pron.

poss.

[stt-i],

belong-

own.

to himself, his

[siiper,

syrtis,

arroijunt

is, f.:

a sand-banJc in the sea.

splendid, gorgeous, superb.

super-emineo, no
gmincre,

2, v. a.

[super,

"to project"],
th

rise

to

than something;

perf.

nor

sup.,

"above;" emlnCo,
above or higher
stand higher

to over-top,

'U.

super-o,

atum,

avi,

and

are, v. a.

n.

"over"].
Aec. : to pass over,
cross; to overcome, overpower, destroy.
Neut.: to have the upper hand; to be
overpowering.
[super,

super-sum,

fQi,

esse, v.

n. I'sflper,

"over and above;" sum, "to be"],

Super-us,

um,

a,

[snpJr,

adj.

on high.
As
subst.: superi, orum (um, v. 4), m. plur.:
above,

is

the gods above, the celestial deities. Sup.:

a, um
highest, loftiest ; the
highest or loftiest part of that denoted by
the subst. to which it is in attribution
the top of; S'upreme ; mightiest; most
import int ; main, principal.
Comp.
sfipOr-Ior also another sup. suprcmns.

summus,

^^ tab-ula,

tllae. f.: a board, plank, [prob.

akin to ran, root of Te/ji-t'u>, " to cut ;"
and so, " the cut thing "].

tac-itus, ita, itum, adj.

be silent "], silent, still, etc.

icis,

oomm.

gen. [sup[ile.x,

"suppliant"], a suppliant or supplicant.

supplic-iter, adv. 'supplex, supplicis, " suppliant "] (after the manner of the
supplex; hence), suppli'mtly, ax a supsappli nt, or as suppli-nts ; humbly,
submissively.

sura,

ae,

f.

tfie

calf of the leg.

rectum, gcre,
sur-go,
contr. fr. sur-rego, for subrC-go
rexi,

tarn, adv. [prob. akin to

With

talis].

adj.: so, so very.

tamen,
of tarn],

adv. [prob. a lengthened form

for (dl that, notwithst mdinij,
adv. [tor tendem
tarn,

tandem,

"so;" with demonstrative suffix dem],

at length, finally ; pray now; I, etc.,
proy thee.
ta(n)g'-0, tetlgi, tactum, tangcrc, 3, v.
to touch.
Of the feelings: to move,
excite, affect [root tao, akin to diy--^di'M].
a.:

tant-um,
so

adv. [tant-us,

"so much

"],

much, so gre itly.

tant-us, a, um,

adj. : so much ; so
great or large in size ; so great or im-

portmt.

3,
;

article to].

Supplex,

" to

ta-lis, le^, adj.

of such a Idnd, stich.
subst. : talia, ium, n. plur.
such
things, s7tch words Iprob. akin to demonstr. pron. root to, "this," and Gr.

As

[tac-Co,

to

remiin, survive.
"above"], that

tab-eo, no peff. nor sup., ere, 2, v. n.:

to pine or tvaste away [perhaps akin to
T)jK-w, Doric TaK-co].

fr.

v.

n.

sub.

tar-dus,
dus

da,

fr. tr3,h-o],

dum,

adj. fprob. for trah

slow, tardy.

T
u

VOCABULARY.

148

in, Imim, adj. [taurus,

bull"), of or belu/iginy to a bull; a
hull' 6; bull.

t6nus,

taiir-inus,

"a

taurus,

a bull [Gr. ravpoi;

m.:

i,

" steor

akin to Anjflo Saxon

"steer"].

tec-tum,

n. [for

ti,

the roof o( a building

building.

teg-men,

;"

fr.

tC^'O],

minis, n. [tugo, "to cover"].

ferred to Gr. T>)Ae, "far off ;" but rather

for tend-him, fr. tend-o, in force of "to
launch nr hurl a weapon ;" and so, " the
thing launched or hurled "].

tempsi, no sup., temncre, 3,

despise, scorn, make light of,

temno,
a.

to

contemn (akm to Gr. riy-via, "to cut;"

and so, " to cut, or cut off "].
temper-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a.
[prob. for temp6r-o

tcuipus, tempOr-

fr.

etymological meaning of " a section,

portion "], to rule, regulate, govern, re-

strain^ etc.

tempes-tas,

tatis,

l.

[for

temper-tas

tergus, Oris see tergum.

termin-o, avi, atum, fire,
:

pli, n.
a temple, as a
place dedicated to some deity [akin to Gr.
Tt>-ru., " to cut ;" hence, buildings or
lands allotted for religious purposes.

tem-plum,

a.

ter-ni, nae, na, num. distrib. adj. plur.

tr-Ium (with e inserted), "three"].

