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The queen of the modern library

movement in China:
Mary Elizabeth Wood
Jing Zheng, Chuan-You Deng and Shao-Min Cheng
Library, Chengdu University of Information Technology,
Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China

Wen-Ya Liu
Foreign Language Department, Jinjiang College, Sichuan University,
Penshan, Peoples Republic of China, and

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Received 15 October 2009
Reviewed 10 November 2009
Revised 12 December 2009
Accepted 5 January 2010

A-Tao Wang
Library, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the great contributions made by the American
library expert, Mary Elizabeth Wood, to Chinese library development.
Design/methodology/approach As a pioneer of the modern library movement Mary Elizabeth
Wood devoted herself to a Chinese library career. It was structured according to the following theme:
setting up the Boone Library and introducing the modern American public library into China;
establishing Boone Library School and initiating Chinese library science education; raising money
and appealing for Chinas library development; helping forward the foundation of the Library
Association of China; as well as promoting Chinese library intercommunion and cooperation with the
West.
Findings With the background of underdeveloped Chinese librarianship, Mary Elizabeth Wood
introduced modern American public library spirit into China, opened the gate of Chinese library
science, and promoted Chinese library science.
Research limitations/implications The paper discusses the library history of China and the
role of an American librarian in Chinese library history; thus, it should be of wide interest to
researchers involved in library history.
Originality/value Mary Elizabeth Wood devoted herself to a Chinese library career, and promoted
Chinese library science greatly, but research on her is limited. This paper considers her contribution
to Chinese library science.
Keywords Modern history, China, Information science, Libraries
Paper type General review

Introduction
Around the time of the bourgeois Reform Movement of 1898 in China, many Chinese
intellectuals were aware of the underdevelopment of Chinese librarianship. As a result,
public libraries in large numbers were established in China on the basis of the feudal
library traditions, that is, the public library movement only engendered public libraries
in name and form. During 1917-1925, Mary Elizabeth Wood and a large number of
Chinese librarians who had attended US library schools launched the new library
movement in China (Cheng, 2001a). Through this movement libraries became a part of
modern Chinese life.
In modern Chinese library history, the first leading figure is Mary Elizabeth Wood.
As the introducer of modern library science to China, Wood was praised as The queen
of the modern library movement in China by President Li Yuanhong, the second
president of Republic of China (Cheng, 2000).

Library Review
Vol. 59 No. 5, 2010
pp. 341-349
# Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0024-2535
DOI 10.1108/00242531011047037

