www.edusaathi.

com

GEOMETRY- Formulae & Shortcuts

1. Line

2. Angle ()

Connecting two or more points

(i)

When two lines intersect, it forms an Angle

Parallel Lines
l1 // l2

(ii) Intersecting Lines

l1 & l3, l2 & l3

l1

(iii) Perpendicular Lines

l1 & l4, l2 & l4

l2

(iv) Transversal
l4 & l5

l4

l3

(v) Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT)

AB = MN = PQ
BC NO QR

(l1 // l2 // l3)
P

l2

Acute Angle

0 < < 90

(ii)

Right Angle

= 90

(iii)

Obtuse Angle

90 < < 180

(iv)

Complementary Angles

A + B = 90

(v)

Supplementary Angles
(Linear Pair)

A + B = 180

(vi)

Reflex Angle

A + B = 360

(vii) Vertically Opposite Angles

l3

d + e = c + f = 180
a=c=e=g

info@edusaathi.com

l1

a
c

c = e, d = f (interior)
(x) Opposite Interior Angles

(l1 // l2)

(viii) Corresponding Angles

a = g, b = h (exterior)
R

(i)

(ix) Alternate Angles

N
B

Value

a = e, b = f, d = h, c = g

Type of Angle

a = c, b = d, e = g, f = h
l1

M
A

S No

l2

g
h

b=d=f=h

Page 1

www.edusaathi.com
3. Triangle ()
(i)

General Properties of Triangle

a) Sum of interior s of a = 180

A + B + C = 180
b) Exterior = Sum of Interior Opp. s
Ext. A = B + C
Ext. B = A + C
Ext. C = A + B

g) Cosine Rule
b

c) The opp. to greater side is greater and vice versa

a
= b = c
(Sine Rule)
sin A
sin B
sin C
d) Any one side of the is less than the sum and greater
than the difference of other two sides
|b c| < a < b + c
|a c| < b < a + c
|a b| < c < a + b
R
e) Perimeter = a + b + c = 2s
r
f) Area
= bh
= s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

cos A = b2 + c2 a2
2bc
cos B = a2 + c2 b2
2ac
cos C = a2 + b2 c2
2ab
h) Triangles on the same base and between the same
parallel lines are equal in area
C2
C1
C
Area ABC
= Area ABC1
h
= Area ABC2
= AB h
A
B

[s = (a+b+c)/2]
= ab sinC = bc sinA = ac sinB
=rs

(r in-radius)

= abc
4R

(R circum-radius)

info@edusaathi.com

Page 2

www.edusaathi.com
(ii) Congruency ()
s having same Shape & Size
a) SSS Rule
All sides are equal for both s

Area of Congruent
s is equal

b) SAS Rule
Two sides and the angle between them are equal
c) AAS Rule
Two angles and any side is equal

d) RHS Rule
In case of right angled , if any two sides are equal
(iii) Similarity ()
s having same Shape only & not Size
a) AA
If two angles of both the triangles are equal, third angle
automatically get equal
A = D & B = E

C = F
b) SSS
If ratios of corresponding sides are equal (sides are in
proportion)
AB = BC = CA
DE
EF
FD

ABC DEF

(order matters)

For similar triangles, if the sides are in the ratio of a:b

Corresponding heights are in the ratio of a:b

Corresponding medians are in the ratio of a:b
Circum-radii are in the ratio of a:b
In-radii are in the ratio of a:b
Perimeters are in the ratio of a:b
Areas are in the ratio a2 : b2

(iv) Basic Proportionality Theorem

AD = DB = AB
AE
EC AC
Also, AD = AE = DE
AB
AC BC
(v) Mid-Point Theorem
Given, AD = DB & AE = EC
then, DE//BC & DE = 1/2 BC
and vice-versa

info@edusaathi.com

Page 3

www.edusaathi.com
(vi) Right Angled Triangle Similarity
BDA ADC BAC
So, AD/DC = BD/AD
AD2 = BD DC

(vii) Types of Triangles

S No

Type (Basis on Sides)

Scalene Triangle

info@edusaathi.com

Properties

Perimeter

Area

In-radius/ Circum-radius

All general properties

mentioned earlier

a+b+c

1/2 b h

r/R

Page 4

www.edusaathi.com
Isosceles Triangle
AB = BC
A = C

1/2 b h
2a + b

ADB CDB

h = (a2 b2/4)
(Taking unequal
side as Base)

r/R

BD is the Median, Angle Bisector, r Bisector, Altitude

Equilateral Triangle
AB = BC = CA
A = B = C = 60
3

3/4 a2

r = 1/3 h = a/23

h = 3/2 a

R = 2/3 h = a/3

3a

ADB CDB

BD is the Median, Angle Bisector, r Bisector, Altitude

Centroid, In-Center, Orthocenter & Circum-Center are all the same
S No

Type (Basis on Angles)