[tres,

For

tres

three.

(/le
rae, f.: the earth, as such
earth, soil, iiruund ; a laud or country.
Orbis trrarum, or simply tcrrae {the circle
of lands ; the lands ; i.e.), the earth, the
world, the globe [prob. akin to Gr. repo-oMttt. "to be or become dry;" ro >t trish
(tarsh), "to thirst").

ter-ra,

terr-eo,

Itum, ere,

ili,

2,

v.

a.

frighten, terrify [akin to root [trab,

tremble;" and in causative force,

cause to tremble

ter-tius,

to

"to
"to

"].

tlum, adj. [tres, tr-ium

(with e insterted), " three "], third.
udinis,

an

f.

[test-a,

arch, vault,

theatrum,

n.

i,

iii

"a

shell,"

buildings.

o theatre [eiarpov

" that which serves for seeing or beholding sights],

pCris, n. [akin to templum],

portion of time; a time,- season ; time

ttiesauxus,

thymum,
tim-eo,

/'tendere, 3, v. a.
out or forth; to extend;

turn, bend, or
With
course, etc.
to

direct one's steps,

to strive, endeavour,
objective clause
use exertion or e/ort that something be
to bend one's way or
Neut.
done.
course ; strive, endeavour [akin to nv,
root of TetVw].
ten-eo, fli, tum, ere, 2, v. a. [akin to
ten-do], to hold, keep, have; to hold or
keep 2Jossession of; to reach, gain, or
arrive at a place ; to hold fast ; to hold
back, detain. With iter, etc.: to hold on
one's course, betid one's way, proceed.

treasure

m.: thyme [du^o?].

no sup., ere, 2, v.

i,

iii,

fear, dread, be afraid

tim-or,

tensum or tentum.
and n. Act.: to stretch

tetendi,

m.

i,

[Sijtrai-pos].

in general.

tendo,

tia

test-udo,
of animals),

tem-ptis,

N[-^

v.

1,

!teniiin-us, " a bound, or boundary "], to

Unit, circumscribe, bound.

tempus, old gen. tempor-is, as proved

by existing adverbial abl. tempfiri]. Of
weather in a bad sense storm, tempest.
fr.

n. : the
the skin or

in

is,

thrice.

iris,

For a tergo, see ab.

hide of an animal.

a house, dwelling,

Of animals
tollus, una, L: a land, country.
telum, i, n. a weapon, whether lor
hurling or for close combat [usually re-

V.

tr-ium (with

[tres,

tergus,

i,

gov.

its case),

" three"], three times,

tergum,

Enif.

a skin, hide.

ter, num. adv.

inserted),

back.

tep-tum

prep, (put after

as far as, up to.

abl.:

oris,

m.

a.:

to

" to fear

"J,

of.

[tIm-eo,

fear, dread, terror.

tinguo,

tinxi, tinctum, tinguSre, 3, v.

With personal pron. in reflexive

force to plunge one's sei/ [reyyio].
a.

ten-to,
intens.

tavi,

[tdn-fio],

tatmn,
to

tare, 1, v. a.
try, attempt, essay,

endeavour.

tentor-ium,

tog-atus, ata, atum, adj. [tog-a, "a

toga ;" the outer garment worn by Roman
citizens in time of peace^, provided vnth
or wearing a toga; toga-wearing : gens,
togata, the toga-wearing nation, i.e., the

Roman

people.

NJ- tollo, sustali, sublatum, toUSre, 8, v.

a.: to lift up, raise, uplift [root tol, akin

"to

to root TUL,

* tondeo,
v. a.

li,

n. [tendo,

"to stretch

Gr. tK-om,

"to

totondi,

tonsum tondere,

2,

to shear, clip.

torqu-eo,

out ;" through obsol. tentor, tentor-is,

" a stretcher-out" of something], a tent.

lift;"

"i^ar"].

torsi,

L^
\

torsum and tortum,

torquere, 2, v. a. : to whirl around ; to

fiing with force or violence ; to hurl [akin
to Gr. repir-m, " to tUm "J.

VOCABULARY.
torreo,

tornii, tostuni, torrere, 2. v.

