Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
September
1.
1.1.
quantity, and the Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, and so on) refer to distribution.
MATH VOCABULARY: Cardinal numbers, Ordinal Numbers, Quantity. Distribution.
NUMBER
CARDINAL
ORDINAL
NUMBER
CARDINAL
ORDINAL
One
First (1st)
16
Sixteen
Sixteenth (16th)
Two
Second (2nd)
17
Seventeen
Seventeenth (17th)
Three
Third (3rd)
18
Eighteen
Eighteenth (18th)
Four
Fourth (4th)
19
Nineteen
Nineteenth (19th)
Five
Fifth (5th)
20
Twenty
Twentieth (20th)
Six
Sixth (6th)
21
Twenty-One
Twenty-First (21st)
Seven
Seventh (7th)
22
Twenty-Two
Twenty-Second (22nd)
Eight
Eighth (8th)
23
Twenty-Three
Twenty-Third (23rd)
Nine
Ninth (9th)
24
Twenty-Four
Twenty-Fourth (24th)
10
Ten
Tenth (10th)
25
Twenty-Five
Twenty-Fifth (25th)
11
Eleven
Eleventh (11th)
26
Twenty-Six
Twenty-Sixth (26th)
12
Twelve
Twelfth (12th)
27
Twenty-Seven
Twenty-Seventh (27th)
13
Thirteen
Thirteenth (13th)
28
Twenty-Eight
Twenty-Eighth (28th)
14
Fourteen
Fourteenth (14th)
29
Twenty-Nine
Twenty-Ninth (29th)
15
Fifteen
Fifteenth (15th)
30
Thirty
Thirtieth (30th)
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.1
Unit 01
September
25 twenty-five
57 fifty-seven
89 eighty-nine
MATH VOCABULARY: Range, Digit, Zero, Hyphen.
NUMBER
CARDINAL
ORDINAL
NUMBER
CARDINAL
ORDINAL
40
Forty
Fortieth (40th)
80
Eighty
Eightieth (80th)
50
Fifty
Fiftieth (50th)
90
Ninety
Ninetieth (90th)
60
Sixty
Sixtieth (60th)
100
A/One Hundred
Hundredth (100th)
70
Seventy
Seventieth (70th)
1,000
A/One Thousand
Thousandth (1,000th)
Numbers over 100 are generally written in figures. If you want to say them
aloud or want to write them in words rather than figures you put and in front of the
number expressed by the last two figures. For example:
203 two hundred and three (AmE: two hundred three)
622 six hundred and twenty-two (AmE: six hundred twenty-two)
MATH VOCABULARY: Figure.
NOTE: The British use and before tens and ones but the Americans usually leave the
and out.
NUMBER
CARDINAL
ORDINAL
10,000
Ten Thousand
Ten Thousandth
100,000
Hundred Thousandth
1,000,000
A/One Million
Millionth
Numbers between 1000 and 1,000,000 are usually said or written in words as:
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.2
Unit 01
September
AMERICA
UK
Billion
1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
Trillion
1 with 12 zeros
1 with 18 zeros
Quadrillion
1 with 15 zeros
1 with 24 zeros
1,412,605 one million four hundred twelve thousand six hundred and five
2,760,300 two million seven hundred sixty thousand three hundred
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.3
Unit 01
1.2.
September
YEARS
We normally say a year in two parts. In the case of years ending in 00, we say
the second part in hundred:
1058 ten fifty-eight
1706 seventeen hundred and six (or seventeen oh six)
1865 eighteen sixty-five
1900 nineteen hundred
There are two ways of saying years ending in 01 to 09 before 2000. For
example:
1901 can be said as nineteen oh one or nineteen hundred and one
The year 2000 is read two thousand, 2006 two thousand and six (AmE: two
thousand six).
Post-2010 dates are often said as normal (2010 would be twenty ten).
DATES
We can say dates either with the day before the month, or the month before
the day.
The first of January / January the first
NOTE: Be careful! The second of December 2007 is written in British English like this:
2/12/07 and in American English like this: 12/2/07
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.4
Unit 01
1.3.