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Wood was born on August 22, 1861, in the town of Elba near Batavia, New York.
When she was still a child, Wood lost her parents. She and her brother Robert Edward
Wood (1872-1952) had to make a living on their own. In 1889, she started working. She
had served as the first director of the Richmond Memorial Library, Batavia, New York
for ten years (Winkelman, 1982). On the other hand, her brother Robert had finished
Episcopal Church priest training and been assigned to do missionary work by The
Domestic Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the USA to Protestant
Episcopal Church in Wuchang of China. In 1899, he came to Wuhan, China and
embarked on his missionary career. In 1900, The Boxer Rebellion (an anti-foreign
movement in China in 1900, culminating in a desperate uprising against Westerners
and Western influence) broke out. Mary Wood in the USA heard of the situation in
China and grew very concerned about her brothers safety. Then she decided to go to
Wuchang to visit her brother Robert, and to persuade the latter back to the USA. This
decision proved crucial in shaping her indissoluble bond with China. On May 16, 1900,
Mary Wood came to Shanghai, China, and soon she came to Wuchang.
On her way from Shanghai to Wuchang, she found that despite being trapped in
poverty, Chinese people were industrious and wise, creating a brilliant culture
throughout a long history. Taking pity on the peoples sufferings and education facility
shortages, she came up with a strong desire to do something for them, the result
of which was her decision to stay in China to improve its education conditions. The
39-year-old librarian settled down in Wuchang (Zu, 2000).
At that time, Boone School happened to be in dire need of teachers. The school was
managed by the Protestant Episcopal Church closely related to St Michaels Parish
Church where Robert served. Encouraged by him, Mary Wood went to the Boone
School to teach English temporarily (Xu and Huo, 1999). As a result of her superb
teaching method and teaching performance, she was deeply loved and esteemed by her
students, and praised by them as our beloved teacher (Huang, 1975). And for her
excellent work, one year later, she was asked to accept the regular teaching position in
the Boone School, and to take charge of the school reading room at the same time, thus
unwrapped Mary Woods decades devotion to Chinese modern library cause (Zu, 2000),
which only ended with her death in May 1931 (Zhu, 2003).
Setting up the Boone Library and American public library influence
in China
At Woods time books, generally locked in book-collecting buildings, were still the
privilege of noble people in China. Common people did not have access to most books
(Li and Zhang, 1982). Most schools did not have libraries and Boone School was no
exception. Thanks to Woods rich librarian experience and her great passion for library
work, in 1901, one year after being in Wuchang, she enthusiastically suggested that the
Boone School set up a library (Xiao, 2007). To combat fund shortages, Wood worked
hard to collect money and book donations abroad. In 1903 alone, she put more than
3,000 collected books in the Boone Reading Room set up by her. There students could
read and borrow books at their will. This laid the foundation for the Boone Library
(Zhu, 2003). Although the scale of this reading room was not big enough, it stood out at
the time when books remained luxuries for common people. Therefore, it had a
significant influence. In the June issue of Spirit of IOLL by American Christianity
Protestant Episcopal Church in 1904, an article about the Boone School Library was
published. It reported the development of the Boone reading room since its

establishment. And the photo attached in this article showed the warm scene of many
young students in skullcaps reading books in the room.
In 1906 Boone School was on its way to be upgraded to university status. In order to
meet the university requirement, Wood decided to establish a library (Zhu, 2003). She
returned to the USA to raise books and funds again. Moved by her efforts, Dr Seth Low,
Columbia University president, became the first donator who generously gave US$1,000.
Afterwards churches and noted personages in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore donated in succession (Zu, 2000). Through friendly American peoples aid,
Wood collected US$10,000 to finance the library construction. And to improve her library
management skills, Wood entered Pratt Institute Library School in New York and attended
advanced studies on library science (Xiao, 2007). In 1908, Wood came to China again
determined to settle down in China and to devote herself to Chinese library development.
In 1908, Boone School was successfully upgraded to Boone University. In 1910,
proposed by Wood, Boone Library, the first modern school library in China, came into
being. Boone Library was known to have 30,000 collected books and a building worth
100,000 yuan (Chinese currency unit).
From the very beginning Boone Library was run strictly according to the American
public library mode. Although located within Boone University, its books were not only
for the students and stuff of Boone University, but also for the general public. It was a
public library in the real sense. Furthermore, in an attempt to better serve public readers,
Boone Library was extended. Reading rooms were likewise set up in St Michaels Parish
Church and Trinity Church. The reading room in St Michaels Parish Church served the
need of common people including soldiers and students from other schools; and the one in
Trinity Church was mostly for businessmen (Cheng, 2007). To bring Boone Library into
full function, Wood carried out a massive project. At the beginning, she strived to publicize
the library. Besides visiting high school presidents in Wuhan in the hope of getting their
support, she launched a series of academic lectures to raise peoples awareness of modern
library services broadly. She took further steps in launching spring and autumn speech
meetings. The music concerts before the speech meetings and the movies and film slides
during the meetings attracted people from three towns in Wuhan. As a result, despite the
difficulty in making the library known among the three scattered towns in Wuhan, Wood
succeeded in impressing the local people with her library (Zu, 2000).
However, these measures proved inadequate as time went by. Wood took the second
step sending books to schools or other public places. Working from that, Wood took the
lead in setting up the Traveling Library in China in 1914 (Cheng, 2001b). She selected
books and periodicals from Boone Library and packed every 50-100 in a box, which was
delivered to schools, government organizations, and factories. Thanks to this measure,
people could borrow and read books at a convenient distance (Cheng, 2007). Every other
few weeks, those schools, government organizations, and factories interchanged books
and periodicals, thus people could read different books and periodicals constantly. In this
way Boone Library put books at the convenience of the public, especially that of those
who could not personally study in Boone University. The organizations that had received
books from Wood consisted of Hanyang Steel Factory, Yuehan Railway, Yangzijiang
Engineering Company, and the like. Besides three towns in Wuhan, Wood delivered
books to Yichang, Yueyang, Jiujiang, Nanchang, Kaifeng, and even as far as Shanghai,
Beijing, and Xian. Another extraordinary move in the librarys development was its
cooperation with the speech department of one committee in Shanghai. The two parties
joined their effort in launching a series of speech activities named China needs public
libraries, covering 14 major cities of China.

