Journal of Krishi Vigyan Vol 5 Issue 1

SCIENTISTS JOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN
218
Bindu B, Assistant Professor (Horticulture), KVK, Kollam ( Kerala).
219
Bindu Pondikunju, Assistant Professor (Agriculture Extension), KVK, Kollam( Kerala).
220
Brijendra Singh Rajawat, Senior Scientist & Head, KVK Junagadh (Gujarat)
221
Deokaran, SMS (Soil Science), ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna (Bihar)
222
Dharmendra Kumar, SMS ( Animal Science), KVK, Banka ( Bihar)
223
Dinesh Mahto , SMS ( Animal Science), KVK, Gandhar, Bandhuganj, Jehanabad ( Bihar)
224
Gurmeet Singh Dhillon Assistant Professor ( Agriculture Extension) KVK, Bhatinda (Punjab)
225
J B Dobaria, KVK, Waghai ,Dang,( Gujarat)
226
Kavita Dalmia, SMS KVK, Arwal, (Bihar)
227
Kumari Sharda, Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banka ( Bihar)
228
Mandhata Singh , SMS ( Agronomy) KVK,Buxar, (Bihar).
229
Maroof Ahmad, Scientist, Animal Science, KVK, Ambala (Haryana)
230
P Kumaravel, Professor, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Madras

Veterinary College, Vepery ,Chennai (Tamilnadu)
231
R P S Shaktawat, Scientist (Agronomy) , RVSKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandsaur, ( Madhya

Pradesh).
232
Rajni Dharmendra Agashe, SMS ( Extension Education) , KVK, Sarguja (Chattisgarh).
233
Rakesh Kumar, Programme Coordinator, KVK Arwal,( Bihar).
234
Savita Rajput, KVK Janjgir-Champaran, (Chattisgarh)
235
Shobha Rani, Programme Coordinator, KVK, Gandhar, Bandhuganj, Jehanabad (Bihar).
236 Subrata Mandal, SMS (Agronomy), Rathindra KVK, Institute of Agriculture, Visva Bharti
Sriniketan, Birbhum, (West Bengal).
237
Sunita Kushwah, SMS ( Horticulture), KVK, Banka (Bihar)
238
Vijay K Jain, Programme Coordinator, KVK Janjgir-Champaran ( Chattisgarh).
123
Sr. No. Title
CONTENTS
Page No.
Assessment of Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Sequences in

District Kapurthala
Gobinder Singh, Manoj Sharma, Jatinder Manan and Gurmeet Singh
2.

Constraints Faced by Livestock Owners in Adoption of Animal Husbandry Practices

in KVK Adopted and Non-Adopted Villages in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh
Deepa Singh, Niranjan Lal, N V Khode and Rekha Yadav
10
3.

Cost Effectiveness of Developed Accessories from Reusable Knitwear Waste

N Kakkar, D Kaur and V Gandotra
14
4.

Cropping Pattern in Tribal Area of Dang District

J B Dobariya, N M Thesiya, V J Zinzala and S A Aklade
19
5.

Development of Ready-to-Cook Instant Kheer Mix

Kabita C Sarma, Saurabh Sarma and Sk Md Azizur Rahman
23
6.

Effect of Concentrate Feeding in Lambs

Pankaj Lavania and Dilip Kumar
26
7.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Fertility Status, Productivity

and Profitability of Garden Pea
Mandhata Singh, Deokaran and B P Bhatt
8.

Effect of Lyophilization Technology on Dried Carnation Flower

Metta Siresha, Mahalakshmi V Reddy
34
9.

Effect of Plant Spacing on Yield and Yield Attributes of Maize Hybrids

Jatinder Manan, Gurmeet Singh, Manoj Sharma and Gobinder Singh
41
10.

Effect of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Blood Morphology of Fresh Water Fish in
46
Tarai Region of Uttarakhand
V K Misra, M Das Trakroo, C D Sharma, Shashank Singh, N D Singh and A N Tripathi
29
11.
Effect of Row Spacing and Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum L.)

Ajay Sharma, I S Naruka and R P S Shaktawat
49
12.

Effect of Spacing on Yield of Tuberose at Farmers Field in Karnataka

Nagappa Desai and B Mamatha
54
13.

Effects of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Seed Powder on Growth Performance

of Broiler Chickens
Maroof Ahmad, Amit Kumar and Pragati Singh
57
14.

Evaluation of Different Papaya Cultivars for Yield, Quality and Papaya Ring Spot
Disease under Pune Conditions
S U Chalak, A B Kamble and S G Bhalekar
60
124
15.

Evaluation of High Yielding Groundnut Varieties for North Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu
P Murugan and P R Nisha
16.

Evaluation of Sugarbeet Genotypes (Beta Vulgaris L.) for Root Yield and Quality
67
Traits under Subtropical Conditions
Gulzar S. Sanghera, Rupinder Pal Singh, Lenika Kashyap, Vikrant Tyagi and B Sharma
17.

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)

Savita Rajput, Angad singh Rajput, S K Verma and V Jain
74
18.

Indigenous Agricultural Practices followed for Paddy Cultivation in Ariyalur

District of TamilNadu
G Alagukanan, A Rajakala and Y Raja Joslin
77
19.

Opinion of Subject Matter Specialists Working in Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Bimal P Bashir and N Narmatha
83
20.

Performance of Exotic Mango Cultivars under Pune Conditions

S G Bhalekar, S U Chalak and C D Badgugar
88
21.

Reproductive Performance During Parasitic Load in Small Ruminants

Dinesh Mahto and Shobha Rani
92
22.

Role of Farm Women in Rice Cultivation and their Training Needs

Anuradha Ranjan Kumari, Kamlesh Meena and Laxmikant
96
23.

Study of Coconut Tree Climber Use Efficiency over Traditional Methods in

Chitradurga District of Karnataka
P Kerure, R F Channagouda, S B Salimath and S Onkarappa
101
24.

Study on Adoption of Production Technology of Soybean by Farmers in Mandsaur

District of Madhya Pradesh
R P S Shaktawat, S P S Somvanshi and Durga Singh
104
25.

Use of Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory in Identifying Insect Pests and Diseases
107
of Fruit and Vegetable Crops
Gagandeep Kaur*, Gurmeet Singh, Manoj Sharma, Gobinder Singh and Jatinder Manan
Short communication
A.
Socio-economic Status and Constraints Faced by Tomato Growers in Kheda District

P K Sharma, M K Choudhary, B S Shekhawat, K A Prajapati
64
114
B.

Evaluation of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Varieties For Suitability in Kollam District
of Kerala
Bindu B and Bindu Podikunju
117
C.

Oestrous Synchronization in Pleuriparous Dairy Cattle

R Thangadurai*, M A Venilla and P S Shanmugam
119
125
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00023.4
Assessment of Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping

Sequences in District Kapurthala
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala-144 620 (Punjab)
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to assess the fertility status of soil put under various cropping sequences
followed in different villages of different blocks in the district. Seven villages namely Bhagwanpur,
Bhetan, Boolpur, Kheeranwali, Khukrain, Meripur and Swal, falling under three blocks namely Dhilwan,
Kapurthala and Sultanpur were selected. The soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm depth with the help
of auger after the harvesting of the rabi crops during 2014-15, using the GPS locations. The pH values
of soils in all the villages varied from neutral to strongly alkaline (6.79 to 9.87). The pH of all the soil
samples of Bhagwanpur and Bhetan villages was neutral to slightly alkaline in nature (<8.7), however,
the highest mean pH value was from village Khukrain where 31 per cent of the soil samples were found
to be strongly alkaline (>9.3) followed by Kheeranwali village (15 %). The salinity hazard does not exist
in village Bhagwanpur, Meripur and Bhetan, however, 42 and 36 per cent samples in village Khukrain
and Boolpur showed higher salinity level, respectively. The mean value of EC in Boolpur was 0.76ds/m
with a range varying from 0.3 to 1.9ds/m. It was found that organic carbon (OC) status of majority of
samples ranged between low to medium. In light textured soils, 54 per cent of samples of Bhetan were
found to contain low OC content whereas the soils of Boolpur were found to be rich in OC ranging from
0.32 to 1.07 per cent with mean value of 0.64 per cent and only 12 per cent of samples were under low
OC category. The mean values of available phosphorus were 16.7 to 24.2 kg/ha in soil samples of all
the villages. The high status of available potassium was found in Khukrain village (92%) followed by
Bhagwanpur (72%), Kheeranwali (55%), Swal and Bhetan (45%) and Boolpur (44%). It was interested
to note that highest available phosphorus content was found in the soil under potato based cropping
sequence due to excessive phosphatic fertilizers application as compared to recommendations of research
institutes. However, contrast trends were obtained in case of available potassium status because uptake of
potassium was low in paddy-wheat cropping sequence as compared to vegetable and potato based cropping
sequence. The OC and available phosphorus exhibited a positive correlation with cropping intensity due
to application of higher inorganic fertilizers and incorporation of plant biomass as compared to paddywheat cropping sequence. On the other hand, pH, EC and available potassium showed a decreasing
trend with the increased crop intensity from paddy-wheat to paddy-potato/vegetable-summer crop.
Key Words: Cropping sequence, pH, EC, Organic carbon, Phosphorus, Potassium, Soil fertility.
INTRODUCTION
community of Punjab, in order to maintain crop

production and productivity. Fortunately, district
Kapurthala having an area of 1.67 thousand
hectares, out of which, 1.12 thousand hectares is
under cultivation. There are 5 blocks in the district
and each block has a particular cropping sequence.
The major crop rotation in Punjab is paddy-wheat

which has resulted in depletion of underground
water as well deterioration of soil health, as result
of which agriculture in Punjab is becoming less
remunerative due to increased cost of cultivation
and unsustainable day by day. In this direction,
Farmers in the area are cultivating spring
government is taking number of initiatives like maize (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus),
crop diversification to be followed by the farming summer moong (Vigna radiata), seasonal summer
Corresponding Authors Email: gobinderpau@gmail.com
Singh et al
and winter vegetables, muskmelon (Cucumis
melo), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and potato
(Solanum tuberosum) etc. The success in soil
management to maintain the soil quality depends
on an understanding of how the soil responds to
agricultural practices over time. Majority of the
farmers are following three or more crops rotation
per year and are using large quantity of fertilizers,
insecticides, pesticides in order to harvest maximum
gross returns without taking into consideration the
soil fertility status. Manan et al (2016) reported that
farmers applied more quantity of di-ammonium
phosphate fertilizer than the recommendations to the
spring maize crop, which lowered the net returns.
He further suggested that farmers were changing
recommendations based on their own assumptions
and need to be educated for precise input use.
Selection of the village was based on its soil type,

farming situation and crops grown.There are about
20 elements essential for plant growth out of which
primary and secondary elements like N, P, K, Ca,
Mg, S are involved in major metabolic functions of
plants and their deficiency in soil affects crop yields.
The soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm
depth with the help of auger after the harvesting
of the rabi crops during 2014-15, using the GPS
locations in all the 7 villages. One hundred sites
were randomly selected in each village; soil
sampling was done in a zigzag pattern within each
field and mixed thoroughly following a standard
procedure for soil sampling and sample preparation
(Andreas and Berndt, 2005). All the collected
samples were air dried in shade, crushed gently
with pestle and mortar, and then sieved through
2.0 mm sieve to obtain a uniform soil sample. The
processed samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties by using standard methods
of analysis for soil pH and electrical conductivity
(EC) were measured in soil: water extract (1:2)
according to Rhoades and Oster (1986). Soil organic
carbon (OC) was determined by dry combustion
using method described by Walkley and Black,
(1934), available phosphorus was extracted by 0.5
N sodium bicarbonate solution as described by
Olsen et al (1954) and thereafter measured using
Spectrophotometer. One molar neutral ammonium
acetate (pH=7) was used to extract the available
potassium using flame photometer (Jackson, 1973).
The data were analyzed for correlation coefficient
between cropping sequence and all physic-chemical
properties of the soil by using SPSS 16.0. A detail
of the sampling location and its cropping sequence
has been given in Table 1.
Soil test data usually are summarized for a

respective block and district and on an all India
level. Such soil fertility summaries are useful to
administrators and planner in deciding the kind
and amount of fertilizer most suitable in each area
or district and determining the policy of fertilizer,
distribution and consumption in different region.
The data also are of use to fertilizer association,
fertilizer industries and extension workers in
promoting their respective programme and to
research workers, particularly from the point of
view of changes in fertility levels, conditioned
by different fertilizer use or by different soil and
crop management practices. However, information
regarding the effect of various cropping sequences
followed by the farmers on the soil fertility status
was lacking. Therefore, the present study was
undertaken to note down the effects of various
cropping sequences followed in different villages
of different blocks in the district and its impact on
Parkers Nutrient Index
physico-chemical properties of the soil.
In order to compare the levels of soil fertility
of one area with those of another it is necessary
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out in 7 villages namely to obtain a single value for each nutrient. Here the
Bhagwanpur, Bhetan, Boolpur, Kheeranwali, nutrient index introduced by Parker et al (1951) is
Khukrain, Meripur and Swal, falling under three useful. The percentage of samples in each of the
blocks namely Dhilwan, Kapurthala and Sultanpur. three classes, low, medium and high is multiplied
2
Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Sequences

Table 1. Sampling location and cropping sequence of selected sites
Sr. No. Village
GPS location
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
Boolpur
Kheeranwali
Khukrain
Meripur
Swal
7520.318E
3121.586N
75o38.815E
31o38.815N
7514.272E
3119.232N
7517.419E
3123.443N
75o21.418E
31o25.353N
7516.746 E
3115.846 N
75o11.342 E
31o15.498 N
Crop sequence (per cent samples)

Paddy-wheat
Paddy-Potato- Paddy-VegetableSpring crop
spring crop
67
27
91
33
11
56
100
100
52
27
21
22
78
by 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The sum of the figures seventeen essential plant nutrients are obtained
thus obtained is divided by 100 to give the index or from the soil. Before a nutrient can be used by
weighted average.
plants it must be dissolved in the soil solution.
Most minerals and nutrients are more soluble or
Three Tier System:
available in acid soils than in neutral or slightly
No .of samples (low) X 1 + No of samples
alkaline soils. A pH range of approximately 6 to
(medium) X 2 +No. of samples ( high) X 3
PI =
7 promotes the most ready availability of plant
Total number of samples
nutrients.
The supply of plant nutrients and thus the
fertility of the soil are affected by pH. The solubility
Nutrient Index Range
Remarks (OC, P, K)
of most nutrients varies in response to pH. The
I
Below 1.67 Low
pH values of soils in all the villages varied from
II
1.67-2.33
Medium
neutral to strongly alkaline (6.79 to 9.87). The data
III
Above 2.33 High
(Table 3) indicated that pH of all the soil samples
of Bhagwanpur and Bhetan villages was neutral
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
to slightly alkaline in nature (<8.7), however, the
highest mean pH value was from village Khukrain
Soil pH
Soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of where 31 per cent of the soil samples were found to
the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is measured in be strongly alkaline (>9.3) followed by Kheeranwali
pH units. Soil pH provides various clues about soil village (15 % samples in pH 8.7-9.3).
properties and is easily determined. The availability
These high values are possibly due to presence of
of plant nutrients is considerably affected by soil soluble and exchangeable sodium along with HCO 3
pH. The effect of soil pH is great on the solubility ions, which precipitates calcium and magnesium
of minerals or nutrients. Fourteen of the carbonates during evaporation. Alkalinity problem
Table 2. Nutrient index with range and remarks
Singh et al
Table 3. pH value of soil samples of different villages.
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Village
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
Boolpur
Kheeranwali
Khukrain
Meripur
Swal
pH<8.7
100
100
88
85
42
96
91
Per cent samples

pH 8.7-9.3
0
0
12
15
27
4
9
in soils is due to the indigenous calcareous parent

material with typical low organic matter content
(Brady and Weil, 2005). High pH values are thus
indicative of development of salinity in the area.
The major crop rotation followed by farmers of
these villages was ricewheat crop rotation so the
farmers of these villages were educated for regular
soil testing. After soil testing there was sufficient
time between harvesting of wheat and transplanting
of rice so green manuring followed by gypsum
application on the basis of soil test report was
recommended in these villages to enhance the
crop productivity. Retention of crop residues on
soil surface along with fertilization with organic
manure and involvement of legumes in crop rotation
coupled with minimum/no-tillage practices play an
important role to sustain soil fertility, improving
fertilizer/water use efficiency, physical conditions
of soils and enhance crop productivity (Sainju et al,
2008).
pH>9.3
0
0
0
0
31
0
0
Mean SD
Range
8.130.24
7.480.31
8.210.48
8.430.24
8.840.56
8.400.19
8.150.45
7.47-8.42
6.79-7.94
7.08-9.87
7.84-8.94
7.46-9.67
8.09-8.71
7.16-9.04
a combination of the three effects (Rahman et al,

2010). Data (Table 4) indicate that the salinity
hazard does not exist in village Bhagwanpur,
Meripur and Bhetan, however, 42 and 36 per cent
samples in village Khukrain and Boolpur showed
higher salinity level, respectively. The mean value
of EC in Boolpur was 0.76ds/m with a range varying
from 0.3 to 1.9ds/m.
The variations in the EC could be due to the

inherent drainage system of the soils of these
villages, the soils of village Bhetan are dominated
by sand, therefore, salts leach down easily resulting
in low EC, whereas, villages Bhagwanpur, Meripur
are surrounded by a drain called Kali Bhain, so,
resulting in improved drainage of these villages.
However, the soils of villages Khukrain and Boolpur
are heavy textured and lying in low depression area,
resulting high EC values. As salts move with water,
low areas, depressions or other wet areas where
water accumulates tend to be higher in EC than
surrounding higher-lying, better drained areas. To
Electrical Conductivity
The electrical conductivity (EC) is the measure overcome this hazard the farmers were advised to
of the soluble salts present in the soil and is affected grow salt tolerant crops and use of organic manures
by cropping sequence, irrigation, land use and in order to get higher crop yield under such situation.
application of fertilizers, manure, and compost. Organic Carbon
High value of electrical conductivity represents
Organic matter has a vital role in agricultural
higher degree of salinity. Excessive amount of soil. It supplies plant nutrient, improve the soil
dissolved salts in soil solutions causes hindrance in structure, improve water infiltration and retention,
normal nutrient uptake process either by imbalance feeds soil micro flora and fauna, and the retention
of ions uptake, antagonistic effect between nutrients and cycling of applied fertilizer (Johnston, 2007).
or excessive osmotic potentials of soil solution or Nitrogen requirements are usually recommended
4

Table 4. Electrical Conductivity values of soil of different villages.
Sr.No.
Village
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
Boolpur
Kheeranwali
Khukrain
Meripur
Swal
Per cent samples

EC<0.8ds/m
EC>0.8ds/m
100
0
100
0
64
36
93
7
58
42
100
0
86
14
Mean SD
Range
0.210.07
0.170.17
0.760.36
0.450.16
0.720.43
0.300.08
0.360.37
0.1-0.4
0.1-0.7
0.3-1.9
0.2-0.8
0.1-1.8
0.2-0.5
0.1-1.6
by the Soil Testing Laboratories, based on the was probably due to burning of paddy and wheat
estimation of nitrogen released by the soil organic straw residues in paddy-wheat cropping sequence.
matter contents (Cooke, 1982).
Therefore, the farmers who have low OC content in
The data (Table 5) revealed that OC status of soils were encouraged to use organic manures such
majority of samples ranged between low to medium. as green manure and farmyard manure etc. so that
Due to light textured soils, 54 per cent of samples the optimum crop productivity can be maintained
of Bhetan were found to contain low OC content. for a longer period.
The soils of Boolpur were found to be rich in OC
ranging from 0.32 to 1.07 per cent with mean value
of 0.64 per cent and only 12 per cent of samples were
under low OC category. The high OC level found in
both the vegetable growing villages (Boolpur and
Swal) can be attributed to in situ incorporation of
biomass of all the crops in the soil. Crop residue
incorporation increased OC content of the soil more
significantly than straw burning or removal. Soil
OC showed an increasing trend with time in all the
residue incorporation (Yadvinder et al, 2004). The
low OC in villages other than Boolpur and Swal
Available Phosphorus
Phosphorus has been called the Master key
to agriculture because low crop production is
attributed mainly due to lack of phosphorus than
the deficiency of other elements except nitrogen.
Phosphorus is essential for growth, cell division,
root growth, fruit development and early ripening
of the crop. It is also required for energy storage
and transfer being a constituent of several organic
compounds including oils and amino acids.
Phosphate ion enters the soil solution either as a
result of mineralization of organophosphates or the
Table 5. Organic Carbon content of soil of different villages.

Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Village
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
Boolpur
Kheeranwali
Khukrain
Meripur
Swal
Per cent samples

Low (<0.4%) Medium (0.40.75%)
39
61
54
46
12
54
48
50
44
52
53
42
32
41
High
(>0.75%)
0
0
34
2
4
5
27
Mean SD
Range
0.420.07
0.40.16
0.640.19
0.380.09
0.450.14
0.410.06
0.560.25
0.21-0.56
0.08-0.68
0.32-1.07
0.21-0.72
0.24-0.78
0.35-0.54
0.15-1.01
5
Singh et al
Table 6. Available Phosphorus status of soil of different villages.
Sr. No. Village
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
Boolpur
Kheeranwali
Khukrain
Meripur
Swal
Per cent samples

Low
Medium
High
(<12.5 kg/ha) (12.5-22.5 kg/ha)
(22.5-50 kg/ha)
20
50
30
9
47
44
2
42
56
12
84
4
23
52
25
15
80
5
5
55
40
Mean SD
Range
19.77.2
23.25.2
24.25.5
16.73.5
17.75.7
19.22.0
21.25.2
10.2-35.5
14.2-34.2
13.5-37.2
8.5-22.2
7.0-28.0
15.2-22.2
8.7-33.5
application of fertilizers. The plants take available

P mostly in the form of H2PO4 - from soil solution.
Chemisorptions of P occur due to interaction of
phosphate ions with the atoms like aluminium (Al),
iron (Fe) or calcium (Ca) depending upon soil pH.
fertilizers as compared to the recommendations

made by the research institutes. Hence, farmers of
these villages were advised to apply fertilizer only
on the basis of soil test report. Similarly, based on
soil fertility status, farmers can decide about the
The data (Table 6) revealed that mean values cropping sequence as well as its economic output
of available phosphorus were 17.7 to 24.2 kg/ha well in advance.
in soil samples of all the villages. Similar results Available Potassium
were reported by Pathak (2010) who concluded that
Potassium exists in K+ form and its function
available phosphorus range from medium to high appears to be catalytic in nature. The potassium
category in India. In the village Khukrain where is important for plant because it participates in
23 per cent samples were under low available the activation of large number of enzymes which
phosphorus category might be due to high pH values, are involved in physiological process of plants.
whereas, soils of Boolpur, Bhetan and Swal were It controls the water economy and provides the
rich in available phosphorus content probably due resistance against a number of pests, diseases and
to potato and vegetable cropping sequence followed environmental stresses. The high status of available
in which farmers apply excessive phosphatic potassium was found in Khukrain village (92%)
Table 7. Available Potassium status of soil of different villages.

Sr. No.
Village
Per cent samples
Mean SD
Range
Low
(<137.5 kg/ha)
28
High
(<137.5 kg/ha)
72
154.539.7
72.5-262.5
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
55
45
155.0125.7
39.7-883.2
Boolpur
56
44
156.7103.2
34.0-504.0
Kheeranwali
45
55
149.274.0
28.2-475.7
Khukrain
92
98.7143.0
107.5-696.5
Meripur
58
42
140.549.0
56.7-335.0
Swal
55
45
195.0126.7
90.5-583.2

Table 8. Nutrient Index Value of soils of selected sites.
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Village
Bhagwanpur
Bhetan
Boolpur
Kheeranwali
Khukrain
Meripur
Swal
Organic Carbon
1.61
1.46
2.22
1.55
1.61
1.53
1.95
followed by Bhagwanpur (72%), Kheeranwali

(55%), Swal and Bhetan (45%) and Boolpur (44%)
as given in Table 7. Bhatt and Sharma (2011)
reported that about 65 per cent samples of district
Kapurthala were found to be low in potassium
status (Available K<137.5 kg/ha).
Phosphorus
2.10
2.35
2.53
1.91
2.02
1.90
2.35
Potassium
2.44
1.91
1.88
2.10
2.83
1.85
1.45
vegetable crops.
Nutrient index value (NIV) is the measure of
nutrient supplying capacity of soil to plants. The
data (Table 8) implies that the nutrient index of
OC was low in all the locations except Swal (1.95)
and Boolpur (2.22), where the nutrient index falls
under medium category. In case of phosphorus the
highest nutrient index was recorded in Boolpur
followed by Swal villages, whereas at all other
locations it was medium. The villages Khukrain and
Bhagwanpur possess high nutrient index in terms of
potassium, whereas, Bhetan, Boolpur and Meripur
villages have medium values for potassium nutrient
index followed by Swal (1.45) with low NIV. The
observed difference in the NIV in different village
was probably due to difference in the cropping
sequence being followed by the farmers.
However, it is presumed that soils of Punjab are

rich in potassium level and there is no need to apply
potassium fertilizers. Contrary to this assumption,
the soil testing report of 7 selected villages revealed
that lowest value for available potassium was 28.2
kg/ha in village Kheeranwali. The reason for
this could be lack of farmer awareness about the
importance of K indicates need for more education.
For example, farmers may not realize the effect of
applied K on the size, shape, colour, and quality of
produce at maturity, so its need may be overlooked.
In contrast, the benefits from N and P are more
readily apparent from initial stages of crop growth.
Another reason for inadequate use of K fertilizers
may be the lack of crop response to applied K, even
on low K testing soils. This clearly showed the
importance of soil testing while applying fertilizers
in growing various cereal, oilseed, pulses and
Effect of cropping sequence on soil fertility

The farmer using vegetables based cropping
sequence apply higher doses of fertilizers and generally do in situ incorporation of plant biomass,
which resulted in increasing the OC content in these
soils and found that only 29 per cent soil samples
were low in OC content (Table 9). Contrary to this,
Table 9. Effect of different cropping sequence on fertility status.

Cropping sequence
Organic carbon
Av. Phosphorus
Av. Potassium
Low
Medium
High
Low
Medium
High
Low
High
Paddy-Wheat
59
39
17
64
19
29
71
Paddy-potato- Spring crop
51
49
16
54
30
49
51
Paddy-Vegetable- Spring crop
29
53
18
59
35
68
32
Singh et al
Table 10. Nutrient index values of the cropping sequences.
Sr.No.
1
2
3
Cropping sequence
Rice- Wheat
Potato based
Vegetable based
Organic Carbon
1.44
1.49
1.88
under potato based cropping sequence, uptake of

nitrogen was much higher so, the OC was low in 51
per cent of the samples analyzed. Further, the soils
where paddy-wheat cropping sequence was followed, the majority of soil samples were found low
in OC mainly due to burning of paddy and wheat
stubbles and lower fertilizer application.
Highest available phosphorus content was found
in the soil with potato based cropping sequence due
to application of excessive phosphatic fertilizers
as compared to recommendations of research
institutes. However, contrast trends were obtained
in case of available potassium status because uptake
of potassium was low in paddy-wheat cropping
sequence as compared to vegetable and potato
based cropping sequence.
Phosphorus
2.02
2.62
2.29
Potassium
2.42
2.02
1.65
based and for potassium it was rice-wheat cropping

sequence.
Correlation of cropping sequence with physicochemical properties of soil
The cropping sequence followed in district
Kapurthala exhibited a significant correlation with
the physico-chemical properties of the soil (Table
11). The OC and available phosphorus exhibited
a positive correlation with cropping intensity due
to application of higher inorganic fertilizers and
incorporation of plant biomass as compared to
paddy-wheat cropping sequence. On the other
hand, pH, EC and available potassium showed a
decreasing trend with the increased crop intensity
from paddy-wheat to paddy-potato/vegetablesummer crop.
It was evident from the data (Table 10) that

There existed a significant correlation of
highest NIV for OC was under vegetable based
cropping sequence, for phosphorus it was potato available phosphorus and potassium with pH and
Table 11. Correlation of cropping intensity with physico-chemical properties of soil.
Particulars
Parameters
Cropping
sequence
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
pH
EC
Organic
Carbon
Available
Phosphorus
Cropping
intensity
1
pH
EC
-.332**
.000
1
-.198**
.002
.481**
.000
1
Available
Potassium
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
8
Organic
Carbon
.188**
.003
-.020
.758
.060
.349
1
Available
Phosphorus
.315**
.000
-.186**
.003
-.123
.053
-.023
.720
1
Available
Potassium
-.235**
.000
.280**
.000
.509**
.000
.184**
.004
-.152*
.017
1

EC. Although, the negative correlation was ob- Bhatt Rajan and Sharma Manoj (2011). Potassium Scenario
-A case study in the Kapurthala district of Punjab, India.
served with available phosphorus be due to fixation
Journal of Research PAU 48(1 &2):24-27.
of phosphorus under high pH conditions. Similar
results were reported by Chawla (1969) that pH and Brady N C and Weil R R (2005). The Nature and properties of
soil (Thirteenth Edition) Macmillan Publishing Co. New
available phosphorus (r=0.362) have negative sigYork.
nificant correlation. The organic carbon was found
Chawla V K(1969). Available nitrogen and phosphorus
to be non-significantly correlated with pH and EC.
status of saline-sodic soils of Punjab (India). Agronomy
journal61(3):361-362.
CONCLUSION
The physico-chemical properties of soil were

analyzed for 7 villages in district Kapurthala.
The parameters such as pH, EC, OC, available
phosphorus and available potassium were
undertaken for study. Data pertaining to pH
revealed villages with pH>9.3 generally follow
Paddy-wheat than commercial value crops such as
potato and vegetables. Villages with high soil OC
generally follow vegetable based cropping system
which enriches soil with in situ decomposition and
high fertilizer use. In case of available phosphorus,
Boolpur, Bhetan and Swal showed higher level of
values mainly results shift in cropping sequence to
intensified cropping including potato and vegetable
based cropping sequence. High level of available
potassium resulted farmers stick to paddy-wheat
rotation cropping sequence. So, both the physical
and chemical properties of soil affect the cropping
sequence of the area and likewise chemical
properties of soil changes with shift in cropping
sequence. Selected parameters pertaining to soil
testing gave only the level of certain nutrients
present in the soil. Hence, in order to advise precise
recommendation on soil management for sustaining
various cropping sequence in the study area, plant
tissue analysis and field experiment on crop nutrient
requirement needs to be undertaken.
REFERENCES
Andreas P, Berndt-Micheal W (2005). Soil sampling and

storage. In: Margesin R, Schinner F, editors. Manual
for soil analysis monitoring and assessing soil
bioremediation. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg:
313.
Cooke G W (1982). An introduction to soil analysis. World