Acute Angled Triangle

info@edusaathi.com

Properties

Perimeter

Area

In-radius/ Circum-radius

c2 < a2 + b2
All angles < 90

a+b+c

1/2 b h

r/R

Page 5

www.edusaathi.com
Right Angled Triangle

c2 = a2 + b2
(Pythagoras
Theorem)
a+b+c

1/2 a b

R = OA = OB = OC = AC/2

One Angle = 90
(ABC = 90)

Some Pythagoras Triplets (3,4,5);(5,12,13);(7,24,25);(8,15,17);(9, 40,41);

and their multiples
If n is one integral side, other two sides are (n2 1)/2 if n is odd
other two sides are (n2/4 1) if n is even
Obtuse Angled Triangle

info@edusaathi.com

c2 a2 + b2
One Angle 90

a+b+c

1/2 b h

r/R

Page 6

www.edusaathi.com
S No

Type (Special Triangles)

45-45-90 Triangle

Properties

Perimeter

Area

AB = BC = a
AC = 2a
7

OAB OCB
ABC

2a + 2a

1/2 a2

In-radius/ Circum-radius

r = Area/Semi-Perimeter
= a/(2 + 2)
R = OA = OB = OC = a/2

30-60-90 Triangle

3a + 3a

3/2 a2

r = Area/Semi-Perimeter
= a/(1 + 3)
R=a

30-30-120 Triangle
3/4 a2
9

info@edusaathi.com

2a + 3a

r = Area/Semi-Perimeter
h = a/2
(Taking unequal
side as Base)

Page 7

www.edusaathi.com
(viii) Important Lines in a Triangle
Median (AD)
Line joining vertex to the midpoint of opposite side
The three medians intersect in a single point, called Centroid
Angle Bisector (AE)
Line bisects an internal angle at vertex meets the opposite side
The three angle bisectors intersects at In-center
Perpendicular Bisector (ID)
Perpendicular line passing through the mid-point need not pass through the vertex
The three perpendicular bisectors intersects at Circum-center
Altitude (AH)
Line dropped from vertex and perpendicular to the opposite side
The three altitudes intersects at Orthocenter
(In case of obtuse angled triangle, it does not even lie within the triangle)
Some Important Points Centroid and In-center will always lie inside the triangle
For an acute angled triangle, the Circum-center and the Orthocenter will lie inside the triangle
For an obtuse angled triangle, the Circum-center and the Orthocenter will lie outside the triangle
For a right angled triangle, the Circum-center will lie at the midpoint of the hypotenuse and the Orthocenter will lie at the vertex at
which the angle is 90
The Orthocenter, Centroid, and Circum-center always lie on the same line known as Euler Line
(If the triangle is Isosceles or Equilateral then the In-center lies on the same line)
The Orthocenter is twice as far from the Centroid as the Circum-center is
Given Perimeter = Constant, Equilateral Triangle has the maximum area > Isosceles > Scalene

info@edusaathi.com

Page 8

www.edusaathi.com
(x) Apollonius Theorem
In ABC, AD is the median from A to BC
Then, AB2 + AC2 = 2 [AD2 + (BC/2)2]
Extension:
3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2)
= 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
AD + BE + CF
= 3/4 (AB + BC + CA)

(xi) Angle Bisector

All points on the angle bisector are equidistant from the
sides forming the angle
Since,
ADB ADC
So, DB = DC

(xiii) External Angle Bisector Theorem

The external bisectors of A and C and the internal
bisector of B all intersect at a common point E1 and
this is the centre of a circle that is tangent to the three
sides. This is called Ex-circle of ABC
Since there are three sides, this could be done in three
ways and we get three ex-centers.
BA = AB
CA AC

(xiv) Perpendicular Bisector of a Line

All points on the perpendicular bisector of a line is
equidistant from the endpoints of the line
Since,
ADB ADC
So, AB = AC

(xii) Angle Bisector Theorem

In ABC, AD is the angle bisector from A to BC
AB = BD
AC
CD

info@edusaathi.com

Page 9

www.edusaathi.com
(xv) Important Points in a Triangle
Point

Definition

Centroid (G)

The point of
concurrency of
medians

Figure

Properties
The median divides the triangle in two
equal parts of equal area (need not be
congruent)
Area ADB = Area ADC
The Centroid divides the median in the
ratio 2:1 with the larger part towards
the vertex (AG:GD = 2:1)
All six s formed are equal in area
In-radius is distance to the sides and
not ID

In-Centre (I)