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It is obvious that, although Boone Library was a library located in Boone University, it
had become a public library. Its books were not only available for students, but also for the
general public. Therefore, it was the first library in the modern public library spirit in
China. It gave birth to the open library practice in the nation, the tenet of which is still
highly valued and treasured today (Hu, 2002). However, the way Boone Library was
managed met with opposition from Boone Universitys British President James Jackson,
who preferred closed library management strictly restricting the free access of readers
from outside the university to the Boone Library. Some Chinese and foreign teachers
echoed Jackson, criticizing the library management sharply (Zu, 2000). Nevertheless,
Wood held fast to open library management, allowing people on and off campus free
access to books in the library. Jackson believed that if books were read freely, they could
not avoid loss or damage, but Wood stood against this trivial concern. She argued that
when some people failed in returning the borrowed books, they should be asked to make
up, and this would help nurture the virtue of treasuring public property in them. Boone
Library should not refuse the general public just because of few peoples bad habits. Closed
management and restricted readers contradicted Boone Librarys original intention.
Eventually Jackson and Wood diverged in their attitudes to such an extent that
Boone Librarys financial support from Boone University was first weakened and at
last completely stopped. But Wood stuck to her stand, which won her public
recognition. After Jacksons death, his wife donated all his books to St John University
in Shanghai instead of Boone University. It was obvious that their prejudice was
profound. The situation was mended only after A.A. Gilman took the university
presidents post. The above-mentioned incident left no doubt about Woods courage and
insight in originating Chinas public library system (Huang, 1980).
Throughout Woods life, she persisted in her library management tenet serving the
general public and initiating Chinas open library management (Hu, 2002) bringing an end
to the outmoded management and method of Chinese feudal book-collecting buildings.
Therefore, Boone Library had indelible significance in Chinese modern library
development. And in the memorial article of Wood by Mr Cai Yuanpei ((1868-1940)
renowned democracy revolutionist and educationist of China), he praised the former as
industrious in duty, innovating in practice and outstanding in achievement (Huang, 1980).
Establishing Boone Library School and initiating Chinas library
science education
In Boone Librarys steady development, Wood realized that the future director of Boone
Library should have a library science education background (Samuel, 1929). Foreseeing
the urgent need for trained librarians, she assisted two college graduates, Samuel T.Y.
Seng and Ching-Sheng Hu in 1914 and 1917, respectively, to go to the New York State
Library to study library science (Tsay, 1999). It was the first students who went to study
library science in the USA sent by Wood (Chu, 2001). In the July 1916, Samuel T.Y. Seng
graduated with excellent achievement in his study and returned to China.
In 1918, Wood returned to the USA for the second time. During her stay, besides
financing and collecting donated books for Chinas library development, she enrolled in
Simmons College Library School to do advanced studies in library science for one year.
In 1919, having completed her study, Wood returned to China. In the same year,
Ching-Sheng Hu went back to China too. Therefore, the teaching staff needed in
originating a library science school was prepared. With these two US-trained librarians,
Wood established the first library school in China at Boone University in 1920.