Crops 1: 8-9.
Jackson M L (1973). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall
Inc, Englewood Cliffs, pp 528.
Johnston A E (2007). Soil organic matter, effects on soil and
crop. Soil use and management 2(3): 97-105.
Manan Jatinder, Sharma Manoj, Singh Gurmeet and Singh
Gobinder (2016). Effect of application of various inputs
by the farmers and the yield of spring maize hybrids. J
Krishi Vigyan 4 (2): 22-27.
Olsen S R, Cole C V, Watanabe F S and Dean L A (1954).
Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction
with sodium carbonate. USDA Circ 939:119.
Parker F W, Nelson W L, Winters E and Miles J E (1951).
The broad interpretation and application of soil test
summaries. Agron J 43(3): 103112.
Pathak H (2010). Trends of fertility status of Indian soil.
Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences 2(1): 10-12.
Rehman O, Ahmad B and Afzal S (2010). Soil fertility and
salinity status of Attock district. J Agric Res 48(4):505516.
Rhoades D andOster J D (1986). Methods of Soil Analysis,
Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods-Agronomy
Monograph no. 9 (2nd Edition).
Sainju U M, Senwo Z N, Nyakatawa E Z, Tazisong I A, Reddy
K C (2008). Tillage, cropping systems and nitrogen
fertilizer source effects on soil carbon sequestration and
fractions. J Environ Qual 37: 880888.
Walkley A and Black CA (1934). An examination of digestion
method for determining soil organic matter and the
proposed modification of the chromic acid titration
method. Soil Sci 37:2938.
Yadvinder-Singh, Bijay-Singh, Ladha J K, Khind C S,
Khera T S and Bueno C S (2004). .Effects of residue
decomposition on productivity and soil fertility in rice
wheat rotation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68:854864.
Received on 31/05/2016 Accepted on 02/09/2016
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 10-13
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00024.6
Constraints Faced by Livestock Owners in Adoption of Animal

Husbandry Practices in KVK Adopted and Non-Adopted Villages
in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh
Deepa Singh1, Niranjan Lal2, N V Khode3 and Rekha Yadav1
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122(Uttar Pradesh)
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to investigate the constraints faced by livestock owners in adoption of
scientific animal husbandry practices in two KVK adopted and two non-adopted villages in Rewa district
of Madhya Pradesh. Thirty respondents were selected randomly from each village. Thus, a total of 120
respondents who possessed at least 2 or more dairy animals were personally interviewed and data collected by
using interview schedule. In KVK adopted villages poor results of artificial insemination, distant location of
veterinary hospital from farmers house and poor availability of concentrate and mineral mixture were major
constraints, whereas, in non-adopted villages, major constraints were demand for additional money along with
prescribed artificial insemination fee, distant location of veterinary hospital and lack of green fodder availability.
Key words: Adoption., Animal husbandry practices, Constraint ,Green fodder, Livestock owner.
INTRODUCTION
With increasing demand for animal products

and byproducts, the production and productivity
of livestock sector needs to be enhanced, where
livestock is mostly with resource poor farmers. To
fulfill this demand, an idea of increase in the number
of animal may not be feasible because of limited
availability of natural resources like land, water,
feed etc. This calls for efficient and judicious use
of available resources in the country, so there
is a need to increase the productivity of livestock
rather than increase in population. It is possible only
with the adoption of improved livestock rearing
practices and strategies. Transfer of technology in
improved animal husbandry practices needs boost
at the present context. Transfer of knowledge,
technologies and extension services to grass root
level is of paramount importance for the growth of
livestock sector and KVKs are serving these purpose
and playing a major role in transfer of technologies.
Sharma et al (2013) reported that the problems

faced by three different categories of dairy farmers
were different. The landless labourers who were
keeping animals reported that the disposal of the
fresh cow dung was the major problem as they
were not possessing land, whereas, this was not a
problem for those who were running business on
semi commercial or commercial basis. The major
technical problems in cross bred cows reported
were of mastitis followed by anoestrous and repeat
breeding. Since, these farmers were having large
number of cows and thus due to deficiency in
proper management and feeding of cross bred cows
problems persisted under both the conditions. It was
also reported that the farmers who were keeping
small number of animals (domestic dairy) were
not facing such problems because they were taking
care of each animals individually to the maximum
possible extent but availability of green fodder and
concentrate was on the top list probably due to poor
Corresponding Authors Email: deepasingh3216@gmail.com

1. PhD scholar, IVRI, Bareilly-243122 (U.P.)
2. Senior Scientist, ICAR Research Complex-759004 (Manipur)
3. Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir (Maharashtra)
10
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 10-13
Singh et al
financial conditions.
3rd) and so on. Similar observations were reported

Therefore, it is of utmost importance to know by Murai and Singh (2011) and Meena et al (2012).
the constraints which hinder adoption of scientific Deworming and vaccination
practices in order to strengthen and follow-up
It was found that in KVK adopted villages,
extension activities of the KVKs and others farmer distant location of veterinary hospital from farmers
service delivery sectors. The present study was house was the most serious constraint perceived by
undertaken to note down various constraints faced 86.7 per cent (rank 1st) livestock owners, followed
by livestock owners in adoption of animal husbandry by swelling and fever after vaccination by 80.0 per
practices in KVK adopted and non-adopted villages cent (rank 2nd), irregular visit of veterinarian by 73.3
in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh.
per cent (rank 3rd) and so on. In non-adopted villages
The present study was conducted in Rewa

district of Madhya Pradesh. A survey was conducted
in randomly selected 2 villages each equally from
KVK adopted and non-adopted categories. From
each village, 30 respondents who possessed at
least two or more dairy animals were included in
the study from KVK adopted villages (Rethi and
Amilki) and non-adopted villages (Ajgarha and
Hariharpur). Thus, a total of 120 respondents were
personally interviewed and data were collected by
using well structured pre-tested interview schedule.
Frequency, percentage and ranking were used
as statistical measures to analyze the data. The
questions were related to artificial insemination,
vaccination and deworming; and feeding of green
fodder and concentrate to the animals.

Adoption of artificial insemination
Among different constraints related to artificial
insemination in KVK adopted villages, 75.0 per cent
(rank 1st) livestock owners reported poor results of
artificial insemination (A.I) as the major constraint
followed by distant location of A.I. centre by 70.0
per cent (rank 2nd), decline in fertility of dairy cattle
associated with A.I. by 68.3 per cent (rank 3rd) and
so on. In non-adopted villages 93.3 per cent (rank
1st) livestock owners perceived that demand for
additional money along with prescribed fee was
a major constraint followed by distant location
of A. I. centre by 91.7 per cent (rank 2nd), lack of
insemination facility in time by 88.3 per cent (rank
also the distant location of veterinary hospital from

farmers house was major constraint perceived by
100.0 per cent (rank 1st) livestock owners followed
by non availability of vaccines in time by 96.7 per
cent (rank 2nd), ignorance of utility of vaccines as
a prophylactic measures by 91.7 per cent (rank 3rd)
livestock owners. These findings were in agreement
with Patel et al (2014).
Adoption of feeding of green fodder and
concentrate
The data (Table 1) revealed that in KVK adopted
villages 73.3 per cent (rank 1st) livestock owners
perceived poor availability of concentrates and
mineral mixtures in village as the major constraint,
followed by lack of availability of green fodder
by 71.7 per cent (rank 2nd), lack of knowledge on
balanced ration by 65.0 per cent (rank 3rd) and so on.
In non-adopted villages, lack of availability of green
fodder was reported as the major constraint by 98.3
per cent (rank 1st) livestock owners, subsequently
followed by lack of knowledge on balanced ration
by 95.0 per cent (rank 2nd), considering local feeding
practices are far better than balanced feeding by
83.3 per cent (rank 3rd) and so on. These were in
agreement with Sharma et al (2013) and Bhoj et al.
(2014).
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that poor results of artificial

insemination, distant location of veterinary
hospital, poor availability of concentrates and
mineral mixtures in village, far away location of
A.I. centre, swelling and fever after vaccination,
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 10-13
11
Constraints Faced by Livestock Owners

Table 1. Constraints in adoption of practices in KVK adopted and non-adopted villages (N=120)
Sr. No. Parameter
Adopted Village
Percentage
Rank
Artificial insemination
1.
2.
3.
Poor results of A.I.

Inefficient services at A.I. centers
Demand for additional money along with
prescribed fee
Lack of insemination facility in time
AI centre is located far from farmers house
Decline in fertility of dairy cattle associated
with A.I.
Unskilled technician who failed to deposit
semen at the right place
Vaccination and deworming
Ignorance of utility of vaccines as a
prophylactic measures
Distant location of veterinary hospital from
farmers house
Reoccurrence of disease even after vaccination
Irregular visit of Veterinary Doctor
Vaccination reduces milk production
Unavailability and high cost of medicines
Swelling at the site of vaccination and fever
after vaccination
Non availability of vaccines in time.
Feeding of green fodder and concentrate
High cost of concentrate
Lack of availability of green fodder
Lack of knowledge on balanced ration
Poor availability of concentrates and mineral
mixtures in village
No immediate benefit from concentrate feeding
Local feeding practices are far better than
balanced feeding
4.
5.
6.
7.
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
non availability of green fodder, decline in fertility

of dairy cattle associated with A.I., irregular visit of
veterinary doctor, lack of knowledge on balanced
ration were the main constraints as perceived by
livestock owners in KVK adopted and non adopted
villages. There is a need to strengthen skill of
12
Non adopted village

Percentage
Rank
75.0
61.7
63.3
I
V
IV
28.3
81.7
93.3
VII
IV
I
56.7
70.0
68.3
VI
II
III
88.3
91.7
48.3
III
II
VI
63.3
IV
65.0
71.7
IV
91.7
III
86.7
100.0
53.3
73.3
66.7
50.0
80.0
VII
III
V
VIII
II
50.0
65.0
63.3
70.0
58.3
VIII
V
VI
IV
VII
56.7
VI
96.7
II
38.3
71.7
65.0
73.3
V
II
III
I
38.3
98.3
95.0
50.0
VI
I
II
V
58.3
58.3
IV
IV
73.3
83.3
IV
III
artificial inseminator by organizing training on

regular interval along with critical follow up of
artificial insemination. Doorstep services of animal
health and artificial insemination are must in
villages where there is no availability of veterinary
hospital and artificial insemination centre. KVK
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 10-13
Singh et al
and other extension agency need to organize Meena B S, Meena M S and Fulzele R M (2012).Training
needs of dairy farmers in scientific dairy farming. Indian
different extension activities and especially training
J Social Res 53 (6):463-464.
program for livestock owners on vaccination,
fodder cultivation, balance ration and also to take Murai A S and Singh B K (2011). Differential Adoption
of Scientific Dairy Farming Practices and Related
care about input availability at village level to
Constraints. Indian Res J Ext Edu 11 (2):46-49
improve the adoption of scientific practices.
REFERENCES
Bhoj S, Kumar A, Bardhan D, Dabas Y P S (2014). Women

dairy self-help groups in Uttarakhand-India: constraint
identification in milk production and participation in
microfinance module. Animal Science Reporter 8 (2):6170.
Patel R K, Kadian K S, Phand Shahaji (2014). Knowledge

level of the KVK trainee dairy farmers and non-trainee
dairy farmers in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. Global
J Res Analysis 3 (9):176-77.
Sharma Manoj, Singh Gurdeep and Shelly Madhu (2013).
Technological problems and training needs of dairy
farmers. J Krishi Vigyan 2 (1): 59-63
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 10-13
13
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 14-18
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00025.8
Cost Effectiveness of Developed Accessories from Reusable

Knitwear Waste
N Kakkar*, D Kaur **and V Gandotra***
Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004 (Punjab)
ABSTRACT
The present investigation on cost effectiveness of developed accessories from reusable knitwear waste
was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was prepared and data were collected from 90
respondents falling in the age group of 17-27 yr through purposive random sampling technique from
three colleges of Ludhiana city. The results from the first interview schedule of the study revealed
that majority of the respondents were 17-22 yr of age and were higher secondary, belonged to nuclear
families and had monthly family income between Rs.51,000 to Rs. 75,000/-. Seventy one per cent of
the respondents were aware of accessories prepared from reusable knitwear waste. All the accessories
prepared were highly appreciated on the basis of suitability of design, utility and overall impact.
Majority of the respondents rated all the accessories as very good. The quoted prices of the accessories
were found to be adequate and 11.0 to 81.9 per cent profit can be earned by making accessories.
Key Words: Accessories, Cost effectiveness, Knitwear, Reusable waste.
INTRODUCTION
fact that it is reusable waste but in its usefulness

The process for recycling wool is very similar to to reduce the human sufferings. Hence, the study
the process for recycling cotton. Recycled wool is a was undertaken to develop accessories made from
natural fiber reusing pre-consumer (post-industrial) reusable knitwear waste with the objective to assess
or post-consumer waste. Pre-consumer waste comes consumer acceptance and cost effectiveness of these
from any excess material created during the steps developed accessories.
of material and product manufacturing, e.g. selvage
from weaving, fabric from factory cutting rooms,
This investigation was conducted in Ludhiana
or excess production/unsold items that would
city.
Three colleges of the city namely Government
normally be disposed of as waste. Post-consumer
waste comes from household resources e.g. used College for Girls, Civil lines; Guru Nanak Girls
apparel or home textile products (Anonymous, College, Model Town and College of Home Science,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana were
2013).
To counter the problem of waste produced, selected for studying the preferences for different
many efforts are undertaken to reduce its negative accessories. Thirty respondents were selected from
contribution towards environment. One of such each college. The total samples of 90 colleges
measures is textile recycling- the reuse as well as going girls between the age group 17-27 years were
reproduction of new products and accessories. This selected purposively as the respondents from this
importance of reuse of waste does not just lie in the particular age group were more receptive towards
Corresponding Authors Email:devinderct@pau.edu
*M.Sc. Student, Deptt. of Apparel and Textile Science, COHSc, PAU, Ludhiana nikhitakakkar@gmail.com
**Senior Scientist, Deptt. of Apparel and Textile Science, COHSc, PAU, Ludhiana
***Associate professor, Deptt. of Apparel and Textile Science, COHSc, PAU, Ludhiana
14
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 14-18
Kakkar et al
new trends in fashion. An interview schedule was
framed for collection of data regarding preferences
of the respondents for development of designs
for different accessories from reusable knitwear
waste. The opinion of the respondents regarding
the prepared accessories was taken on the basis of
three categories; very good, good, and fair. On the
basis of information collected from the respondents
regarding the development of various accessories,
two designs for each of the ten most preferred
accessories were developed. The most preferred ten
designs were used to prepare different accessories
by using reusable knitwear waste. All respondents
were again asked to collect the response regarding
cost effectiveness and consumer acceptability for
developed accessories.

Opinion regarding developed accessories
Data (Table 1) revealed that 48.9 per cent of
respondents rated the mobile cover A2 as good, 43.3
per cent as very good 7.8 per cent as fair. Likewise,
cap B2 was considered very good (52.2%), good
(43.3%) and fair (4.5%) ; C2 belt was considered
very good (64.4%), good (27.8%) and fair (7.8%);
footwear D2 was very good (70.0%), good (23.3%)
and fair (6.7%) ; accessory E2 (fingerless gloves)
was very good (46.7%), good (47.8%) and fair
(5.5%); F2 (head accessory) was very good (61.1%),

good (31.1%) and fair (7.8%); accessory G1 (file
cover) was very good (50.0%), good (40.0%) and
fair (10.0%); H2 (cowl) was very good (60.0%),
good (34.4%) and fair (5.6%); I2 (clutch) was very
good (70.0%), good (23.3%) and fair (6.7%) and
accessory J2 (handbag) was very good (56.7%),
good (31.1%) and fair (12.2%) by the respondents.
In all the cases more than 50 per cent of the
respondents considered all the accessories as very
good expect in case of mobile cover it was 43.3 per
cent and 46.7 per cent in case of fingerless gloves.
Naik (1992) and Barua and Gogoi (1997) found that
respondents liked the prepared articles which were
unique, creative and attractive. According to Seema
and Phadke (1995), the respondents appreciated the
prepared article as the work done was found to be
very innovative.
Suitability of the quoted price
Data (Table 2) showed that the quoted prices
for all the accessories were considered adequate
by more than 50.0 per cent of the respondents.
However less than 30 per cent of the respondent
felt that the quoted prices for accessories were
high for most of the accessories while less than
20 per cent of the respondents felt that the quoted
prices for all the accessories were low. The quoted
Table 1.Opinion of the respondents regarding developed accessories.

Accessories
(Mobile cover) A2
(Cap) B2
(Belt) C2
(Footwear) D2
(Fingerless gloves) E2
(Head accessory) F2
(File cover) G1
(Cowl) H2
(Clutch) I2
(Handbag)J2
Very good
39 (43.3)
47 (52.2)
58 (64.4)
63 (70.0)
42 (46.7)
55 (61.1)
45 (50.0)
54 (60.0)
63 (70.0)
51 (56.7)
Frequency
Good
44( 48.9)
39 (43.3)
25 (27.8)
21 (23.3)
43(47.8)
28 (31.1)
36 (40.0)
31 (34.4)
21(23.3)
28 (31.1)
Fair
7(7.8)
4(4.5)
7(7.8)
6(6.7)
5(5.5)
7(7.8)
9(10.0)
5(5.6)
6(6.7)
11(12.2)
Figures in parentheses indicate percentage

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 14-18
15
Developed Accessories from Knitwear Waste

Table 2. Opinion of respondents regarding the suitability of quoted price.
Accessories
(Mobile cover) A2
(Cap) B2
(Belt) C2
(Footwear) D2
(Head accessory) F2
(File cover) G1
(Cowl) H2
(Clutch) I2
(Handbag) J2
Quoted price of
accessories in rupees
50
170
460
605
75
135
235
260
585
315
Frequency
High
6(6.7)
23(25.6)
27(30.0)
27(30.0)
9(10.0)
22(24.4)
26(28.9)
15(16.7)
25(27.8)
24(26.7)
Adequate
Low
66(73.3)
63(70.0)
54(60.0)
56(62.2)
66(73.3)
52(57.8)
50(55.6)
57(63.3)
55(61.1)
53(58.9)
18(20.00)
4(4.4)
9(10.0)
7(7.8)
15(16.7)
16(17.8)
14(15.5)
18(20.0)
10(11.1)
13(14.4)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentage.
price of the articles prepared by finger weaving

technique was found to be adequate. The study by
Kaur and Kaur (2015a) also revealed that prices of
the prepared eco-fashion accessories developed
from different left over fabrics were found to be
adequate by the respondents.
prices were significantly more). The prepared

eco-fashion accessories were acceptable and even
the consumers were ready to pay more than the
expected selling price. Thus, the hypothesis that the
eco-fashion accessories developed from reusable
knitwear waste were cost effective and accepted by
Kaur and Kaur (2015b) revealed that the high all the respondents.
acceptability and profit margins of the Kasuti
The high acceptability and profit margins
embroidery motifs in knitted kurties showed that of the accessories made with reusable knitwear
these are commercially viable. When these articles waste showed that these are commercially viable.
would be manufactured commercially, then the cost When these accessories would be manufactured
of production will reduce and profit margins will commercially, then the cost of production will
increase. Similarly, Kaur (2016) also observed reduce and profit margins will increase, so if the
that respondents found the prices of the innovative calculated per cent profit is positive and ranged
jewelry from left over and solid waste to be between 11.0 to 81.9 per cent than the developed
adequate.
accessories are said to be commercially viable.
Kaur (2011) revealed that it was possible to
earn 20.7 to 50 .0per cent and 21.2 to 66.8 per cent
profit, respectively by making articles based on
preferences of consumers. Barua and Gogoi (1997)
also concluded that consumers are ready to pay
more than the estimated cost. The cost effectiveness
of the prepared articles showed that it was possible
to earn 20-30 per cent profit through the use of
There was significant difference between cost
finger weaving technique.
price and average selling price (average selling
Assessment of cost effectiveness
It was evident from the results that the profit
margins in different accessories vary from accessory
to accessory. Depending on the design, type of
accessories and embellishment used, 11.00 to 81.92
per cent profit can be earned by preparing these
accessories (Table 3).
16
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 14-18
Kakkar et al
Table 3. Opinion regarding the suitability of quoted cost price and expected selling price of the
accessory
Accessories
(Mobile cover) A2
(Cap) B2
(Belt) C2
(Footwear) D2
(Head accessory) F2
(File cover) G1
(Cowl) H2
(Clutch) I2
(Handbag) J2
Cost price
(Rs.)
37.5
131.0
355.0
465.0
56.2
105.0
180.0
200.0
450.0
240.0
Average selling
price
68.2
162.1
410.8
569.7
88.7
128.6
222.0
267.0
499.5
320.5
Z-value
Percentage Profit
6.00*
10.29*
7.14*
11.38*
6.02*
6.81*
9.91*
13.45*
4.14*
12.28*
81.9
23.7
15.7
22.5
57.6
22.4
23.3
33.5
11.0
33.5
*Significant at 5 per cent
Plate I: Design I2 Clutch, Plate II: Design E2 Fingerless gloves Plate III: Design D2 Footwear Plate IV: Design B2Cap
Plate V: Design F2 Head accessory Plate VI: Design J2 Handbag Plate VII: Design C2 Belt
Plate VIII: Design G1 File cover Plate IX: Design H2 Cowl Plate X: Design A2 Mobile Cover
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 14-18
17
Developed Accessories from Knitwear Waste
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that development of different

accessories form reusable knitwear waste, would
provide entrepreneurs a new idea for making use
of different waste fabrics/yarns to produce new
products along with different embellishments to
start with very less investments. The results related
to design development and colour combinations
would be beneficial to the housewifes to utilize the
waste fabrics at home. Majority of the respondents
rated all the accessories as very good. Average
selling price of all the ten developed accessories
ranged between 68.2 to 569.7 and was accepted by
majority of the consumers. Profit margin ranged
between 11.0 to 81.9 per cent which is quite good
earning. Findings of good profits were favorable
to start an entrepreneur with very less investment
having skill of developing knit wear products out
of waste.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2013). Environment friendly. http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentally_ friendly.
Barua N B and Gogoi A (1997). A study on handloom fabrics.
Ind Tex J 37: 30-31.
Kaur Baljit and Kaur D (2015a). An economic analysis
of eco-fashion accessories developed from different
left over fabrics. Indian J Econ Dev 3:767-72.
Kaur G, Kaur D and Gandotra V(2016). Economic
analysis of jewelery from left over and solid waste.
J Krishi Vigyan 4 (2):16-21.
Kaur K and Kaur D (2015b). Revival of Kasuti embroidery
motifs in knitted kurties through Computer Aided Designs
J Krishi Vigyan 3 (special issue): 84-88.
Kaur R (2011). Development of decorative articles using card
weaving technique. M.Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, India.
Naik M R (1992). An experimental study to create relief
appearance using needle weaving and embroidery. M S
University, Baroda, India.
Seema and Phadke S M (1995). A study on card weaving. Ind
Tex J 105:14-22.
18
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 14-18
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 19-22
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00026.X

J B Dobariya1, N M Thesiya2, V J Zinzala3 and S A Aklade4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Waghai, 394 730,Dang (Gujarat)
ABSTRACT
Study was conducted in the Dang district of Gujarat. For the purpose of this study, 20 villages of Waghai,
Ahwa and Subir talukas were selected. 200 respondents were selected for the study with the help of
proportionate multistage random sampling methods of analysis. 44.5 per cent of the respondents were
in the middle age group, 62.5 per cent of the respondents were found to have below or primary level
of education, 57.0 per cent of the respondents belonged to the marginal and small farmers, respectively.
Majority (76 %) of the respondents were in the middle to low level of extension personnel contact, 78
per cent of the respondents were in the low to middle level of economic motivation, 77.5 per cent of the
respondent had low to medium level of scientific orientation and 38.5 percent of farmers did not have
any source of irrigation. Production of paddy (drilled), paddy (T.P), niger and gram had increased during
the last five years, no major change was observed in cropping pattern in kharif crops, although, in rabi,
change in cropping pattern was observed due to increase in irrigation facility and market availability.
Area under paddy, black gram, soybean and niger had increased while area under ragi, sorghum,
pigeon pea had decreased during last five years. Population growth and change in family structure,
modernization and commercialization of agriculture, change in agricultural production, prices and food
and fodder self-sufficiency were socio-economic factors responsible for to change in cropping pattern.
Key World: Cropping pattern, Tribal area, Rabi and kharif crops, Dang
INTRODUCTION
The cropping pattern in Dang district had been

changing due to introduction of hybrids in various
crops especially paddy and vegetables, due to which
areas under the crops like paddy (local/scented
varieties), finger millet (ragi), little millet (vari) &
other minor millets is decreasing day by day which
were the major crops as well as the potential source
of nutrients earlier. Change in cropping pattern was
mainly attributed to the shift in area from seasonal/
annual crops to high-value-yielding perennial cash
crops having a long gestation period. Therefore,
during the past five years agricultural income had
started rising. However, the question arises that
whether this performance was sustainable and the
emerging cropping pattern is in the best interest
of the state, this requires serious considerations.
So, keeping this in mind the present study entitled
Change in cropping pattern in tribal area of the

Dang district was under taken with the objectives
to know the change of cropping pattern and their
factors responsible with respect to yield and to study
the socio economic factors responsible in changing
the cropping pattern in tribal area.
The present study was conducted in the Dang

district of Gujarat. For the purpose of this study, 20
villages of Waghai, Ahwa and Subir talukas were
selected. Total samples of 200 respondents, 10
from each village were selected. The information
of each respondents was collected with the help
of pre tested, structured interview schedule by
personal interview. There are more than 20 crops
being grown in the district and out of these, only 10
major crops based on the properties of land to the
Subject Matter Specialist, KVK, NAU, Waghai, Dang

Programme Coordinator, KVK, NAU, Waghai, Dang
Corresponding Authors:Email:kvkwaghai@nau.in
1, 2 and 4
3
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 19-22
19
Dobariya et al
total area under cultivation alone was considered respondents were found to have primary level of
for analysis.
education. The respondents from secondary and
higher secondary level of education and illiterate
education category were 35.0 and 25.0 per cent,
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
respectively. Very few respondents (2.5 per cent)
Socio-economic and personal characteristics of
were found having college and above level of
the respondents
The data in the Table 1 clearly showed that education. As, education plays an important role in
44.5 per cent of the respondents were in the middle bringing out desirable changes in human behavior
age group. The respondents in young and old age in the form of knowledge, skill and attitude, it is
groups were 27.5 and 28.0 per cent, respectively. valued as means of increasing level of knowledge
In case of level of education, 37.5 per cent of the and information.
Table 1: Per cent distribution of respondents
Sr. No.
Particular
A.
Age groups
1
2
3
B.
1
2
3
4
Young age (<39 years)

Middle age (39 50 years)
Old age (>50 years)
Level of education
Illiterate
Primary level of education (1st to 7th standard)
Secondary and Higher secondary level of education (8th to 12th standard)
College and above level of education
(above 12th standard)
Land holding
Marginal farmer (up to 1.0 ha)
Small farmer (1.01 to 2.0 ha)
Medium farmer (2.01 ha to 4.0 ha)
Big farmer (above 4.0 ha)
Extension personnel contact
Low (up to 6 score)
Medium (07 to 16 score)
High (above 16 score)
Level of economic motivation
Low level of economic motivation (up to 13 score)
Medium level of economic motivation (14 to 17 score)
High level of economic motivation (above 17 score)
Level of scientific orientation
Low level of scientific orientation (up to 12 score)
Medium level of scientific orientation (13 to 16 score)
High level of scientific orientation (above 16 score)
C.
1
2
3
4
D.
1
2
3
E.
1
2
3
F.
1
2
3
20
Percentage
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 19-22
27.5
44.5
28.0
25.0
37.5
35.0
2.5
29.0
28.0
22.5
20.5
31.5
44.5
24.0
10.5
67.5
22.0
20.0
57.5
22.5
Cropping Pattern in Tribal Area

The data in Table 1 indicated that, 29.0 and 28.0 Irrigation facilities
The data presented in Table 2 indicated that, the
per cent of the respondents belonged to the marginal
and small farmers, respectively while only 22.5 and majority (38.5 %) of the farmers did not have any
20.5 per cent respondents belonged to the category source of irrigation, whereas, 33.5 and 15.0 per cent
of medium and big farmers, respectively. In case farmers had river and well facility for irrigation,
of extension personal contact, responses of selected respectively.
respondents were rated sixes point continuum,
namely daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, six Change in cropping pattern and productivity of
monthly and yearly with assigning score 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 crops during last decade
Cropping pattern refers to the change in proportion
and 1 respectively. Majority of the respondents were
of
area
under different crops at two different points
in the middle to low level of extension contact and
only 24 per cent of respondent were having higher of time. The data (Table 3) shows that the change
contact with extension personnel for acquiring in cropping pattern in the Dang district of Gujarat
had reported a significant shift from area sown in
information about cropping pattern.
rabi season only due to availability of irrigation,
Economic and scientific motivation scales transformation of the technology supported by
assessed the individuals success in term of profit infrastructure like good roads, improved market
maximization and the relative importance placed on accessibility and ensured power supply to farmers,
economics end. It was measured by using the scale higher productivity of commercial crops, better
which was developed by Supe (1969) with due market price. No major changes were observed in
modification. There are six statements, which were cropping pattern in kharif crops and the farmers
weighted on three point continuum i.e. 3, 2 and were utilizing traditional methods of cultivation. In
1 for the positive statements and reverse scoring rabi crops, change in cropping pattern had observed
were applied for negative statements. It was clear due to increase in irrigation facility and market
from the data that 67.5 per cent of the respondents availability. Area under paddy (TP), black gram,
were in the middle level of economic motivation, soybean and niger had increased while area under
followed by 22.0 per cent of them with higher finger millet, sorghum, pigeon pea had decreased
and 10.5 per cent of them were with low level of and no major change were observed in crops like
economic motivation. It was evidence that majority maize, groundnut and gram.
(57.5 %) of the respondent had medium level of
The production of paddy (drilled), paddy (T.P),
scientific orientation, followed by 22.5 per cent of
niger
and gram had increased while the production
them with high and 20.0 per cent of them were with
of finger millet, sorghum, maize, pigeon pea,
low level of scientific orientation (Table 1).
soybean and groundnut had decreased during last
Table 2. Distribution of respondents according five year. So, it could be said that finger millet and
to Irrigation Facilities
little millet were replaced by paddy during the
course of time. The data were supported by Payal
Sr. No. Irrigation facilities
Percentage
and Parmar (2013).
1
Bore Well
2.5
2
3
4
5
6
Well
Pond
Check Dam
River
No Source
15.0
1.0
9.5
33.5
38.5
Socio economic factors responsible for change of

cropping pattern
1.
Population growth and change in family

structure
2.
Deforestation
3.
Strengthening of public distribution system
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 19-22
21
Dobariya et al
Table-3: Comparison of area and productivity from different two periods
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Crop
Paddy (Driilled)
Paddy (T.P)
Finger/Littel millet
Sorghum
Maize
Black Gram
Pigeon Pea
Soybean
Ground nut
Niger
Gram
Average data of the

period 2005 to 2010
Average data of the

period 2011 to 2015
Area
(ha)
Productivity
(kg /ha)
Area
(ha)
Productivity
(kg /ha)
4017
13857
12400
3942
2771
3912
4110
2282
4512
3820
14100
1725
2581
1248
2088
2425
933
1612
1850
1585
288
1180
1147
16771
12128
1460
2555
5081
2797
2648
2564
5206
16401
1802
3374
895
866
976
861
1185
1096
1182
346
1250
Per cent change

in area and
productivity
Area Productivity
(ha)
(kg /ha)
-49
+04
+21
+30
-26
-28
-63
-58
-7
-60
+30
-08
-32
-26
+16
-40
-43
-25
+36
+20
+16
+06
4.
Modernization and commercialization of facility and market availability. In case of areas,

agriculture
finger millet was been replaced by paddy whereas,
area of paddy, black gram, soybean and niger had
5. Change in agricultural production
increased while area of finger millet, sorghum,
6. Change in employment and income of rural pigeon pea had decrease and no major change was
labour
observed in crops like maize, groundnut and gram.
7. Changes in farm income
Decline in the number of persons engaged in farmrelated activities, shift of economic opportunity
8. Womens participation
away from women to men, increasing specialization
9. Food and fodder self-sufficiency requirement
in livelihoods, migration of rural labor in search
as well as investment capacity.
of work, withering away of traditional and local
10. Price related factors covering output and input institutions were all major features of this change
prices as well as trade policies
in cropping pattern
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
It can be said that the causes and consequences Payal Z and Parmar A (2013). Change in cropping pattern
utilizing Narmada main canal water: a case study of
of the changes in cropping pattern were so complex
Barmer district. International J Res Eng Tech 2(10):99and inter-related that it was difficult to classify
105
and isolate individual factors. Production of
paddy (drilled), paddy (T.P), niger and gram had Supe S V (1969). Value Scales Hand book of psychological
and social instruments. I.I.M., Ahmedabad, pp. 306-308.
increased during last five years. No any measured
changes were observed in cropping pattern in kharif Received on 16/07/2016 Accepted on 08/09/2016
season crops where farmers had utilized traditional
methods of cultivation. In rabi crops, cropping
pattern had changed due to increase in irrigation
22
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 19-22
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 23-25
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00027.1