The point of
concurrency of
angle bisectors

In-radius = r = IJ = IK = IL = /s
Angle-Bisector Theorem
AB/AC = BD/CD
Also, BIC = 90 + A/2

Circum-Centre (O)

info@edusaathi.com

The point of
concurrency of
bisectors of sides

Circum-radius =
R = OA = OB = OC = abc/4R
BOC = 2 A

Page 10

www.edusaathi.com

Orthocentre (H)

The point of
concurrency of
altitudes

BHC + A = 1800

4. Quadrilateral
S No

Nomenclature

Side

Angles

Diagonal

Perimeter

Area

Circumradius

In-radius

All angles
equal = 90

Diagonals equal =
2a
r
( & bisector of
each other)

4a

a2

Diagonal/2
=a/2

Side/2 =a/2

2 (l + b)

lb

Diagonal/2
= (l2+b2)/2

Shorter
Side/2

Diagonal/2
= (l2+b2)/2

Side/2 =a/2

Square
All sides
equal = a
Opposite
Sides are //

Rectangle
Opposite
sides are
equal & //
(l , b)

Parallelogram
3

Opposite
sides are
equal & //
(l , b)
ABC
ADC

info@edusaathi.com

All angles
equal = 90

Diagonals equal
= (l2 + b2)
(& bisector of
each other)
PA2 + PC2
= PB2 + PD2

Opposite
angles are
equal
Sum of
Adjacent
angles = 180

Diagonals bisect
each other but
not equal (d1, d2)
d12 + d22
= 2(l2 + b2)

2 (l + b)

lh
= d1 h
=lb
sinA

(A //ogram
inscribed in
a circle
becomes

(A //ogram
circumscribed
about a circle
becomes
rhombus)

Page 11

www.edusaathi.com
rectangle)
Rhombus
All sides are
equal = a
Opposite
sides are //

Opposite
angles are
equal
Sum of
Adjacent
angles = 180

Diagonals are r
bisect each other
but not equal (d1,
d2)

4a

ah
= 1/2
d1 d2

Diagonal/2
=a/2
(A rhombus
inscribed in
a circle
becomes
square)

Side/2 =a/2

The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid points of intersection of the angle bisectors of a parallelogram is a rectangle
S No

Nomenclature
Trapezium/Trapezoid

Side
Two sides parallel
(a,b)
Two sides non
parallel (c1,c2)

Isosceles Trapezium
c1 = c2 x1 = x2

b = a + x1 + x2
c12 = x12 + h2
c22 = x22 + h2

Angles

Sum of
Adjacent
angles = 180

Diagonal

AC
= [(x1 + a)2 + h2]
BD
= [(x2 + a)2 + h2]

Perimeter

Area

a+b
+ x1 + x2

1/2 (a + b) h

2 (a + b)

1/2 d1 d2

Kite

info@edusaathi.com

Adjacent side are

equal (a,b)

A = C
but B D

Diagonals are
unequal and to
each other and
bisects one of the
diagonals

Page 12

www.edusaathi.com
Cyclic Quadrilateral

All vertices lies on

the circle

A + B
= C + D
= 1800
Ext. C = A

ABCD +
BCAD =
ACBD

a+b
+c+d

(s-a)(s-b)
(s-c)(s-d)
s=
(a+b+c+d)/2

If a Cyclic Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram, then it becomes a Rectangle/Square and the Diagonals are same as that Diameter

info@edusaathi.com

Page 13

www.edusaathi.com
5. Regular Polygon
Name

Equilateral
Triangle

Square

Pentagon

Hexagon

Octagon

Decagon

10

20

35

120

90

72

60

45

36

60

90

108

120

135

144

180

360

540

720

1080

1440

3a

4a

5a

6a

8a

10a

3/4 a2

a2

1.72 a2

6 (3/4 a2)

2(1+2) a2

7.69 a2

a/3

a/2

[a(1+2)]/2

a/23

a/2

3/2 a

a[(2+2)]/2

Drawing

No. of Sides
[n]
No. of Diagonals
[n(n-3)/2]
Exterior Angle
[360/n]
Interior Angle
[180-Ext. ]
Sum of Int. s
[(n-2)180]
Perimeter
Area
Radius
(Circum-Circle)
Radius
(In-Circle)

In case of Regular Polygon, keeping the Perimeter Constant, more the number of Sides, greatest is the Area
e.g. Area Circle > Area Regular Octagon > Area Regular Hexagon > Area Square > Area Eq. Triangle
For a Constant Perimeter, Regular figures has the maximum area
e.g. Area of Equilateral > Area of Isosceles > Area of Scalene
Similarly, Area of Square > Area of Rectangle, Area of Rhombus > Area of Parallelogram
info@edusaathi.com

