Escolar Documentos
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Mathematics HL and
further mathematics HL
formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2014
5048
Contents
Prior learning
Core
Topic 1: Algebra
Topic 4: Vectors
Topic 6: Calculus
Options
10
10
11
11
12
13
13
Continuous distributions
13
Further mathematics
14
14
Formulae
Prior learning
Area of a parallelogram
Area of a triangle
=
A
1
(b h) , where b is the base, h is the height
2
Area of a trapezium
=
A
1
(a + b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2
Area of a circle
Circumference of a circle
Volume of a pyramid=
V
1
(area of base vertical height)
3
Volume of a cuboid
Volume of a cylinder
Volume of a sphere
V=
4 3
r , where r is the radius
3
Volume of a cone
V=
1 2
r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3
d=
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
Solutions of a quadratic
equation
( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2
The solutions of ax 2 + bx + c =
0 are x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
Core
Topic 1: Algebra
1.1
un = u1 + (n 1) d
S n=
un = u1r n 1
n
n
( 2u1 + (n 1) d )= (u1 + un )
2
2
r 1
1.2
1 r
S =
u1
, r <1
1 r
a x = e x ln a
log a a x= x= a loga x
log b a =
Combinations
n
n!
=
r r !(n r )!
Permutations
n P = n!
r (n r )!
Binomial theorem
n
n
(a + b) n = a n + a n 1b + + a n r b r + + b n
1
r
Complex numbers
De Moivres theorem
[ r (cos + isin )]
1.3
1.5
1.7
log c a
log c b
=
r n (cos n + isin n ) =
r n ein =
r n cis n
f ( x) =
ax 2 + bx + c axis of symmetry x =
2.6
Discriminant
= b 2 4ac
b
2a
Length of an arc
Area of a sector
1
A = r 2 , where is the angle measured in radians, r is the
2
radius
3.2
Identities
tan =
sin
cos
sec =
1
cos
cosec =
Pythagorean identities
1
sin
cos 2 + sin 2 =
1
1 + tan 2 =
sec 2
1 + cot 2 =
csc 2
3.3
sin ( A=
B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos ( A B ) =
cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan ( A B ) =
1 tan A tan B
tan 2 =
2 tan
1 tan 2
3.7
Cosine rule
Sine rule
a
b
c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
Area of a triangle
1
A = ab sin C
2
a 2 + b2 c2
2ab
Topic 4: Vectors
v1
v + v2 + v3 , where v = v2
v
3
4.1
Magnitude of a vector
v =
d=
2
1
( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2 + ( z1 z2 ) 2
( x2 , y2 , z2 )
Coordinates of the
midpoint of a line segment
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) ,
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2
,
,
2
2
2
( x2 , y2 , z2 )
4.2
Scalar product
vw =
v w cos , where is the angle between v and w
w1
v1
v w= v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3 w3 , where v = v2 , w = w2
w
v
3
3
4.3
v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3 w3
v w
cos =
r = a + b
x =+
x0 l , y =+
y0 m, z =+
z0 n
Cartesian equations of a
line
x x0 y y0 z z0
= =
l
m
n
w1
v2 w3 v3 w2
v1
v =
w v3 w1 v1w3 where v = v2 , w = w2
w
v w v w
v
3
1 2 2 1
3
4.5
Vector product
vw =
v w sin , where is the angle between v and w
=
A
Area of a triangle
4.6
1
v w where v and w form two sides of a triangle
2
r = a + b + c
Equation of a plane
(using the normal vector)
r n =an
Cartesian equation of a
plane
ax + by + cz =
d
Let n =
Population parameters
i =1
Mean
fx
i i
i =1
n
k
Variance 2
k
2
i
i
2
i 1 =i 1
=
f (x
)
=
n
5.2
5.3
f (x
i
fx
i i
Standard deviation
Probability of an event A
P ( A) =
Complementary events
P ( A) + P ( A) =
1
Combined events
P ( A B )= P ( A) + P ( B) P ( A B)
P ( A B )= P ( A) + P ( B)
i =1
n ( A)
n (U )
5.4
5.5
P ( A B)
P ( B)
Conditional probability
P ( A B) =
Independent events
P ( A B) =
P ( A) P ( B)
Bayes theorem
P ( B | A) =
P ( B) P ( A | B)
P ( B ) P ( A | B ) + P ( B) P ( A | B)
P ( Bi | A) =
P( Bi ) P( A | Bi )
P( B1 ) P( A | B1 ) + P( B2 ) P( A | B2 ) + P( B3 ) P( A | B3 )
Expected value of a
discrete random variable
x P ( X=
E(X =
) =
x)
X
Expected value of a
continuous random
variable X
x f ( x) dx
Variance
Var ( X ) = E ( X ) 2 = E ( X 2 ) [ E (X ) ]
Variance of a discrete
random variable X
Var ( X ) =
x) =
x) 2
( x )2 P ( X =
x2 P ( X =
Variance of a continuous
random variable X
2
2
2
Var ( X ) =
( x ) f ( x) dx =
x f ( x) dx
Binomial distribution
n
0,1, , n
X ~ B (n , p ) P ( X ==
x) p x (1 p ) n x , x =
x
Mean
E ( X ) = np
Variance
Var (=
X ) np (1 p )
Poisson distribution
m x e m
X ~ Po (m) P ( X ==
x)
, x=
0,1, 2,
x!
