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Ramsiya Meena
Ratnamala Chatterjee
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322 (2010) 19231928
a r t i c l e in fo
abstract
Article history:
Received 31 August 2009
Received in revised form
16 December 2009
Available online 21 January 2010
Polycrystalline samples of U-type hexaferrite series: (Ba1 3xLa2x)4Co2Fe36O60 with 0.10 r xr 0.20 in
step of 0.05, are prepared by conventional solid state reaction route. Partial substitution of Ba2 + ions
with La3 + ions enhances the electron hopping and reduces the magnetic interaction in the samples over
the entire X-band frequencies; leading to wide band microwave absorption in all sample. Relative
complex permittivity (er = e0 je00 ) and permeability (mr = m0 jm00 ) of the prepared samples were
measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, Agilent PNA-L N5230A) for X-band (8.212.4 GHz)
frequency range. The maximum absorption of 99.8% was obtained for x= 0.10 sample for thickness
tm =1.8 mm and all sample showed absorption Z 96%. The reection loss (RL) calculated using the
measured parameter (er = e0 je00 and mr = m0 jm00 ) shows good agreement when compared with the
return loss measured directly using VNA for sample x= 0.20. The material can be expected to nd
relevance in suppression of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and reduction of radar
signatures.
& 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Complex permittivity
Complex permeability
Microwave absorption
U-type hexaferrite
1. Introduction
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) refers to any unwanted,
spurious, conducted, or radiated signal of electric or magnetic origin
that can cause unacceptable degradation of system performance.
With the rapid advances and broad implementation of computer
and telecommunications technology, and with the ongoing
miniaturization of electronic equipments, there is an increased
functionality of microwave absorbing materials [1] that can provide
effective shielding of EMI, especially in microwave (MW) frequency
range. Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers are rapidly increasing
in visibility because of their two-fold applications in EMI shielding
and counter measure to radar detection, i.e., stealth technology. Out
of various types of materials, the magnetic absorber is considered to
be the preeminent one. These materials show higher losses due to
the co-existence of dielectric and magnetic loss simultaneously
[14]. The magnetic materials exist in different structures, like
spinel-ferrite, hexaferrite, garnet and orthoferrites. Out of these, the
hexaferrites, which are soft magnetic materials with planar
magnetic anisotropy, are of great interest for use.
The hexaferrites are ferrites with complex crystal structure of
AOFe2O3MeO, known as magnetoplumbite structure, where
A= Ba, Sr, Ca, or La and Me= a bivalent transition metal. The
0304-8853/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.01.008
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2. Experimentation
The U-type Bahexaferrite compositions: (Ba1 3xLa2x)4Co2Fe36O60, with x varying from 0.10 to 0.20 in step of 0.05 have
been prepared by conventional solid state reaction route [813].
The raw materials used were barium carbonate (99% Aldrich USA),
ferric oxide (99.4% CDH India), cobalt oxide (98.5% CDH India) and
Lanthanum oxide (99% Aldrich USA). The powders were weighed
in stoichiometric proportions and were mixed in acetone medium
for 20 h using wet ball milling technique. This mixture was then
dried and grinded, and was followed by subsequent calcination at
1250 1C for 4 h, resulting in the formation of hexaferrite phase.
Phase formation was established by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
technique. The calcined powder was further grinded and mixed
with 3% of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). This dry mixture of calcined
powder with PVA was grinded again and sieved through a mesh to
acquire particle size r50 mm. The resulting powder was
compressed in a piston cylinder assembly under a pressure of
20 kPa and cast into rectangular pellets of size 10.26 22.86 mm2,
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1925
Table 1
Values of lattice parameters (a and c) and density for all compositions.
x
a (A)
c (A)
c/a
Density d (g/cm3)
Porosity P (%)
0.10
0.15
0.20
5.8815
5.8796
5.8756
112.9943
112.9930
112.9442
19.2118
19.2178
19.2225
4.74
4.43
4.37
5.27
5.23
5.20
10.05
15.29
15.96
Fig. 3. Complex permittivity spectra: (a) real part e0 and (b) imaginary part e00 .
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4. Microwave absorption
Measured values of e0 , e00 ,m0 and m00 are used to determine the
reection loss (RL) based on a model of single-layered plane wave
absorber, proposed by Naito and Sutake [19]. In this model, the
wave impedance (Z) at airabsorber interface is given as
r
mr
j2p p
3
Zm Z0
mr er ft
tanh
er
c
where mr = m0 jm00 and er = e0 je00 are, respectively, the relative
complex permeability and permittivity of the absorber medium.
Z0( =377 O) and f are wave impedance and frequency, respectively, in free space. c is the speed of light and t is the sample
thickness. The reection loss (RL) in decibels (dB) is then
determined as
Zm Z0
4
RL 20 log10
Zm Z0
The impedance matching condition is given by Z= Z0, where the
incident wave is perfectly absorbed. This condition is satised at a
particular matching thickness (tm) and matching frequency (fm),
where minimum reection loss occurs. When the thickness of
absorber is equal to one quarter of wavelength, as given by Eq. (5),
the wave reected at the airabsorber interface is out of phase
with the wave reected at absorbermetal interface:
tm
Fig. 4. Complex permeability spectra: (a) real part m0 and (b) imaginary part m00 .
la
4
c
p
4f0 mr er
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Table 2
Values of peak absorption (RL) and bandwidths for all compositions.
x
t (mm)
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.20
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.5
Peak value
10 dB Bandwidth (GHz)
RL (dB)
fm (GHz)
21.03
23.17
27.8
13.68
16.25
15.68
10.63
9.79
8.53
10.63
10.97
10.20
3.54
2.36
2.10
2.30
References
Fig. 5. Reection loss spectra RL for composition (a) x= 0.10, (b) x = 0.15 and
(c) x = 0.20.
5. Conclusions
This work demonstrates wide-band absorption of microwaves
over the X-band frequency range on Lanthanum substituted
Barium U-type hexaferrite. The results show that the replacement
of Barium ion with Lanthanum in U-type hexaferrite increases the
number of Fe2 + ion and enhances the electron hopping, which
in turn increases the microwave absorption over the complete
X-band frequencies. The 10 dB bandwidth of 3.54 GHz is
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