Of corn, etc. : to roast,
to hxtrn.

tum-idus,
" to swell

parch.
i, m.: o couch [=(s)tor-us
see
hence, " the covered thing "].

tot, num. adj. indecl.: so

turba,
thronj [Gr.

often.

disorder

turn (gen. tOtius dat. tiiti),

hence, the ^vhnle or entire ; the
adj.
loholc oj [akin to root Ti', in meaning of
" to increase "J.

to-tus,

ta,

trab-S,

is,

traho,
a.:

f.

tractum,

traxi,

trpdn-

trithCre, 3, v.
to draff or

drag away, or alow/;

to

pull along gej]t\y

tra-jicTo,

to

" through

or

ivi

itum,

ii,

irreg. [trans, "beyond; eo,

time : to pass by, elapse.

trans-fero,

v. a.

fixi,

" tlnough

[trans,

pierce

piercing,
transfix.

fixum, figere,

3, v. a.

" to fix by
pierce through,

figo,

;"

to

"],

f.

croicd,

multitude,

rOp^Tj].

turbo,
to

avi, atuni, are, 1, v. a. [turba],

to throw into
or coi'ftisivn.

d stm-b, agitate, confuse;

turb-o, mis, m. [1, turb-o, "to move

"J, a whirtwind, hurricane.

violently

tii-s, ris, n. : incense, frankincense

Oi-eiv, "to sacrifice"].

l9ii-o<;,

tu-tus, ta, tum, adj.

tect"), safe, in safety.

tu-us,

[ttt-iior,

um, pron.

a,

thy, thine; your.

m. plur. :
thy
follou'ers.

tyrannus,
power contrary

poss. [tu,

ti'i-i],

Assubst.: tui, Orum,

or your friends or
v.--.

m.

i,

who

arch, sovereign,

"to pro-

originally,

a mon-

obtained sujjreme

to the institutions of his

country; opposed to ^aeriA^.s, an hereditary possessor of royalty; a despot, tyrant

[rupafros].

transjer.

trans-f igo,

"J.

ferre, v. a.
carry"], to

"to

foro,

ire,

"to go"]. Of

Iritum,

tnli,

"across;"

[trans,

v.

3,

tra ( = trans)
" to cast "], to pierce.
fr.

;" j.1cio,

trans-eo,

draw forth.

jectum, jicCre,

jcci,

tra-jacio

[for

a.

a beam [akin to

[tilm-co,

tunsum, tMiidCre, 3,
beat, smite [akin to root

ae,

tot-idem, num. adj. indecl. [tot, "so

many"], just so many, or as many.
tot-ies, num. adv. [id.], so manij, so

adj.

tfitudi,

^|v. a.: to strike,

("tud, "to strike

many.

Mum,

Ida,

su'clUmj, su-ollen.

"],

tu(n)dO,

torus,
sterno

149

u.
uber, eris, n. (" a teat, etc.; hence),
fertility, frxiilfulness, richness (akin to
Gr. ovt^ap cf. Eng. "udder '.
;

u-bi, adv. [akin to qu-ij.

Of time
tvhcn ; as soou as. Of place where.
:

no

sup., mCro, 3, v. n.:

to tremble quiver, etc. [akin to Or. rpe'-w].

tre-rao,

tres,

mfii,

num.

tria,

adj. plur.

three [Gr.

tridens,

masc. [tridens, "having

ntis,

three teeth or tines"],

a trident.
tri-ginta,

adj.

three-tined spear,
plur.

indecl.

" three :" gtnta = Kovra

" ten " (" three tens ;" i.e.), thirty.

tri6n-es,-uin,

the

wain

_^

tris-tis,
:

[see note,

vs. 744].
te,

trist-Ior

sad,

sorrow/tilsup. trist-isslnms (proba<:lj.

"to tremble;" and

"trembling"].

akin to root TiiAS,

literally,

tli, tfii (plur.

pron. pers.

so.

vos, vestrum or vestri),

you [av, Doric form,

thou,

T.;].

tu-eor,

Itus
;

sum,

eri,

2, v.

dep.: to

to protect, defend.

adv.: at that time; then. In a

then, in the next place [prob. akin
deraonstr. root to Or. tqj.

tuna
series

it

may

que, indef.
be; anywhere;
;

euergwiierc.

lum

(gen. ulllus ; dat. ulli),

Qn-us, "one"], any:
7iot any, none, no.
As subst.,
la,

adj. [foruti-lus;

fr.

non ulliis,
m. any man, anyone.

umbra,

ae,

shade, spirit,
person.

timect-o,

f. :
shade, shadow; the
or ghost of a departed

are, avi,

bedew

moisten,

wet,
sudoi-, sudus].

umer-us,
shoulder

"],

i,

atum,

1, v. n.: to

[connected

m. [akin to

Jj/jios,

ijeiv,

"a

the shoulder.

un-a, adv. [adverbial abl. of un-us,

at one and the same time,

"one"],

together.

unc-us, a, um, adj. [unc-us, "a hook"],

hooked, bent, curced.

look, behold

to

wherever

[Qbi, no. 2

num.

tri-a,

tres,

Comp.

sultix],

Ul-lus,

Tpeisj.

ubi-que, adv.

unda,

ae,

f.

water [akin to root und,

" to wet or moisten "j.

u-nde,

rel.