Kabita C Sarma, Saurabh Sarma# and Sk Md Azizur Rahman
ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra Hailakandi, Assam
(ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region)
Hailakandi 788 152 ( Assam)
ABSTRACT
Kheer, also known as Payasam is one of the most famous and authentic milk based dessert in India. Kheer
is prepared by the partial dehydration of whole milk usually with sugar and rice and is prepared only on
auspicious and special days because of its lengthy and tedious method of preparation. For preparation of
1 kg Kheer mix required ingredients were maida (1400g), refined oil (90 ml or 6 tbs) and water (350 ml).
The instant Kheer mix was prepared by adding 6 tbs of refined oil to 1400g of refined flour (maida) and
mixed properly followed by adding of 350 ml of cold water to make the dough manually. The prepared
dough was shaped manually into approximately 0.8 cm long and 0.2 cm thick structures, sun dried for 2
3d by spreading in a thin layer over a cloth and covering with a transparent plastic sheet. The mix prepared
were packed in airtight polypropylene bags and stored as ready-to-use Kheer mix. Study revealed that the
innovative technologies include the preparation of base material from refined flour and oil and is preservative
free and does not require soaking for long time. It was observed that 70 per cent of the members liked
extremely, 25 per cent of the members liked very much and 5 per cent of the members liked moderately.
Key Word: Innovation, Instant Kheer Mix, Ready-to-Cook, Sensory evaluation.
INTRODUCTION
Kheer is an authentic milk based dessert, also

known as Payasam is one of the most famous dessert
in India and prepared by the partial dehydration of
whole milk usually with sugar and rice (Sukumar,
1991). It is a traditional dish of the district and is
prepared on auspicious and special occasions.
Containing total milk solids plus additional sugar
and dry fruits, the food and nutritive value of Kheer
is fairly high (Manay and Shadaksharaswami,
2001). It is prepared only on auspicious and special
days because of its lengthy and tedious method of
preparation. The process requires long time soaking
of base (rice), constant stirring-cum-scrapping as
well as attention for long period of time. To combat
with these problems a farm woman has developed an
innovative technology of instant Kheer preparation.
Farmers innovation is a novel idea emerged out
of vast practical experience and technical wisdom
(Gogoi et al, 2012). Such innovations are generally
based on locally accessible and available natural

resources and gaining more and more significance
day by day for its sustainability. Therefore,
a pioneering effort was made to identify the
innovative technology practiced by the farm women
and sharing those with researches, policy makers,
extension functionaries, agri entrepreneurs etc. for
large scale application and further improvisation.
The study was conducted among the farmers/

farm women of Hailakandi district during the
year 2013-14. A total number of 40 randomly
selected respondents from 4 different blocks were
interviewed informally to collect the information
on their technology in relation to Kheer preparation.
Sensory acceptability of Kheer prepared was also
carried out. It was carried out with 20 non-trained
panelist (19-50 yr old). The tests were conducted in
terms of taste, texture, external appearance, flavour,
Corresponding Authors Email:tinkukumarkuchi@rediffmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 23-25
23
Sarma et al
colour and overall acceptability by adopting 9
point hedonic scale (Amerine et al, 1965). These
were like extremely ((9), like very much (8), like
moderately (7),like slightly (6), neither like nor
dislike (5),dislike slightly(4), dislike moderately
(3),dislike so much (2) and dislike extremely (1).
The study revealed that 4 different type of

Kheer preparation technologies were practiced by
the farmers/ farm woman, out of which the use of
instant Kheer mix (an innovative Kheer base) was
found to be best and effective in terms of time and
fuel consumption during Kheer preparation. The
Kheer prepared also attained acceptability as per
sensory analysis.
Preparation of instant Kheer mix
Ingredients required: For preparation of 1 kg
Kheer mix required ingredients were maida (1400
g), refined oil (90 ml or 6 tbs) and water (350 ml).
Insntant Kheer Mix (base) preparation
procedure: The instant Kheer mix was prepared by
adding 6 tbs of refined oil to 1400g of refined flour
(maida) and mixed properly followed by adding of
350ml of cold water to make the dough manually.
The prepared dough was shaped manually into
approximately 0.8 cm long and 0.2 cm thick
structures, sun dried for 2 3d by spreading in a thin
layer over a cloth and covering with a transparent
plastic sheet. The mix prepared were packed in
airtight polypropylene bags and stored as ready-touse Kheer mix.
Prepared dough
Shaped manually
Spreaded into thin layer over a plastic
Sun dried for 2-3 days
Sealed (airtight)
Labeled
Stored
Time required
It was observed that time required to prepare
Kheer with Kheer mix was found to be comparatively
less (15 20 minutes) than other Kheer bases
(boiled rice: 35 - 40 minutes, soaked rice: 40 - 45
minutes and rice: 60 - 65 minutes) when prepared in
powdered milk (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1 Time required for preparing 1 kg of Kheer with

different Kheer base
The above analysis also implies that the fuel

Flow chart for instant Kheer mix (base) preparation consumption in the process of making Kheer with
Kheer mix was considerably lower than the Kheer
Refined flour / Maida
preparation technologies with different bases
as the amount of fuel consumption was directly

Sieved
proportional to the length of cooking period.
Add refined oil

Sensory evaluation
From the sensory evaluation of the Kheer

Mixed
prepared using instant Kheer mix, it was observed
that 70 per cent of the members liked extremely,

Add water
25 per cent of the members liked very much and
24
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 23-25
Ready to Cook Instant Kheer Mix

5 per cent of the members liked moderately and is documentation and proper scientific intervention is
depicted below in the graph (Fig. 2).
an utmost requirement. It is felt that there is a need
of its in-depth scientific evaluation (like nutritional
analysis) and process standardization, so that this
technology can be popularized.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors sincerely acknowledge the farmers,

especially Jaya Dutta Mazumdar of Hailakandi, for
contributing and sharing technologies of Kheer mix
preparation.
Fig.2. Sensory acceptability of Kheer prepared from
instant Kheer mix
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Amerine M A, Pangboon R M and Rossler E B (1965).

Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food. Acad. Press,
New York and London.
Gogoi A K, Singha A K, Sajeev M V, Saikia U S and Paul S
It can be concluded that the Kheer mix is an

(2012). Farmer-Led innovation for increased productivity
innovative technology developed by a farm woman
under climate change scenario. Zonal Project Director,
Zone III, ICAR RC for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya.
that reduces drudgery as well as saves time and fuel
in Kheer preparation. Farmers innovation is a novel Manay Shakuntala N and Shadaksharaswami M (2001). Food
Facts and Principles. 2nd edn. New Age International (P)
idea emerged out of vast practical experience and
Limited, New Delhi, India.
technical wisdom. Such technologies are generally
location specific and utilize easily accessible and Sukumar D (1991). Outlines of Dairy Technology. 23rd
impression 2006. Oxford University press, India.
available resources. Though, these technologies
are gaining more and more significance day by day Received on 27/07/2016 Accepted on 08/09/2016
for its sustainability and resource conservation but
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 23-25
25
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 26-28
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00050.7

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirohi-307 001
Agriculture University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
ABSTRACT
Sheep farming plays a significant role in ensuring livelihood security to the millions of small and marginal
farmers. This is one of the most profitable entrepreneurial avenues among different momentum. Based on the
observation and conclusion of PRA techniques, KVK scientist planned to organize front line demonstration
(FLD) on feeding of concentrate supplementation on the growth performance in lambs. Ten shepherds were
identified for conducting FLD. The lambs under demonstration group were provided concentrate mixture
consisting of bajra 77 kg, groundnut cake 20 kg, mineral mixture 2 kg and common salt 1 kg and fed @ 1 per
cent of the body weight in addition to grazing for 90d while control group lambs were maintained on sole
grazing. The feeding trial was conducted for 90d during 2013-14. it was found that supplemented group of
lambs achieved significantly higher (P<0.01) body weight gain than the control group. Similarly, the body
weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) were also higher in demonstration group. It can be concluded that
supplementary feeding of concentrate with grazing was beneficial in growing sheep for higher economic returns.
Key Words: Concentrate feed, Feed intake, Lamb, Growth rate, Beneficial effect.
INTRODUCTION
Indian hot arid zone is spread over 0.32m km2 and

65 per cent of it is in the western district of Rajasthan.
Thar Desert is the major part of the hot arid zone
of Rajasthan. In the desert area, low and irregular
rainfall, lack of irrigation facilities etc. compelled
the farmers of arid areas to diversify from crop
to livestock production to counter the risk of crop
failure. Thus, livestock production is major activity
of farmers in arid zone. Livestock population in the
region is much higher than the carrying capacity
of the land. Due to frequent droughts and over
grazing, the productivity of the natural grasslands
in the region has been steadily decreasing. In the
arid region, sheep are reared mainly on Community
Property Resources (CPR) and stubble grazing on
cropped land after harvesting of crops. Majority
of the shepherds do not supplement concentrate to
their sheep even in the critical physiological stages
(Chaturvedi et al, 2002).This resulted in poor
production and reproduction performance of sheep.
However, limited concentrate supplementation,
in addition to grazing on range land, is known

to improve the growth performance of lambs,
digestibility of nutrients and overall productivity
of sheep (Chaturvedi et al, 2006). Keeping this in
view, present study was undertaken to assess the
effect of concentrate supplementation on growth
performance of lambs at farmers flock.
Problem-Cause Diagram of Sheep Husbandry
Corresponding Authors Email: Lawaniap@yahoo.com.
26
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 26-28
Lavania and Kumar
weight gain than control group. Similarly, the body

weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) were also
higher in demonstration group (Table1). Nutrient
supplementation of lambs through concentrate
mixture increased growth rate. Tripathi et al (2007)
also reported improvement in growth rate and feed
efficiency with increasing amount of concentrate in
the lambs diet. The finishing weight achieved at
6 months of age was in agreement to the findings
reported by Chaturvedi et al (2003) on growth
performance of lambs after supplementary feeding
under field condition. However, it was contrary to
the finding reported by Karim and Santra (1998)
who reported 7.4 kg body weight gain after 90d and
82g average daily gain in Malpura weaned lambs
grazed on established pasture with concentrate
supplementation @1 per cent of the body weight
under farm conditions. The lower body weight gain
as well as average daily gain achieved in the present
investigation might be attributed to variability in
the quality and quantity of pasture available in the
grazing area and protocol of experiment. The results
indicated that supplementation of concentrate
feeding can be advocated especially where grazing
lands are highly eroded. This system can also be
adopted under adverse situation such as drought
Effect on Body weight gain
After 90d of feeding, the lambs in supplemented and famine, which are common phenomenon in
group achieved significantly higher (P<0.01) body arid and semi arid of Rajasthan.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized trainings

both on campus as well as off campus, visited
farmers field, distributed extension literature on
improved sheep husbandry practices etc. Likewise,
a demonstration trial was conducted at farmers
sheep flock maintained on CPR of village Mitiberi,
Panchayat Samitee of Sindhari. Twenty Marwari
lambs (90 d old) were divided into two equal groups.
Lambs in both the groups were grazed for 8h. The
vegetative cover of rangeland was dominated by
Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus biflorus grasses,
Zizyphus nummularia, Calotropis sp., Procera sp.,
shrubs and fodder trees Acacia nilotica and Prosopis
cineraria. The lambs of demonstrated group were
provided concentrate mixture (Bajra 77, groundnut
cake 20, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1
part) @ 1 per cent of the body weight in addition
to grazing for 90d while control group lambs were
maintained on sole grazing. The demonstration
trial was conducted for 90d during 2013-14. The
fortnightly changes in body weight recoded and the
data were statistically analyzed.
Table 1. Growth performance of lambs.

Sr. No.
Parameter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Initial body weight (kg)

Final body weight (kg)**
Body weight gain (kg)**
Average daily gain (g)
Concentrate mixture fed to lambs in 90 days (kg)
Cost of concentrate mixture @ Rs.1,045/q
Total live weight gain from 10 lambs (kg)
Cost of live weight @ Rs. 90/kg. (Rs.)
Net Profit
C:B Ratio
Before KVK
Intervention
13.22
14.30
1.088
12.08
140.0
1,260/12,600/-
After Intervention
13.55
17.75
4.20
44.67
184
1,922/177.5
15,975/14,052/1.11
** Group means differed significantly (P<0.01)

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 26-28
27
Concentrate Feeding for Lambs

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on shepherds
REFERENCES
We know that seeing is believing, therefore, Chaturvedi O H, Bhatia R, Santra,A S, Mishra A S and Mann J
S (2003). Effect of supplementary feeding of concentrate
after seeing the performance of front line
on nutrient utilization and production performance of
demonstration especially on the occasion of field
ewes grazing on community range land during late
day, many farmers of the village showed eagerness
gestation and early lactation. Asian Australasian J Animal
to adopt this technology. However, some of them
Sci 16:983-987.
were afraid with the view that it would be costly Chaturvedi O H ,Tripathi M K, Mishras A S, Verma D L ,
technology but later on after seeing the net return,
Rawat P S and Jakhmola R C (2002). Land as well as
livestock holding pattern and feeding practices of
they also agreed to adopt the technology. Further,
livestock in Malpura taluk of semi arid eastern Rajasthan.
due to increased income by the selling of lambs,
Indian J Small Ruminants 8:143-146.
majority of
shepherds purchased Saras Gold
concentrate mixture, prepared and marketed by Chaturvedi O H, Bhatta R, Verma D L, Singh N P (2006).
Effect of flushing on nutrient utilization and reproductive
SARAS DAIRY, @ Rs. 11/-kg. It was noticed that
performance of ewes grazing on community rangeland.
shepherds started selling of the lambs after six
Asian Australasian J Animal Sci 19:521-525.
months on body weight basis, earlier they sold even Karim S A and Santra A (1998).Growth performance of
3-4 months of age. In this way, shepherds of the
Malpura and Malpura x Awassi lambs on grazing varying
level of concentrate supplementation. In. Proc. of the
village Mithiberi, Barmer steadily moved towards
Golden Jubilee Seminar, April, 24-26, Jaipur,India.
the path of successes by adoption of the technology.
CONCLUSION
After KVK intervention, body weight of

lambs increased significantly. It can be concluded
that supplementary feeding of concentrate with
grazing was beneficial in growing sheep for higher
economic returns.
28
Tripathi M K, Chaturvedi O H, Karim S A, Singh V K

and Sisodiya S L (2007). Effect of different levels of
concentrate allowances on rumen fluid pH, nutrient
digestion, nitrogen retention and growth performance of
weaner lambs. Small Ruminants Research 72(2-3):178186.
Received on 14/6/2016
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 26-28
Accepted on 08/09/2016
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 29-33
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00028.3
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Fertility

Status, Productivity and Profitability of Garden Pea
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Buxar
(ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna)-802 101 (Bihar)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to find out the effect
of integrated nutrient management on productivity and profitability of garden pea. Results indicated
that integration of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients was more effective in enhancing the crop
growth, yield and economics of garden pea. Integration of inorganic fertilizers with different organic
manures such as FYM, bio-fertilizers, poultry manures and vermin-compost produced taller plant
height, more nodule number and weight, higher number of pods, pod length and pod yield as compared
to sole application of inorganic fertilizers. Economic analysis of data also showed that maximum
net return of Rs 76,923/- was associated with 50% NPK+ BF + FYM 5.0 + PM 1.25 + VC 1.25 t/ha
and benefit cost ratio (2.69) with 50% NPK + BF + PM 1.75 t/ha. Application of organic manures
was also effective in improving the soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
status. Soil pH and bulk density were also improved with the incorporation of organic manures.
Key words: Integrated nutrient management, Organic manure, Pea, Soil fertility, Yield.
INTRODUCTION
Leguminous crop constitute an excellent source

of protein in vegetarian diet and play significant
role in correcting the widespread malnutrition in the
country. Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a popular
crop of India and provides variety of protein rich
vegetarian dishes for humans. It also aids to soil
health and provides quality of fodder for cattle.
Multiple nutrient deficiencies are reported due to
continuous use of only chemical fertilizers, reduction
in production per unit area and deterioration of soil
health (Kumpawat, 2010). Use of organic manures
alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers
will help to improve physico-chemical properties of
the soils. Organic manures provide many nutrients,
substrate for the growth of microorganisms, reduce
the soluble and exchangeable aluminum temporarily
by forming complexes and or chelates with organic
substances in acidic soils and providing favorable
environment for plant growth and also improved
physical, chemical and biological properties
(Chettri and Bandhopadhaya, 2005). Besides this,

the organic manures improve the efficiencies of
applied fertilizers. Legume roots are colonized
by numerous rhizospheric microorganisms and
many and many of these are known to beneficially
affect plant growth and assert synergistic influence
on Rhizobium efficiency. Keeping these facts the
present investigation was undertaken to study the
effect of integrated nutrient management on soil
fertility status, productivity and profitability of
garden pea.
A field experiment was carried out in the
Experimental Farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Buxar
of ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region.
The soil of the experimental farm is Clay loam
in texture having bulk density 1.31 Mg/m2with
pH 7.4 and 0.48% organic carbon. The available
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil are
180.8, 12.9 and 145.3 kg/ha, respectively. The
Corresponding Authors Email: mandhataagro@gmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 29-33
29
Singh et al
experiments comprised 10 treatments: T1-Contorl,
T2- Recommended dose of NPK (20:50:30 kg/ha
100% NPK), T3- 100% NPK + Biofertilizer (BF),
T4-FYM 10 t/ha + BF, T5-Vermicompost (VC) 5.0 t/
ha + BF, T6- Poultry manure (PM) 3.5 t/ha + BF, T750% NPK + FYM 5 t/ha + BF, T8- 50% NPK + VC
2.5 t/ha + BF, T9- 50% NPK + PM 1.75 t/ha and T1050% NPK+ FYM 5t + VC 1.5 t + PM 1.5 t/ha. The
treatments were replicated thrice and the experiment
was laid out in randomized block design. FYM,
poultry manure and vermicompost were applied
one month before sowing as per treatments and
seeds were treated with biofertilizer [(Rhizobium
leguminosarum + Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria
(Pseudomonas sp.)] except control.
Garden pea variety Azad Pea1 was used as the
test crop. The crop was sown at a seed rate of 80
kg/ha with row spacing of 30 cm on 10th and 16th
November during 2013 and 2014, respectively. The
pods of garden pea were harvested in three pickings
at weekly intervals. All the cultural practices were
followed as per package of practice. The data on
various growth and yield attributes, nodule and
pod yield were recorded under various treatments.
Before sowing composite soil samples representing
the whole field and after harvest plot wise samples
were collected. Economics of garden pea cultivation
were calculated by considering the prevalent market
price. The organic carbon, pH, available N, P and
K were analyzed as per the method described by
Jackson (1973). Statistical analyses of all the data
were done as per the methodology of Gomez and
Gomez (1984).
inorganic sources and bio fertilizers produced

the best response of growth parameters due to
high initial microbial load supported by sufficient
quantity of organic carbon to be later used for
microbial proliferation and consequently releasing
the nutrients that readily assimilates, supporting
the biotic principle of carbon sequestration through
improved biomass production (Sanyal, 2001).
Yield attributes and yield
Integration of organic manures, inorganic
sources of nutrient and bio-fertilizer was found to
have a significant effect over control in increasing
different growth parameters resulting leading to
improved yield attributes and pod yield of pea
(Table 1). Application of treatment T10 registered
maximum number of pods/plant and was found at
par with T8, T9, T2 and T3. Higher pod length was
found with T10 and was found at par with T8 and
T9. The use of bio-fertilizer along with NPK was
also effective and enhanced the production of pods
and pod length. Number of seeds/pod was observed
maximum with T10 and was found at par to T9.
Pod yield is the function of number of pods,

pod length and number of seed/pod. T10 (application
of 50% NPK + BF + FYM 2.5 + PM 1.25 + VC
1.25 t/ha) was most effective in enhancing the pod
yield and was found at par to T9 (50% NPK + BF +
PM), T8 (50% NPK + BF + VC) and significantly
superior to rest of the treatments. This might be due
to integration of organic and inorganic sources of
nutrients enhanced the growth and nodulation of
crop and in turn produced more pod yield (Gopinath
and Mina, 2011). Such response of integrated
combination was due to relatively high nutrient
concentration and initial microbial population
Growth attributes and nodulation
helped in mobilizing the unavailable pool of
Different treatments significantly influenced nutrients in soil, thereby triggering the acquisition
the height of plants as well as nodulation (Table 1). of optimum nutrient supply across critical crop
The highest plant height (91.0 cm) was recorded stages (Pandey et al, 2006).
with T10 and was found at par to treatment T7, T8,
T9, T2 and T3. Number of nodules/plant and nodule Soil properties
Application of organic manure alone or in
dry weight were also recorded maximum with T10
which was at par with T7, T8 and T9. This might combination of inorganic sources and bio-fertilizer
be due application of organic manures along with showed significant effect on soil properties. The bulk
30
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 29-33
Integrated Nutrient Management in Gardem Pea

Table 3.Effect of treatments on economics of garden pea.
Treatment
T1Control
T2 NPK
T3 NPK + BF
T4 FYM 10 t/ha +BF
T5 VC 5.0 t/ha +BF
T6 PM 3.5 t/ha+ BF
T7 50% NPK+BF+FYM 5.0 t/ha
T8 50% NPK+BF+VC 2.5 t/ha
T9 50% NPK+ BF+PM 1.75 t/ha
T10 50% NPK+ BF+FYM 5.0+ PM 1.25+VC 1.25 t/ha
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
22,400
26,554
26,954
31,425
38,425
28,425
29,502
33,002
28,002
34,002
Gross
return
(Rs/ha)
44,200
91,800
96,220
63,410
73,185
80,835
91,630
1,02,850
1,03,360
1,10,925
Net return
(Rs/ha)
B:C ratio
21,800
65,246
69,266
31,985
34,760
52,410
62,128
69,848
75,358
76,923
0.97
2.46
2.57
1.02
0.90
1.84
2.11
2.12
2.69
2.26
and benefit cost ratio over control (Table 3).

The treatment T5 registered maximum cost of
cultivation. Gross and net return was higher with
T10 as compared to rest of the treatments. The
maximum
benefit cost ratio was observed with T9
Soil pH was improved with incorporation of
organic manures and registered maximum with followed by T10, signified the importance of organic
T8. Soil organic carbon content was also increased manures integration with inorganic sources.
with the incorporation of organic manures in the
CONCLUSION
soil. Confirming that most of the organic manures
Application of 50% NPK+ BF + FYM 5.0 +
are effective building up the organic carbon
PM
1.25 + VC 1.25 t/ha was found most effective
status of soil since microbial abundance helped in
sequestering the mineralized carbon from organic to enhance the plant height (91.0 cm), nodule
manures and loading in to the soil carbon pool. numbers/plant (39.0), nodules dry weight/plant
These observations are in close conformity with (58.0) and pod yield (6.53 t/ha). It was also effective
observations made by Sanyal (2001), who observed for improving the soil organic carbon (0.54%),
build-up in soil organic matter following the available N (214.5 kg/ha), available P (17.68 kg/ha)
and available K (172.3 kg/ha). Economic analysis
application of organic manures.
of data showed that net return (Rs. 76923/-ha) was
All the treatments recorded significantly higher
also maximum with application of 50% NPK+ BF
available N in soil after harvest of crop over control.
+ FYM 5.0 + PM 1.25 + VC 1.25 t/ha. Whereas,
Maximum available N (214.5 kg/ha) was observed
benefit cost ratio was maximum (2.26) with 50%
with treatment T10. Available P and K in soil were
NPK + BF + PM 1.75 t/ha.
also recorded maximum with the integrated use
of organic manures, biofertilizers and inorganic
REFERENCES
sources.
Chettri M and Bandhopadhaya P (2005). Effect of integrated
density of soil is decreases with the incorporation of
organic manures. FYM was most effective in all the
organic sources and in integrated combination for
decreasing the bulk density of soil (Table 2).
Economics
An economic analysis on response of different
treatments showed invariably better net return
nutrient management on fertilizer use efficiency and

changes in soil-fertility status under rice-based cropping
system. Indian J Agril Sci 75(9): 596-599.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 29-33
31
Singh et al
Table 1.Effect of treatments on growth and yield of garden pea (pooled data over two years).
Treatments
T1Control
T2 NPK
T3 NPK + BF
T4 FYM 10 t/ha +BF
T5 VC 5.0 t/ha +BF
T6 PM 3.5 t/ha+ BF
T7 50% NPK+BF+FYM
5.0 t/ha
T8 50% NPK+BF+VC
2.5 t/ha
T9 50% NPK+
BF+PM1.75 t/ha
T10 50% NPK+
BF+FYM 5.0+ PM
1.25+VC 1.25 t/ha
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
Plant Number
height
of
(cm)
nodule/
plant
58.7
88.3
89.0
64.3
70.0
76.3
80.0
18.5
26.0
31.4
28.0
28.0
30.0
34.0
Nodule
dry
weight/
plant
(mg)
19.2
28.0
42.0
38.0
39.0
46.0
53.0
No of
pods/
plant
Pod No of
length seed/
(cm)
pod
24.0
56.0
60.0
34.0
38.0
42.0
50.0
5.2
8.0
8.0
6.5
6.8
7.4
7.8
Pod yield (t/ha)
88.6
36.0
52.5
60.0
9.4
8.4
5.80
6.30
6.05
89.3
35.6
53.0
60.0
9.2
8.3
5.85
6.31
6.08
91.0
39.0
58.0
62.0
9.6
9.0
6.34
6.71
6.53
4.56
13.56
1.79
5.32
2.59
7.68
2.71
8.07
0.44
1.32
0.38
1.14
0.28
0.84
0.29
0.87
0.29
0.86
201314
201415
Pooled
4.0
7.0
7.3
5.3
5.5
6.4
7.0
2.50
5.30
5.52
3.71
4.26
4.71
5.40
2.70
5.50
5.80
3.75
4.35
4.80
5.38
2.60
5.40
5.66
3.73
4.31
4.76
5.39
Table 2. Effect of treatments on soil properties after harvest of garden pea.