At the same time, following the examples of public libraries established in Hunan
province, Hubei province, Jilin province, Heilongjiang province, Henan province,
Shangdong province, Shanxi province, Yunnna province, Jiangsu province, and so on,
many types of libraries, such as school libraries, specialty libraries, and private libraries
were set up all over China. Developing libraries needed advanced library science theories
and methods for guidance, and traditional library methods and technologies no longer
met the need of modern libraries. There was a great demand for professional librarians
with proper educational background. Wood, Samuel T.Y. Seng, and Ching-Sheng Hu all
knew this well. They realized that publicizing alone was not enough for modern library
development, and that library science professionals were important (Samuel, 1929).
Even though students could be sent abroad for study, financing them was far from
easy. And the things learned abroad might not be fruitful for Chinas situation. In order
to extend modern libraries in China, organizations for training librarians should be set
up (Samuel, 1922). Thus, they reached consensus on setting up an education
organization specialized in library science. They brought forward suggestions on
setting up Boone Library Department to Boone University in due form. Their proposal
received the support of the current Boone University president A.A. Gilman. Boone
University allotted special funds and school houses for Boone Library Department. In
March, 1920, Boone Library Department was eventually established in Boone
University. Wood was appointed to be the director.
Boone Library Department was the first modern library science education organization
in China. From then on, Boone Library Department became a cradle for Chinas advanced
library talents. It is a milestone in Chinas library science education history. It initiated
Chinas regular library science education, thus symbolizing its commencement.
At the beginning, Boone Library Department imitated the system of New York
Public Library School, first recruiting university graduates, and afterward senior high
school graduates. Its students would receive two-year library science professional
education there. Besides acting as the director of Boone Library Department, Wood
taught students as well (Zhang and Huang, 1974). When Boone Library Department
was originated, Wood, Samuel T.Y. Seng, and Ching-Sheng Hu explicitly pointed out
that Boone Library and Boone Library Department should depend on each other.
Boone Library not only served teachers and students of Boone University, but also as a
public library served readers from the three towns in Wuhan, as well as functioning as
the student internship base for Boone Library Department.
The early running of Boone Library Department encountered a large number of
difficulties and frustrations. Above all, there was a shortage of students. Many people
did not regard book management as proper learning at all (Lai, 1993). Even Samuel T.Y.
Seng doubted there was more to library management besides conserving books and
taking charge of borrowing and lending (Cheng, 2001b). During the first five years,
only 32 students graduated from Boone Library Department, on average 6.4 students
per year (Wang, 1999). Despite the lack of students, Wood adopted various methods to
carry on with library science education, such as short-term employee trainings, lecture
classes, and culture learning courses (Han, 2007). In August, 1929, authorized by
Kuomingtang government, Boone Library Department was officially upgraded to
Wuchang Boone Library School.
Since Wood also taught, she pursued further education in the USA in 1924 and in 1926,
respectively, to guarantee her teaching quality. Although she had already been in her 60s
to train Chinese library professionals as well as possible, she strived to update her
professional knowledge as well as persisting in teaching. Even when she suffered from