Page 14

www.edusaathi.com
6. Circle
S No

Nomenclature

Diameter

Perimeter/ Circumference

Area

Circle
2r
1

2r

2 = 360
(=22/7=3.14)

r2

Sector
Length of the arc + 2 Radius
2

(/360 ) 2r + 2r

(/3600) r2

Segment

info@edusaathi.com

(/3600) 2r + 2a

Area of Sector Area of OPQ

(where, a = r sin/2)

(/3600) r2 r2 sin/2

Page 15

www.edusaathi.com
Circular Ring

(i)

Chord

A line joining two points (AB or CD) on the circumference

Diameter is the longest Chord
Equal chords (AB = CD) of a circle subtend equal angles
(AOB = COD) at the centre and vice-versa
(Length of Chord Angle formed at Center/Circumference)
Equal chords/arcs of a circle(s) are equidistant from centre(s)
and vice-versa
(Length of Chord 1/Distance from Center)
OP is bisector of AB
ORA ORB
AOB COD
Angles in the same segment of the circle are
equal and half of the subtended at centre
AXB = AYB = AZB = 1/2 AOB
and APB = AQB = 1/2 (3600-AOB)
So, AXB + APB = A + B = 1800

info@edusaathi.com

2(R + r)

(R2 r2)

(If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at

two other points lying on the same side of the line containing
the line segment, the four points lie on a circle i.e. they are
concyclic)
Angle formed in a semicircle is 900 and vice versa
ADB = 900
AEB > 900
ACB < 900
(ii) Secant
If two chords, AB and CD intersect
inside the circle at point P, then
PA PB = PC PD
= 1/2 (arc AC + arc BD)
If two chords, AB and CD intersect outside the circle at point
P, then
PA PB = PC PD
= 1/2 (arc AC - arc BD)
PBA & PDC are Secants
Page 16

www.edusaathi.com
(Length of tangents from an external point are equal)
(iii) Tangent
A tangent PT is a line which touches the circle at only one
point

PA PB = PT2
= 1/2 (arc AT - arc BT)

PBA is a Secant
PT, PT are Tangents
PT (tangent) OT (radius)
PT = PT

info@edusaathi.com

Page 17

www.edusaathi.com
where r1 & r2 are the radius of the circles having
centers O1 & O2 respectively

(iv) Common Tangents

No. of
Common
Tangents

Diagram

Distance between
their Centers (d)

No. of Common Tangents = 4

d < r1 r2

d = r1 r2

2 Direct Common Tangents

PQ2 = RS2
= (O1O2)2 (r1 - r2)2

2 Transverse Common Tangents

PQ2 = RS2
= (O1O2)2 (r1 + r2)2
PHO1 QHO2

info@edusaathi.com

r1 r2 < d < r1 + r2

d = r1 + r2

(v) Alternate Segment Theorem

Angle between any chord passing through the tangent point
and tangent is equal to the angle subtended
by the chord to any point on the
other side of circumference
(alternate segment)

CBQ = BAC
and ABP = BCA
Page 18

www.edusaathi.com
7. Mensuration
Name

Drawing

Diagonal

Lateral/Curved
Surface Area

Total Surface Area

Volume

Perimeter of Base
Height

Lateral Surface
Area
+ 2 Area of Base

Area of Base
Height

4a2

6a2

a3

2h(l+b)

2(lb+bh+lh)

lbh

2rh

2r(r+h)

r2h

Right Prism

Cube

Face (12)
2 a

Body (4)
3 a

Face (4)
(l2+b2)
Cuboid

(b2+h2)
(l2+h2)

Cylinder

info@edusaathi.com

Body (4)
(l +b +h )
2

[(2r)2 + h2]

Page 19

www.edusaathi.com

Cylindrical
Shell

Name

Right Pyramid

[(2r)2 + h2]

Drawing

2Rh + 2rh

Lateral/Curved Surface
Area

Total Surface
Area

Volume

1/2 Perimeter of Base

Slant Height

Lateral Surface
Area + Area of
Base

1/3 Area of
Base Height

r(r+l)

1/3r2h

RL - r(L-l)
+ R2 + r2

1/3
(R H - r2h)

(R+r)L
+ R2 + r2

1/3h
(R2+Rr+ r2)

[l = (r2 + h2)]

Frustum

info@edusaathi.com

R2h - r2h

Diagonal

rl
Cone

2rh + 2Rh
+ 2(R2 r2)

H = R = L
H-h r L-l

RL - r(L-l)

l2 = (R-r)2 + h2

(R+r)l

Page 20

www.edusaathi.com
Sphere

Hemisphere

2r2

Spherical Shell

4(r2+R2)

info@edusaathi.com

4r2

4/3r3

3r2

2/3r3

4/3 (R3 - r3)

Page 21