1

MATH 2001F: Vector Calculus and Complex Variables

From 2000 Examination

1.

(a)
(b)
(c)

Calculate the arc length of the plane curve given by x(t) = et cos t,
y(t) = et sin t, where the parameter t runs from t = 0 to t = 1.
Calculate the line integral of the vector field F = xy i + x2 j along the
straight line segment in the plane from (0, 0) to (1, 2).
Let F be the vector field F = yz i + xz j + xy k.
(i ) Calculate F.
(ii ) Find a potential function for F.
(iii ) Use your answer to part (ii ) to calculate the line integral of F along
a curve from the point (1, 1, 2) to (2, 3, 1).

Solution.
(a)

The arc length of the given plane curve is

Z
Z 1 r 2  2
dx
dy
ds =
+
dt
dt
dt
C
0
Z 1p
[et cos t + et ( sin t)]2 + [et sin t + et cos t]2 dt
=
0

=
(b)

2 et dt =

2(e 1) .

The straight line segment C is given by

r(t) = t i + 2t j, t : 0 1
and so the line integral of the given vector field is
Z
Z
F dr =
xy dx + x2 dy
C

=
(c)

(i )

We have

 i


F = 
 x
 yz

Z
Z

[t(2t) + (t2 )(2)] dt

0
1
0

1
3
4
4t

4t2 dt =
 = .
3 
3

y
xz

z
xy

= (x x) i + (y y) j + (z z) k = O .

2
(ii ) Let be the potential function of F. Then F = so that

= yz = = xyz + f (y, z),

x

= xz = = xyz + g(x, z),

y

= xy = = xyz + h(x, y).

z
Hence we choose to be
= xyz .
(iii ) Using the result in (ii ), we see that
Z

(2,3,1)

= 4.
F dr = [xyz]
(1,1,2)

3
2.

(a)

Let R be the region defined by the inequalities x2 + y 2 4, x 0, y 0.

(i )

Sketch the region R, and write down a description of R in terms of

polar coordinates r, .

(ii ) Evaluate the integral

ZZ

xy dx dy .
R

(iii ) Use Greens Theorem to calculate the line integral of the vector
field F = y 3 i (x3 + sin y) j clockwise around the boundary of the
region R.
(b)

Calculate the volume of the solid defined by the conditions 0 x 1,

0 y x, 0 z 1 x2 .

Solution.
(a)

(i )

The region R is as shown and R is described by:

y

x = r cos , y = r sin ,
0 r 2, 0

.
2

R
2

(ii ) Using polar coordinates, we have

ZZ

xy dx dy =
R

Z
Z
Z

/2
0
/2
0

Z
Z

(r cos )(r sin )r dr d

0
2

r 3 sin cos dr d
0

/2

4 sin cos d
0

/2

= 2.
= 2 sin2 
0

(iii ) Since C is taken to be clockwise, using Greens theorem, we have

I

F dr =
=

ZZ 
R

ZZ
Z

F1
F2

y
x

dx dy

(3y 2 + 3x2 ) dx dy
R

/2 Z 2
0

(3r 2 )r dr d = 6 .

4
(b)

The volume of the given solid is

V =

1
0
1
0

Z
Z

x
0

1x2

dz dy dx
0

x
0

(1 x2 ) dy dx

1
0

(1 x2 )x dx =

1
.
4

5
3.

Let S
pbe the surface shown below, consisting of the hemisphere S1 defined by
z = a2 x2 y 2 , z 0, and the disk S2 given by x2 + y 2 a2 , z = 0.
(a)

Find the flux of the vector field

F = (yez + x3 ) i + (x4 sin z + y 3 ) j + z 3 k

outwards through the whole surface S.
(b)
(c)

Find also the flux of F upwards through the top hemisphere S1 .

Now instead let F be defined by the formula
F = (4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) .
Calculate the flux of F upwards through the hemispherical surface S1 .

