BIOLOGY PROJECT :THE CELL CYCLE

GROUP NUMBER : 670

TABLE OF CONTENT

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CONTENTS

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1.0

Introduction

Discussion
2.1 Phases and Events Of The Cell Cycle
2.2 Components and Functions Cell Cycle
2.0
Control System
2.3 General Role Of Cyclins and CyclinDependent Kinases (Cdk)
2.4 Consequence Of Abnormal Regulation in
Cell Cycle

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3.0

Conclusion

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4.0

Reference

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INTRODUCTION

Cell division is explained clearly by Rudolf Virchow, a German physician in

1855 where he made a statement that Where a cell exists, there must have been
a pre-existing cell, just as the animal arises only from an animal and the plant only

from a plant . Cell division plays very important roles in the life. It is significant in
the process of renewal and repairing cells, replacing old cells and dead cells that
have been tear from accidents.

Cell division is an important part of the cell cycle, from when the first time a
cell has been formed, and when it becoming into parent cell which then divided into
two daughter cells. One of the extremely vital function of the cell division is passing
identical genetic information to cellular offspring. This project educates people to be
grateful to Allah, the Most Powerful for creating such a small but very crucial cell
division system which allows cells to divide into organisms.

2.0

2.1

DISCUSSION

PHASES AND EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE

Interphase

Interphase divided to 3 stages, which is G, S and G.

During G, cell grows by producing protein and cytoplasmic reticulum.
In S, chromosome will duplicate to prepare for cell division. In G, cell
grows as a complete preparation for cell division.

Mitotic phase (M phase)

M phase divided to two, which are mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divided to
five stages; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
MITOSIS

During prophase, chromatin will coil and condense then the nucleoli disappear.
Chromosome duplicate into two identical sister chromatid that joined at their
centromeres. Microtubules of centrosomes extend to form mitotic spindle. The
shorter part of the extended microtubules are called aster. Centrosomes move
away and propelled partly.

During prometaphase, fragmentation of nuclear envelope occurs. Microtubules

invade the nuclear area. Some microtubules attach kinetochores of the
centromeres called kinetochore microtubules. The kinetochore microtubules
will jerk the chromosomes. The nonkinetochore microtubules interact with
those from the opposite pole.

During metaphase, centrosomes are at opposite pole. Centromere of the

chromosome lie at metaphase plate. Kinetochore of the chromatid sisters
attached to the opposite kinetochore microtubules.

During anaphase, cohesion protein are cleaved become full-fledged

chromosome. Kinetochore microtubules shorten making the daughter
chromosomes move to opposite end. Thus, the cell elongates.

During telophase, two daughter nuclei form and nuclear envelope arise. The
nucleoli reappear. The chromosome become less condensed
while the
remaining spindle microtubules depolymerized.

CYTOKINESIS
Cytokinesis occurred in different way in animal cells and plant cells.There will be
formation of cleavage furrow; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old
metaphase plate as shown in the diagram below.

In contrast, cell plate is formed in plant cell

In animal cell, a contractile ring of actin microfilaments combined with

molecules of the protein myosin. The actin microfilaments associated with the
myosin molecules causing the ring to contract that lead the ring to shringe.The
cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is divided completely, producing
two identical cells.
In plant cell, cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect inside the
cell plate as it grows. The cell plate enlarges until it surrounding membrane
fuses with the plasma membrane. Two daughter cells formed after a new cell
wall formed (completed) from the contents of the cell plate.

2.2 COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF CELL CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM

All the systems have their own component to ensure their systems
function well. Cyclin-dependant kinases (Cdks) and maturation-promoting factor
(MPF) are the components of the cell cycle control system. Cell cycle control system
is defined as cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and
coordinates key events in the cell cycle. The cycle can be regulated by a checkpoint
which is a control point that gives signal whether to stop or go-ahead. There are
three main checkpoints in the cell cycle control system, which are G checkpoint, G
checkpoint and M checkpoint. G checkpoint is also known as restriction point in
mammalian cells. A cell usually complete the interphase and mitotic phase and
divide hen it receives a go-ahead signal at G checkpoint. A cell will leave the cycle,
turning into a nondividing state known as G phase when it does not receive a goahead signal at that G checkpoint. Most cells of the human body are actually in the
G phase. Apart from that, some cells, for instance liver cells, able to be called
back from G phase to the cell cycle due to the external cues.