September
FLIGHT NUMBERS
We pronounce a flight number in two parts or digit-by-digit. For example:
110 one ten (or one one oh)
1248 twelve forty-eight
2503 twenty-five oh three
3050 three oh five oh (or three zero five zero, thirty fifty)
TITLES
In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers.
In spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:
Charles II - Charles the Second
Edward VI - Eduard the Sixth
Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth
1.4.
NUMBER 0.
The figure 0 is normally called nought in UK and zero in USA. When numbers
are said figure by figure, 0 is often called like the letter O Examples:
My telephone number is nine six seven double two oh four six oh (967 220460)
My telephone number is nine six seven double two oh treble/triple six (967 220666)
In measurements (for instance, of temperature), 0 is called zero
Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.5
Unit 01
September
Zero scores in team-games are usually called nil in UK and zero in USA. In
tennis, table-tennis and similar games the word love is used (this is derived from the
French loeuf, meaning the egg, presumably because zero can be egg-shaped)
Examples:
Ribera del Fresno three Real Madrid nil (nothing)
Nadal is winning forty-love
DECIMALS
Decimal Fractions are said with each figure separate. We use a full stop (called
point), not a comma, before the fraction. Each place value has a value that is one
tenth the value to the immediate left of it.
3.375 three point three seven five
2.36 two point three six
0.5 nought point five (AmE: zero point five)
0.75 nought point seven five (AmE: zero point seven five)
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.6
Unit 01
September
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.7
Unit 01
2.
September
NUMERAL SYSTEMS.
Archaeologists and anthropologists study ancient civilizations. They have
helped us to understand how people long ago counted and recorded numbers. Their
findings suggest that the first attempts at counting were to use a tally. For example, in
ancient times people used items to represent numbers.
In time, humans learned to write numbers more efficiently. They did this by
developing Numeral Systems.
MATH VOCABULARY: Numeral System, Count, Tally.
2.1.
were using a detailed number system. The symbols used to represent numbers were
pictures of everyday things. These symbols are called hieroglyphics which means
sacred picture writings.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.8
Unit 01
September
The Egyptians used a tally system based on the number ten. Ten of one symbol
could be replaced by one of another symbol. We call this a base ten system.
The order in which the symbols were written down did not affect the value of
the numerals. The value of the numerals could be found by adding the value of the
symbols used. So 35 could be written as:
combined with the symbols for 10, 100, and 1000 to make 50, 500, and 5000.
Some examples of Ancient Greek numbers are:
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.9
Unit 01
September
ROMAN NUMERALS.
Like the Greeks, the Romans used a number for five. The first four numbers
could be represented by the fingers on one hand, so the V formed by the thumb and
forefinger of an open hand represented 5.
or L became 50.
. With a little imagination you should
, so D became half a
thousand or 500.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.10
Unit 01
September
Unlike the Egyptian system, numbers written in the Roman system had to be
written in order. For example:
IV stands for 1 before 5 or 4 whereas VI stands for 1 after 5 or 6.
XC stands for 10 before 100 or 90 whereas CX stands for 10 after 100 or 110.
There were rules for the order in which symbols could be used:
MATH VOCABULARY: Join, Split, Large, Lot, Less, Least, Great, Centimetre (UK), Width,
Height.
2.4.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.11
Unit 01
September
Unlike the Egyptians and Romans, the Mayans created a place value by placing
one symbol above the other.
The Hindu-Arabic system we use in this course involves base 10. The number
172 is 17 lots of 10 plus 2 lots of 1. In contrast, the Mayan system used base 20.
Consider:
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.12
Unit 01
September
2.6.
2000 years ago. It was introduced to European nations by Arab traders about 1000
years ago. The system was thus called the Hindu-Arabic system.
The marks we use to represent numbers are called numerals. They are made up
using the symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0, which are known as digits.
The digits 3 and 8 are used to form the numeral 38 for the number thirty eight
and the numeral 83 for the number eighty three.
The numbers we use for counting are called natural numbers or sometimes just
counting numbers. The possible combination of natural numbers is endless. There is
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.13
Unit 01
September
no largest natural number, so we say the set of all natural numbers is infinite. We use
the letter to refer to the set of all natural numbers.
If we include the number zero or 0, then our set now has a new name, which is
the set of whole numbers.