Treatments
T1Control
T2 NPK
T3 NPK + BF
T4 FYM 10 t/ha +BF
T5 VC 5.0 t/ha +BF
T6 PM 3.5 t/ha+ BF
T7 50% NPK+BF+FYM 5.0 t/ha
T8 50% NPK+BF+VC 2.5 t/ha
T9 50% NPK+ BF+PM 1.75 t/ha
T10 50% NPK+ BF+FYM 5.0+
PM 1.25+VC 1.25 t/ha
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
32
Bulk density
(Mg/m2)
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.18
1.23
1.25
1.22
1.26
1.26
1.24
pH
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.70
7.70
7.70
7.70
7.80
7.70
7.70
OC
(%)
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.03
0.10
0.21
NS
0.01
0.04
Available N Available P Available K

(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
178.4
12.93
142.95
197.2
17.34
161.29
208.5
17.37
161.50
194.5
16.68
158.00
196.3
16.76
159.50
198.5
16.92
159.80
203.5
17.43
163.50
208.6
17.46
166.80
209.5
17.52
166.50
214.5
17.68
172.30
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 29-33
5.46
16.21
0.46
1.37
4.40
13.07
Integrated Nutrient Management in Gardem Pea

Gomez K A and Gomez A A (1984). Statistical Procedure for
Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Jackson M L (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited, New Delhi.
Gopinath K A and Mina B L (2011). Effect of organic manures
on agronomic and economic performance of garden pea
(Pisum sativum) and on soil properties. Indian J Agril Sci
81(3): 236-239.
Kumpawat B S (2010). Integrated nutrient management
in blackgram (Vigna mungo) and its residual effect on
succeeding mustard (Brassica juncea) crop. Indian J
Agril Sci 80 (1): 76-79.
Pandey A K, Gopinath K A, Bhattacharya R, Hooda K S,

Sushil S N, Kundu S, Selvakumar G and Gupta H S
(2006). Effect of source and rate of organic manures on
yield attributes, pod yield and economics of garden pea
grown under organic farming system. Indian J Agril Sci
76(4): 230-34.
Sanyal S K (2001). Colloidal chemical properties of humic
substances:A Relook. J Indian Society Soil Sci 49(4):
56769.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 29-33
33
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00029.5

Metta Siresha1 Mahalakshmi V Reddy2
Department of Resource Management and Consumer Sciences
College of Home Science,
Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 001 (Andhra Pradesh)
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to explore the effect of lyophilization technology on dried carnation flower.
Lyophilization helped to retain the natural colour, form and texture of the dried flowers. Certain preservatives
were selected, tested and evaluated to keep hold of innate characteristics of flowers. The flower treated with
silver thiosulphate (STS) was found to be effective hydration treatments resulting flowers remained fresh up
to 9d. Floral preservative (T8) was the best composition which retains inherent qualities of the flowers. The
water content of the plant was replaced with a water immiscible organic solventfor pre treatments. Application
of glazing medium as sealant was found best to protect flower from external environment conditions.
Key Words: Freeze Drying, Dehydration Technology, Flower Preservation
INTRODUCTION
serrated and their colour varies from green to greyInterior decoration cannot be completed without blue or purple.
the presence of flowers in the room. Dried flowers
The present work was carried out to evaluate the
are as wonderful as the fresh flowers; they add beauty effect of texture and moisture content on drying rate
and offer infinite possibilities for the decoration of of different flowers. This study evaluated the effect
indoor spaces. There were several conventional of different treatments in freeze drying process to
ways to dry the flowers with air drying, microwave retain the inherent qualities of the dried carnation
drying or pressing etc. Lyophilization is one such flower.
technology which helps to cautiously extract
moisture from flowers by sublimation. Freeze
drying gave superior results to other methods of
The study was conducted at Department of
drying flowers and allows the flowers to retain their Resource Management and Consumer Sciences,
original shape, form and colour.
College of Home Science, Acharya NG Ranga
Carnation is one such flower which adds finery
to the interiors. There were over 300 varieties of
carnations that can be found throughout the world.
Carnations are bisexual flowers and bloom simply
or in a branched or forked cluster. The stamens
on Carnations could occur in one or two whorls,
in equal number or twice the number of the petals.
Petals on Carnations were generally clawed or
Agricultural University, Hyderabad during

2011- 2012 with Floral Freeze Dryer equipment
by adopting experimental research design.
Treated flowers were analyzed quantitatively and
qualitatively to explore the effect of these treatments
on physical characteristics (colour, form, texture
and appearance) of carnation flower. The recorded
observations were as under:
1 Teaching Associate, Department of Resource Management and Consumer Science, College of Home Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, AP, India.
2 Professor and Head, Department of Resource Management and Consumer Science, College of Home Science, PJTSAU, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
34
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
Siresha and Reddy

Colour
Pink, purple, red, white, yellow,

striped, orange, green, red/purple.
Form
Carnationbuds look like tightly
closed balls. Puffy when opened,
like pompoms; and more fringed
or scalloped.
Texture
Slippery smooth, glossy without
being shimmery
Appearance Heavily ruffled petals with jagged
edges
HYDRATION TREATMENTS
T1: 5ml of silver thio-sulphate/litre water (SBS)
T2: Sprite 50ml, bleach 1.5g/litre of luke warm
(43-450C) water (SBW)
T3: 150mg aspirin powdered /litre luke warm (43450C) water (AW)
T4: Lemon soda 50ml, bleach 0.7g/litre water
(LSBW)
T5: Sugar 2g, bleach 1.5g, listerine mouth wash
6ml/litre water (SBLW)
T6: Epsom Salt 2g, Chlorine Bleach 2g, Lemon
Soda 50ml/litre water (EBSW)
PRE TREATMENTS
Basic compositions T1 Base 1
T2 Base 2
T3 Base 3
Tertiary butyl alcohol, 1,2-propanol sodium
phosphate, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, citric
acid, thiourea, aluminum sulphate, sodium citrate,
cupric sulphate, propionic acid, phenol and silicone
resin were used in different proportions
T9 Base3 + Polymer I + Polymer II in 50: 45: 5

Basic compositions were further modified to
improve pliability of the flower with softening
agent polymer II- poly ethylene glycol
POST TREATMENTS
T1 Acrylic Clear Spray (ACS)

T2 Picture Varnish (PC)
T3 Glazing Medium (GM)
T4 Gloss Lustre (GL)
T5 Dried Material Preservative (DMP)
T6 Glazing Dip (GD)
Florets of the flower were immersed in each
solution for five seconds to study the effect of these
chemicals. In addition moisture loss in flower was
also assessed to explore the extent of evaporation.
Three point scales was used for scoring the variation
in each of these qualities. The scores obtained for
each of these variables were subjected to analysis of
variance-one way classification to study the effect
of treatments on keeping quality of flower.

Effect of Hydration treatments on Carnation
The score values presented in Table 1 and
Plate 1 showed the quality of Carnation during 10
days of experiment with and without treatments.
An interesting observation from data that control
flower remained fresh on par flowers treated ones
for 3 days. Among the treated flowers, T1 retained
quality of flowers to its best for 6 days while T2
retained it for 4 days in Plate 1. It can be inferred
that Carnation could be remained fresh only for six
to seven days even with the best preservative like
STS.
Improved composition

T4 Base 1 + Polymer I in 50: 50
These scores were statistically analyzed to
establish the influence of treatments on number
It is an improvement to basic compositions to
of days to retain the qualities of flowers and
improve shatter resistance with a polymer I- ethyl
were presented in Table 2. The results revealed
vinyl acetate (EVA)
that, physical characteristics of carnation were
retained well up to 4th day and the quality of the
Advanced composition
T7 Base 1 + Polymer I + Polymer II in 50: 45: 5 flowers deteriorated significantly from the fifth day
T8 Base2 + Polymer I + Polymer II in 50: 45: 5 onwards, whereas in T1, it remained fresh up to 9
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
35
Lyophilization on Dried Carnation Flower

Table 1. Effect of hydration treatment on physical observation scores of Carnation .
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Control
12
12
12
10
8
6
4
-
T1
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
7
6
T2
12
12
12
12
8
-
T3
12
12
11
8
9
-
T4
12
12
10
9
5
-
T5
12
12
10
9
6
4
-
T6
12
12
10
9
5
-
Treatments: C: Control; T1: STS; T2: SBW; T3: AW; T4: LSBW; T5: SBLW; T6: EBSW
days (F-Test Two-Sample for Variance). Among

the treatments, treatment T1 (STS) was found to
have significant difference over other treatments.
These results coincided with the outcome of the
experiments Leonard (1998), Karen and Stephen
(1997) treatment with STS supplies the flower with
silver ions which inhibited ethylene action and
helped to prevent sleepiness in Carnation.
Effects of selected pre treatments on
Carnation
From the data presented in Table 3 and Plate
2, it could be observed that T8 scored higher values

than others. Jain (2011) and Jennings(2001) also
reported that the freeze dried flowers was influenced
by chemicals used in pre-treatment process.
Colour: Comparison of colour in Table 3
revealed that values were not very close to reference
flower. Chen et al (2000) also reported that freezing
and vacuum-drying influenced colour, moisture
content, and stem and petal strengths.
Form: There was a considerable change in the
Table 2. F test and t- Test of physical observation score on Carnation.

F-Test Two-Sample for Variances
Day 4
Day 5
Mean
9.86
7.57
Variance
2.48
6.29
Observations
Df
0.39
P(F<=f) onetail
F Critical onetail
0.14
36
0.23
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

CONTROL
T1
Day 5
Mean
8
11.67
Variance
1.25
0.5
Observations
9
9
Pearson Correlation
-0.16
Hypothesized Mean
0
Difference
Df
8
t Stat
-7.78
P(T<=t) one-tail
2.67-05
t Critical one-tail
1.86
P(T<=t) two-tail
5.34-05
t Critical two-tail
2.31
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
Siresha and Reddy

Table 3. Physical observation score on Carnation.
Characteristics
Colour
Form
Texture
Appearance
Total
Control
2
2
2
2
8
Basic compositions
T1
3
1
2
1
7
T2
2
2
2
3
9
T3
2
2
2
2
8
shape and size of the flowers in pure, improved and

advanced compositions and these were better with
T8. It has also been proved that chemicals blended to
prepare different compositions had strong influence
on the quality of flower.
Texture: The freeze dried control flower was
over dried and brittle when compared with reference
flower. Similarly, there was a distinct change in the
texture of flowers in pure, improved and advanced
compositions and these were better with T8.
Appearance: Flowers were found to look
shrunk in all the treatments except in T8 and T2.
This observation coincides with the view of Chen
et al. (2000).
Moisture: It was found that in all the treatments
the moisture loss percentage varied between 80 to
87 per cent in all the flowers and it did not remain
consistent between experiments. This might be due
to variations in chemicals between treatments which
influenced the weight of flower (Behera, 2009).
Improved compositions
T4
2
2
2
2
8
T5
2
2
2
2
8
T6
2
2
2
2
8
Advanced
compositions
T7
T8
T9
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
8
11
8
treatments and between treatments. From this

analysis, it could be drawn that choice of chemicals
influenced the quality of freeze dried Carnation.
Effect of post treatments on Carnation

The effect of post-treatment on flowers was
depicted in Plate 3 that physical observation scores
were presented in Table 5. Physical observation
scores of expert panel showed highest scores for T3
with glazing medium and the next best option was
for T1 with acrylic spray.
Observation on scores revealed that, irrespective
of the medium, these flowers were scored lesser.
Among the best alternative, glazing medium
produced better effect, as it enhanced colour of the
flower, but the flower had more gloss. In natural
conditions, carnation flower has mild sheen than
mild gloss. Yoshihisa (2010) also revealed that the
gloss was imparted on preserved flowers due to
presence of gloss agents and the flowers retained
its original natural colour, particularly it showed
delicate colour gradations, in gloss solution.
These scores were statistically analyzed to

These scores were statistically analyzed
establish the influence of treatments on overall to establish the influence of treatments on overall
quality of flowers (Table 4). Anova one-way quality of flowers. Anova one-way classification on
classification on Carnation revealed that there was Carnation revealed that there was significant differsignificant difference in the quality of flowers within
Table 4. ANOVA - One way classification on Carnation
Source of Variation
Between treatments
Within treatments
Total
SS
2.53
4.25
6.78
df
9
30
39
MS
0.28
0.14
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
F
2.98
P-value
0.078
F crit
2.21
37

Table 5. Physical Observation score on Carnation
Characteristics
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Colour
Form
Texture
Appearance
Total
Table 6. ANOVA - One way classification on Carnation.

Source of Variation
Between treatments
Within treatments
Total
SS
2.71
3.25
5.96
df
5
18
23
MS
0.54
0.18
F
3.00
Plate 1. Effect of Hydration treatments on Carnation

38
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
P-value
0.04
F crit
2.77
Siresha and Reddy
Plate 2. Effect of selected pre treatments on Carnation
Plate. 3. Effect of post treatments on Carnation
ence in the quality of flowers within treatments and close to reference flower. Post Treatment freeze
between treatments. Since calculated value of F is dried flowers with acrylic clear spray was better
greater than the table value of F.
to produce desired appearance and protect flower
from external environment specimens.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

The present invention includes hydration
Behera T B (2009). Standardization of drying techniques
followed by pre-treating and post-treating. Freeze
of Rose (Rosa hybrida L). M.Sc. thesis. Dr YS Parmar
dried flower products retain their aesthetic value in
University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan,
order to get the best quality of freeze dried flowers.
Himachal Pradeh, India.
Hydrate flower with silver thiosulphate (STS) to in- Chen W, Gast K L B and Smithey S (2000). The effects of
crease shelf life as this was found to remain fresh
different freeze-drying processes on the moisture content,
colour and physical strength of roses and carnations.
up to 9 days. Pre-treat flower with preservative (T8)
Scientia Horticulturae 84(3): 321-332.
had colour, form, texture and appearance of flower
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
39

Jain K (2011). Benson Polymers Limited, New Delhi, India.
http://www.polyfix.in/
Jennings T A (2001). Other Applications of Freeze-Drying.
Insight 4 (12): 35-38.
Karen M N and Stephen J B (1997). Analysis and
developmental profile of carotenoid pigments in petals
of three yellow petunia cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae
71(3): 257266.
40
Leonard P (1998). Herbaceous Perennial Production. A Guide

from Propagation to Marketing. NRAES, Cornell, Ithaca,
NY. http://www.uvm.edu/~pass/perry/
Yoshihisa S (2010). Method for producing preserved flower
and processing solution thereof. Patent application
number: 2010025143. http://www.freepatentsonline.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 41-45
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00030.1
Effect of Plant Spacing on Yield and Yield Attributes of Maize

Hybrids
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala- 144 620 (Punjab)
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at experimental fields of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala. The experiment
was laid out in a 6 strip plots with plot size of 48 m2 including 2 hybrids (PMH 1 and DKC 9125) at 3 plant
population densities comprising of 55,555, 83,333 and 1,11,111 plants/ha with the objective of observing
the effect of plant spacing on yield attributes and yield of maize hybrids. The yield attributing factors as
number of rows per cob, number of grains per row, cob girth and cob length were determined and finally
the yield was recorded for both the hybrids. In case of DKC 9125 the only factor contributing to increase
in cob yield and grain yield per unit area was the number of plants grown in the area, so the maximum yield
was obtained at 15 cm plant spacing whereas, in case of PMH 1, both yield attributing factors (cob length
and plant spacing) ultimately led to increase in grain yield. At 20 cm plant spacing the number of plants
were reduced but increase in cob length at wider plant spacing nullified the effect of lesser plants grown per
unit area. It was due to the reason that increase in cob length did not occur proportionately to the reduction
in plant population. Hence, PMH 1 hybrid gave maximum cob yield and grain yield at 20 cm plant spacing.
Key Words: Cob length, Cob yield, Grains per row, Grain yield, Hybrids, Maize, Spacing.
INTRODUCTION
Maize is multipurpose crop, provides food

for human beings, feed for animals, poultry and
fodder for livestock. It has high nutritional value
as it contains about 72 per cent starch, 10 per cent
proteins, 4.8 per cent oil, 8.5 per cent fibre, 3.0
per cent sugar and 1.7 per cent ash. It is one of the
most versatile crops and can be grown in diverse
environmental conditions. In India, it occupies third
place among the cereals after rice and wheat and is
cultivated in an area of 8.71 m ha with a production
of 22.23 mt and the average productivity is 2,552
kg/ ha (Anonymous, 2013). In Punjab, maize
occupied an area of 126 thousand hectares with a
production of 460 thousand tonnes and the average
productivity was 36.52 q/ha (Anonymous, 2016).
Increase in yield of maize crop depends on two
most important factors. First factor is maintaining
maximum plant population per unit area because
grain yield is directly proportional to the number of
plants standing in the field at the time of harvesting
of the crop. The reduction in plant population may

be due to a number of reasons like low germination,
damage by birds at the time of seed germination,
attack of insect pest and diseases during growing
period, lodging by winds or damage by stray
animals etc., which directly affects the profitability
of a farmer. Second is the genetic potential of a
variety or hybrid which plays an important role in
increasing or decreasing margin of profit because
grain yield takes into account both seed number and
seed size (weight per seed).
Hammer et al (2009) studied grain yield of
maize and reported that at the low density of 10,000
plants/ha grain yield increased at a rate of 0.01 t/
ha/year but at the high density of 79, 000 plants/
ha grain yield increased at a rate of 0.11 t/ha/yr.
A research study conducted by Widdicombe and
Thelen (2002) observed that plant population had
a significant effect on grain yield, moisture, test
weight, and stalk lodging. Interestingly, the highest
plant population in the study (90, 000 plants/ha)
Corresponding Authors Email : jatinderkm@rediffmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 41-45
41
Manan et al
resulted in the highest grain yield.
Sharma et al (2014) studied performance of
different maize hybrids sown by the farmers in the
district and reported that the grain yield obtained
varied between 70.0 to 100.8 q/ha. Similarly,
Manan et al (2016) reported that the farmers of the
area were using fertilizers, insecticides, weedicide
without taking in to account recommendations
made by different research institutes which has
reduced the margin of profit day by day. In this
regard Singh et al (2013) indicated that most of the
recommended pesticides were not available in the
market thats why farmers were unable to make use
of these recommendations.
flat fan nozzle. The earthing up of maize was done

25 d after sowing. Decis @ 200 ml/ha was used at
20 d after sowing for control of Lepidoptera insect
attack. The crop was harvested on 28th September,
2015. The experiment plot was sandy loam with pH
7.6, OC 0.32, available phosphorus 12 kg/ha and
available potash 115 kg/ha. In total, 4 irrigations
were applied during the crop season.
For calculating number of rows per cob, number

of grains per row, cob length (cm), cob girth (cm)
and shelling percentage, data of 10 cobs selected
randomly for each parameter were averaged. Cob
girth was recorded from the centre of cob. The
grain weight and cob weight of 10 cobs were used
Therefore, it was planned to evaluate two to calculate shelling percentage using the formula
maize hybrids available in the market to study the
Shelling per cent = 100 {(cob weight - grain
effect of plant spacing on yield and different yield weight) X 100 / cob weight}. The other parameters
attributing factors at the Krishi Vigyan Kendras were recorded as per the formulae given below:
instructional farm so that visiting farmers may see Plot yield (Kg/plot) = Total plot cob weight X
the results and make improvement in the method of shelling percentage
sowing followed at farmers field because seeing is
Cob yield (q/ha) = Total cob weight X 10,000 / plot
believing.
size
The study was conducted at experimental fields

of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala. The
experiment was laid out in a 6 strip plots with plot
size of 10m X 8m = 48 m2 including 2 hybrids (PMH
1 and DKC 9125) at 3 plant population densities
comprising of 55,555 (60 X 30 cm), 83,333 (60 X
20 cm) and 1,11,111 plants/ha (60 X 15 cm).
The field was well prepared and given 3-4
ploughings to make a fine seed bed. Sowing was
done manually on 20thJune, 2015 with 20 kg seed/
ha after seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 3g/kg
of seed on ridges at 60 cm apart. Fertilizers were
added as per SAU (Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana) recommendations i.e., 75 kg urea, 137.5
kg DAP and 50 kg MOP/ha as a basal dose and 75
kg/ha urea was added each at knee high and pretasseling stages. The pre-emergence application
of weedicide was done within 2 days of sowing
comprising of Atrazine @1.5 kg/ha + Lasso @ 2.5
l/ha by mixing in tank using knap sack sprayer with
42
Grain yield (q/ha) = Plot yield X 10,000 / plot size

The data thus obtained were used for calculating
mean, standard deviation and coefficient of
correlation.
Mean () = X1 + X2 + . + Xn / n
Standard deviation ()
Coefficient of correlation (r) =
Where, X, Y = Variable under study, N = Number

of samples,

Effect of plant spacing on number of plants
Plant density is an important agronomic
attribute since it affects light interception during
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
Effect of Plant Spacing on Maize Yield

photosynthesis. Also, it affects the photosphere and
rhizosphere exploitation by the plants especially
when spacing is inadequate and the plants suffer
(Ibeawuchi et al, 2008). It was observed in the
study that at 15 cm spacing , maximum plants (499)
were obtained followed by 20 cm (377) and 30 cm
(251) in hybrid PMH 1 whereas, these values were
found to be 506, 380 and 257 plants at 15, 20 and
30 cm plant distance, respectively in hybrid DKC
9125. A little difference in plant numbers, which
otherwise should be same, was due to germination
percentage of both hybrids. The increase in plant to
plant spacing resulted in decrease in the number of
plants. A negative correlation of - 0.98 was found
indicating that as the plant to plant distance was
increased, the total number of plants were decreased.
Number of rows per cob
No general trend (either increase or decrease)
in increase in the number of rows per cob were
observed. In case of PMH 1, the number of rows
per cob increased from 14.4 to 16.0 at 15 and 20 cm
distance and 15.6 at 30 cm plant spacing, whereas, in
case of DKC 9125 there was a gradual decrease and
the values were found to be 15.2, 14.8 and 14.4 at
15, 20 and 30 cm plant spacing, respectively (Table
1). The correlation coefficient was 0.06 which
indicated that there was no effect of plant spacing
on number of rows per cob and genetic makeup of
hybrid had a greater impact on this parameter.
Number of grains per row
In both maize hybrids, there was an increase
in number of grains per row and the values varied
from 25.7 to 33.2 in case of PMH 1 and 24.7 to
32.8 for DKC 9125 with increase in plant spacing
from 15 to 30 cm (Table 1). A positive correlation
of 0.84 was found for number of grains per row
and plant spacing. A highly positive correlation of
0.79 and 1.0 was found for PMH1 and DKC 9125,
respectively.
girth and plant spacing indicating that by increasing

the plant spacing from 15 cm to 30 cm, the cob
girth showed an increasing trend in case of both
hybrids (Table 1). Increase in girth size might result
in increase in number of rows but in the present
case there was no effect on increase in number of
rows with increase in plant spacing. Hence it can be
inferred that increase in plant spacing might have
resulted in increased grain size and weight.
Zamir et al (2011) reported that in wider plant
spacing there is abundance of available resources
and hence the plants were healthier than thick plant
stands. In narrow plant spacing there was more
competition for available resources and hence plants
were tall but weaker than wider plant spacing.
Cob length (cm)
Cob length got improved in case of both the
hybrids with increase in plant spacing. The values
for cob length showed an increasing trend in case
of PMH 1, whereas, cob length decreased from
18.7 cm (15 cm plant spacing) to 18.5 cm (20 cm
plant spacing) and then showed an increasing trend
(20.4 cm at 30 cm plant spacing) for DKC 9125. A
correlation of 0.73 was found between plant spacing
and cob length.
The data were in line with Zamir et al (2011)
that the cob length decreased as the plant population
increased. It means that these identified factor could
be harnessed especially close spacing which cause
competition and removal of nutrients for growth
and genetic makeup either for tallest or shortness
for the particular plant. Both plant population
density and cultivar and interaction between them
had significant effects on cob length. The data
showed that the cob length decreased as the plant
population increased. These results were in line
with the findings Zamir et al (2011) that there is
a positive relationship between plant spacing and
cob length of maize, probably due to variable plant
competition.
Cob girth (cm)

An increase in cob girth was observed with Shelling percentage
increase in plant spacing in both the hybrids. A
It was interesting to note that in both the hybrids
positive correlation of 0.75 was observed for cob shelling percentage was found to be decreased
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 41-45
43
Manan et al
when the plant spacing increased and a negative its competitive effect both on the vegetative and
reproductive development (Singh and Choudhary,
correlation of -0.57 was calculated (Table 1).
2008).
Cob yield (q/ha)
In case of PMH 1, cob yield was found to be Grain Yield (q/ha)
The data clearly showed that at 15, 20 and 30
maximum (91.7 q/ha) at 20 cm plant spacing,
whereas, it was highest at 15 cm plant spacing for cm plant spacing, PMH 1 gave a grain yield of 68.3,
DKC 9125 (Table 1). Maize hybrid DKC 9125, 69.0 and 49.71 q/ha, respectively (Table 1). These
showed a decreasing trend for cob yield with the values indicated that number of plants directly
increase in plant spacing. Accordingly, Tollenaar affects the grain yield obtained and the maximum
and Aguilera (1992) reported yield increase due to grain yield was obtained at 20 cm plant spacing in
more plants per unit area which results higher yield PMH 1.
per unit area rather than per plant. It was found that
On the other hand, in case of DKC 9125, the
with an increase in plant spacing cob yield was maximum grain yield was obtained at 15 cm plant
found to be lowest (67.1 q/ha) which indicated that spacing (74.96 q/ha) followed by 20 cm (63.75 q/ha)
number of plants per unit area directly affects the and at 30 cm (60.98 q/ha). Tollenaar and Lee (2006)
cob yield particularly of PMH 1. Therefore, genetic stated that an increase in total biomass accumulated
makeup of hybrids was fully responsible for the via sustained photosynthesis during grain filling
total cob yield obtained from a unit area. Further, have been considered as the major physiological
this fact was supported by a negative correlation of determinants of the yield increase. This showed that
-0.86 between cob yield and plant spacing.
DKC 9125 was making up to cover the canopy at 15
Proper plant spacing results in proper plant
population on a given area for optimum yield.
In agronomic practices plant density exerts a
strong influence on maize growth, because of
cm plant spacing. However, a negative correlation

of -0.86 was obtained between plant spacing and
grain yield. Thus this study clearly indicated that
there was a significant difference in the performance
Table 1: Effect of plant spacing and hybrids on yield and yield attributes of maize.
Hybrids
Spacing
(cm)
60X15
60X20
No of
plants/ 48
m2
499
377
No of
rows/
cob
14.4
16.0
No of
grains/
row
25.7
32.7
Cob
girth
(cm)
13.5
14.5
Cob
length
(cm)
19.5
20.6
PMH 1
60X30
251
15.6
33.2
14.6
21.5
74.1
67.1
49.71
-0.98
0.58
0.79
0.81
0.97
-1.00
-0.92
-0.93
506
380
15.2
14.8
24.7
26.8
14.3
14.4
18.7
18.5
79.6
78.3
94.2
81.4
74.96
63.75
257
14.4
32.8
14.8
20.4
77.4
78.8
60.98
-0.98
-0.98
1.00
0.99
0.91
-0.96
-0.85
-0.87
378.33
111.17
-0.98
15.07
0.65
0.06
29.32
3.98
0.84
14.35
0.45
0.75
19.87
1.17
0.73
77.02
1.92
-0.57
83.77
10.13
-0.86
64.62
8.77
-0.86
Correlation with respect

to spacing
DKC 9125
60X15
60X20
60X30
Correlation with respect
to spacing
Mean
Standard Deviation
Over all Correlation
44
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 34-40
Shelling
Cob
Grain
(%)
Yield (q/ Yield (q/
ha)
ha)
76.9
89.5
68.83
75.8
91.7
69.50
Effect of Plant Spacing on Maize Yield

of both the hybrids when sown at different plant
REFERENCES
spacing. These results were in agreement with those Anonymous (2013). http://www.krishijagran.com/farm-data/
farm-statistics/2014/11/State-wise
-Area-productionreported by Liu et al (2004) that maize yield differs
yield-crops-2011-12-and-2012-13/Area-Production-andsignificantly under varying plant density levels due
Yield-of-Maize-during-2011-12-and-2012-13.
to difference in genetic potential.
Anonymous (2016). Package of practices for kharif crops of
Punjab. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
CONCLUSION
The present study indicated that adequate plant

spacing coupled with plant population per unit area
gives a good yield. The number of rows per cob, cob
girth, grain weight and cob length were the factors
which contribute to increase in cob yield and grain
yield. Besides these factors, number of plants per
unit area or plant density is also one of the main
factors which ultimately led to increase in cob yield
or grain yield only per unit area. In the present study
it was found that in case of DKC 9125, number of
rows per cob, cob girth, grain weight and cob length
did not have much impact on the cob yield and
thus, the grain yield. The only factor contributing
to increase in cob yield and grain yield per unit area
was the number of plants grown in the area. Hence
maximum cob yield (94.2) and grain yield (74.96)
was found at closer plant spacing i.e. at 15 cm.
It was found that contrary to DKC 9125, in case
of PMH 1 the both yield attributing factors (cob
length and plant density) ultimately led to increase
in grain yield. Grain yield of 68.83 q/ha and 69.50
q/ha was obtained at 15 cm and 20 cm plant
spacing, respectively. This increase in grain yield
per unit area occurred due to increase in the cob
length. Although at 20 cm plant spacing the number
of plants were reduced but increase in cob length
at wider plant spacing nullified the effect of lesser
plants grown per unit area. Hence maximum crop
yield (91.7 q/ha) and grain yield (69.5 q/ha) was
obtained at 20 cm plant spacing. Drastic reduction
in cob yield and grain yield occurred at wider plant
spacing i.e. 30 cm. It was due to the reason that
increase in cob length did not occur proportionately
to the reduction in plant population. Hence PMH 1
hybrid gave maximum cob yield and grain yield at
20 cm plant spacing rather than 15 and 30 cm plant
spacing.
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Manan Jatinder, Sharma Manoj, Singh Gurmeet and Singh
Gobinder (2016). Effect of application of various inputs
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Singh Gurmeet , Kaur Gagandeep, Sharma Manoj, Kaur
Gurpreet and Singh Gobinder (2013). Use and availability
of recommended pesticides in district Kapurthala. J
Krishi Vigyan 2(1) : 64-72.
Tollenaar M and Aguilera A (1992). Radiation use efficiency
of an old and a new maize hybrid. Agron J 84:536541.
Tollenaar M and Lee E A (2006). Dissection of physiological
processes underlying grain yield in maize by examining
genetic improvement and heterosis. Maydica 51: 399-408.
Widdicombe W D and Thelen K D (2002). Row width and
plant population effects on corn grain production in the
northern corn belt. Agron J 94: 1020-1023.
Zamir M S I, Ahmad A H, Javeed H M R, Latif T (2011).
Growth and yield behaviour of two maize hybrids (Zea
mays l.) towards different plant spacing. Cercetri
Agronomicen Moldova 2 (146): 33-40.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 41-45
45
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 46-48
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00031.3
Effect of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Blood Morphology of

Fresh Water Fish in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand
V K Misra1, M Das Trakroo2, C D Sharma3, Shashank Singh4, N D Singh1 and A N Tripathi5
Krishi Vigyan Kendra West Kameng, Dirang - 790 101 (Arunachal Pradesh)
ABSTRACT
The present paper deals with the toxicity of common mixed industrial effluent of Tarai Region of
Uttarakhand on the blood morphology of an important fresh water fish (Cyprinus carpio var. communis).
When fish was exposed to 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 per cent effluent concentrations, various morphological
changes were observed but the changes were less in the specimens treated with 3, 4 and 5per cent
effluent concentration compared to 6 and 7per cent. In fish exposed to 3, 4 and 5per cent concentrations,
the formation of tear drop cell, binucleated cell, microcytes, spherocytes, roulex cell, sickle cell,
agglutinated cells and rupturing of donnanens membrane in the cells were observed but in fishes exposed
to 6 and 7 per cen effluent concentration the agglutination of hemoglobin, membrane degeneration and
formation of elliptocyts, hemoglobin crystal, stomatocytes, ovalocytes, and inclusion bodies were found.
Key Words: Blood morphology, Cyprinus carpio, Pulp and paper mill effluent, Toxicity.
INTRODUCTION
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in India

has resulted in the substantial increase in the liquid
waste (spent wash or effluent) which is traditionally
discharged in open land or into nearby natural
water, causing a number of environmental problems
including threat to plants and animal lives present in
that environment. These industrial pollutants alters
the natural condition of aquatic medium that causes
behavioural changes as well as morphological
imbalance of aquatic organisms (Yadav et al,
2007). Hematology is used as an index of fish
health status in a number of fish species to detect
physiological changes following different stress
conditions like exposure to pollutants, diseases,
metals, hypoxia, etc. (Duthie and Tort, 1985).
Therefore, hematological techniques are the most
common method to determine the sub-lethal effects
of the pollutants (Larsson et al, 1985). Blood of any
organism shows the direct relation between its health

and in his surviving environment. There are three
types of cellular elements presents in the blood i.e.
RBCs, WBCs and platelets each of these cells have
its own functions and differs morphologically from
the others. In health, the destruction and production
of cells is balanced and therefore the number of
cells present in the blood at any particular time is
relatively constant. The present work is based on
the morphological studies of RBCs (erythrocytes).
Erythrocytes are the most abundant cell type found
in the peripheral blood and function in respiration
by transporting oxygen to and carbon dioxide from
body tissues (Michael and Stoskope, 1992). Many
studies have indicated that heavy metal ions, such
as copper, cadmium, and mercury ions, induce lysis
of mammalian erythrocytes and may cause the
accelerated destruction of erythrocytes (Kotsanis et
al, 2000). The main functions of RBCs is to carry
Corresponding Authors Email:ndsingh62kvk@yahoo.com

1 Subject Matter Specialist (Fisheries) and Sr. Scientist cum Head K.V.K West Kameng, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh.
2 Professor and Head (Aquatic Environment Management) College of Fisheries, G.B.P.U A & Tech. Pantnagar Uttarakhand.
3 Assit. Prof. (Zoolozy) Surajmal Kanya Mahavidyalaya Kichha, Distt U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand.
4 Ph.D. Scholar CIFE Mumbai, Maharashtra.
5 Sr. Scientist cum Head K.V.K Lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh.
46
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 46-48
Misra et al
Hb, which transports the oxygen to the tissues. The
metabolic activities of RBCs also are capable of
maintaining the Hb molecules in functional states.
In normal morphological and cytological condition
the RBCs have its own nucleus is extremely
condensed. Erythrocytes morphology changes only
in special external and internal conditions i.e. due to
anemia and other pollutants of surrounding medium
and in disease conditions. Hence, present study
was conducted to see effect of pulp and paper mill
effluent on blood morphology of fresh water fish in
tarai region of uttarakhand

Collection of Paper Mill Effluent.
Waste water from the Century pulp and paper
mill Lalkuan (Nainital) is drained into a small
rivulet called Gola Nala which after about 20 km is
merged into the Gola river. The waste water samples
were collected from Ghanshyam Dham Lalkuan.
On the basis of LC50 six solutions of varying
concentrations (0% control, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and
7%) of waste water were prepared to observe their
effects on test organism.
Collection of Experimental Fish and design of
experiment.
The experimental fish (yearlings) of Cyprinus.
carpio, used in this experiment was procured
from Instructional Fish Farm, College of Fisheries
Pantnagar. The range of Fishes were 15.10-20.60
cm in length and 132-153 gm in weight. Fishes were
acclimatized in 1500 litre capacity cemented tank
for one month before they were transferred to the
test media. Cemented tanks were cleaned, sterilized
and filled with water (temperature- 26.50C0.5, pH8.20.04, dissolved oxygen 6.80.5mg/l). During
acclimatization the fish were fed with conventional
fish feed (rice polish and soya cake in1:1 ratio) at the
rate of 4% body weight. Water quality parameters
were recorded following to APHA (2005).
were exposed to six different concentrations i.e.

