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a) have a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the

majority of children of the same age; or


(b) have a disability
which prevents or hinders them from making use of
educational facilities of a kind generally provided for
children of the same age in schools within the area of the
local education authority
(c) are under compulsory school
age and fall within the definition at (a) or (b) above or would
so do if special educational provision was not made for
them.
(a) for children of two or over,
educational provision which is
additional to, or otherwise
different from, the educational
provision made generally for
children of their age in schools
maintained by the LEA, other
than special schools, in the area

Special Education
means specially
designed instruction
to meet the unique
needs of an
exceptional student

learning difficulty if

(b) for children


under two,
educational
provision of any
kind.

Special educational provision means:


(a) for children of two or over,
educational provision which is
additional to, or otherwise different
from, the educational

Physical
impairment include
sensory
impairments

mental impairment includes


learning difficulties and an
impairment resulting from or
consisting of a mental illness

Normal day-to-day activities The test of


whether an impairment affects normal
day-to-day activity is whether it affects one
F0
7D mobility 7D manual
of the following: F0
dexterity F0
7D physical coordination
F0
F0
7D continence 7D ability to lift, carry or
otherwise move everyday objects
F0
F0
7D speech, hearing or eyesight 7D memory or
ability to concentrate, learn or understand,
F0
or 7D perception of risk of physical danger

substantial
means more
than minor or
trivial

long term is
defined as 12
months or
more.

Nukulhedhun therikan hunna


meehun: Dhigu mudhathuge
jismaanee nuvatha nafsaanee
nuvatha hissuthakuge
noonee sikundeege unikameh
huri meehaku e unikamegge
sababun kurimathivaa
emmehaa hurasthakaahure
mujuthamauge ehen
meehunaa ehhamaeggai
beynuntherigothugai emme
furihamaah baiverive
harakaaiytherive ulhumah
dhathivaa komme meehaku

A. Cognition and Learning


Needs Specific Learning
Difficulty (SpLD)
Moderate Learning
Difficulty (MLD) Severe
Learning Difficulty (SLD)
Profound Multiple
Learning Difficulty(PMLD)

C. Communication and
Interaction Needs Speech,
Language and
Communication Needs (SLCN)
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
(ASD)

B. Behaviour, Emotional
and Social
Development Needs
Behaviour, Emotional
and Social Difficulty
(BESD

D. Sensory and/or Physical


Needs Visual Impairment
(VI) Hearing Impairment
(HI) Multi-Sensory
Impairment (MSI)
Physical Disability (PD)

Supplementary aids &


services: computer
access with
appropriate software,
preferential seating,
teaching assistant,
Braille

four broad areas of need

Special education needs have a learning difficulty


which calls for special
educational provision to be
made for them.

three key concepts

Areas of need
Inclusion
Policy,
Maldives

Special &
Inclusive
Education

Key terms

Ugenumugai thafaathu
eheetherikan beynunvaa
7D Nukulhedhun
kudhin F0
therikan hunna kudhin
F0
7D Khaasa halaiythah
dhimaavaa kudhin

Early history:
treatment varied
from kindness
and pity to
cruelty

History of
Special
Education

The 17th through 19th


Centuries: uncaring
and inhumane
treatment (confined to
prisons/ hospitals),
some interest in deaf
and blind people

Disability

A limitation
inherent in an
individual due to
impairment

A problem an
individual
encounters due to
external factors

Specially
designed
instruction

SEN code of
practice

DDA definition of disability - a


physical or mental impairment,
has a substantial and long-term
adverse effect on ability to carry
out normal day-today activities

Handicap

Related services: transportation,


speech-language and audiology
services, interpreting services,
psychological services, physical and
occupational therapy, recreation,
early identification and assessment,
counseling services, orientation and
mobility services, medical services for
diagnostic or evaluation purposes,
school health services, social work
services, parent counseling and
training

Signficant
contributions

Impairment

Itard worked with Victor (The


wild boy of Aveyron). His
progress was significant in
changing attitude

Ideas of Itard and his successors


F0
F0
FC Individualised instruction FC A
carefully sequenced series of
educational tasks (simple
complex) F0
FC Emphasis on
stimulation and awakening of
childs senses F0
FC Meticulous
arrangement of childs
environment F0
FC Immediate reward
for correct performance F0
FC Tutoring
in functional skills F0
FC Belief that
every child should be educated to
the greatest extent possible

Legislation
Negative attitudes continued in early
1900s, low intelligence and deviant
behaviour were seen as hereditary
(forced sterilization and segregation)
F0
7D 1930s: Parents began advocacy
movement F0
7D 1950s/1960s: Civil Rights
movement helped to raise interest in
equality (Head Start & other
programmes) F0
7D 1960s/1970s: legislation
and litigation helped to start formal field
of special education & got funding
F0
7D

loss or abnormality of a
psychological,
physiological or
anatomical structure or
function

Disability Law

the 20th
Century

National

Howe: Founded
Asylum for the Blind
in 1832 (now the
Perkins School for
the Blind)

Seguin: among the


first to work with
individuals wit
intellectual
disabilities in US

Periere: Taught
individuals who
could not hear
/speak to use simple
sign language (mid
1700s)

Gallaudet: Founded
the American Asylum
at Hartford for the
education of the
Deaf and Dumb in
1819 (now the
American School for
the Deaf)

Sector laws (provision in


existing laws that are
relevant to the rights of
persons with disabilities)

Constitution of the Maldives (Article


17: everyone including those with
mental or physical disability is
entitled to the rights and freedoms
included in the constitution without
discrimination of any kind)
Employment Law (Law 02/2008,
Article 4): Prohibits
discrimination in granting
employment, determination of
remuneration, provision of
training, dismissal etc based on
disability)

International

Pinel: Freed patients


from chains in two
insane asylums in
Paris (mid 1700s)

Convention on the Rights of Persons with


7D Human
Disabilities (CRPD) (ratified in 2010) F0
Rights instruments: International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural rights (ratified
in 2006) International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ratified in 1991), Convention
on Rights of the Child (ratified in 1991),
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
discrimination against Women (1993) F0
7D Biwako
Millenium Framework (non legally binding
instrument but contains moral commitments
made by 62 Governments (2002) for an
inclusive, barrier free and rights based
society) F0
7D Salamanca Statement
F0
7D

Disability law

Law on the Protection of the Rights


of children (Law 09/1991, Article 6
& 17): treatment and care for
children with mental or physical
disabilities shall be facilitated by
the Government to the extent
possible at the time & Parents shall
make efforts to provide treatment
and rehabilitation as appropriate
to the means available to them)

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