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 10, 11, . . . }
The Hindu-Arabic system is more useful and more efficient than the systems
used by the Egyptians, Romans, and Mayans.
It has a place value system where digits represent different numbers when
placed in different place value columns.
Each digit in a number has a place value.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.14
Unit 01
September
3.
3.1.
We can use symbols < and > to express which is the order relation between
two numbers: less than and more than.
Example: Order the following pairs of numbers: 3 and 9; 4 and 5; 9 and 8.
We can write:
3<9
3 is smaller than 9
4<5
4 is smaller than 5
9>8
9 is greater than 8
If you have any doubts then check the correspondent position in the number line:
Compare the digits in each place, starting with the greatest place.
39,630
19,578
130,434
36,415
36,415
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.15
Unit 01
3.2.
September
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.16
Unit 01
4.
September
ADDITION.
The addition is an operation that combines numbers to get a total. The symbol
is +.
Example:
3+5=8
We read 3 + 5 = 8 as: Three plus five is equal to eight or Three plus five
equals eight or Three plus five is eight. The terms in the addition are called addends
and the result is called the sum.
Example: The library lent 45 books last Monday, 50 books on Tuesday and 73
books on Wednesday. How many books have they lent?
45 + 50 + 73 = 168
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.17
Unit 01
September
ADDITION PROPERTIES.
The properties of addition are: closure, commutative, associative, and additive
identity.
Commutative property: When we add two natural numbers, the sum is the same
no matter what the order of the addends is.
+ = +
4 + 2 = 2 + 4
Associative Property: When we add three or more natural numbers, the sum is
the same no matter how we group the addends.
+ + = ( + ) + = + ( + )
(2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
Additive Identity Property: The sum of any natural number and zero is the
original number.
+ =
5 + 0 = 5
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.18
Unit 01
4.2.
September
SUBTRACTION.
Subtracting is removing or taking away some objects from a group. The symbol
is .
Example: 13 7 = 6
We read 13 7 = 6 as: Thirteen minus seven equals six or Thirteen subtract
seven equals six (sometimes you can see thirteen take away seven equals six but it
is better to use the other expressions). The terms of subtraction are called minuend
(M) and subtrahend (S), the result is called the difference (D).
=
The minuend is the first number, it is the number from which you take
something and it must be the larger number. The subtrahend is the number that is
subtracted and it must be the smaller number. The difference is the result of the
subtraction.
To check if the subtraction is correct we add up the subtrahend and the
difference. The result must be the minuend:
+ =
Example: We have saved 3,520 euros but we have spent 745 on a computer.
How much money do we have left?
3,520 745 = 2,775
SUBTRACTION PROPERTIES.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.19
Unit 01
September
3223
The Subtraction in Natural Numbers has NOT Closure Property when > .
2 3 = 1 (1 is not a Natural Number)
Additive Identity Property: To subtract zero to any natural number is the original
number.
=
5 0 = 5
MATH VOCABULARY: Subtraction, To Remove, To Take Away, Minus, To Subtract,
Minuend, Subtrahend, Difference, Result, To Be Correct, To Spend.
4.3.
MULTIPLICATION.
Multiplying is doing an addition of equal addends. . The symbol is or .
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 5 = 15
We read 3 5 = 15 as: Three times five equals fifteen or Three times five is
fifteen. The factors are the numbers that are multiplied together. The product is the
result of multiplying.
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.20
Unit 01
September
To multiply a number by a unit followed by zeroes, you add the zeroes to the
right of the number.
28 10 = 280
15 1,000 = 15,000
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION.
The properties of multiplication are: closure, commutative, associative, and
additive identity:
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.21
Unit 01
September
Commutative property: When two numbers are multiplied together, the product
is the same no matter what the order of the factors is.
=
42 = 24
Associative Property: When three or more numbers are multiplied, the product is the
same no matter how we group the factors.
= ( ) = ( )
(2 3) 4 = 2 (3 4)
Additive Identity Property: The product of any number and one is that number.
=
51 = 5
50 =0
MATH VOCABULARY: To Multiply, Times, Factor, Product, Identity.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.22
Unit 01
4.4.
September
DIVISION.