0% (control) and (3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7%) in
duplicate.
Morphological study of blood
After blood removal, blood smears were made
immediately. Blood samples were collected at 7,
15 and 30 days interval on the well neat and clean
slides from the caudal vein of the fishes by cutting
the peduncle. The slides were air dried for 1 h at
room temperature and then fixed in 95% methanol
at 40C (Michael and Stoskope, 1992). After that
slides were stained with dyes following suitable
standard methods and a cover slip was placed on
top using glycerol. Slides were examined under
electronic microscope attached with camera.
Normal erythrocytes of carp have an oval

shape with a rounded to oval central nucleus with
densely packed chromatin (Fig. 1). The present
study shows erythrocytes morphological alterations
in carp exposed to paper mill effluent (Figs. 2 and
16). A high percentage of red blood cells were
in the process of losing their normal outline and
cytoplasm, according to the peripheral blood smear
examination at higher exposure levels.
After 7days, treatment effect of 3 per cent

effluent concentration on erythrocytes morphology
were present in plate-I, Fig-2 indicates some
morphological changes i.e. Presence of macrocytes,
microcytes, discocytes and tear drop cells. Tear
drop cells indicates anoxia condition which may be
due to low formation of RBCs. In Fig-3 at 4 per
cent effluent concentration sickle cell and diffusion
of cell membrane directly indicates low intensity of
heavy metals toxicity. Due to increase in effluent
concentration at 7 days dramatic morphological
changes were found. It was observed that at 5
per cent effluent concentration in plate- II (fig-4)
donnans membrane disruption and diffusion of cells
The yearlings of Cyprinus carpio after proper and presence of elliptocytes are the main characters
acclimation in the test tanks with daily feeding which clearly indicates the slow formation of RBCs.
Fig 5 and 6 at 6 and 7 per cent effluent
and replenishment of fresh water for one week
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 46-48
47
Effect of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Fresh Water Fish
concentration shows the cell diffusion, formation

of elliptocytes and stomatocytes and membrane
diffusion. Presence of these all characters indicates
about anemic condition of the test organism. In
plate -III (Fig-7, 8 and 9 at 3, 4, 5% concentration of
effluent respectively at 15 days exposure) indicates
sickle cell, membrane diffusion, ovalocytes,
elliptocytes and target cell that indicates towards
metal toxicity and anemic condition. Plate -IV
(Fig-10,11 at 6 and 7% effluent concentration)
shows membrane diffusion, sickle cell, ovalocytes,
stomatocytes and target cell and hemoglobin
crystals that may be due to the increase in
concentration of heavy metals in blood along with
deteriorate water conditions. In same plate fig-12
at 3% effluent concentration for 30 days exposure
shows cell agglutination and tidal bodies indicates
toward anoxic condition. Plate-V fig-13,14 and 15
(at 4,5,and 6% effluent concentration respectively)
shows that cell diffusion, agglutination, hemoglobin
crystal, acanthocytes, membrane degeneration,
hemoglobin agglutination and cabot rings are main
symptoms that indicates the pernicious anemia and
lead poisoning. Formation of hemoglobin network,
almost cell degeneration, hemoglobin agglutination
and inclusion bodies were observed in plate-VI
fig-16 at 7% effluent concentration for 30 days
exposure, may be due to heavy metal toxicity.
CONCLUSION
effluent from the various industries should be

properly treated and diluted before discharging
in natural ways as the various toxic materials are
found in the effluents which may leads various
detrimental effects on fish diversity as well as
on the human being which are consuming these
affected fish organisms, through food chain.
REFERENCES
APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water

and wastewater. 21st Edn., Washington D.C.
Duthie G G, and Tort L (1985). Effect of dorsal aortic
cannulation on the respiration and haematology of the
Mediterranean dog-fish Scyliorhinus canicula. Compara.
Biochem. & Physiol 81A: 879-883.
Kotsanis N, Iliopaelou-Georgudakij, Kapata-Zoumbos K
(2000). Change in selected hematological parameters at
early stages of rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss,
subjected to metal toxicants: arsenic, cadmium and
mercury. J Appl. Ichthyol 16: 276-278.
Larsson A, Haux C, and Stoskope M L (1985). Fish
physiology and metal pollution: results and experiences
from laboratory and field studies. Ecotoxicol Environ
Safety 9: 250-281.
Michael K and Stockpot D V M (1992). Fish Medicine.
Saunders, Philadelphia P A.
Yadav A, Neraliya S, and Gopesh A (2007). Acute toxicity
levels and ethological responses of Channa striatus to
fertilizer industrial wastewater. Bull Environ Contam
Toxicol 79: 588595.
The present study clearly indicates that the

48
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 46-48
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 49-53
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00032.5
Effect of Row Spacing and Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
College of Horticulture, Mandsaur- 458 001 (Madhya Pradesh)
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2012-13 at the Research Farm, College of Horticulture,
Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the response of coriander to different row spacing and nitrogen levels. The
experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design with three replications including three row spacing and four
levels of nitrogen. The different treatments significantly influenced the growth, yield and quality attributes of
coriander. Application of 90-120 Kg N/ha and 30 cm row spacing significantly improved plant height, number
of branches/plant, fresh weight of leaves (g)/plant, dry weight of plant (g)/plant, days to 50 % flowering, number
of umbels/plant, number of umbellets/plant, test weight, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index,
chlorophyll content in leaves (mg/g) and essential oil content (%) of seeds over their respective lower levels.
Key Words: Coriander, Growth, Nitrogen, Row spacing, Quality and Yield.
INTRODUCTION
Protoplasm, being highly hydrated, is conducive

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits are for the succulent plant growth. Keeping the above
globular, yellow brown when ripened and are 3 facts in view, an experiment was conducted to see
to 4 mm in diameter. The major growing districts the effect of row spacing and level of nitrogen on
in the Madhya Pradesh state are Guna, Mandsaur, growth and seed yield of coriander.
Shajapur, Rajgarh and Vidisha. Row spacing is
an important factor for better growth and yield of
The field experiment was conducted during
the plant. Optimum number of plants is required
per unit area to utilize efficiently the available rabi season 2012-13 at the Research Farm, Rajmata
production factors such as water, nutrient, light Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, College
and CO2. Maximum exploitation of these factors of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) on
is achieved when the plant population puts forth light black loamy soil having pH 7.2, EC 0.35 dS/m,
maximum pressure on all the factors of production. 243.2 Kg/ha available nitrogen (low), 19.75 Kg/
As, a results, individual plants are put under ha available phosphorus (medium) and 448.0 Kg/
severe stress because of inter-plant competition. ha available potassium (high). The average annual
Thus, the entire community of plants considered rainfall was 876 mm. The experiment was laid
for higher production rather than individual out in factorial randomized block design having
plant performance. Nitrogen is a constituent of three replications. There were twelve treatment
proteins, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, alkaloids, combinations, consisted of three row spacing viz.,
chlorophyll etc. Adequate supply of N promotes 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm and four levels of nitrogen
higher photosynthetic activity and vigorous viz. 0 Kg/ha, 40 Kg/ha, 80 Kg/ha and 120 Kg/ha. A
vegetative growth and as a result, the plants turn basal dose of 40 kg N/ha, 30 kg P2O5/ha and 20 kg
in to dark green colour. A high N supply favours K2O/ha was applied for better growth and proper
the conversion of carbohydrate into protein which, nutrition of coriander. The seed of coriander variety
in turn promotes the formation of protoplasm. RCr 436 @ 15 kg/ha was used for sowing. Prior
Corresponding Authors Email: rpssbkn@gmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 49-53
49
Sharma et al
to sowing, seeds were cleaned and broken into two
halves. Seeds were sown on 21st October, 2012 in
furrows at different row spacing and were covered
with soil properly. Two hand-weeding and hoeing
were done, first at 30 DAS and second at 60 DAS
to control the season bound weeds. In order to safe
guard the plant against aphids, dimethioate (1.5
%) was sprayed on the plants twice and wettable
sulphur (3 g/L) was sprayed to prevent the crop
from powdery mildew.
The harvested material of each plot was tied up
in bundles, tagged and kept on the threshing floor
for sun drying. After sun drying the threshing of the
individual plots was done with the help of wooden
sticks and winnowed traditionally to separate seeds
and straw. Seeds were weighed and plot wise
samples were taken. Separate analysis was carried
out for seed and straw. Quality attributes chlorophyll
content in leaves (mg/g) and essential oil content
(%) of seeds was estimated by Clevenger apparatus
by stem distillation method (A O A C, 1995).

Effect of row spacing
It was observed that row spacing significantly
influenced different growth parameters (Table 1)
viz., plant height, number of branches per plant,
fresh and dry weight of plant. Maximum plant
height (cm) at 30, 60 and 90 DAS (7.31, 47.47
and 74.01) was attained by row spacing of 30 cm.
Significant increase in plant height from early stage
of crop growth under closer row spacing seem to be
due to mutual shading due of the dense population.
This might have decreased the availability of light to
the plants. The reduced light intensity at the base of
the plant stem might have accelerated elongation of
lower internodes resulting in plant height. Although,
plant elongates rapidly due to mutual shading but
beyond a certain level, elongation is checked due
to reduced availability of photosynthates. These
observations are in close conformity with finding of
Malav and Yadav (1997).
row spacing 30 cm recorded significantly higher

number of branches at 60 and 90 DAS (3.77 and
4.19), fresh weight per plant (g) at 60 DAS (16.21)
and dry weight per plant (g) at 60 and 90 DAS (2.24
and 10.71) as compared to row spacing of 20 cm
and 40 cm. Whereas, the row spacing of 30 cm and
40 cm were at par with each other at fresh weight
per plant (g) at 30 and 90 DAS and dry weight
per plant (g) at 30 DAS. Significant improvement
in aforesaid parameters due to increase in spacing
or in other words reduction in plant population
per unit area could be ascribed to availability of
more area per plant which implied that individual
plant at wider spacing received higher growth
inputs (sunlight, water and nutrients) with least
competition compared to the plants grown under
two closer spacing. Thus greater inputs under
wider spacing resulted in profuse branching which
might have helped in larger canopy development
and delayed plant to attain reproductive phase. The
larger canopy development associated with profuse
branching had increased interception, absorption
and utilization of solar energy resulting information
of higher photosynthates and finally dry matter per
plant. A significant improvement in growth with
close spacing was conformity with the findings of
Singh and Buttar (2005) and Kumar et al (2006).
It was observed that at row spacing of 30 cm

various yield attributes significantly improved i.e.
days to 50 per cent flowering (55.25), number of
umbels per plant (42.68) and number of umbellate/
plant (206.63) and test weight (2.78 g) (Table.2).
The maximum value for these estimates were
obtained at the row spacing 30 cm i.e. number
of umbels per plant, number of umbellate per
plant while minimum days taken to 50 per cent
flowering was observed with row spacing of 20 cm
. Significantly highest seed yield (14.99 q/ha) and
biological yield (41.52 q/ha) were recorded with
row spacing of 30 cm compared to other spacing
(20 cm and 40 cm). Marked improvement in yield
and yield attributes of the crop with increase in
spacing appear to be on account of vigorous growth
The results indicated that crop raised under of the plants as evident from profuse branching and
50
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 49-53
Effect of Row Spacing and Nitrogen on Coriander Yield

higher biomass accumulation per plant. The profuse
branching seem to have led to greater initiation of
flowering and adequate supply of metabolites due
to the increase in biomass per plant might have
helped in retention of flower thereby greater seed
formation and seed growth. These results justify
that overcrowding of plants at closer spacing
significantly reduced growth and yield attributes
of the crop but compensated the yield to a certain
level. On the other hand, due to more plants/unit
area though, improved over all growth of crop but
failed to record highest yield due to less number of
plants per hectare.
Significantly higher chlorophyll content of
leaves and essential oil content of seed under wider
spacing could be ascribed due to availability of
large space per plant resulted in profuse vegetative
growth and delayed plant to attain productive
growth.
as a result of higher levels of nitrogen fertilization

(Table. 1). It is an established fact that nitrogen is
required for the synthesis of protein, chlorophyll
and other organic compounds of physiological
significance. Thus, increased level of nitrogen in
plant by virtue of its increased availability in the
soil medium and there after efficient absorption and
translocation in various growth by way of active
cell division and elongation resulting in greater
plant height and number of branches.
The nitrogen application might had resulted in
larger canopy development and presumably higher
chlorophyll content of leaves as nitrogen actively
participate in its formation with profound influence
on photosynthetic efficiency of plants, this might
had led to higher accumulation of fresh and dry
matter. The findings of this investigation were in
close conformity with those of Channabasavanna et
al (2002), Tehlan and Thakral (2008), Ghosh (2009),
Bhunia et al (2009) and Sharangi et al (2011).
Effect of nitrogen levels

Data on yield components of the crop under
Significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 and 90
influence
of nitrogen application indicated that
DAS, number of branches per plant, fresh and dry
weight per plant at 60 and 90 DAS were recorded increasing level of nitrogen up to 80 Kg/ha
Table 1. Effect of row spacing and nitrogen on different growth parameters of coriander
Treatment
Plant height (cm)
30
DAS
Row Spacing (cm)
20
6.84
30
7.31
40
7.00
SEm +
0.208
CD at 5%
NS
Nitrogen (N Kg/ha)
0
6.57
40
6.83
80
7.32
120
7.47
SEm +
0.204
CD at 5%
0.705
60
DAS
90
DAS
Number of
Branches/Plant
60
90
DAS
DAS
Fresh Weight of Plant

(g)
30
60
90
DAS
DAS
DAS
Dry Weight of Plant (g)

30
DAS
60
DAS
90
DAS
45.02
47.47
46.50
0.549
1.612
67.93
74.01
71.72
0.571
1.677
3.22
3.77
3.30
0.022
0.066
3.63
4.19
3.80
0.042
0.125
0.55
0.65
0.60
0.026
0.076
13.89
16.21
14.88
0.275
0.807
27.82
34.26
31.86
0.820
2.406
0.24
0.34
0.30
0.013
0.039
2.17
2.40
2.31
0.017
0.050
10.02
10.71
10.43
0.072
0.212
43.51
45.68
47.72
48.38
0.634
1.862
65.68
70.49
73.59
75.11
0.660
1.936
3.15
3.22
3.33
3.46
0.026
0.076
3.42
3.73
4.07
4.26
0.049
0.144
0.51
0.55
0.63
0.70
0.030
0.088
13.21
13.94
15.62
17.17
0.317
0.932
24.18
28.73
34.87
37.94
0.947
2.778
0.19
0.24
0.35
0.38
0.015
0.045
2.08
2.20
2.36
2.52
0.019
0.057
9.72
10.28
10.60
10.93
0.083
0.245
DAS - Days after sowing

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 49-53
51
Sharma et al
Table 2. Effect of row spacing and nitrogen on yield, different yield and quality attributes of coriander
Treatments
Days
to at
50 %
flowering
Row Spacing (cm)

20
55.25
30
57.25
40
55.58
SEm +
0.533
CD at 5%
1.564
Nitrogen (N Kg/ha)
0
53.66
40
55.00
80
57.55
120
57.88
SEm +
0.615
CD at 5%
1.806
No. of
umbels/
plant
No. of
Test
umWeight
bellets/
(g)
plant
Seed
yield
(q/ha )
Straw
yield
(q/ha )
Biological
yield
(q/ha)
Harvest
index
(%)
35.39
42.68
39.14
0.677
1.985
172.45
206.63
185.18
3.289
9.647
2.47
2.78
2.64
0.032
0.094
13.28
14.99
14.07
0.231
0.678
25.11
26.53
26.11
0.165
0.485
38.39
41.52
40.18
0.290
0.852
34.45
36.06
35.00
0.426
1.251
1.10
1.17
1.16
0.010
0.032
0.44
0.55
0.50
0.021
0.062
32.72
35.15
43.17
45.22
0.781
2.293
155.08
173.44
208.86
214.95
3.798
11.139
2.40
2.56
2.76
2.77
0.037
0.108
12.51
13.66
14.72
15.55
0.267
0.783
24.55
25.30
26.37
27.42
0.119
0.560
37.07
38.97
41.09
42.98
0.335
0.984
33.71
34.98
36.11
35.87
0.492
1.445
1.03
1.11
1.19
1.22
0.012
0.037
0.41
0.46
0.53
0.57
0.024
0.072
significantly improved days to 50 % flowering,

number of umbels per plant, number of umbellate
per plant, test weight and seed yield per plant,
whereas, straw yield and biological yield were
significantly higher at 120 kg N/ha. In general,
the faster growth of plant with nitrogen evidence
from increased biomass per plant at successive
stages of crop growth showed better availability
of metabolites and nutrients, which synchronized
to the demand for the growth and development of
reproductive structure of plant. The present trend of
increased in seed yield, straw yield and biological
yield of coriander with the application of nitrogen
was in close conformity with the findings of
Naghera et al (2000), Tripathi et al (2001) Nowak
and Szemplinski (2011).
Chlo- Essenrophyll tial oil

concontents in tents
leaves of seed
(mg/g)
(%)
is in close agreement with finding of Nehra et al

(1998), Tripathi et al (2001).
CONCLUSION
It may be conclude that the growth parameter

such as plant height, number of branches/plant,
fresh and dry weight of plants were significantly
increased upto row spacing 30 cm and nitrogen level
of 80 kg/ha. Yield and yield attributes also recorded
similar trends. Even the chlorophyll content and
essential oil content of seed were also highest at
30 cm row spacing and nitrogen levels of 80 kg/ha,
which was at par with 120 kg/ha.
REFERENCES
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Assoc. Official Agric.Chem. Int. 16th Edition, Verginia
(USA).
The result indicated that increasing level of

nitrogen significantly improved chlorophyll content Bhunia S R, Ratnoo S D and Kumawat S M (2009). Effect
of leaves and essential oil of seed. This might be
of irrigation on water use, moisture extraction pattern,
attributed to better nutritional environment in the
nitrogen uptake and yield of coriander (Coriandrum
sativum L.). in North-Western irrigated plains of
root zone as well as in the plant system. The mark
rajasthan. J Spices and Aromatic Crops 18 (2): 88-91.
improvement in quality characters due to nitrogen
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Effect of Row Spacing and Nitrogen on Coriander Yield

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Nutrient requiremebt of coriander in Tungabhadra project
area of Karnataka. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 27 (1): 3839.
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doses of nitrogen fertilizer under coconut based cropping
system. Indian Coconut J 51 (9): 6-10.
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(2006). Effect of row spacing and cycocel on growth and
seed yield of coriander (Coriadnrum sativum L.). cv.
Hisar Anand. Haryana J Horticultural Sci 35 (3&4): 350.
spacings and fertility levels. Proceedings of the national

seminar, Madikeri, Karnataka, India, 73-75.
Nowak J and Szemplinski W (2011). Effect of nitrogen and
boron fertilization on the morphometric features and yield
of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Acta Scientarum
Polonarum 10 (3): 111-118
Sharangi A B, Chatterjee R, Nanda M K and Kumar R (2011).
Growth and leaf yield dynamics of cool season coriander
as influenced by cutting and foliar nitrogen application. J
Plant Nutr 34 (12): 1762-1768.
Malav N B and Yadav S N (1997). Effect of row spacing and

level of nitrogen on growth and seed yield of coriander.
Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J 21 (2): 37-41.
Singh Sudeep and Buttar G S (2005). Effect of different

sowing dates and row spacings on yield of coriander
(Coriandrum sativum L.). J Medicinal Aromatic Plant
Sci 27 (301-302).
Naghera R P, Sukhadia N M and Ramani B B (2000). Effect

of sowing dates and varying levels of nitrogen and
phosphorous on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).
Gujrat Agric Univ Res J 26 (1): 52-54.
Tehlan S K and Thakral K K (2008). Effect of different levels

of nitrogen and leaf cutting on leaf and seed yield of
coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). J Spices Aromatic
Crops 17 (2): 180-182.
Nehra B K, Rana S C, Singh Narendra, Singh Azad, Thakral K

K, Singh N, Singh A, Sadanandan A K, Krishnamurthy K
S, Kandiannam K and Korikanthimath V S (1998). Seed
yield and quality of coriander as influenced by varities,
Tripathi A K, Pandya R K and Tripathi M L (2001). Effect

of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium on stem gall
disease and yield of coriander. Annals Plant Protection
Sci 9 (2): 337-339.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 49-53
53
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 54-56
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00033.7
Effect of Spacing on Yield of Tuberose at Farmers Field in

Karnataka
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Konehally, Tumkur 572 202 (Karnataka)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of spacing on growth, flowering and spike yield
in Tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L). The experiment consisted of three different plant spacing viz.,
S1- 45x30 cm, S2 - 30x30 cm and S3 - 30x15 cm with seven replications under CRBD. The result revealed
that the significant effect on growth, flowering and spike yield was observed by spacing. The spacing
of 30 x 30cm were found to be optimum for better growth and recorded significant plant height (53.6
cm) at 180d after planting, maximum number of leaves/ plant (111.8) and number of side shoots/ pant
(21.1) at 360d after planting, which was at par with 45 x 30 cm spacing. Flower characters such as
early flowering and duration of flowering were not significantly influenced by spacing, but maximum
length of floret (5.7 cm), diameter of floret (2.9 cm) and weight of 100 florets (110.4 g) were found to
be optimum as compared to closer spacing of 30x15 cm. Spike characters like early spike emergence
(59.2d) with maximum spike girth (2.3 cm), weight of spike (118.3 g), number of florets per spike (51.2)
and cumulative spike (4.4 spike/plant/year) were significantly higher with spacing of 45 x 30 cm and
was statistically at par with spacing 30 x 30 cm. Planting of tuberose bulbs could be recommended
at 30 x 30 cm spacing to obtain higher productivity of superior quality flowers and spike yield.
Key Words: Flowering, Growth, Spacing, Spike, Tuberose,Yield.
INTRODUCTION
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is a leading

commercial flower crop because of its multipurpose
uses as cut flower, loose flower as well as its
potential in perfume industry. The flower spike is
used as a cut flower in vases whereas,the individual
florets are harvested for making garlands and venis.
Its natural flower oil remains as one of the most
expensive of the perfumery raw material. Tuberose
concrete and absolute are great demand due to its
expensive and high grade perfumery qualities.
Tuberose grows successfully in the warm plains
of India. The commercial cultivation of tuberose
in India is confined to West Bengal, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.
The successful cultivation is influenced not only
by the high yielding variety but also by various agrotechniques namely optimum spacing. Therefore,
spacing between plants is particularly important
for the cultivation of tuberose for obtaining

optimum quality and quantity of tuberose flowers.
Considering the present situation and above facts,
the present investigation was undertaken with the
objective to determine the optimum spacing for
better growth, flowering and spike yield of tuberose.
The experiment was conducted at Karikere

village, Tiptur taluk, Tumkur district of Karnataka
state during 2012-13. The soil status of experiment
plot was red sandy loam with uniform fertility. The
variety used for experiment was single type Prajwal.
Three different plant spacing viz., S1 45 x 30 cm,
S2 30 x 30 cm and S3 30 x 15 cm with seven
replication under complete randomized block design
(CRBD). Uniform sized bulbs having a diameter
of 2.0-2.5 cm were selected and planted at 5 cm
depth. Uniform cultural operations were followed
Corresponding Authors Email:agridesai@gmail.com
54
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 54-56
Desai and Mamatha

as per UAS Bengaluru package of practices for all
the treatments at farmers field. Observation were
recorded on growth, flowering and bulb production
and statistically analysed as per Sundararaj et al
(1972).

Effect of spacing on growth parameters
Growth parameters such as plant height,
number of leaves and number of side shoots/ plant
were significantly influenced by different spacing
(Table 1). The spacing S2 (30 x 30 cm) was found
to be optimum with maximum plant height (53.6
cm) at 180 DAP, maximum number of leaves/ plant
(111.8) and number of side shoots/ plant (21.1) at
360 DAP, which was at par with S1 (45 x 30 cm)
spacing. Lowest plant height (51.8 cm), number
of leaves/ plant (108.8) and number of side shoots
per plant (19.7) were found in S3 spacing (30 x 15

cm). This might be due to the fact that more space
available with lesser competition for soil nutrient,
moisture and more light which might have better
photosynthetic activity and increased growth and
development. Similar results were reported by
Mane et al (2007).
Effect of spacing on flower characters
Flower characters such as early flowering
and duration of flowering were not significantly
influenced by spacing, but maximum length of floret
(5.7 cm), diameter of floret (2.9 cm) and weight of
100 florets (110.4 g) were significantly influenced
by spacing at 30x30 cm and was statistically at
par with 45 x 30 cm spacing (Table 2), where as
minimum length of floret, diameter of floret and
weight of 100 florets were found in S3 spacing (30 x
Table 1. Effect of spacing on grown parameters in tuberose

Plant height (cm) at different stage of plant growth
Treatment
30 DAP
60 DAP
90 DAP
12.6
19.7
28.8
S1 45 cm x 30 cm
13.0
20.1
29.4
S2 30 cm x 30 cm
11.6
18.3
27.3
S3 30 cm x 15 cm
S. Em
0.1
0.2
0.3
CD at 5%
0.4
0.6
0.9
Number of leaves per plant at different stage of plant growth
Treatment
60 DAP
120 DAP
180 DAP
21.5
34.5
59.9
S1 45 cm x 30 cm
22.0
35.8
60.6
S2 30 cm x 30 cm
20.2
30.4
56.4
S3 30 cm x 15 cm
S. Em
0.3
0.4
0.6
CD at 5%
1.0
1.0
1.7
Number of side shoots per plant at different stage of plant growth
Treatment
60 DAP
120 DAP
180 DAP
4.4
8.5
12.5
S1 45 cm x 30 cm
4.4
8.8
12.8
S2 30 cm x 30 cm
4.1
7.4
11.4
S3 30 cm x 15 cm
S. Em
-0.2
0.3
CD at 5%
NS
0.4
1.0
120 DAP
39.7
40.0
37.6
0.3
0.9
150 DAP
47.7
47.8
46.1
0.4
1.0
180 DAP
53.4
53.6
51.8
0.3
0.7
240 DAP
77.5
77.8
74.8
0.8
2.2
300 DAP
93.3
94.2
91.8
0.6
1.8
360 DAP
111.5
111.8
108.8
0.4
1.2
240 DAP
16.2
16.4
15.1
0.1
0.2
300 DAP
18.1
18.5
17.9
0.1
0.2
360 DAP
20.9
21.1
19.7
0.3
0.9
NS = Non-significant. DAP= Days after planting.