Solution.
(a)

Using the Gauss divergence theorem, we have

Flux across S =
=
=

ZZ

ZZZ
ZZZ
Z

S1

F n dS
div F dV
V

S2

(3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 ) dV
x

/2 Z

2 Z

n = k

3r 2 r 2 sin dr d d

/2 Z 2

3 5 a
=
r  sin d d
5
0
0
0
/2
6 5

= a [ cos ] 
5
0
Z

=
(b)

6 5
a .
5

The direct calculation of the flux of F upwards across the hemisphere is

impossible!
But we know from above that
Flux outwards across the hemisphere S1 and the base S2 =

6 5
a
5

and so
Flux upwards across S1 =

6 2
a Flux downwards across S2 .
5

6
Now, on the base S2 , the downwards normal is n = k and z = 0 so that
F n = z 3 = 0 and thus
ZZ
F n dS
Flux downwards across S2 =
B

=
Hence

ZZ

0 dx dy = 0 .
B

Flux upwards across S1 =

(c)

6 5
a .
5

The flux of F upwards through the hemispherical surface S1 is

ZZ


(4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) n dS
S1

where n is the unit upwards normal. Let C be the rim of S1 . Then by

Stokes theorem,
ZZ


(4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) n dS
S1

4yz 2 dx + 3x dy + xz dz
C

where C is taken in the anti-clockwise direction. Now the rim of S1 is

given by C : x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0 or in polar coordinates
x = a cos , y = a sin , z = 0, : 0 2 . Hence
ZZ


(4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) n dS
S1

3x dy =
C

= 3a

3(a cos )(a cos ) d

0

cos2 d = 3a2 .
0

ALternative way: We have

(4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) = (8yz z)j + (3 4z 2 )k .

Now choose B to be the disc x2 + y 2 a2 , z = 0 with the same rim C. Then,

on B, we need to choose the unit normal vertor to be n = k and we use Stokes
theorem twice to get
ZZ


(4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) n dS
S1

ZZ

ZZ

4yz 2 dx + 3x dy + xz dz
C

(4yz 2 i + 3x j + xz k) k dS
2

(3 4z )dS =

ZZ

3dS = 3a2 .
B

7
4.

(a)

Let f (z) = (sin x)ey + i (cos x)ey .

(i )

Show that f (z) is analytic everywhere.

(ii ) Find f 0 (z).

I
f (z) dz where C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0)
(iii ) Evaluate
C

and (1, 1) taken once anti-clockwise.

(b)

Let
f (z) =
Evaluate

z4 1
.
(z + i)2 (z 2i)

f (z) dz in each of the following cases. (In each case C is

C

taken once, anti-clockwise.)

(i )

C is the contour z = 2i + 2eit where t : 0 2;

(ii ) C is |z 1| = 5;
1
(iii ) C is |z| = .
3
Solution.
(a)

(i )

We see that u(x, y) = (sin x)ey and v(x, y) = (cos x)ey . Thus
ux = (cos x)ey ;
uy = (sin x)ey ;

vx = (sin x)ey ,
vy = (cos x)ey ,

and so the Cauchy-Riemann equations

ux = v y

and

vx = uy

are satisfied everywhere. Since u,v,ux ,uy ,vx and vy are continuous
everywhere, it follows that f is analytic everywhere.
(ii ) f 0 (z) = (cos x)ey i(sin x)ey

(iii ) Since f is analytic everywhere and C is a closed contour, it follows

from Cauchys Integral Theorem that the integral is 0.