Dividing is to share a quantity into equal groups. It is the inverse of
The dividend is the number that is divided. The divisor is the number that
divides the dividend. The quotient is the number of times the divisor goes into the
dividend. The remainder is a number that is too small to be divided by the divisor.
Example: There are 72 sweets in a bag. If we want to distribute them among 12
children, how many sweets are there for each child?
72 12 = 6
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.23
Unit 01
September
237 13 = 18; = 3
Closure property: The Division in Natural Numbers has NOT Closure Property .
3 2 = 1.5 (1.5 is not a Natural Number)
Associative Property: Only when > > ( ) > and with exact
divisions.
= ( ) = ( )
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
(100 4) 2 = 100 (4 2)
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.24
Unit 01
September
Additive Identity Property: The division of any number by one is that number.
=
51 = 5
MATH VOCABULARY: To Divide, To Share, Inverse, Dividend, Divisor, Quotient,
Remainder, Algorithm.
4.5.
COMBINED OPERATIONS.
Look at these expressions: 6 + 2 4 and (6 + 2) 4; although they have the same
6 + 2 4 = 6 + 8 = 14
(6 + 2) 4 = 8 4 = 32
When expressions have more than one operation, we have to follow rules for
the order of operations. To remember these rules we will use the BODMAS or
BEDMAS rule:
B: Brackets. ( ) before [ ].
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.25
Unit 01
September
: 3 + 6 9 3 7 = 3 + 54 3 7
: 3 + 54 3 7 = 3 + 18 7
: 3 + 18 7 = 21 7
: 21 7 = 14
Example 2:
Calculate 9 5 (8 3) 2 + 6 using the correct order of operations.
: 9 5 (8 3) 2 + 6 = 9 5 5 2 + 6
: 9 5 5 2 + 6 = 9 1 2 + 6
: 9 1 2 + 6 = 9 2 + 6
: 9 2 + 6 = 7 + 6
: 7 + 6 = 13
PROPERTY.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.26
Unit 01
5.
September
Then you do a second reading more slowly, in order to understand the problem
and find out what data it provides.
Write down the data of the problem clearly. If it is a geometric problem, then
you can make a drawing. You must also check that the units are all the same. If
they are not, then you will have to change them to the appropriate ones.
Now you can do all the necessary operations to solve the problem.
Finally, answering: Reread the question of the problem and answer it with a
sentence. Don't forget to mention the correct unit and check that the answer
makes sense.
Example John has 350 euros in his bank account. He has received 37 euros as a
birthday present and then, he has bought 4 DVDs which cost 15 each. How much
money does he have now?
DATA:
Saved: 350 euros
Gift: 37 euros
Spend: 4 x 15 euros
SOLVE:
350 + 37 = 387
4 15 = 60
387 60 = 327
ANSWER:
John has now 327 euros
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.27
Unit 01
September
This traditional Japanese game just need two pairs of hands and some strategy
(and simple adding) skills! Good fun for getting kids thinking - and every game ends up
differently! You need at least 2 children, but you can play with more if your adding
skills are up to it!
The object of the game is to be the last player left with a hand in the game. A
hand is "dead" and has to be hidden behind the back when all 5 fingers (or chopsticks)
are extended. Play as follows:
Players each put one finger out and hold their hands in front of them. One
person starts by using one of his hands to touch any other person's hand. The
person he touches adds up the number of fingers involved (on this first go it
would be two - one on each of the children's hands) and holds that number of
fingers out. Play then passes to the next child (move clockwise around the group,
if there are more than two children).
When it is your turn, if you have more than 1 finger extended on each hand, you
can choose to touch your own hands together rather than touch someone else's
hand. If you do this, you add together the number of fingers on both hands, then
split that number between your two hands in a different way. So, for example, if
you had 4 fingers extended on your right hand and 2 on your left hand, you
might tap them together then split them so that you have 3 extended on each
hand. Obviously it is a good idea to do this if you have 4 fingers extended on one
hand, because with one more touch that hand could become "dead" and have to
go out of the game. You can't do this if you 4 fingers extended on each hand, or 4
on one hand and 3 on the other, as you would just be swapping your fingers
around indefinitely.
Mathematics 1 ESO
1.28