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 54-56
55
Effect of Spacing on Yield of Tuberose

Table 2. Effect of spacing on flower characters in tuberose
Treatment
S1 45 cm x 30 cm
S2 30 cm x 30 cm
S3 30 cm x 15 cm
S. Em
CD at 5%
First flowering
(days)
72.0
73.1
73.8
-NS
Length of
floret (cm)
5.6
5.7
5.2
0.0
0.1
Diameter of
floret (cm)
2.8
2.9
2.7
0.1
0.2
Wt. of 100
florets (g)
109.3
110.4
101.2
0.8
2.4
Duration of
flowering (days)
15.1
15.1
14.4
-NS
Table 3. Effect of spacing on spike characters in tuberose

Treatment
S1 45 cm x 30 cm
S2 30 cm x 30 cm
S3 30 cm x 15 cm
S. Em
CD at 5%
First spike
emergence
(days)
59.2
59.3
61.3
0.0
0.1
Spike
length
(cm )
76.7
77.3
76.1
-NS
Rachis
length
(cm )
22.0
22.5
21.3
-NS
Spike
girth
(cm)
2.3
2.3
2.2
0.0
0.1
Weight
of spike
(g)
118.3
118.2
115.8
0.5
1.5
No. of
florets/
spike
51.2
50.9
48.2
0.5
1.3
Cumulative
spike/plant/year
4.4
4.2
4.0
0.0
0.1
15 cm). This might be due to the fact that more space

available with lesser competition for soil nutrient,
moisture and more light which might have better
photosynthetic activity and increased flowering
development. Similar results were reported by
Khalaj and Edrisi (2012) in double cultivars.
flower characters like length of floret, diameter

of floret and weight of florets were found to be
optimum at 30 x 30 cm spacing. Spike characters
like spike girth, weight of spike, number of florets
per spike and cumulative spike were also found to
be optimum at 30 x 30 cm spacing, although these
characters were affected with closer spacing (30 x 15
Effect of spacing on spike characters
cm). It may be concluded that planting of tuberose
Spike characters like spike and rachis length bulbs at 30 x 30 cm spacing can be recommended
were not influenced significantly by spacing. Early to obtain higher productivity of superior quality
spike emergence (59.2d) with maximum spike girth flowers and spike yield.
(2.3 cm), weight of spike (118.3 g), number of
florets per spike (51.2) and cumulative spike (4.4
REFERENCES
spike/plant/year) were significantly influenced by Khalaj M A and Edrisi B (2012). Effect of plant spacing and
spacing at 45 x 30 cm and were statistically at par
nitrogen levels on quantity and quality characteristics of
tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) under field experiment.
with spacing of 30 x 30 cm (Table 3). This might be
Int J Agri Sci 2(3): 244 255.
due to optimum spacing encouraged for availability
of more nutrients, light interference and soil ManeP K,BankarG J andMakneS S (2007). Influence of
spacing, bulb size and depth of planting on flower yield
moisture. Similar results were found in by Khalaj
and quality of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv.
and Edrisi (2012) in double cultivars.
Single. Ind J Agri Research 41(1): 71 74
CONCLUSION
Growth parameters such as maximum plant

height, number of side shoots, leaves per plant;
56
Sundararaj N, Nagaraj S, Venkataraman M N and Jagannath

M K (1972). Design and analysis of field experiment,
UAS. Bangalore.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 54-56
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 57-59
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00034.9
Effects of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Seed Powder on

Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ambala-133 104 (Haryana)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of coriander(Coriandrum sativum)seed
powder on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 90 day-old broiler chicks procured from
Central Poultry Development Organization Chandigarh were allocated randomly into three treatments group.
Control group (T1): basal diet. Test group (T2): basal diet + 1.5 g coriander seed powder/kg diet and test group
(T3): basal diet + 2.5 g coriander seed powder/kg diet. The ingredient composition of basal diet was maize
(46%), groundnut cake (30%), rice polish (10%), fish meal (13%) and mineral mixture (1%) fortified with
vitamin A, D, E, K and water soluble vitamins. Result showed that the inclusion of coriander seed powder in
broiler ration (T3 group) significantly increased overall body weight and weight gain and feed consumption
as compared to other groups. These results suggest that coriander powder in the diet could replace
synthetic antibiotics and could be regarded as natural feed additives and growth promoters in poultry diets.
Key Words: Broiler, Body weight gain, Chicken, Coriander, Feed conversion ratio.
INTRODUCTION
In recent times, consumers of poultry

products have become more concerned about
synthetic additives in animal feed, which have
reportedly shown DNA damage induction in
the gastrointestinal organs of mice at low doses
(Sasakiet al,2002) and may pose a serious threat
to human health. The use of herbs and spices is a
promising alternative to these synthetic additives.
Herbs and spices possess anti-oxidant activities
(Madsen and Bertelsen, 1995) and are known for
their potential antimicrobial and stimulating effects
on the digestive system (Windischet al,2008).
Coriander (Coriandrum sativumL.) is regarded
as both herb and spice and reputedly has health
advantages. It has been used in medicine for
thousands of years (Nadeemet al,2013). Certain
parts of this plant, such as the leaves, flowers,
seeds and fruit, possess antioxidant, diuretic, antidiabetic, sedative, antimicrobial, anthelmintic and
anti-mutagenic qualities (Pathaket al,2011). Thus,
the objective of this study was to investigate the
effects of various levels of coriander seed powder
on growth performance of broiler chickens.
A total of 90 day-old healthy broiler chicks

procured from Central Poultry Development
Organization Chandigarh were used for the present
study. The chicks were randomly divided into three
treatments group of 30 each group. Control group
(T1): basal diet, test group (T2): basal diet + 1.5 g
coriander seed powder/kg diet and test group (T3):
basal diet + 2.5g coriander seed powder/kg diet.
The ingredient composition of basal diet was maize
(46%), groundnut cake (30%), rice polish (10%),
fish meal (13%) and mineral mixture (1%) fortified
with vitamin A, D, E, K and water soluble vitamins.
Coriander seeds were purchased from the
local market and were ground separately to a fine
powder. The trail was conducted at poultry farm of
the KVK for 42 days. The birds had free access
to feed and water. Each pen was equipped with a
feeder and drinker. The experimental diets were
formulated according to National Research Council
Corresponding Authors Email:maroofahmad786@yahoo.co.in
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 57-59
57
Ahmed et al
Table 1. Growth parameters of Broiler chicken .
Sr.
No.
Parameter
T1
1784.80 26.55c
1731.80 6.2c
3160.44 25.12a
1.82 0.03a
Treatment Group
T2
1962.40 24.22b
1909.9 10.52b
3255.28 18.66c
1.70 0.02b
1
Total live weight (g)
2
Body weight gain (g)
3
Average feed consumption (g)
4
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
*P0.01
a c Values bearing different superscripts for an effect in a row differed significantly.
(NRC) regulations (1994). The initial brooding

temperature was held at 32 C for the first three days
and then gradually lowered to 23 C by the end of
the experiment. Photoperiods were maintained at 24
h/d for the first week and decreased to 23 h/d for the
rest of the trial. The birds were vaccinated against
Infectious bronchitis (1st and 7th day), Newcastle
Disease (1st and 7th day), and Infectious bursal
disease (21st day). Growth parameters include
average live weight, weight gain feed consumption
and feed conversion ration were recorded weekly
during six weeks and the data were analyzed as per
procedure given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994).

Growth rate and feed consumption
The effects of various dietary levels of coriander
seed powder on the growth performance have been
presented in table 1. After completion of the trial
of 42 days, the average live weights were found to
be 1784.80 26.55, 1962.40 24.22 and 2076.60
23.42 g for T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
Body weight gain was found to be 1731.80 6.21,
1909.9 10.52 and 2024.6 0 5.44g in groups
T1, T2 and T3 of broiler chicken. The average live
weight and body weight gain in group T3 group
was significantly higher as compared to T1 and T2
groups. The average feed consumption of T1, T2 and
T3 groups was 3160.44 25.12, 3255.28 18.66
and 3278.60 9.33g, respectively. Groups T2 and
T3 showed significantly (P0.01) increased feed
consumption as compared to group T1. However,
no significant differences were observed between
58
T3
2076.60 23.42a
2024.60 5.44a
3278.60 9.33b
1.62 0.02 c
T1 and T2 groups. The average feed consumption

ratio was observed to be 1.82 0.03, 1.70 0.02
and1.62 0.02 in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
The feed conversion ration estimated in T3 was
significantly (p0.01) lower as compared to T1 and
T2 groups.
The present finding were in closed agreement
with those reported by Chandrakar et al (2014)
in broiler chicken. Hamodi et al (2010) observed
significantly improved live weight, body weight
gain and better feed conversion ration after
supplementation of coriander seed powder @ 2
per cent in the broiler diet as compared to control
groups. Naeemasa et al (2015) reported that the
coriander supplementation improved production
performance of broiler chicken and coriander powder
supplementation level of 1.2 per cent maximized
feed intake of broiler chickens, while weight gain
was maximized at an inclusion level of 952 mg/
kg of coriander extract in drinking water. It has
been reported that coriander seed supplementation
@200g/100kg feed improved body weight and feed
conversion efficiency in Japanese quail.
CONCLUSION
Results revealed that the inclusion of coriander

seed powder in broiler ration significantly increased
overall body weight and weight gain and feed
consumption. Therefore, coriander powder in the
diet could replace synthetic antibiotics and could
be regarded as natural feed additives and growth
promoters in poultry diets.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 57-59
Effect of Coriander Seed Powder in Broiler Chickens
REFERENCES
Chandrakar K., Mishra O P, Koley K M and Singh J (2014).

Effect of supplementation of Coriander sativum seed
powder on growth performance of Broiler. Indian Vet J
91: 100-101.
Hamodi S J, Al-Mashhadani E H, Al-Jaff F K and AlMashhadani H E (2010). Effect of coriander seed
(Coriandrum sativumL.) as diet ingredient on broilers
performance under high ambient temperature. Int J Poult
Sci 9 968-971.
Madsen H L and Bertelsen G (1995). Spices as antioxidant.
Trends Food Sci. Technol 6: 271-277.
Nadeem M, Anjum F M, Khan M I.and Tehseen S (2013).
Nutritional and medicinal aspects of coriander(Coriandrum
sativumL.) A review. Br Food J 115, 743-755.
Naeemasa M, Alaw Qotbi A A , Seidavi A, Norris D, Brown D
and Ginindza M (2015). Effects of coriander(Coriandrum
sativumL.) seed powder and extract on performance of

broiler chickens. South Africa J Anim Sci 45 (4): http://
dx.doi.org/10.4314/SAJAS.V45I4.3
Pathak N L, Kasture S B, Bhatt N M and Rathod J D( 2011).

Phytopharmacological properties of Coriandrum sativum
as a potential medicinal tree: an overview. J Appl Pharm
Sci 1, 20-25.
Sasaki Y F, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa
K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K and Tsuda S (2002). The comet
assay with 8 mouse organs: Results with 39 currently
used food additives. Mutation Research/Genet. Toxicol
Environ Mutagenesis 519: 103-119.
Snedecor G W and Cochran W G (1994). Statistical Methods.
8th Edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C and Kroismayr A(2008).
Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine
and poultry. J Anim Sci 86, (E. Suppl.), E140-E148.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 57-59
59
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 60-63
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00035.0
Evaluation of Different Papaya Cultivars for Yield, Quality and

Papaya Ring Spot Disease under Pune Conditions
S U Chalak, A B Kamble and S G Bhalekar1
National Agriculture Research Project, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 067 (Maharashtra)
ABSTRACT
Papaya (Carica papaya L) is cultivated primarily in tropical and sub tropical regions. For several decades
the global production of papaya has been threatened by papaya ring spot disease (PRSV). In this context, to
access the suitability of different papaya cultivars to Pune conditions nine papaya cultivars were evaluated
for growth, yield, quality and PRSV incidence. Three trials of this experiment were conducted at NARP,
Ganeshkhind, Pune during the year 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12. The pooled data revealed significant
differences for all characters except fruit breadth. The cv Red Lady showed early flowering (70.4 DAP) which
was at par with cv CO 2 (73.5 DAP), Pusa Nanha (73.7 DAP) and Pusa Dwarf (73.6 DAP). The cv Pusa Nanha
recorded significantly lowest height at first flower (53.3cm). The maximum numbers of fruit/plant were
recorded in cv Pusa Nanha (33.4). The cv Pusa Giant recorded maximum fruit weight (2.1kg ) which was at
par with cv Red Lady (2.0kg). The cv Pusa Giant recorded significantly maximum fruit yield/plant (66.1kg)
The cv Red Leady revealed significantly superior fruit length (25.6cm) which was due to its elongated fruit
shape. Regarding quality parameters viz. pulp thickness and TSS were maximum (3.1cm and 11.71 oBrix,
respectively) in cv Red Lady. However, cv Pusa Majesty recorded maximum pulp yield (82.2%). Regarding
PRSV incidence at 12 months after planting, it was observed that, cv Pusa Giant recorded minimum infection
(65.4%), which was at par with cv CO 6 (66.0%) and CO 2 ( 66.9%). From present investigation cv Pusa
Giant was found as a good yielder and also tolerant to ring spot disease among these nine papaya cultivars.
Key Words: Cultivar, Papaya, PRSV, Quality, Yield.
INTRODUCTION
Papaya (Carica papaya L) is one of the most

important fruit crops of tropics. Papaya fruit is
an important part of the diet in many developing
countries.. Due to early returns, nutritional and
medicinal value, its area under cultivation is
increasing in all parts of Maharashtra state. In India
it is cultivated on 1.33 lakh ha area with production
of 56.39 lakh MT and productivity of 42.30 MT/ha.
In Maharashtra, it is cultivated on 11,000 ha area
with production of 5.00 lakh MT and productivity
of 45.50 MT/ha (Anonymous, 2014).The major
constrains are high seed cost, non availability of
seed of particular disease resistant variety in time
and virus disease incidence. Hence the said study
was conducted to evaluate different Papaya cultivars
for yield, quality and disease reaction under Pune

conditions.
Present investigation was conducted at National

Agriculture Research Project, Ganeshkhind, Pune
during 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12 (three years).
Seeds of nine papaya cultivars viz. Washington,
CO 2, CO 6, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Giant, Pusa Nanha,
Pusa Delicious, Pusa Majesty and Red Lady
were collected from Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, Regional Station, Pune, Indian Institute
of Horticultural Research, Bangaluru and local
market. The seeds of these varieties were sown in
polyethylene bags and there after attaining 45 days
age (DAP), same were transplanted in the main
(Corresponding Authors Email: sunilchalak@gmail.com)

College of Agriculture, Pune-411005, India.
60
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 60-63
Chalak et al
field. The experiment was laid out in randomized
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
block design with three replications. The seedlings Growth characters
were transplanted at spacing of 2.25 m X 2.25 m in
Significantly minimum fruit bearing height (53.3
fertile clay loam soil. Ten plants were maintained cm) was recorded in cv Pusa Nanha followed by
in each replication.
Pusa Dwarf (53.3cm) and Pusa Majesty (60.8cm).
All these three research trials were planted As regards earliness in flowering significant
during 2nd fortnight of April. All recommended differences were observed. The hybrid cv Red Lady
crop management practices were followed to have recorded early flowering (70.4 DAP), which was
good crop growth. Each plant was manured with 20 on par with cv Washington (72.5 DAP) and CO 2
kg FYM before transplanting and 200 g N : 200 (73.5 DAP) (Table 1). These results were in close
g P : 200 g K in four equal split doses at 1,3,5 and confirmation with results obtained by Jana et al
7 month after transplanting. In case of dioecious (2010) and Meena et al (2016).
varieties viz. Washington, CO 2, CO 6, Pusa Dwarf,
Pusa Giant, Pusa Nanha to have female plants, Yield and yield contributing characters
The most important parameters in deciding
initially three plants were planted at each hill. After
yield/plant
are number of fruit and average fruit
their sex expression, male plants were cut off and
female plants were kept for further evaluation. weight. In this context, cv Pusa Majesty recorded
Observations on growth, yield and yield contributing maximum fruits/plant (33.4) which was at par with
characters and incidence of papaya ring spot (PRS) cv Pusa Giant (31.8) and Pusa Delicious (30.3).
disease were recorded. Data were subjected to The maximum average fruit weight (2.1 kg) was
statistical analysis as methods suggested by Panse recorded by cv Pusa Giant, which was at par with
cv Red Lady (2.0kg). Significantly maximum fruit
and Sukhatme (1985).
Table 1. Performance of papaya cultivars.
Sr.
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Varieties
Washington
Co 2
Co 6
Pusa Dwarf
Pusa Gaint
Pusa Nanha
Pusa Delicious
Pusa Majesty
Red Lady
S.E +
C.D. at 5%
Contd..
Days
Fruit
for 1st
bearing
flowering height
(cm)
72.5
73.5
79.2
73.8
85.4
73.7
82.2
76.2
70.4
1.2
3.7
64.4
75.0
69.9
59.1
70.1
53.3
70.3
60.8
69.5
1.4
4.3
No. of
fruits/
plant
Yield/
Plant
(kg)
Fruit characters
Av. fruit
wt. (kg)
27.3
29.7
29.2
28.4
31.8
29.4
30.3
33.4
26.1
1.1
3.4
46.1
57.6
56.6
49.9
66.1
34.9
58.2
47.4
52.8
1.8
5.68
1.69
1.95
1.94
1.75
2.08
1.19
1.92
1.42
2.05
0.03
0.11
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 60-63
Av.
fruit
length
(cm)
17.9
20.4
21.5
17.3
19.7
14.9
20.2
17.7
25.6
0.3
0.8
Av.
fruit
breadth
(cm)
16.0
18.7
18.1
16.4
19.5
12.9
16.5
15.9
17.4
1.3
N.S.
Length :
Breadth
ratio
1.11
1.09
1.19
1.06
1.01
1.16
1.22
1.11
1.48
-
61
Evaluation of Papaya Cultivars
CO 2
yield ( 66.0kg/plant) was recorded by cv Pusa Giant

followed by cv Pusa Delicious ( 58.2 kg/plant) and
CO 2 ( 57.6kg/plant). Lowest fruit yield (34.9kg/
plant) was recorded by cv Pusa Nanha which was
due to its lowest fruit weight (1.2) (Table 1).The cv
Pusa Giant recorded highest yield, due to maximum
number of fruits/plant and its highest average fruit
weight. These results were in accordance with Jana
et al (2010).
62
Fruit Characters
The cultivar Red Lady recorded significantly
maximum fruit length (25.6cm). However, pooled
effect on fruit breadth was non significant. The
maximum length: breadth ratio (1.48) exhibited
by cv Red Lady. It was due to its characteristic
elongated fruit shape, which is also preferred
for easy transport. (Table 1). These results are in
accordance with Ara et al (2013), Das (2013) and
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 60-63
Chalak et al
Contd Performance of papaya cultivars.
Sr.
No.
Varieties
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Washington
Co 2
Co 6
Pusa Dwarf
Pusa Gaint
Pusa Nanha
Pusa Delicious
Pusa Majesty
Red Lady
S.E +
C.D. at 5%
Fruit shape
Round
Round
Oblong
Round
Oblong
Oblong
Round
Round to oblong
Elongated
Pulp characters
Colour
Pulp
(%)
Orange
Orange
Dark orange
Dark orange
Orange
Faint orange
Dark Orange
Orange
Redish orange
65.86
73.27
62.18
71.18
67.23
74.80
69.84
82.15
69.11
0.81
2.46
Av. pulp
thickness
(cm)
2.71
3.00
2.94
2.85
3.04
2.86
2.91
2.87
3.10
0.03
0.09
TSS
(%)
PRS
PDI 10
months after
planting
9.56
10.51
8.11
8.98
8.23
9.00
9.96
9.71
11.71
0.05
0.02
89.28
66.98
66.04
89.25
65.38
81.50
78.45
83.66
98.75
2.29
6.94
REFERENCES
Meena et al (2016).
Anonymous (2014). National Horticulture Data Base 2014,

National Horticulture Board Publication, 105-104
Quality parameters
The hybrid cv Red Lady wasz found superior Ara N, Hossain M F and Kaiser M O (2013). Comparative
in quality parameters viz. attractive reddish orange
performance of fifteen papaya genotypes, Bul. Inst Trop
Agr Kyushu Univ 36: 71-78
pulp colour with significantly maximum TSS
o
(11.71 Brix). However, cv Pusa Majesty recorded Das S C (2013). Studies on papaya cultivation and evaluation
of different varieties and hybrids in Tripura, Asian J Hort
maximum pulp recovery ( 82.15 %). These results
8 (2): 470-474
were in line with Jana et al (2010) , Ara et al (2013)
Jana B R, Rai M , Nath V and Das B (2010). Promising papaya
and Meena et al (2016).
( Carica papaya L) varieties for subtropical plateau
region of eastern India., Acta Hort (ISHS) 851, 131-136
Reaction to papaya ring spot disease (PRS)

Out of nine cultivar studied during three Meena B S, Varma L R, Mehta R S, Pareek N K and Yadav M
K (2016). Performance of some papaya varieties under
consecutive trials none was found resistant to ring
north Gujrat conditions., Agri Sci Digest (Special Issue):
spot virus disease. However, among these cultivars
290-292
the magnitude of infestation was lowest (66.0 as
PDI) in Pusa Giant at 10 months after planting. Panse V G and Sukhatme P V(1985). Statistical methods for
Agricultural workers. ICAR,New Delhi, 158-162
The maximum infestation was observed in widely
adopted cv Red Lady (98.7) at the same age. These Ravishankaran H, Karunakaran G and Srinivasamurthy
(2010). Performance of Coorg Honey Dew papaya
results were in agreement with Ravishankaran et al
varieties under organic farming regimes in the hill zone
(2010).
of Karnataka, Acta Hor t(ISHS)851, 259-262
CONCLUSION
From investigation of three trials, it was

concluded that under Pune conditions cv Pusa
Giant recorded significantly maximum fruit yield
(66.1kg/ plant) with least PRS PDI (65.4).
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 60-63
63
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 64-66
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00036.2
Evaluation of High Yielding Groundnut Varieties for North

Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Kattupakkam 603 203, Tamil Nadu
ABSTRACT
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on farm trials was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kancheepuram
to assess suitable drought tolerant groundnut variety in terms of yield, acceptability and adoption potential
during Kharif in Kancheepuram district. The study revealed that CO 6 recorded higher pod yield (2850 kg/
ha), higher number of pods/plant (32), lesser root rot incidence (3.5 %) and optimum plant population (30.6
plants/m2) as compared to ICGV 91114 and Kadiri 9. CO 6, ICGC 91114 and Kadiri 9 recorded 49.4, 16.4
and 23.2 per cent higher yield than the check variety TMV 7, respectively. A reduction in root rot incidence
and optimum plant population was observed in all the three varieties as compared to check variety. Gross and
net returns were Rs.85,500/- and Rs.59,500/-ha, respectively by cultivating CO 6 as against Rs.57,240/- and
Rs.33,740/-ha in the check variety. Farmers were very satisfied with CO 6, as crop did not suffer from a dry spell
of 20 25 days without rain. CO 6 would be a better option for rainfed cultivation in Kancheepuram district.
Key Words: Groundnut, pod yield, haulm yield, drought.
INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important
oilseed crop grown in the arid and semi-arid
tropics of India under rainfed condition. The seed
is used mainly for edible oil and contains nearly
half of the essential vitamins and one-third of the
essential minerals. Hence, groundnut played an
important role in nutritional security to the resource
poor farmers. In addition, the haulms provided
excellent fodder for livestock, cake obtained after
oil extraction was used in animal feed and overall
the crop acted as good source of biological nitrogen
fixation (Nautiyal et al, 2011).
In Tamil Nadu, most of the groundnut
was grown under rain dependent and irrigated
condition in an area of 6.5 lakh ha. Groundnut
growing areas in Kancheepuram district on 30.3
thousand ha was mostly under rainfed condition.
Important limiataion other than irrigation is varietal
preferences. As farmers were growing different
local varieties during kharif season and save their
own seeds over years for next sowing. Hence, the
study was planned with the objectives to evaluate

the improved groundnut varieties with high yield
and drought tolerance under kharif season through
on farm trials and work out farmers preferences for
groundnut cultivation in Kancheepuram district.
On-farm trials with farmers participatory
mode were conducted during kharif 2014 with five
farmers from Kannimangalam and Sothupakkam
village of Kancheepuram district. Sowing was
performed under rainfed condition, depending
on the onset of monsoon, sowing was completed
between 10 and 15 June in both the villages. The
plot size was kept 2525 sq m with plant spacing
of 30x10 cm. Three improved groundnut varieties
viz. CO 6, ICGV 91114, Kadiri 9 (Table 1) and
check variety was TMV 7 in the trial were taken
for study. The recommended package of practices
for groundnut cultivation followed as per TNAU
recommendations. The data on germination per
cent, plant population, root rot incidence, pods/
plant, pod yield, haulm yield, gross return and net
Corresponding Authors Email:agrimuruga@gmail.com
64
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 64-66
Murugan and Nisha

Table 1. Characteristics of varieties selected for on-farm trial.
Name of variety
Characters / traits of the variety
CO 6
120-125 days duration, semi-spreading type, dark green foliage, tolerant to foliar
disease, drought tolerant, 73.5 per cent shelling, 48.5 g 100 seed weight, 49.5 per
cent oil content & developed by TNAU, Coimbatore.
ICGV 91114
95-100 days duration, erect type, tolerant to mid seed and end of season drought, 75
per cent shelling, 41 g 100 seed weight, 48 per cent oil content, better digestibility
of haulms & developed by ICRISAT, Hyderabad.
Kadiri 9
105-110 days duration, spanish type, dark green foliage, tolerant to drought, thrips,
collor rot and jassids, 48 per cent oil content & developed by ANGRAU, Kadiri.
return of all the varieties were recorded.
On-farm trials revealed that groundnut variety CO 6 recorded higher pod yield (2850 kg/
ha), higher number of pods/plant (32), lesser root
rot incidence (3.5 %) and optimum plant population (30.6 plants/m2) as compared to ICGV 91114
and Kadiri 9 (Table 2). Groundnut varieties, CO 6,
ICGC 91114 and Kadiri 9 recorded 49.4, 16.4 and
23.2 per cent higher pod yield than check variety
TMV 7, respectively.
With regard to haulm yield, CO 6 variety
recorded highest haulm yield of 4456 kg/ha as
compared to other varieties. Lowest haulm yield
was observed with TMV 7 (3255 kg/ha). Gross
and net returns were Rs.85,500/- and Rs.59,500/ha, respectively by cultivating CO 6 as against
Rs.57,240/- and Rs.33,740/-ha in the check variety
(TMV 7). The probable reason was lesser incidence
of root rot disease coupled with higher number of

pods/plant resulting higher pod and haulm yield,
these results were in agreement with the findings of
Vindhiyavarman et al (2010). A detailed score card
was provided to the farmers of these two villages,
as a effect, CO 6 recorded as most preferred variety
as compared to ICGV 91114, Kadiri 9 and TMV 7,
in both the villages.
CONCLUSION
Groundnut variety, CO6 recorded more number

of pods per plant, less incidence of root rot disease,
higher pod yield, good withstand under drought
and performed very well compared to Kadiri 9,
ICGV 91114 and check variety (TMV 7) under
rainfed condition. Farmers were very satisfied with
CO 6, as the crop did not suffer from a dry spell
of 20-25 days without rain. So, groundnut variety
CO 6 would be better option for rainfed cultivation
Table 2. Performance of groundnut varieties in farmers field (Average of five trials)

Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Parameter
Germination (%)
Plant population (plants/m2)
Root rot incidence (%)
Number of pods/plant
Pod yield (kg/ha)
Haulm yield (kg/ha)
Gross returns (Rs./ha)
Net returns (Rs./ha)
CO 6
ICGV 91114
Kadiri 9
TMV 7 (Check)
95.2
30.6
3.5
32.0
2850
4456
85,500/59,500/-
93.4
27.5
4.5
26.2
2220
3965
66,600/42,100/-
94.1
28.3
4.7
28.1
2350
3670
70,500/46,000/-
90.5
25.2
6.1
20.4
1908
3255
57,240/33,740/-
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 64-66
65
Evaluation of Groundnut Variety

during kharif season in north eastern zone of Tamil Vindhiyavarman P, Manivannan N, Nigam S N and
Muralidharan V (2010). Farmers Participatory Varietal
Nadu.
REFERENCES
Nautiyal P C, Zala P V, Tomar R K, Sodayadiya P and Tavethia

B (2011). Evaluation of water use efficiency newly
developed varieties of groundnut in on-farm trials in two
different rainfall areas in Gujarat, India. SAT eJournal /
eJournal.icrisat.org (9):1-6.
66
Selection in Groundnut: A Case Study from Tamil Nadu,

India. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 1(4):878881.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 64-66
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00037.4
Evaluation of Sugarbeet Genotypes (Beta Vulgaris L.) for Root

Yield and Quality Traits under Subtropical Conditions
Gulzar S. Sanghera, Rupinder Pal Singh, Lenika Kashyap, Vikrant Tyagi, and B Sharma
Punjab Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Kapurthala-144 601 (Punjab)
ABSTRACT
An investigation was undertaken to study the suitability of sugarbeet genotypes and to elucidate their
yield related and quality characteristics under subtropical conditions during rabi 2014-2015. Thirteen
sugarbeet genotypes were sown in randomized block design (RBD) in a plot size of 36 m2 having three
replications and data were recorded for germination (%), shoot length (cm), root length (cm), total length
(root + shoot, in cm), shoot weight (kg), root weight (kg), root/shoot ratio, root girth (cm), root volume
(cm3), biological yield per plant (kg), harvest index (%), Brix (), sucrose (%), purity ( %) in juice and
root yield per plot (kg) were recorded. Analysis of variance was significant for traits viz: germination (%),
shoot length, root length, total length, root girth, root volume, Brix (), sucrose (%), purity (%) and root
yield per plot. Germination (%) varied from 60% (Calixta) to 89.67% (Cauvery). Magnolia recorded the
highest root length (31.33 cm).The most promising genotype for both root girth (cm) and root volume
(cm3) respectively was Cauvery (46.25, 1755.78 cm3). Regarding quality, the superior genotype for Brix
(), sucrose (%) and purity (%) was H10671 (18.00, 15.20 and 84.42, respectively). Cauvery (194.51 kg)
ranked first for root yield per plot followed by Indus (165.31 kg) and SV 892 (163.85 kg). The correlation
coefficients of different traits with root yield and among themselves showed that there were highly
significant and positive associations between root yield with total length. (r=0.416), shoot length (r=0.475),
shoot weight (r=0.435), root girth (r=0.605), root volume(r=0.538) and germination (%) (r=0.360)
while it was negatively correlated with root length and harvest index. Therefore, these traits should be
given emphasis while making selections for high yielding genotypes in sugarbeet. The results revealed
that the genotypes/varieties of sugarbeet are capable to produce high amounts of root yield and sugar
content however, molecular basis of variability and association among the traits needs to be probed further.
Key Words: Correlation, Root yield, Subtropical conditions, Sugarbeet, Sucrose.
INTRODUCTION
Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a cross pollinating

plant whose root contains high concentration
of sucrose. It is commercially grown for sugar
production, especially in temperate countries and
accounts for about 25 per cent of worldwide sugar
production (Draycott, 2006). Although, sugarbeet
is a temperate crop, the international company
Syngenta successfully developed some sugar
beet genotypes that can be grown under tropical
climatic conditions, and hence, the beet is known
as tropical sugarbeet. This tropical sugar beet is a
short duration crop (5-6 months) with high sucrose
content (14-20%) compared to sugarcane which is a

long duration crop (12-14 months) with low sucrose
(10-12%) content (Syngenta, 2004). In India,
sugarbeet is a new crop and few farmers are growing
on a limited area. As such it has good prospects for
bridging the gap between present sugar production
and anticipated national sugar requirement. In
addition to sugar, it provides valuable by products
like green beet tops and beet molasses which are
of value as cattle feed and in fermentation industry.
Sugarbeet yield is positively affected by the
sunny days during the growing season. It needs
an optimum temperature of 25-29C for proper
Corresponding Authors E mail: sangheragulzar@pau.edu
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
67
Sanghera et al
crop growth. Soil temperature also increases the
sugar content of sugarbeet shoot. Sugar content
becomes the highest when the soil temperature is
about 20C. Punjab state has favorable climatic
conditions where sugarbeet can be successfully
cultivated. Though it is a short season Rabi crop
(sown in October-November and harvested in AprilMay), its yield are equivalent to that of sugarcane
and its byproducts can be used for other purposes
like animal feed, biofuels, vitamins, bio-plastics,
pharmaceuticals etc. It has better tolerance to salinity
and sequestration of heavy metals with threshold to
salinity tolerance as high as 7 ds/m (Katerji et al,
1997). Since, the sugarbeet crop matures in AprilMay, when the cane-crushing season is nearly over,
it can extend the crushing season of sugar mills by
nearly two months.
Improving sugarbeet yield and quality are the
main goals of plant breeders to increase sugar
production in order to gradually cover gap between
consumption and production. Sugarbeet has
emerged as a promising entity to be adopted in crop
rotation as a winter crop not only in fertile soils,
but also in poor, saline, alkaline and calcareous
soils. Hence, sugarbeet is capable of occupying an
important place in the sugar economy of the country
(Iqbal and Saleem, 2015). Systematic research on
sugarbeet has established that the crop can be grown
successfully in India as a winter crop. The sugarbeet
growing was found to be profitable compared to the
existing cropping systems in the post rainy season
in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra and
North Karnataka (Kulkarni et al, 2013).
Root yield in sugarbeet is a quantitative
trait and has a multiplicative effect of number of
component traits. Thus, a thorough understanding
of yield contributing traits, interrelationships
among them and with root yield is a pre-requisite
for selection in breeding programmes. With
more variables in correlation studies, indirect
associations become more complex and important.
Therefore, the study of inter-relationships of root
yield and quality traits with other agronomic traits
68
will help in indirect selection for higher root yield

and batter quality varieties in the crop. Therefore,
for complex characters like yield, selection based
on highly correlated component character is more
effective than the direct selection (Grafius, 1964).
The existence of association between different
characters is usually determined by studying
correlations existing between them. With this
historical framework and economic value of the
crop in mind, an estimation of inter-relationship
between root yield and quality traits among modern
sugarbeet genotypes under subtropical conditions
of Punjab.
The present study was conducted at the Punjab