Mean
E(X ) = m
Variance
Var ( X ) = m
Standardized normal
variable
z=
5.6
5.7
E(X =
) =
Topic 6: Calculus
6.1
6.2
dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= f ( x)= lim
0
h
dx
h
Derivative of f ( x)
y = f ( x)
Derivative of x n
f ( x) =
x n f ( x) =
nx n 1
Derivative of sin x
f ( x) =sin x f ( x) =cos x
Derivative of cos x
cos x
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
sin x
Derivative of tan x
f ( x) =tan x f ( x) =sec 2 x
Derivative of e x
f ( x) =
e x f ( x) =
ex
Derivative of ln x
1
f ( x) =
ln x f ( x) =
x
Derivative of sec x
Derivative of csc x
csc x f ( x) =
f ( x) =
csc x cot x
Derivative of cot x
csc 2 x
f ( x) =
cot x
f ( x) =
Derivative of a x
f ( x) =
a x f ( x) =
a x (ln a )
Derivative of log a x
f ( x) = log a x f ( x) =
Derivative of arcsin x
Derivative of arccos x
1
f ( x) =
arccos x f ( x) =
1 x2
Derivative of arctan x
Chain rule
y = g (u ) , where u = f ( x)
Product rule
y =uv
Quotient rule
du
dv
v u
u
dy
y=
= dx 2 dx
v
dx
v
1
x ln a
1
1 x2
1
1 + x2
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
dy
dv
du
=u + v
dx
dx
dx
6.4
Standard integrals
x n +1
+ C , n 1
n +1
n
dx
x=
dx
x=
ln x + C
cos x + C
sin x dx =
dx
cos x=
sin x + C
d=
x ex + C
a dx
=
x
1 x
a +C
ln a
1
1
x
=
a 2 + x 2 dx a arctan a + C
6.5
6.7
x
d=
x arcsin + C ,
a
a x
1
A = y dx or A = x dy
Volume of revolution
(rotation)
V = y 2 dx or V = x 2 dy
Integration by parts
u dx d=x
dv
uv v
x <a
du
dx or u d=
v uv v du
dx
Options
(X
P=
G
=
(t ) E=
(t x )
Probability generating
function for a discrete
random variable X
x )t x
E ( X ) = G (1)
7.3
(3.3)
Sample statistics
E ( a1 X 1 a2 X 2 )= a1E ( X 1 ) a2 E ( X 2 )
X 2 ) a12 Var ( X 1 ) + a2 2 Var ( X 2 )
Var ( a1 X 1 a2 =
fx
x=
Mean x
i i
i =1
n
k
Variance sn2
k
2
i
i
2
i 1 =i 1
=
n
f (x
=
s
x)
=
n
Standard deviation sn
sn =
f (x
i
i =1
7.5
(3.5)
7.6
(3.6)
i i
x2
x )2
n
k
Unbiased estimate of
population variance sn21
fx
k
2
i
i
2=
2
i 1 =i 1
n 1
n
n
=
=
s
s
n 1
f (x
x)
=
n 1
fx
i i
n 1
n 2
x
n 1
Confidence intervals
Mean, with known
variance
x z
x t
n
sn 1
n
Test statistics
Mean, with known
variance
z=
x
/ n
10
7.7
(3.7)
t=
x
sn 1 / n
n
=0
r=
t=r
x y
i
i =1
nx y
n
n 2
2
2
2
x
nx
i
yi n y
1
i 1
i =
n2
1 r2
nx y
i =1
( y y)
n
2
2
yi n y
i =1
of x on y
=
xx
x y
i
2
2
xi nx
i =1
De Morgans laws
( A B ) =A B
( A B ) =A B
Topic 9: Calculus
Further mathematics HL topic 5
9.5
(5.5)
Eulers method
xn + h , where h is a constant
yn +=
yn + h f ( xn , yn ) ; xn +=
1
1
(step length)
y + P ( x) y =
Q ( x)
P ( x )dx
11
9.6
(5.6)
x2
f (0) +
2!
Maclaurin series
f ( x) =f (0) + x f (0) +
Taylor series
f ( x)= f (a ) + ( x a ) f (a ) +
Taylor approximations
(with error term Rn ( x) )
f ( x=
) f (a ) + ( x a ) f (a ) + ... +
Lagrange form
Rn ( x)
=
( x a ) 2
f (a ) + ...
2!
( x a)n ( n )
f (a ) + Rn ( x)
n!
f ( n +1) (c)
( x a ) n +1 , where c lies between a and x
(n + 1)!
e x =1 + x +
x2
+ ...
2!
ln (1 + x) =x
x 2 x3
+ ...
2
3
sin x =x
x3 x5
+ ...
3! 5!
cos x =
1
x2 x4
+ ...
2! 4!
arctan x =x
x3 x5
+ ...
3
5
ve+ f =
2 , where v is the number of vertices, e is the
number of edges, f is the number of faces
e 3v 6 for v 3
12
Discrete distributions
Distribution
Geometric
Notation
Probability mass
function
Mean
Variance
X ~ Geo ( p )
pq x 1
1
p
q
p2
r
p
rq
p2
Mean
Variance
for x = 1, 2,...
Negative binomial
X ~ NB(r , p )
x 1 r x r
p q
r 1
for=
x r , r + 1,...
Continuous distributions
Distribution
Normal
Notation
X ~ N ( , 2 )
Probability
density function
1 x
1
e 2
2
13
Further mathematics
Determinant of a 2 2
matrix
a b
A=
A =
ad bc
det A =
c d
Inverse of a 2 2 matrix
a b
1 d
1
A
=
A=
det A c
c d
b
, ad bc
a
Determinant of a 3 3
matrix
A= d
g
f
d
b
k
g
b
e
h
c
e
f det A= a
h
k
f
d
+c
k
g
e
h
14