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illness in her later years, she still taught students beside her bed. During a decades time
between the founding of Boone Library School and Woods death in 1931, 70 students had
graduated from Boone Library School (including Boone Library Department). Most of
them became Chinas famous library science professionals, and some of them became
famous abroad (Zu, 2000). From 1920 to 1953, Boone Library School (including Boone
Library Department) had trained more than 600 advanced library science students. Thus
before the Culture Revolution (May 16, 1966-October 6, 1976), the overwhelming majority
of Chinas librarians mostly came from Boone Library School (including Boone Library
Department). Cheng Huanwen ((1961-) the director of Sun Yat-sen University library and
the director general of Guangdong Library Association) said that Chinas library cause
would not be the way it is without the contribution made by the graduates from Boone
Library School (including Boone Library Department).
Accordingly, we consider that Wood occupies a monumental place in Chinas regular
library science education history. Without Wood, under the circumstances in China at
that time, sending students to study western library science knowledge abroad would
have been arduous, nor would it be easy to bring western library science thoughts into
China, and it would be even more difficult to train library talents on a satisfactory scale.
Raising money and appealing for Chinas library development
The chief requirement to start a library must be adequate funding, which in the early
twentieth century in China posed the biggest challenge. In 1922, on the news that the
USA would for the second time return its share of the Boxer Indemnity (paid to the
Western power for 39 years after the Boxer rebellion in 1900), realizing it would be a
good opportunity, Wood extended her effort to get funds for library development. She
actively cooperated with Chinese intellectuals to get part of the Boxer Indemnity refund
by the USA to develop Chinas intellectual causes including that of the library. In the
winter of 1923 Wood went to Beijing to confer with influential people, both Chinese and
Americans, on the possibility of using a portion of the balance of the Boxer Indemnity, if
remitted by the USA, for the purpose of introducing a modern system of public libraries
into China. She convinced 150 prominent Chinese to sign a petition supporting this idea.
This petition was sent to the President of the USA in September 1923, together with a
second petition drawn up and signed by 65 Americans in China. In November 1923,
Wood went back to the USA to promote a bill that would insure that part of the
Indemnity would be designated for Chinese public library development. She appealed in
Washington for about half a year, visiting 82 senators and 420 congressmen about the
Chinese Indemnity Bill on Capitol Hill (Wood, 1924). As a result, the bill was passed in
April 1924, by the House and the Senate, authorizing the President to remit to China the
balance (US$6,137,552.90) of the Boxer Indemnity Fund for educational and cultural
purposes. After passage of the bill the Chinese Foundation for the Promotion of
Education and Culture (China Foundation) was appointed by the Chinese Ministry of
Foreign Affairs to receive the Indemnity and to administer it (Tsay, 1999).
As the sum of the money that would be used for library development was not
prescribed in the bill, Wood persisted in her appeal in the American library circles. She
invited the American Library Association (ALA) to do research on Chinas library
actualities so that its report could be handed to the China Education and Culture
Funds, in order to urge the fund to allot money for library development in the country.
Finally, ALA dispatched the ALA president, the director of St Louis Public Library
Dr Arthur Bostwick, as the delegate to visit China from April 26 to June 16 in 1925. His
main task was to inspect Chinese libraries and make recommendations for the use of

grant funds from the Boxer Indemnity to the China Foundation. The news that Capitol
Hill had approved to return the Boxer Indemnity and Bostwick would visit China
inspired Chinas library circles. On April 26, 1925, Bostwick arrived in Shanghai.
Accompanied by Du Dingyou, Hong Youfeng, Samuel T.Y. Seng, Ching-Sheng Hu,
Yuan Tongli, and others, Bostwick investigated libraries and made speeches on
modern American libraries successively in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing,
Wuhan, Changshang, Kaifeng, Taiyuan, and Beijing. After his visit to China, Bostwick
submitted a report to ALA, in which he emphasized that part of Boxer Indemnity
refund should be used in assisting China to build up modern libraries and train library
professionals. This report was passed by ALA and sent to the American government
for reference. It was a very influential event in Chinese library history, and directly
caused the establishment of the Library Association of China (Cheng, 2007).
In June 1925, the China Foundation, which administered the Boxer Indemnity, made
a grant of US$500,000 in gold for the establishment of a national library in Beijing
(Tsay, 1999) and agreed to cover half of its running expense for ten years. The China
Foundation also agreed to make further grants for six other libraries of China and to
subsidize Boone Library Department (subsequently Boone Library School) US$5,000
for teaching expenditures and scholarships. Influenced by the USA, the UK returned
their share of the Boxer Indemnity, and a bulk of it was used for education. The Chinese
government set up a board of directors including some British people to manage the
British Boxer Indemnity refund. The fund supported Boone Library Department
(subsequently Boone Library School) as well (Wu, 2006). Thus, Chinese libraries
entered a fast developing period in a great part due to Woods painstaking efforts.
Even in her last days, Wood still actively collected donations for Chinas library
development. With the donations, she set up the Mary Elizabeth Wood Foundation in
Boston in the USA on February 26, 1930. At that time, there were three members: Wood
herself, John M. Glenn from Russel Sage Foundation, and Dr Arthur Bostwick from
St Louis Public Library. The foundation started with the donations collected by Wood
in 1930. At that time Wood collected US$18,936.22 from all over the USA. US$8,814.95
from the donations was used in purchasing books for Boone Library School, and rest of
the money was used for the foundation (Cui, 2004).
The foundation of the Library Association of China
In 1924, Beijing Library Association was established. Afterwards, nearly 20 district
library associations were established successively. It was against this background when
ALA decided to dispatch Dr Arthur Bostwick to investigate Chinese libraries status. In
order to welcome his visit to China, and to urge the USA to use the Boxer Indemnity
refund in various intellectual developments including that of libraries, Wood appealed to
establish the Library Association of China in March, 1925 together with 56 intellectual
celebrities such as Cai Yuanpei, Liang Qichao, and Huang Yanpei (Chinese Library
Association, 1933). On April 25, 1925, the day before Bostwick reached China, the Library
Association of China had been founded in Shanghai. On June 2, the day before Bostwick
left Nanjing, the Library Association of China had held its founding ceremony in Beijing.
Wood was invited to deliver a speech, and she took the post of secretary of the Library
Education Committee of the Library Association of China (Zhang and Huang, 1974).
The foundation of the Library Association of China symbolized the switch of
Chinas library development from publicizing European and American library modes
to constructing its own modern libraries.