Agricultural University Regional Research Station,
Kapurthala during Rabi 2014-2015 which represents
the subtropical conditions of the country. The
experimental material comprised of 13 sugarbeet
genotypes/varieties (Calixta, SV 894, Magnolia,
Shubra, SV 887, H10826, SV 893, H10671, SV 892,
Cauvery, Indus, SV 889, SV 891) procured from
different sources. All the varieties were sown in
randomized block design (RBD) in a plot size of 36
m2 having three replications with an inter-row and
intra-row spacing of 75cm and 15 cm, respectively.
All the cultural operations were followed to reach
the ideal crop stand. The data were collected on five
randomly selected competitive plants and averaged
for germination (%), shoot length (cm), root length
(cm), total length (root+shoot, in cm), shoot weight
(kg), root weight (kg), root/shoot ratio, root girth
(cm), root volume (cm3), biological yield per plant
(kg), harvest index (%), Brix (), sucrose(%),purity
( %) in juice and root yield per plot (kg) were
recorded. Brix () was measured from each plot
from fresh roots using hand refractometer. Sucrose
(%) was estimated in fresh samples of beet root
by using saccharimeter according to the method
described by AOAC (1995) and purity (%) in juice
was computed by using the equation: Sucrose (%)/
Brix (%) X 100.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
Evaluation of Sugarbeet Genotypes

The mean values for all the yield related and
quality traits were subjected to statistical analysis
as per the analysis of variance for randomized
plot design (Gomes and Gomez, 1984) using
SAS software ver. 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc.,2003)
and interpretations were made accordingly.
The correlation coefficients for all the character
combinations were calculated as per method given
by Al-Jibouri et al (1958) using MVM software.
root length for the genotype Magnolia (31.33cm) and

lowest root length for Indus genotype (23.17cm).
Sugarbeet genotypes possessing longer roots are of
importance to ensure higher root yields (Table 1).
Total length of the whole plant ranged from

85.33 cm (Cauvery) to 62.17 cm (Calixta) giving
an average of 69.56 cm. The shoot weight for the
genotype Cauvery (0.55 kg) was highest among all
the genotypes studied where as it was lowest for
SV 889 (0.24 kg) with an average of 0.43 kg. Root/
shoot ratio and root weight was maximum for the
Analysis of variance was found significant genotype HI 0826(3.74, 1.63 kg) and minimum for
for different sugarbeet traits viz., germination the genotype SV 889 (1.92, 0.82 kg), respectively.
(%), shoot length, root length, total length (root + Overall mean for both these characters were found
shoot), root girth, root volume, Brix (), sucrose to be 2.76 and 1.14 kg respectively.
(%), purity (%) and root yield per plot while it was
The most promising genotype for both root
non-significant for four traits viz., shoot weight,
girth
(cm) and root volume (cm3) was recorded to
root weight, root/shoot ratio and harvest index
3
) followed by SV
which indicated the existence of sufficient genetic be Cauvery (46.25,1755.78cm
3
)and SV 889 (41.83cm,
variability among the sugarbeet genotypes used in 892 (41.92cm,1394.33cm
3
1263.19
cm
)with
overall
mean of 37.73 cm and
this study (Table 1). Ebrahimian et al (2008) also
3
observed the significant differences among the 1093.39cm , respectively. The average biological
sugarbeet genotypes for various traits under study yield of the sugarbeet genotypes is 1.57 kg. HI 0826
and reported to represent the difference of genetic had the highest biological yield (2.06 kg) while
Calixta has the lowest (1.10 kg).Harvest index (ratio
potentiality of genotypes.
of economic yield to biological yield) serves as the
obvious indicator of the advantage of the economic
Seed germination
Plant emergence is influenced most by soil yield of the crop. Though, the mean harvest index
temperature, moisture and aeration plus physical of all the sugarbeet genotypes under evaluation
impedance from the soil. Physical impedance relates showed an average of 0.73, but it was maximum for
to the distance seedlings move through the soil to the genotype HI0826 (0.79) and minimum for SV
emerge and the structure of the soil that the seed 889 (0.66).
ling has to move through. Therefore, it is essential
to sow seeds at optimum depth so as to obtain good Quality characteristics
Regarding quality, the top three significantly
percentage of emergence. Germination forms the
basis for optimum plant population necessary for superior genotypes for Brix (), sucrose (%) and
securing better yield of any crop. Germination purity (%) were H10671 (18.00, 15.20, 84.42), SV
(%) varied from 60 to 89.67% with overall mean 892(17.07, 14.27, 83.60) and SV 891 (16.80, 14.00,
of 75.18%. Highest germination was observed for 83.43), respectively. SV 887 (15.07, 12.27 and
genotype Cauvery (89.67%) followed by SV 887 81.40, respectively) was found to be most inferior
(86%) and HI 0826 (84.67%).Shoot length for the among all the genotypes for Brix (), sucrose (%)
genotype Cauvery was the highest (54.33cm) while and purity (%). The mean values for these quality
the genotype SV 891 recorded lowest shoot length parameters were 16.10%, 13.30% and 82.56%,
(32.42cm) with an overall mean of 40.99cm. The respectively. Similar differences in these parameters
average root length was 28.57 cm with the highest were also reported by Radivojevi et al (2013).
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
69
70
12
24
Replicates
Treatments
Error
11.63
227.81*
37.32
Germination
(%)
7.26
88.27*
4.53
Shoot
length
(cm)
5.52
16.76*
2.47
Root
length
(cm)
9.12
101.05*
0.97
Total
length
(cm)
0.00
0.01
0.00
Shoot
weight
(kg)
0.0056
0.16
0.01
Root
weight
(kg)
0.11
0.97
0.01
Root/
shoot
ratio
7.13
42.80*
3.90
34804.63
183826.80*
6103.84
Root volume
(cm3)
TRAIT
Root
girth
(cm)
72.00
4.31
75.18
89.67
60.00
SV 894
Mangolia
Shubra
SV 887
H1 0826
SV 893
H10671
SV 892
Cauvery
Indus
SV 889
SV 891
CD (0.05)
Mean
Max.
Min.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
10
11
12
13
67.33
79.33
89.67
76.67
80.33
71.33
84.67
86.00
64.33
71.67
74.00
60.00
Calixta
Germination
(%)
Genotypes
Sr.
No.
32.42
54.33
40.99
2.68
32.42
42.25
44.17
54.33
39.92
42.08
44.58
43.33
39.58
37.58
39.00
39.75
33.92
Shoot
length
(cm)
23.17
31.33
28.57
1.17
31.00
27.17
23.17
31.00
29.75
27.50
27.67
30.33
30.50
27.33
31.33
26.42
28.25
Root
length
(cm)
62.17
85.33
69.56
2.87
63.42
69.42
67.33
85.33
69.67
69.58
72.25
73.67
70.08
64.92
70.33
66.17
62.17
Total
length
(cm)
0.24
0.55
0.43
0.04
0.31
0.43
0.45
0.55
0.46
0.49
0.47
0.44
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.42
0.24
Shoot
weight
(kg)
0.82
1.63
1.14
0.11
1.08
0.82
1.16
1.38
1.10
1.27
1.34
1.63
1.19
0.83
1.09
1.12
0.86
Root
weight
(kg)
1.92
3.74
2.76
0.28
3.47
1.92
2.63
2.50
2.41
2.66
2.91
3.74
2.62
1.95
2.73
2.70
3.65
Root/
Shoot
ratio
34.00
46.25
37.73
1.87
35.00
41.83
41.17
46.25
41.92
36.00
34.00
36.83
35.25
35.42
35.17
36.83
34.83
Root
girth
(cm)
873.42
1755.78
1093.39
122.53
1007.45
1263.19
1046.93
1755.78
1394.33
948.92
873.42
1112.66
1009.30
908.67
1029.16
950.32
913.99
Root
volume
(cm3)
Table2: Mean performance ofyield components and quality traits in sugarbeet.
d.f.
Source of
Variation
0.01
0.23
0.02
Biological yield
per plant
(kg)
1.10
2.06
1.57
0.14
1.40
1.25
1.61
1.93
1.55
1.76
1.81
2.06
1.64
1.26
1.49
1.54
1.10
Biological yield
per
plant
(kg)
Table 1:Mean sum of squares for yield components and quality traits in sugarbeet.
0.66
0.79
0.73
0.02
0.77
0.66
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.79
0.72
0.66
0.73
0.73
0.78
Harvest
index
0.00
0.00
0.00
Harvest
index
15.07
18.00
16.10
0.43
16.80
15.53
15.47
15.20
17.07
18.00
15.53
15.73
15.07
16.13
15.47
16.67
16.67
Brix
()
0.22
2.28*
0.68
Brix
()
12.27
15.20
13.30
0.43
14.00
12.73
12.67
12.40
14.27
15.20
12.73
12.93
12.27
13.33
12.67
13.87
13.87
Sucrose
(%)
0.22
2.28*
0.65
Sucrose
(%)
81.40
84.42
82.56
0.45
83.34
81.97
81.91
81.58
83.60
84.42
81.98
82.15
81.40
82.62
81.90
83.19
83.20
Purity
(%)
0.25
2.49*
14.12
Purity
(%)
117.18
194.51
147.13
10.61
139.67
162.64
165.31
194.51
163.85
142.82
125.84
117.18
136.35
130.32
151.37
157.35
125.44
Root
yield
per Plot
(kg)
306.75
1378.00*
2655.21
Root
yield per
Plot (kg)
Sanghera et al
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
0.131
0.620**
0.626**
0.718**
0.020
0.317
0.369*
0.783**
0.091
-0.200
-0.200
-0.235
0.360*
Total length (cm)
Shoot weight (kg)
Root weight (kg)
Root/shoot ratio
Root girth (cm)
Root volume (cm3)
Biological yield per

plant (kg)
Harvest index
Brix ()
Sucrose (%)
Purity (%)
Root yield per Plot

(kg)
0.475**
-0.358*
-0.333*
-0.333*
-0.177
0.628**
0.462**
0.504**
-0.232
0.507**
0.698**
0.877**
-0.106
Shoot
length
(cm)
-0.051
-0.142
-0.152
-0.152
0.261
0.152
0.431**
0.028
0.247
0.209
-0.074
0.385*
Root
length
(cm)
0.416**
-0.401*
-0.382*
-0.382*
-0.039
0.657**
0.637**
0.481**
-0.097
0.571**
0.612**
Total
length
(cm)
Critical value of r at 5%= .3202 and that at 1%= .4129
0.599**
Root length (cm)
Germination
(%)
Shoot length (cm)
Germination (%)
TRAIT
0.435**
-0.279
-0.244
-0.244
-0.518**
0.665**
0.390*
0.433**
-0.586**
0.444**
Shoot
weight
(kg)
-0.033
-0.178
-0.154
-0.154
0.512**
0.964**
0.189
0.079
0.449**
Root
weight
(kg)
-0.442**
0.146
0.136
0.136
0.985**
0.201
-0.188
-0.326*
Root/
shoot ratio
0.605**
-0.203
-0.202
-0.202
-0.330*
0.194
0.907**
Root
girth
(cm)
0.538**
-0.246
-0.248
-0.248
-0.184
0.273
Root
volume
(cm3)
0.101
-0.230
-0.201
-0.201
0.274
Biological yield
per plant
(kg)
-0.387*
0.122
0.114
0.114
Harvest
index
Table 3: Estimation of phenotypic correlations among root yield and quality traits in sugarbeet.
-0.171
0.997**
1.000**
Brix ()
-0.171
0.998**
Sucrose
(%)
-0.174
Purity
(%)
Root
yield per
Plot (kg)
71
Sanghera et al
Yield
Yield is a quantitative attribute of a complex
components and is highly dependent on
environmental factors and their interactions besides
the influence of genotype. A successful production
of sugar beet under subtropical environmental
conditions is not possible without the use of varieties
highly suitable under these conditions. When the
test genotypes ware evaluated for root yield per
plot, Cauvery (194.51 kg) ranked first followed by
Indus (165.31 kg) and SV 892(163.85 kg) while
the average was 147.13 kg. Zahoor (2007) reported
that Kawe terma performed better and produced
higher beet yield. Balakrishnan and Selvakumar
(2008) reported that among the sugarbeet hybrids
(Cauvery, Indus and Shubhra), Cauvery performed
better in terms of yield and Shubhra recorded
higher brix. Similarly, Radivojevi et al (2013)
in Serbia studied the biological and technological
characteristics of 17 commonly grown commercial
sugarbeet varieties and reported that the highest
yield (106.63 t/ha) was recorded for the variety
Marcus and the variety Esprit performed best sugar
yielding (16.75%). The best performing variety was
Tibor with mean granulated sugar content of 15.71
t/ha.
significant positive associations were also recorded

for biological yield, root shoot length, shoot weight
and root weight, however, root length and shoot
length showed negative association with root
weight, root girth and shoot root volume. Quality
parameters viz., Brix (), sucrose %, and purity (%)
gave non-significant association with root yield per
plot but having significant positive associations
among themselves. Therefore, these traits should
be given emphasis while making selections for
high yielding genotypes in sugarbeet. Significant
effects of variety have also been reported on sugar
content but higher yields of crystalline sugar could
be achieved by increasing the yields of beet root as
well.
Correlation coefficients
The correlation coefficients of different traits
with root yield and among themselves are appended
in Table 3 which showed that there were highly
significant and positive associations between root
yield with total length. (r=0.416), shoot length (r=
0.475), shoot weight (r=0.435), root girth (r=0.605),
root volume(r=0.538) and germination (%) (r=0.360)
while it was negatively correlated with root length
and harvest index. The inter-relationships among
other important traits revealed that root shoot length
had significant positive association with shoot
weight, root weight, biological yield, root girth and
root volume. Similarly, root weight also exhibited
significant positive association with these traits.
Root girth being an important trait in sugarbeet
showed highly significant positive association with
shoot length, shoot weight and root volume. The
CONCLUSION
72
The results revealed that the genotypes/

varieties of sugarbeet have excellent performance
characteristics. However, genetic relationships
amongst 15 sugarbeet genotypes have not been
clearly elucidated. Recently, molecular markers
have been used to assess genetic relationships
among the genotypes (Shen, 1996). This needs
a further step to study the molecular basis of
variability and association among the traits studied
in the genotypes evaluated.
The above given results revealed that the
genotypes/varieties of sugarbeet Cauvery, Indus and
SV 892 have excellent performance characteristics.
It is evident that they are capable to produce high
amounts of root yield and sugar content. However,
relationships among root yield and other traits
have clearly elucidated the significant and positive
role of traits viz. total length, shoot length, shoot
weight, root girth, root volume and germination for
indirect selection of higher root yield in sugarbeet
and be given emphasis during selection process of
varieties.
REFERENCES
Al-Jibouri H A, Millar P A and Robinson H F (1958).

Genotypic and environment variance and covariances in
an upland cotton cross of inter specific origin. Agron J
50: 633-36.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73

AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists. Root volume 1 and
2, 16th edition, Editor P. Cunniff, Published AOAC
International, Arlington, Virginia, 4.1.16, 4.1.10, 4.2.04,
4.5.01, 4.6.01, 4.6.03, 4.6.03D, 32.5.18, 41.1.28, 41.1.29.
Tecnicon, Method Manual, pp 334-74.
Balakrishnan A and Selvakumar T (2008). Integrated nitrogen
management for tropical sugarbeet hybrids. Sugar Tech
10(2): 177-180.
Draycott A P (2006). Sugar beet. Blackwell Publishing, p.
514.
Ebrahimian H R, Sadeghian S Y, Jahadakbar M R and
Abasi Z (2008). Study of adaptibilty and stability of
sugarbeetmonogerm cultivars in different locations of
Iran. J Sugar Beet 24:1-13.
Gomez K A and Gomez A A (1984). Statistical procedures
for agricultural research (2nd ed.). NewYork: Wiley, p.
272356.
Grafius J E (1964). A geometry of plant breeding. Crop Sci 4:
241-246.
Iqbal M A and Saleem A M (2015). Sugar beet potential to
beat sugarcane as a sugar crop in Pakistan. AmericanEurasian J Agric Environ Sci 15(1):36-44.
Katerji N, Van Hoorn J W, Hamdy A, Mastrorilli M and Mou
Karzel E (1997). Osmotic adjustment of sugar beets in
response to soil salinity and its influence on stomatal
conductance, growth and yield. Agriculture Water
Management 34: 57-69.
Kulkarni V N, Rana D K and Wielandt N (2013). Sugarbeet:

a potential new crop for sugar and ethanol production in
India. Souvenir- IISR-Industry Interface on Research and
Development Initiatives for Sugarbeet in India, 28-29
May, Sugarbeet Breeding Outpost of IISR IVRI Campus,
Mukteswar-263138, Nainital. Organised by Indian
Institute of Sugarcane Research (ICAR) and Association
of Sugarcane Technologists of India. pp 58-62.
Radivojevic S, Kabic D, Filipovic V and Jacimovic G ( 2013).
Yield And Technological Quality Of Modern Sugarbeet
Varieties in the Republic of Serbia. Food and Feed
Research 40: 53-58.
SAS Institute Inc. (2003). Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth
Annual SAS Users Group International Conference.
Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Shen Z (1996). Specific interactions between the human
RAD51 and RAD52 proteins.Journal of Biology and
Chemistry 271(1):148-152.
Syngenta (2004). Syngenta Bangladesh Ltd. http// Sugarbeet.
ucdavis.edu/ SBPM/Nutrients/ fig1. GIF. www.
Sugarproducer.com, 2011. Sugar Producer Magazine.
Zahoor A, Faridullah Paigham S, Sanaullah B, Kakar K M,
Haytham El-Sharkawi Honna T and Yamamoto Y (2007).
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) response to different
planting methods and row geometries I: Effect on plant
growth and yield. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science
53: 49-61.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 67-73
73
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 74-76
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00038.6
Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Okra

(Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Janjgir-Champa 495 668 (Chhattisgarh)
ABSTRCT
The major constraint on of low productivity of okra in the Janjgir-Champa District of Chhattisgarh
was non adoption of recommended package of practices and lack of awareness for okra cultivation.
To replace this old age technology Krishi Vigyan Kendra conducted front line demonstrations during
kharif season 2013 and 2014. Cultivation practices comprised use of high yielding variety (Arka
anamica) at proper spacing (60x30 cm) with recommended dose of organic as well as inorganic
fertilizer and plant protection measures. Results showed that average yield obtained were 75 and 80q/
ha under improved system, whereas, in local variety 62 and 65 q/ha yield was recorded during 2013
and 2014, respectively. The per cent increase in yield with high yielding over local variety was 20.9 to
23.1 per cent. The extension gap recorded was 13 and 15 per cent during 2013 and 2014, respectively.
Key Words: Extension gap, FLD, Okra, Technology gap, Technology index.
INTRODUCTION
Kendra Janjgir-Champa. FLDs were conducted

with the selected 10 farmers of adopted village
covering an area of 0.4 ha each. Planting was done
during 1st fortnight of July. FLDs were conducted
to study the gap between potential yield (120 q/ha),
demonstration yield, extension gap and technology
index. The data on output of improved and local
okra plots were recorded. The farmers were guided
by KVK scientists in respect of package of practices
to be followed during the crop season. Technology
gap, extension gap and technology index were
calculated using following formula as suggested
by Samui et al (2000).
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench)

is an annual vegetable crop belongs to the family
Malvaceae. Okra was the most profitable rainy and
summer vegetable in our country. India was the
largest producer of okra in the world (Anonymous,
2013). Total area under okra cultivation in India
was estimated to be 3.6 lakh ha with an annual
production of 35 lakh metric tonnes (MT)
(Shanmagasundaram, 2004).The area under okra
cultivation in Chhattisgarh was 2.78 thousand ha
with production of 43.06 thousand MT and Janjgirchampa district covering an area of 1161 ha, with
the production of 11407 MT. To improve yield
Demonstration yield Percent
levels and make awareness to the okra growers,
farmers yield
increase =
x 100
front line demonstrations (FLD) were conducted.
yield
Farmers yield
In the present study, performance of okra variety
Arka anamika against local check was evaluated in Technology gap = Potential yield - Demonstration
front line demonstrations conducted at farmers field yield
Extension gap = Demonstration yield- yield under
during kharif seasons 2013 and 2014.
existing practice
Potential yieldMATERIALS AND METHODS
Technology
Demonstration yield x 100
The study was carried out by the Krishi Vigyan
=
index (%)
Potential yield
Corresponding Authors Email:sanumanu3976@gmail.com
74
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 74-76
Rajput et al
Technology index
The technology index showed the feasibility
Yield performance
The results of front line demonstration revealed of the evolved technology at the farmers field.
that average yield of 75 and 80q/ha was obtained The lowest values of technology index indicate
during 2013 and 2014, respectively, which were the more feasibility of the technology. As such,
found 20.9 and 23.1 percent consequently, increased decreased the technology index from 37.1 to 33.3
over local check. Data further showed that the yield per cent indicated that the demonstrated technology
of okra in the year 2014 was increased successively was feasible (Table 1).
which clearly speaks of the positive impact of Benefit: Cost Ratio

front line demonstration over local variety of okra
Benefit to cost ratio from recommended practice
(Table1).
were comparatively higher than the local check
during both the years of the demonstration (Table
Technology gap
The technological gap (45 and 40 q/ha) in the year 2).The average net return/ha from the demonstration
2013 and 2014, respectively reflected the farmers was Rs. 46,500/- and Rs.59,100/-ha while from
cooperation, in carrying out such demonstrations the local check Rs.35,300/- and Rs. 43,700/-ha in
(Table 1). The technology gap observed may be during the 2013 and 2014, respectively. The benefit
attributed to variability in the soil fertility and cost ratio of demonstration and local check were
climatic conditions. The extension gaps were 13 observed to be 2.6, 3.0 and 2.3, 2.6 during 2013 and
to 15q/ha during the period of study, emphasized 2014, respectively.
the need to educate the farmers through various
CONCLUSION
means for the adoption of improved agricultural
The
present
study produced a significant
technologies. More adoption of recent production
technologies with high yielding varieties would positive result and give researchers an opportunity
subsequently change this alarming trend galloping to demonstrate the productivity potential and
profitability of the recent developed technology
the extension gap.
under real farming situation, which they had
Table1. Productivity, technology gap, technology index, and extension gap of okra grown under
FLD and local check.
Year
Average yield
(q/ha) in FLD
Yield of local
check (q/ha)
2013
2014
75
80
62.1
65.0
Increase over Extension gap

local check (%)
(q/ha)
20.9
23.1
Technology
gap (q/ha)
Technology
index (%)
45
40
37.1
33.3
13
15
Table 2. Economic Impact of Okra under FLD with traditional package of practices.
Year
Gross Return (Rs/ha)
2013
Cost of Cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Demo
Local
check
28,500/26,700/-
2014
28,900/-
27,800/-
75,000/-
Local
check
62,000/-
Net Return
(Rs /ha)
Demo
Local
check
46,500/35,300/-
88,000/-
71,500/-
59,100/-
Demo
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 74-76
43,700/-
B:C ratio
Demo
2.6
Local
check
2.3
3.0
2.6
75
Frontline Demonstrations on Okra

advocating for long time. The results of front line
REFERENCES
demonstrations convincingly brought out that the Anonymous (2013). District wise area and production of
Horticultural Crops. Department of Horticultural crops.
yield of okra could be increased by 20.9 per cent
Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Chhattisgarh,
to 23.1 per cent with intervention on high yielding
Raipur.
varieties. From the above findings, it could also be
Samui S K, Mitra S, Roy D K, Mandal A K, and Saha D (2000).
concluded that use of high yielding variety of okra
Evaluation of front line demonstration on groundnut.
cultivation reduced the extension and technology
Journal of the Indian Society Costal Agriculture Research
gap to a great extent. This would sustainably
18(2):180-183.
increase the income as well as the livelihood of the Shanmagasundaram S (2004). The Hindu Survey of Indian
Agriculture. Pub. by Kasturi and Sons Ltd. Chennai, pp.
farmers of this district.
126-127.
76
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 74-76
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00039.8
Indigenous Agricultural Practices followed for Paddy Cultivation

in Ariyalur District of TamilNadu
G Alagukanan*, A Rajakala and Y Raja Joslin
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Hosted by CREED), Ariyalur 612 902 (TamilNadu)
ABSTRACT
Paddy is the major crop in Ariyalur District of TamilNadu as it occupies an area of 24,143 ha. Indigenous
Agricultural Practices (IAPs) are the accumulated skill of the particular community and are unique and in
harmony with the nature. An attempt was made to explore the IAPs adopted in paddy cultivation in two
blocks viz., Thirumanur and T. Palur through Rapid Rural Appraisal, Personal interviews and also to work
out the grand adoption percentage of IAPs in paddy cultivation. Data were collected from 120 respondents
belonging to eight villages using proportionate random sampling method. The study revealed that there
were 38 IAPs categorized under six cultivation practices and the highest adoption percentage was arrived
for hand weeding (100%), trimming of field bunds (100%), summer ploughing (87%), sheep penning (85%)
and shaking of seedling before transplanting (83%). The Grand Adoption percentage of IAPs in paddy at
Ariyalur district was only 35 per cent and there is an ample scope to promote IAPs as a measure of sustainable
agriculture by merging with other practices aiming at higher yield and income without harming environment.
Key Words: Adoption, Effective score, Grand Adoption, Indigenous Agricultural Practices, Sustainable
agriculture.
INTRODUCTION
was contemplated with the objectives to scout the

Indian agriculture is predominantly of pro- prevailing IAPs, extent of adoption, reason for
nature and it was characterized by the cultivation adoption or non-adoption of particular practice and
practices aiming at sustainable productivity even recommend the measures to improve the adoption
though the production level was subsistence. These of IAPs in paddy cultivation.
are referred as indigenous traditional knowledge
or indigenous agricultural practices (IAPs). This
The study was taken up in two blocks viz.,
knowledge is unique for a given culture or society.
It is the basis for local level decision making in Thirumanur and T. Palur as these blocks were
agriculture, health care, food preparation, natural having more area under Paddy. In each block four
resource management and a host of other activities paddy growing villages were selected at random
in rural communities (Warren, 1991). Since rice is and Thirumanur, Thirumalaipadi, K. Mettutheru,
cultivated throughout the country by small farmers Sembiakudi in Thirumanur block and Naduvalur,
including tribals to most progressive famers, there Kasankottai, Sripuranthan and Karaikurichi in
are number of traditional technologies evolved over T.Palur block. Rapid Rural Appraisal, personal
a period of time. Rice is cultivated in an area of interviews with elders (aged more than 55) and
around 24,143 ha in Ariyalur district of TamilNadu field visits were the methodologies used to collect
under low land system of cultivation utilizing the IAPs existed and /or prevailing among the
Kaveri river water. In these areas, the agriculture is paddy growing farmers in these villages. After
still in the hands of elders with the rich traditional documenting the IAPs, a carefully designed
knowledge of crop cultivation. Hence, the study questionnaire was used to collect the data among
*Corresponding Authors Email:gakannan@rediffmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
77
Alagukanan et al
the farmers in different villages. A sample of 120
farmers was selected by proportionate random
sampling method. Data were collected by personal
interviews (Talukdar et al, 2012). The variable
extent of adoption of IAPs refers to number of
respondents adopted the indigenous technical
practice out of the total respondents and expressed
in percentage. The effectiveness of the indigenous
practice against the intended purpose was also
gathered from the respondents and scored as 0-1.99
(less effective), 2.0-3.99 (moderately effective) and
4.0-5.0 (highly effective). The formula for working
out cultivation practice wise adoption percentage
and Grand adoption percentage of IAPs was also
developed and it has been worked out in the present
study using the following function.
GAP = i / j x 100
Where GAP is Grand Adoption percentage;
i is cumulative total of number of respondents
adopting IAP and j is the product of total number
of respondents in the study and total number of
practices.