" who, which

from whom

adv. [for cu-nde fr. qu-i,

Of persons or things
;

"].

or which

whence.

VOCABULARY.

i.-.o

un-US,

generally iinlus
dat. uni), adj.
one
gcti.
of "thing dis-

vela-men, minis, n [vel(a)-o, " to

cover"] ("that which covers;" hence),
a garment, dress, clothing, etc.

urb-3, is, f. [prob. urb-o, "to mark

out with a plough "J, a city, a tcalled

yel-i-v6l-us, a, um, adj. [vchim, " a

sail;" (i) connecting vowel; vOl-o, "to
fly"), sail -fly ! ny ; winged with sails; an
epithet of both ships and the sea.

but at

uin

a,

V.

(yren.

41 UTiIiis

;at V. 329
tributed"].
peraon, one

or

wilh
Assubst., m.: one man, o>ic
almiK, nhif/lf, by one's self,
:
apart J rum others [akin t.o e's,

itself,

tv-6<;].

town.

vel-um,

urgueo,
a.

no

sup., urguCre, 2, v.
to drive, force, ptish, imjjcl.
uisi,

tiro, ussi, ustuin, urcre, 3, v.

pall, fret, chafe, vex.

u-s-quam,
inserted,

.-iiid

a.

to

adv. [akin to qui, with

suffix <iu.im

(s)

anywhere.

order that.

iiti-nam, adv.: oh! that; would that;

I wish that.

words

li,

vehlum;

n. [prob.

Of ships
xanvas, covering, etc
"].

vel-ut, (-uti), adv.

" as "J, e ven a s, j ust as,

veluti
hunt

fr.

a sail. Of

" even

[vul,

vCh-o,
tnt8

;"

ut,

like as.

see velut

trlcis,

"to

[ven (a)-or,

f.

a hu>Uress.

"],

ven-do, dtdi, ditum, dure, 3, v. a.

[vcn-um, "sale;" do, "to place"], to
sell, vend.

ve'ne-num, i, n. [for v5-nec-num fr.

ve, inlensive particle; nOc-o, " to kill ";,
charm, seductive jiower.
:

Utor, usus sum,

:

" to carry

venatrix,

at, uti, adv. and conj. Adv.: when;

how; as; as soon as. Conj.: that; in

abl.

velitn, pres. subj. of volo.

uti, 3, v.

With

dep.

to use, make use of, eviploy.

to address, etc.
:

Of

ven-ia, lae, f. : favour, indulgence,

kindness [akin to root van, " to love "J.

V.
vftco, avi. atum, Sre, 1, v. n. impers.
with clause as subject vacat. : there is

venio,
to cnine

ventum, ventre,

vgni,

4, v. n.:

"to go"], a

at v. 22, with dat., denoting

purpose of intention cf. [Oscan and Unibrian root BES ; akin to Gr. pa-ivut ; root
GA, "to go, to come"].

idum, adj. [vai-fo, "to

be strong"], strong, poweifal, mighty.

vent-US, i, m. the vnnd. Plur. the

winds [akin to Sans, root VA, " to blow,"
through part. pres. vant].

time,
X'

leisxire,

vad-um,

to do,
n.

i,

etc.

[vado,

shallow, shoal.

validus,
vallis,

is, f.r

vanus.
vaco],

ida,

a, uni, adj.

vain,

iiile.

verbum,

valley.

As

[for

vacuus

subst.

op.

vana,

drum, n. plur. idle or frivolous thiujs.

Of persons false, deceptive.
:

vereor,
[opdu),

i,

word

n.:

[pea>, prina.].

en, Itus sum,

"to see;"

verro,

Ore,

i,

cp. Eng.

sum,

v. dep.
fear
ward, wary].
:

sweep.

v. a.:

var-ius,

ia,

lum, adj

various,

mani-

Of conversation varied, varying,

fold.
of different kinds [akin to /SaAios].
:

vast-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [vast*

us, "waste"], to lay waste, devastate,
pillage.

vastus,

a,

um,

tc; hence), vast,

("empty, waste,"
huge, immense.
adj.

ve,

enclitic conj. :
or,
choice free be'ween two or
or things.

leaving the
more persons

veho,

vexi, veotum, vChC-re, 3, v. a.:

to carry, convey.
I'ass. : to sail in a
vessel [root vah, " to carry "].

vel, conj. [akin to val-o ("wish or

choose;" hence), or if you will; or:
vel

vel, either

or.

verso, are, avi,

resolve [verto].

vertex
verto,

atum,

v. a.:

turn over,

[see vortex].
Ore,

i,

sum,

v.

a.

turn, over-

turn.