(b)

The function f (z) has two poles, one of order 2 at i and a simple pole
at 2i. First find the residue at each pole.
z4 1
z2i (z + i)2

Res [f (z), 2i] = lim

=

(2i)4 1
(3i)2

15
5
16i4 1
=
=
9
9
3

8
and


d z4 1
Res[f (z), i] = lim
zi dz z 2i


(z 2i)(4z 3 ) (z 4 1)(1)
= lim
zi
(z 2i)2
=

(3i)(4(i)3 ) ((i)4 1)
(3i)2

(3i)(4i) 0
12
4
=
=
9
9
3

Now we consider the three integrals:

(i )

C is the circle of radius 2, centre 2i, so contains only the pole at

i, and hence
I
4
8
f (z) d z = 2i( ) = i;
3
3
C

(ii ) C is the circle of radius 5, centre 1 and contains both poles, so

I

4
5
f (z) d z = 2i( + ( )) = 6i;
3
3
C

1
(iii ) C is the circle of radius , centre the origin so contains neither pole
2
and the integral is 0.

9
5.

Note: This question is intended to be more difficult than questions 1-4. You
may wish to answer easier questions before attempting this one.
(a)

Let S be the surface defined by the conditions x + y + z = 2, x2 + y 2 1.

Calculate the flux of the vector field
F = y 2 i + z j + x2 k

through the surface S, in the direction of increasing z.

(b) Let f (z) be the function Re z/|z| for z 6= 0 and f (0) = 0. Is f continuous
at z = 0? Justify your answer.
(c) Evaluate
Z 2
sin2
d .
5 + 4 cos
0
z
n
Solution.
(a)

The flux of the vector field through S,

in the direction of increasing z, is
ZZ
F n dS

where the unit normal n is given by

1
n = (i + j + k) .
3

Thus
Flux =

ZZ

F n dS

1
(y 2 + z + x2 ) dS
3
S
ZZ
q
1
2
2
(y + 2 x y + x ) 1 + fx2 + fy2 dA
=
3
R

ZZ

2
where R : x2 + yq
1 and z = f (x, y) = 2 x y . Then fx = 1 and

fy = 1 so that 1 + fx2 + fy2 = 3. Hence the required flux is

ZZ
Flux =
F n dS
S

ZZ

2
0

(y 2 + x2 + 2 x y)dA
Z

2 Z

5
.
2

(r 2 + 2 r cos r sin )r dr d (using polar coordinates)

0
1
0

(r 3 + 2r r 2 cos r 2 sin )dr d

10
(b)

By letting z = x + iy we see that

x
.
f (z) = p
x2 + y 2

Along the line x = 0, the y-axis, we have

lim f (z) = lim

z0

y0

0
p
y2

= 0.

Along the line y = 0, the x-axis, and approaching from the positive x
direction


x
= 1.
lim f (z) = lim
z0
x0
x2

(c)

The function f (z) approaches different values as z 0 along different

paths. Therefore the limit does not exist and hence the function is not
continuous at z = 0.
Let z = ei . Then
cos =

1
1

1
1

1
dz
z + , sin =
z , d =
2
z
2i
z
iz

so that C : |z| = 1 and

Z
1
(z z1 )]2 1
[ 2i
sin2
I=
d =
dz
1
5 + 4 cos
0
C 5 + 2(z + z ) iz
Z
(z 2 1)2
1
dz.
=
4i C z 2 (2z 2 + 5z + 2)
Z

The function
f (z) =

(z 2 1)2
(z 2 1)2
=
z 2 (2z 2 + 5z + 2)
z 2 (2z + 1)(z + 2)

has pole of order 2 at z = 0 and simple poles at z = 1/2 and z = 2.

We see that only the poles z = 0 and z = 1/2 are inside C so that
1
1
I = 2i{Res[f (z), 0] + Res[f (z), ]}
.
2
4i
Now
5
d 2
(z 2 1)2
z f (z) = lim
= ,
z0 dz
z0 (2z + 1)(z + 2)
4

Res[f (z), 0] = lim

1
(z 2 1)2
1
3
Res[f (z), ] = lim (z + )f (z) = lim
=
.
2
z1/2
2
z1/2 2z 2 (z + 2)
4
Hence
I=

 5 3
+
= .
2
4 4
4