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Promoting Chinese Librarys intercommunion and cooperation with

the west
As early as in May 1907, Wood had attended the ALA Conference. In that conference she
delivered a report titled Chinas City Library Work. This was the first time that China
introduced her library developments to international society. Through it people of the
library profession abroad began to acknowledge and support Chinas library
development. Many people from the library circles and other circles alike began to donate
books, money, school houses, and the rest. Hereafter whenever Wood returned to the USA,
she would never lose any opportunity to attend the ALA Conference (Wu, 2006). On July 1,
1924, Wood returned to the USA as a representative of the Educational Improvement
Society of China, founded in Beijing in December 1921 to present an address at the ALA
Annual Conference in Saratoga Springs (Tsay, 1999). She asked the ALA to send an
American librarian to China to inspect Chinese libraries and make recommendations for
their improvement and development. In 1926 four Chinese representatives including
Wood attended the 30th anniversary of ALA. They submitted papers, respectively, on the
issues of Chinas current library development and its relationship with Chinese culture. In
1927 Wood represented the Library Association of China and attended the 50th
anniversary of The Library Association, UK (Cheng, 2002) and the International
Federation of Library Associations and Institutions launching conference (Wang, 1999).
Woods contribution to China library development had been recognized by Chinese
people. In winter 1930, Boone Library School and the Library Association of China
decided to hold a ceremony on May 16, 1931 for the 30th anniversary of Woods stay in
China, 20th anniversary of Boone Library Foundation and 10th anniversary of Boone
Library School foundation, and also for Woods 70th birthday. Unfortunately since
October 1930, Wood had been ill. By the turning of winter and spring, her state of illness
was aggravated. Before she passed away, she still bore in her mind the vision for Chinese
library development. She told the people who visited her that she would ask them (her
students and friends) to help Boone Library, help Boone Library School, and support
Chinese library development. On May 1, 1931, Wood passed away at the age of 69. As she
remained single all her life, her funeral was held by students from Boone Library School
and people from all social circles. On June 13, her memorial meeting was held
ceremoniously in Boone Library. When she passed away, she was destitute, but for
Chinas library development, she had all together donated 100,000 yuan (Zu, 2000).
The life of Mary Elizabeth Wood was a life attached to libraries, and a life striving
for Chinas library development. It is Wood who introduced the modern American
public library spirit into China, opened the gate of Chinese library science, and
promoted Chinese library science. It is Wood who led a library spirit of devotion and
faithfulness. This spirit will be our spirit fortune for generations. It will inspire
librarians for generations to strive for library development. Wood is an enduring
monument of Chinese library history.
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Corresponding author
Jing Zheng can be contacted at: aggie@cuit.edu.cn

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The modern
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