2.3 GENERAL ROLE OF CYCLINS AND CYCLINS-DEPENDANT KINASES (Cdk)

IN REGULATION OF CELL CYCLE

Cylins and Cylins Dependent Kinases are playing an important role in cell
cycle control system. Cdks activity depends on its cycling partner . Cyclins
attached to Cdks to activate Cdks to form MPF which stands for maturationpromoting factor or M phase promoting factorbecause it triggers the cells
passage into M phase, pass th G checkpoint . MPF Is cylin-Cdk complex.Peaks of
MPF activity which are similar to the peaks of concentration .
In late S phase , sysnthesis of cylic begins till G. It will accumulate as it is
protected from degradation. When cyclin and Cdks form MPF with enough quantity,
it will enter M phase. MPF promotes mitosis by phosphorylating proteins. MPF s
activity highest in metaphase. Cyclin degraded in anaphase and terminates M phase
.The cell enters G phase again.

MPF acts both directly as a kinase and indirectly activating other kinases .
MPF will phosphorylates various proteins by causing phosphorylation of various
proteins of the nuclear lamina help fragmentation of nuclear envelope in
promethaphase . In prophase, MPF contributes molecular events required for
chromosome condensation and spindle formation. In anaphase , MPF will initiate a
process that leads to the destruction of its own cyclin which will help switch itself
off, became Cdk that inactive until associates with new cyclin molecules in next
round of the cycle.

2.4 ONE CONSEQUENCE OF ABNORMAL REGULATION IN CELL CYCLE

Abnormal regulation in cell cycle usually cause cancer cell. Cancer cells do
not need growth factor to divide and grow because they might make a required
growth factor by themselves. Other possibilities that can cause cancer is an
abnormal cell cycle control system.
The problem begins when a cell in a tissue experiences the first changes
that turns a normal cell into a cancer cell. The proteins on abnormal cell surface
has been altered. The bodys immune system usually recognizes that abnormal cell
as an insurgent and destroy it. If the cell avoid destruction, it may expand and form
a tumor. There is two type of tumor which are benign tumor and malignant tumor.
If they have too few genetic and cellular changes to survive at another site, the
abnormal cells may remain at the original site. This kind of tumor do not cause
serious problem and can be removed by surgery. Malignant tumor refers to genetic
cellular changes cell will let them spread to new tissue and impair the functions of
one or more organs.
Malignant tumor can expand into cancer. This cancer cell may have unusual
number of chromosome and their metabolism will be altered . This cancer cell may
spread through blood vessels and lymph vessels to other parts of body from the
original site. This process is called matastasis.

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CONCLUSION

As discuss early, cell cycle has interphase and mitotic phase. Interphase
divide into three subphases, which are G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase. Mitotic
phase also divided into two which are mitosis and cytokinesis. In interphase, a cell
grows and prepares more for cell division. After a cell enters mitosis, a cell grows in
five stages which are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase. Cytokinesis is a process where a cell divided into two identical daughter
cells.
Cell cycle control system triggers and coordinates key event in cell cycle.
Cell cycle control system is control by checkpoints. There are three major
checkpoints, which are G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint and M checkpoint.
There are two main proteins regulate cell cycle control system, which are
cyclin and Cyclin-dependent kinases(Cdks).Cyclin join with Cdks producing MPF.MPF
stand for maturation-promoting factor.MPF is cyclin and Cdks complex.
An abnormal cell cycle control system leads to cancer. The problem begins
when a single cell in a tissue converted from a normal cell into a cancer cell. If our
bodys immune system fail to destroy the abnormal cell then it may form a tumor.
There is to type of tumor, which are Benign tumor and Malignant tumor. In between
this two tumor, Malignant tumor is considered dangerous because this tumor can
spread through blood vessels and lymph vessels from original site to other parts of
body. This cancer can be cured by many treatments.

And We reveal of the Quran that which is a healing and a mercy for
believes though it increase the evil-does in naught save ruin (17:82)
[Surah Al- Isra]

This verse in Holy Quran explains that all the disease has its own remedy.

And when I sicken, then He healeth me (26:80) [ Surah As-Syura ]

Apart from that, Allah also explain to us in Surah As- Syura , verse 80 that all the
disease will be healed by Allah.

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REFERENCE

Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. & Jackson, R.
B. (2011). Campbell Biology (9th ed.). San Francisco, CA : Pearson Benjamin
Cummings

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