Veru, us, n.: spit.

verus, a, um, adj.: true, real.
vescor, i, v. dep. feed upon (a dlgammated fonii of escor rt ko, " to
:

eat;" ep. esca, edo,

vesper,

iSut].

-Oris, m.
tJie evening star
" to dwell ;" hence, " the dwelling place of the sun "J.
:

[rt. v.\s,

vester. tra, trum, adj. : your.

vestis, is. fem.: a garment, dress [rt.
VA.s, "to clothe;" cp. evvv/jii. ( = Fcai'vfii)].

veto,

are, ni, Itum, v. a.

forbid.

VOCABULARY.
via,
fr.

ae, fern.

a way, road

veha-

tailling [a1<in to Gr. |8oX, root of p6X-o/aot

(=/3o(u)A-o/iiai), " to wish "].

[vinco,

volt-US, Ha, ra. [volo, " to wish, as

expressive of emotions or desires"], the
face.
vol-ucer, oris, acre, adj. [vOl-o, " to

[f'>r

vOho, " to carry "\

victor,

oris,

m.

a conqueror

1 coH'juer].

victus, us, m. food [see

Video, ere, vidi, visum,
:

Eiig. wit].
vetus, Oris, adj.
Tos, "a j'car"].
[e'lSoi'

vivo].
v. a.

to see

ancient, old [Gr.

vir, viri, m.: man [rt. ova, "to swell,

or grow ;" cp. vireo, virjfo].
vis, veni, vi, f. [see vir], force, might.

viginti, cont.: twenty.

m. tvft of hair; nap of
i,
:

vincio.
(rt.

vinctum,

vinxi,

Ire,

" to bind

vi,

volvo,
and

n.

volvi,

Act.

volutum, volvere,

3, v. a.

Of

to roll, roll along.

misfortunes
to undergo, be involved i7i,
Mentally
to
etc.
tfi_iinMd, reveal.
re vol ve'ipii nder, conxiaer, weigh, etc.
Neut. Of time to roll onward or along,
Of the Fates : tojrsiJli.Jilon
to revolve.
:

vinco,
quer.

ere, vici, victura, v. a.: to con-

/a

.^

Virgo,

-inis,

f.

vincio].

maiden, virgin

[see

vir].

virtus,

iitis, f.

Vitalis,

e,

vivo, " to live

of

life

(=vivtrilis;

;"

um,

adj.

living,

v6v-

VOX, vOcis, f. [for voo-3 ; fr. vOc-o,

call"], the voice; a sound, a word.

" to

un-

" to vow

VUlg-O,
"the
1, v. a.

vov-tum

fr.

and

n.:

m.ilie

see vulgus.

avi, atum, are, 1, v. n.: to fly.

things: to fly, i.e., to pass swiftly or

ti,
'

],

avi,

n. [for

o vow.

atum,

are, 1, v. a. [vulg-us,

common people"],

to spread abroad,
widely or generally known.

vulgus,

see vulnus.

VOlO,

i,

m. and

n.

the

common

people; the multitude, populace.

Of
animals: the throwr, crowd, mass, etc.
[sometimes referred to Gr. oxAos, .(Eolio
oxAos, Cretan ttoAxos ; cf. Ger. volk ;
Eiig. folic].

rapidly.

VOlo,

fr.
icis, m.
[for vert-ex
"to turn "] ("the turninp; thing ;"
hence), a whirlpool, eddy, etc

vo-tum,

wrought [see vivo'.

vix, adv.: scarcely.
v6c-0, avi, atnni. are,
to call ; to call by name.

volnus
volgus;

^ vort-ex,
60,

ere, xi, turn.: to live [rt. viv,

cp. ;8ios, ^loiu].
a,

"to

"J.

vivo,

vivus,

avi,

vert-o,

valour, virtue.

adj.:

"to roll"].
to
atum, are, 1, v. a.
devour, swallow up, etc. [akin to Gr.
^l^p-looKu),
"to eat;"
/Sop-a, "food;"
Sans, root qri, " to devour"].
[akin to Fc\k-ii>,

v6r-0,

hnnd [see
vinculum, i, n.
vinum, i, n.: wine [Fotro?].

Of

Of the voice: to cause to roll, roll along,

Mentally : to tiira over if the
spread.
mind ; to revolve, ponder, etc.

v. a.: to

cp' vieo, vitis,

;"

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