Documentation of IAPs
There were 38 IAPs identified and documented
under six different sub heads of cultural operations
in paddy cultivation. About 22, 6, 4, 3, 2 and 1 IAPs
were documented for plant protection, seed handing,
storage of grains, soil fertility management, main
field preparation and intercultural operations,
respectively. Cultivation practice wise IAPs,
purpose of IAP as perceived by the respondents,
the number and frequency of respondents using the
IAPs and its effectiveness based on respondents
opinion have been presented in Table 1. The
practices documented as IAPs are mostly utilizing
the locally available resources and plant parts that
are of no or less cost and are environmentally
friendly (Talukdar et al, 2012).
and plastering of field bunds to utilize the area

effectively apart from controlling weeds. Likewise,
all the respondents (100%) were practicing two
hand weeding and trampling in between the rows
and plants to arrest the weed growth (Table1).
Plant protection
Eighty seven per cent of the respondents were
practicing summer ploughing to control the weeds
and pests. Summer ploughing aids in exposure
of pupal forms of insects to birds and also to hot
sun and thereby they are eaten away by the birds
or destroyed by heat. Shaking of paddy seedlings
resulted in reduction of caseworm population
(83%). Application of neem oil and neem cake to
control the pests were adopted by 33 and 35 per
cent of the respondents only as the cost of neem
cake is high. Instead of costly neem cake, it was
suggested to use crushed neem fruits that are
collected locally (Table1). The adoption percentage
of measures taken to drive away the birds was also
less because the damage caused by the birds was
not economically important as paddy is cultivated
on an extensive scale (80ha/village).
Soil fertility Management
Seventy one percent reported sheep penning
as it enhances the soil fertility to improve the
productivity in paddy. Farmers also learnt to contain
the pest population by allowing ducks in the paddy
fields immediately after harvesting. Moreover the
duck droppings are rich manure for enriching the
soil fertility status (Table 1).
Effectiveness Score
Out of the 38 practices explored and adopted
by the respondents, 7 (18.5%) were found to be
highly effective, 24 (63%) moderately effective and
7 (18.5%) were less effective as per the respondents
response. Sheep penning to enhance soil fertility
(4.4), strengthening of bunds (4.1), hand weeding
(4.30), pouring of kerosene directly on standing
water to drive away the hispa flies (4.15), foliar
Adoption of IAPs
spray of neem oil (4.1) to control stem borer,
Field preparation
application of neem cake at last plough (4.36) to
All the respondents reported to do trimming contain nematode and beating drums (4.4) to scare
78
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
Indigenous Agricultural Practices

Table 1. IAPs in Paddy cultivation, its effectiveness and distribution of farmers using IAP in Ariyalur
District of Tamilnadu
Sr.
No.
Practice
I
1
2
3
Seed selection, storage and treatment

Farmers use their own seeds
To store the seeds they use only new gunny bags
Once in a three months, the seeds are dried
under sun for 3-4 hours especially on the day
of new moon
Use of neem leaf and Pungam leaf in seed
storage bags
Seeds are soaked in water and tied in a cloth.
Warm water sprinkled over the cloth and
germination assessed after 3 days
Soaking the paddy seeds in diluted cows urine
before sowing
4
5
6
II
1
2
3
III
1
2
IV
1
V
1
2
3
4
5
Aim / purpose
Soil fertility management

Sheep penning before main field preparation
Incorporation of Calotropis leaves at the time
of last puddling
Daincha (Sesbania) sees are sown in paddy
main fields and ploughed in-situ.
Main field preparation
Trimming and plastering of field bunds
Frequency
of adopter
farmers
Effectiveness
score
To ensure the quality

To avoid any pest or disease
To control storage pests
64 (53)#
38 (31)
73 (60)
2.10(M)@
1.30(L)
2.45(M)
To repel the storage pests
36 (30)
2.80(M)
To
test
percentage
germination
36 (30)
3.30(M)
To improve the seed

germination percentage and
early vigour of the seedlings
30 (25)
2.75(M)
To improve the soil fertility

and also to control pets
85 (71)
37 (31)
4.40(H)
3.00(M)
55 (46)
3.45(M)
120 (100)
3.00(M)
85 (71)
4.10(H)
120 (100)
4.30(H)
104 (87)
2.85(M)
20 (16)
3.10(M)
100 (83)
3.14(M)
13 (10)
2.10(M)
42 (35)
3.50(M)
To eliminate the host weeds

for pest and diseases
Bunds are strengthened with weeds and stubbles To prevent rat holes and
collected from the fields, bunds are plastered their damage
with mud.
Intercultural operations
Two hand weeding and trampling the interspace To control weeds
Plant protection
Summer ploughing of the main field
To control weeds and
inactive forms of pests in
soil
Raising of Black gram on bunds of rice field
To minimize the green leaf
hopper damage
Shaking of paddy seedlings before transplanting to reduce the caseworm
population
Alternate wetting and drying and drying of field To control brown plant
hopper
Digging trenches in between the fields
To control movement of
army worms
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
79
Alagukanan et al
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
VI
1
2
3
4
Broadcasting goats droppings on

crop of paddy
standing To repel hispa due to

unpleasant odour of goat
excreta
Pouring of kerosene oil directly on standing To drive away the hispa flies
water in paddy field
Frogs are killed and hung from bamboo sticks The gundhi bugs crowd
erected in the crop fields in different places
over the dead frog rather
damaging soft grains
Burning of tyres around the rice field
To repel gundhi bugs and
other pests
Placing bird perches in the field to allow birds To control all kind of larvae
to sit and predate on the pests
Foliar spray of neem oil (30ml per lit of water) To control most pests
especially stem borer and
thrips
Applying neem cake before last plough
To control root rot and
nematode problem
A mixture of 5kg common salt and 15 kg of To control brown spot
sand is applied for one acre crop
disease
To control rice tungro
Spraying the leaf extract of Adathoda vasica
Tying of waste audio tapes around the fields
To scare away the birds
Beating drums at grain maturation stage
Keeping effigies wearing white dress made up To scare away the birds
of straw in the centre of field
Placing crows carcass tied in a stick
A piece of red or black cloth is tied to a long To frighten birds
pole and placed in the centre of the field
Allowing ducks to feed in the harvested paddy To control pests and to
fields
enrich the soil with duck
droppings
Keeping a mud pot containing burning paddy To kill the rats
straw or stubbles above the rat holes and making
airtight by plastering
Placing of T shaped sticks in the field for owl To control rats
to sit
Grain Storage
Measuring paddy grains with round bamboo To repel the storage pests
structures plastered with cow dung and mud
Storing of grains on a mud pot of more than 6 To control storage pests
feet height
Keeping neem leaves or pungam leaves in To control storage pests
between gunny bags
White wash of wall near storage place
To control storage pests
# Figures in the parenthesis indicates the percentage of adoption

@ High/Medium/Low effectiveness score
80
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
32 (27)
3.25(M)
20 (16)
4.15(H)
3 (2)
2.05(M)
7(6)
2.15(M)
15 (12)
1.75(L)
40 (33)
4.10(H)
42 (35)
4.36(H)
30 (25)
1.85(L)
4(3)
8 (7)
12 (10)
35 (29)
2.50(M)
1.50(L)
4.40(H)
2.50(M)
25 (23)
44 (40)
2.10(M)
2.10(M)
91 (75)
3.50(H)
33 (27)
3.60(M)
20 (16)
2.30(M)
8 (7)
1.50(L)
13 (11)
1.52(L)
48 (40)
2.25(M)
21 (18)
1.26(L)
Indigenous Agricultural Practices

away the birds were highly effective against the our primary interest as these practices could reduce
intended purpose. This was in conformity with the the consumption of chemicals to a greater extent
and thereby sustainable agriculture is ensured.
earlier findings of Majumder et al (2013).
Most of these practices helped in reduced usage However, plant protection practices recorded the
of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, weedicides, average adoption percentage of only 31 and it might
pesticides, nematicides etc. The respondents also be due to the fondness of farmers attitude towards
revealed that by the adoption of these practices the the use of chemicals to contain pests and diseases.
cost of cultivation was also reduced considerably. The presumption or fear of farmers about the crop
Storing the seeds in new gunny bags (1.3), placing loss due to the non-application of pesticides also
bird perches in the field (1.75), application of contributes to the less adoption of these practices.
common salt and sand (1.85), tying of waste audio Besides, their confidence on IAPs related to plant
tapes around the field (1.5), measuring paddy grain protection is reduced when the neighboring farmers
with bamboo structures plastered with cow dung are using chemicals for pest control. This is in
and mud (1.6), storing of grains in a mud pot of concomitant with the findings of Sastikannan and
more than 6 feet height (1.55) and white wash of Santhagovind (2005). Gross adoption percentage
wall near storage place (1.26) recorded the least of IAPs in paddy cultivation in Ariylaur District of
effective score between 0 to 1.99 and its adoption Tamilnadu was only 35 per cent and thereby there
is an ample scope to utilize the potential benefits of
level was also low.
IAPs by creating awareness among the farmers.
Operation Wise Adoption of IAPs
Data (Table 2) revealed that, out of six
CONCLUSION
broad areas of operation, intercultural operation
It could be concluded that there are sizable
consisting of only one practice (hand weeding numbers of IAPs in practice by the farmer. Proper
twice) registered 100 percent adoption followed identification, documentation of IAPs apart from
by main field preparation (88%). The highest creating awareness among the farmers is the need
adoption percentage could be due to the reason of this hour. Indigenous practices are thus excellent
that practices like trimming of field bunds, alternatives to the costly pesticides provided they
strengthening with stubbles, hand weeding forms must be amalgamated with the other integrated
the basic cultural operations in paddy cultivation. cultivation practices. The results of this study will
The practices included under plant protection were be helpful to the scientist and extension workers
Table 2. Operation wise adoption of IAPs in Paddy cultivation at Ariyalur District, Tamilnadu
Sr.
No.
Operation
1
2
3
4
5
6
Seed handling
Soil fertility management
Main field preparation
Intercultural operation
Plant protection
Storage
Grand total
No. of practices
in each
operation
6
3
2
1
22
4
38
Cumulative
number of
respondents
adopting IAPs
277
177
205
120
740
90
1609
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
Number of
practices x
Total number of
respondents
720
360
240
120
2640
480
4560
Grand
adoption
(%)
38
49
85
100
28
19
35
81
Alagukanan et al
to formulate the package of practices for paddy
REFERENCES
cultivation which is low cost, location specific and Majumder D, Deka S N, Pujari and D and Das P K (2013).
Traditional Knowledge adopted by the farmers for
eco-friendly.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
management of rice pests in North bank plain zone of

Assam. Indian J Traditional Knowledge 12 (4): 725-729.
Sastikannan A and Santhagovind (2005). Adoption of
The authors express sincere gratitude to Dr.

indigenous plant protection practices by paddy farmers.
V Nadanasabapathy, Chairman of CREED Krishi
Karnataka J Agric Sci 18(1): 196-199.
Vigyan Kendra for the constant encouragement Talukdar R K, Barman S and Hussain A (2012). Documentation
and support in accomplishing the mandates of
and perceived rationale of ITK utilized in Boro rice
cultivation by farmers of Kamrup district of Assam. J
KVK and also to motivate us in publishing the
Acad Indus Res 1 (7): 412-417.
scientific information for the welfare of everyone
interested in agriculture. Also thankful to the elders Warren D M (1991). Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge
Systems and Development. Agriculture and Human
and respondent farmers of Thirumanur and T.Palur
Values 8: 1-2.
blocks of Ariyalur district for their timely help in
collecting this valuable information on IAPs.
82
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 77-82
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 83-87
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00040.4
Opinion of Subject Matter Specialists Working in Krishi Vigyan

Kendras
Bimal P Bashir* and N Narmatha
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education,
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)
ABSTRACT
For effective dissemination of technology from research station to land, the constraints and suggestions
give by the officials had to be carefully studied. The present study was, thus conducted among subject
matter specialists (SMSs) of three each from non-governmental organization and state university hosted
KVKs of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The constraints were rated in three point continuum and subsequently
ranked whereas; the suggestions given were ranked based on frequencies. Interview schedule was used
to elicit data from the respondents and collected information was subjected to appropriate statistical
analysis. The study indicated that the major constraints faced by SMS of NGO hosted KVKs were lack
of incentives, lack of clerical staffs and political interventions from the host institution in delivering
their duties whereas, constraints faced by SMS of state university hosted KVK was paucity of funds,
frequent transfer, lack of co-ordination among staffs etc. Major suggestion given was filling up of vacant
posts of clerical staffs, provision of career advancements, promotions, reduction of paper work etc.
Key Words:
INTRODUCTION
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) in India play an

important role in transfer of Agricultural technology.
The progress in agriculture to a large extent depends
on the quick and effective dissemination of new
agricultural practices among the farmers and feeding
back the farmers problems to the research station for
their solution. KVK performs on farm testing, front
line demonstration, vocational training of farmers,
farm women and rural youths, in-service training
of grass root level field functionaries etc. This is
unanimously accepted that success of any extension
activity depends on the ability and expertise of the
extension staff to speedy delivery and direct flow of
information to the clientele system at the right time
in the most appropriate manner. A large number
of highly qualified manpower and huge amount of
budgets are diverted to these institutions. In spite of
all these efforts, a considerable technological gap
still lies between the technology already developed
and the technology adopted by the ultimate users.

For effective dissemination of technology, the
constraints and suggestions given by the officials
of KVK have to be carefully studied. It was
considered important to conduct a study on KVK
and the constraints and suggestions given by the
officials of KVK in its operational area. Thus
present study was undertaken with the objectives
to find out the constraints faced by subject matter
specialists in delivering their duties and also to
receive suggestions to overcome the constraints
faced by them.
The study was carried out during the year 2013,

in 12 Krishi Vigyan Kendras, located at various
districts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, under zone VIII.
At present there are 645 Krishi Vigyan Kendras
functioning in India which are managed through
eight different zones. Eighth zone comprises of
*Corresponding Authors Email: bimalpbashirdrvet@gmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 83-87
83
Bashir and Narmatha

Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Pondicherry
and Lakshadweep. Tamil Nadu and Kerala were
purposively selected as the study area based on
familiarity of the researcher with study area and
language. In Tamil Nadu, there are 30 Krishi Vigyan
Kendras and Kerala is having 14 Krishi Vigyan
Kendras. Out of the total 30 Krishi Vigyan Kendras
in Tamil Nadu, 19 are hosted by State Universities
/ Deemed Universities and 11 are hosted by NonGovernment Organisations, whereas out of 14
Krishi Vigyan Kendras in Kerala, 11 are hosted by
State Universities / ICAR institutes and three are
hosted by Non-Government Organisations. A list
of KVKs in Tamil Nadu and Kerala which were
established on or before 2004 was prepared. From
the list, three state university KVKs and three NGO
KVKs from each state were randomly selected
for the study. Subject matter specialists of Krishi
Vigyan Kendra were selected for the study. Thus a
total of 65 subject matter specialists constituted the
sample for the study.
Constraints faced by the SMS of KVKs were
identified using focus group interview and review of
literature on related studies and a list of constraints
was identified. The respondents were asked to rate
the constraints in three point continuum as most
important , important and not a constraint with
a score of 2, 1 and 0 respectively. The mean score
for each statement was calculated by using the
following formula
Mean score =
Total Score obtained for the

statement
Number of respondents
Based on the mean score value the constraints

were ranked. Suggestions were the ideas put forth
by the respondents based on their experience.
Suggestions of the SMS were obtained during
investigation to overcome the constraints for
effective functioning of Krishi Vigyan Kendras. The
data were collected through open ended questions
and presented in frequency and percentage.

Constraints expressed by subject matter
specialists
The major constraints experienced and
expressed by SMS of state as well as NGO hosted
KVKs were different depending up on the type of
host institutions.
Constraints in the rank order were lack of
incentives and recognition to the subject matter
specialist, paucity of funds for extension work, lack
of assistants for clerical work, non availability of
vehicles to travel in the interior places of the area,
political inference in day-to-activities, specialists
being used as generalist, lack of resources and inputs
with the farmers and lack of motivation among the
farmers (Table 1).
Table 1.Constraints expressed by Subject Matter Specialists of NGO hosted KVKs

Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
84
X 100
Parameter
Lack of incentives and recognition to the subject matter specialist
Paucity of funds for extension work
Lack of assistants for clerical work
Non availability of vehicles to travel in the interior places of the area
Political inference in day-to-activities
Specialists being used as generalist
Lack of resources and inputs with the farmers
Lack of motivation among the farmers
Emphasis on table work (Office routine)
Lack of leadership to SMS team
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 83-87
Mean score
1.85
1.76
1.76
1.73
1.70
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.64
1.64
n=33
Rank
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Opinion of Subject Matter Specialists

Table 2. Constraints expressed by Subject Matter Specialists of State University hostedKVKs
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Parameter
Lack of assistants for clerical work
Cumbersome administrative procedure
Paucity of funds for extension work
Lack of leadership to SMS team
Specialists being used as generalist
Emphasis on table work (Office routine)
Lack of incentives and recognition to the subject matter specialist
Interpersonal relationship among co-workers
Lack of motivation among the farmers
Lack of resources and inputs with the farmers
Lack of adequate books, journals and study materials for teaching
The KVKs in the study area were having serious

shortage of clerical as well as technical staffs so
the SMS were forced to take the additional burden
of clerical work as well. This adversely affected
their work and in turn resulted in heavy work load.
Subject matter specialists of NGO hosted KVKs
lack pension facilities, other incentives which
demoralized their work motivation. Moreover SMS
of NGO hosted KVK usually have to work as per the
will of their host institution and sometimes political
Mean score
1.93
1.90
1.84
1.72
1.72
1.66
1.63
1.59
1.56
1.56
1.56
Rank
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
interference in day- to- day activity of KVKs are

also executed by the host institution (Bhople, 2001).
The major constraints experienced and
expressed by SMS of state university hosted KVK
were presented in Table 2. Constraints in the rank
order were lack of assistants for clerical work,
cumbersome administrative procedure, paucity of
funds for extension work, lack of leadership to SMS
team, specialists being used as journalist, emphasis
Table 3. Suggestions given by Subject Matter Specialists of NGO hosted KVK

Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Parameter
Career advancement scheme for the KVK staff should be implemented
There should be a provision for incentives for motivating the KVK staff
Additional clerical staff must be appointed to reduce the workload of the SMSs
Modern information and communication technology should be made available at all
KVKs
A strong co-ordination and linkage should be established among research institutions,
line departments and KVKs
Political interference in day-to-day activity of SMSs must be avoided
Per cent
60.6
60.6
48.5
48.5
Funding toward the extension activities must be increased

Demonstration unit / training laboratory as well as infrastructural premises should be
well equipped
All the necessary infrastructural facility and educational facility for the staff should be
made easily available
Vehicle facilities especially for carrying extension activities in village situation are
highly essential.
45.5
39.4
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 83-87
48.5
45.5
36.4
36.4
85
Bashir and Narmatha

Table 4. Suggestions given by Subject Matter Specialists of State University hosted KVK
Sr. No. Statement
1.
Career advancement scheme for the KVK staff should be implemented
2.
Interpersonal relationship between colleagues as well as superior and subordinates
must be improved
3.
Frequent transfer of the KVK technical staff should be avoided
4.
Funding toward the extension activities must be increased
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A strong co-ordination and linkage should be established among research institutions,

line departments and KVKs
Demonstration unit as well as infrastructural premises should be well equipped
Vehicle facilities especially for carrying extension activities in village situation are
highly essential.
Modern information and communication technology should be made available at all
KVKs
All the necessary infrastructural facility and educational facility for the staff should be
made easily available
There should be provision for incentives for motivating the KVK staff
on table work, lack of incentives and recognition

to the subject matter specialist, interpersonal
relationship among co-workers, lack of motivation
among the farmers, lack of resources and inputs
with the farmers and lack of adequate books,
journals and study materials for teaching (Table 2).
These observations were in agreement with Tantray
et al( 2005).
Per cent
84.4
78.1
71.9
62.5
59.4
59.4
59.4
59.4
56.3
56.25
should be made available at all KVKs, a strong coordination and linkage should be established among
research institutions especially at NGO KVKs ,
line departments and KVKs. However, political
interference in day-to-day activity of SMSs must
be avoided, funding toward the extension activities
must be increased, demonstration unit / training
laboratory as well as infrastructural premises should
Further, since State University hosted KVK be well equipped, all the necessary infrastructural
have a government set up to release of fund as well facility and educational facility ( Table 3) for the
as utilization. Most often there is a paucity of fund staff should be made easily available and Vehicle
which adversely affect the day-to-day activities facilities especially for carrying extension activities
of KVK (Bortamuly and Khuhly, 2013). In state in village situation are highly essential.
university hosted KVKs frequent transfers occur
Earlier workers have also reported such
and because of this interpersonal relationship suggestions given by SMS of NGO hosted KVKs
among the SMS will be poor. This also results in regarding career advancement, co-ordination
lack of coordination among them.
and linkage between other establishments and to
reduce political interference by the host institutions
Suggestions of Subject Matter Specialists
(Bhople, 2001).
Most of the SMS reported that career
advancement scheme for the KVK staff should be
CONCLUSION
implemented (60.6%), there should be a provision
Major constraints faced by SMSs were lack
for incentives for motivating the KVK staff of subordinate staffs, lack of incentive, frequent
(60.6%). Similarly, all posts lying vacant must transfers and political interventions. The constraints
be filled up to reduce the workload of the SMSs, faced depended on the type of host institution
modern information and communication tools
86
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 83-87
Opinion of Subject Matter Specialists

also. Both SMSs of NGO hosted as well as State Bortamuly D and Khuhly B L (2013). Constraints faced
by Block level Extension functionaries in facilitating
University hosted KVK had different constraints
Commodity Interest Groups and Farm Schools under
and they have to be dealt differently. The constraints
ATMA in NE Indian states. J Academia Industrial Res
faced by subject matter specialists in performing
2(5),291-294
extension management and suggestions offered by Tantray A M, Bhat A A, Singh H, Goswami P and Dar M
them to overcome some of the practical problems
A (2005). Experiences and constraints under T and V
will also be useful in structuring effective strategy
system in Kashmir Valley. Agric Ext Rev 39 (4),20-21.
for KVKs established future as well as existing Received on 09/06/2016 Accepted on 08/09/2016
KVKs in the country.
REFERENCES
Bhople P P (2001). Evaluation of Krishi Vigyan Kendra under

NGOs in Vidarbha Region. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola,
Maharashtra, India.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 83-87
87
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 88-91
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00041.6

S G Bhalekar1, S U Chalak*2 and C D Badgugar3
National Agriculture Research Project, Ganeshkhind, Pune-67 (Maharashtra)
ABSTRACT
A field investigation was carried out at NARP, Ganeshkhind, Pune in order to evaluate eight year old nine
exotic mango cultivars viz. Kent, Osteen, Hy 13/3 ,Lily, Kiett, Palmer, Hy 13/1, Maya, Tommy Atkins along
with cv Kesar as a local check. The cv Maya recorded highest fruits/plant (93.50). The cv Kent recorded
significantly superior fruit weight (328.4 g) and fruit yield (25.22 kg/plant or 5.04 Mt/ ha). It was followed
by cv Maya with fruit production (17.6 kg/ plant or 3.52 Mt/ ha). The cv Keasr recorded 52.7 fruits/plant
with 208.1 g average fruit weight and yield of 11.0 kg/plant or 2.20Mt/ha. However, from Organoleptic
evaluation for quality parameters viz. pulp colour, flavor, fiber content, taste, juiciness etc. it was observed
that cv Maya recorded highest overall score (65.9 %) which was followed by cv Kesar (64.1%). As for as
Indian and foreign mango market concern, it is concluded that cv Maya would be a future choice for cv Kesar.
Key Words: Exotic, Fruit weight, Mango, Performance, Varieties, Yield.
INTRODUCTION
Mango (Mangifera indica L) belongs to family

Anacardiaceae is most important commercially
grown fruit crop of the country. India rank first with
share of about 40 per cent of the worlds mango
production.USA is the largest importer of mangoes
in the world with share of 43.20 per cent of worlds
import. Currently, UAE is the largest market for
Indian mangoes contouring with largest share of
67.98 per cent of total mango export earnings.
However, share of Indian mango export to USA
is only 0.63 per cent (Anonymous, 2014). Hence,
it is necessary to grab mango market of USA. The
main varieties marketed in USA are Tommy Atkins,
Kent, Kiett and Maya. Currently these are imported
from Brazil, Mexico, Peru etc. With this view the
present investigation was conducted to evaluate
performance of different exotic mango cultivars
under Indian conditions.
Osteen, Hy 13/3, Lily, Kiett, Palmer, Hy 13/1,

Maya, Tommy Atkins along with check cv Kesar
were evaluated. The grafted seedlings were planted
in clay loam soil during the year June 2002 at 10 m
X 5 m spacing. Trees started yielding fruits from
fourth year onwards. The results reported in present
investigation were average of three replications and
there were two plant units per replication. The trunk
girth was measured at 15 cm above the ground
level. Ten fruits were randomly selected from each
replication for determination of quality parameters.
The fruits were picked at maturity (tapka stage) and
kept for natural ripening in dried grass. The fruit
analysis was done at ripening. The titrable acidity
of pulp was estimated as per recommendation by
AOAC (1969) methods. The data were analyzed
as per statistical methods suggested by Panse and
Sukhatme (1985).

The present investigation was conducted at Plant height and Trunk girth
Significant differences were observed for plant
NationalAgriculture Research Project, Ganeshkhind,
height,
cultivar Kent recorded maximum plant
Pune-67. Nine exotic mango cultivars viz. Kent,
Corresponding Authors Email: sunilchalak@gmail.com
1 Associate Professor of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Pune-05
2 Senior Research Assistant, NARP, Ganeshkhind, Pune-67
3 Assistant Professor of Horticulture , NARP , Ganeshkhind, Pune-67
88
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 88-91
Bhalekar et al
height (3.2m) which was at par with cv Kesar
(3.1m), Maya (3.0m), Kiett (2.8 m)and Tommy
Atkins (2.8 m). However, lowest plant height (2.3
m) which was recorded in cv Lily. On the other
hand,non significant differences were recorded
for tree trunk girth, East - West spread and North
South spread. Cultivar Kent recorded maximum
trunk girth (40.5 cm), East West spread (2.9 m)
and North South spread (2.9 m) (Table 1). These
results weree in accordance with Abutiate (1988);
Ali et al (1992) and Gunjate et al (2004).
Fruit characters
Cultivar Maya recorded maximum fruits/plant
(93.5) which was at par with cv Kent (76.8). The
fruit weight was recorded significantly maximum
(328.4g) in cv Kent over rest of cultivars. The
maximum length breadth ratio (1.9) recorded by Hy
13/1 followed by cv Palmer (1.8) and Hy 13/3 (1.7).
Yield
Data (Table 1) revealed that the cv Kent
recorded significantly maximum fruit yield (25.2
kg/plant or 5.04 Mt/ha). The lowest fruit yield (9.1
kg/ plant or 1.82 Mt/ha ) was recorded in cv Osteen.
The indigenous cv Kesar recorded 52.7 fruits/plant
with average fruit weight of 208.1 g producing fruit

yield of 11.0 kg/ plant or 2.2 Mt/ha. The results
revealed that the yield potential of exotic cultivars
specially Kent (25.2 kg/plant or 5.04 Mt/ ha) and cv
Maya (17.6kg/ plant or 3.52 Mt/ha) was superior
than check cv Kesar (11.0 kg/ plant or 2.2 Mt/
ha). These results were in close confirmation with
findings obtained by Ali et al (1992) and Gunjate
et al (2009) under South Asian conditions and
Abutiate (1988) under Ghana conditions.
Quality characters
The cv Kiett recorded minimum stone weight
(21.0g). It was followed by cv Kent (27.0g), Osteen
(28.0g) and Maya (28.0g) however in check cv
Kesar it was 48.0 g. Results also revealed that cv
Kent recorded maximum fruit weight (328.4g) and
minimum stone weight (27.0g). As regards check
cv Kesar stone weight was 48.0g against 208.1g
fruit weight this indicated that cv Kent contains
maximum pulp (Table 1).Regarding total soluble
solids, significantly maximum (19.5 oBrix) was
recorded in cv Maya. However, in all other cultivars
it was between 11.2 oBrix (Osteen and Hy13/3) to
16.5 oBrix (Kent) except cv Kesar (18.6 oBrix). The
titrable acidity was maximum (0.20 %) in cv Hy-
Table 1. Growth and yield performance of exotic mango cultivars.

Sr.
No.
Cultivar
Plant
height
(m)
Trunk
EW
NS
girth spread spread
(cm)
(m)
(m)
No. of
fruits/
plant
Avg.
Yield
fruit / plant
weight (kg)
(g)
Length:
breadth
ratio
Avg.
stone
wt. (g)
Yield /
plant
(Mt)
TSS
(oBrix)
Acidity
(%)
Kent
3.2
40.5
2.9
2.9
76.8
328.4
Osteen
2.6
29.0
2.8
2.4
38.4
236.5
25.2
1.3
27.0
5.0
16.5
0.06
9.1
1.5
28.0
1.8
11.2
0.06
Hy-13/3
2.7
30.5
2.3
2.6
58.9
Lily
2.3
31.7
2.1
1.7
43.8
276.1
16.2
1.8
47.0
3.2
11.2
0.20
242.2
10.6
1.4
32.0
2.1
13.1
0.06
Kiett
2.8
30.8
2.6
2.5
Palmer
2.4
30.8
1.9
2.1
54.9
279.0
15.3
1.4
21.0
3.1
14.3
0.13
21.9
212.1
4.6
1.8
33.0
0.9
16.5
0.06
Hy-13/1
2.5
31.5
2.4
2.5
60.0
235.0
14.1
1.9
38.0
2.8
11.2
0.06
Maya
3.0
35.5
Tommy
Atkins
2.8
32.7
2.5
2.6
93.5
188.1
17.6
1.2
28.0
3.5
19.5
0.13
2.3
2.4
39.0
284.5
11.1
1.3
57.0
2.2
14.2
0.13
10
Kesar
3.1
33.7
2.6
2.7
52.7
208.1
11.0
1.5
48.0
2.2
18.6
0.13
11
SE +
0.1
3.1
0.2
0.2
5.8
3.3
1.5
0.3
--
0.3
0.3
12
C.D. at
5%
0.4
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
17.6
10.0
4.4
0.3
--
0.9
0.8
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 88-91
89
Performance of Exotic Mango Cultivars

Table 2. Organoleptic evaluation of exotic mango cultivars.
Sr.
No.
Attributes
1
2
3
4
5
6
Pulp color
Flavor
Fiber
Taste
Juicy
Table purpose
Overall score
Overall score (%)
90
Kent
Osteen
Hy-13/3
Lily
Varieties
Kiett palmer
5.63
4.75
5.63
5.63
5.00
5.40
32.04
53.40
4.13
4.00
5.00
3.88
4.88
4.80
26.69
44.48
5.13
4.38
5.63
4.75
5.50
5.40
30.79
51.31
4.00
4.50
5.25
4.63
4.63
5.40
28.41
47.35
3.75
3.75
5.00
3.88
4.25
4.80
25.43
42.38
5.13
5.38
5.50
4.75
5.25
4.20
30.21
50.35
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 88-91
Hy13/1
2.63
3.13
3.50
3.13
3.13
3.40
18.92
31.53
Maya
7.0
6.00
6.13
6.75
6.88
6.80
39.56
65.93
Tommy
Atkin
5.00
5.00
4.63
5.13
5.38
5.20
30.34
50.56
Kesar
6.75
6.25
5.88
6.75
6.63
6.20
38.46
64.10
Bhalekar et al
13/3 and lowest (0.06 %) in cv Kent. The cultivars
LITERATURE
Osteen, Lily, Palmer and Hy 13/1 were least acidic. Abutiate W S (1990). Evaluation of new cultivars of mango
(Mangifera indica L) in Ghana. Growth performance .
From these results it can be said that all exotic

Ghana J Agric Sci 20-23 : 25-31.
cultivars were comparatively less sweeter except Ali Shafaut, Haq Abdul, Hussain Shamshad (1992). Physiocv Maya. These results were in line with findings
chemical studies of some varieties of mango grown at
recorded by Gunjate et al (2009).
Shujabad. Pakistan J Agric Res 13 (4):350-356
Organoleptic evaluation
Ripened fruits of all nine cultivars were evaluated
for its pulp colour, flavor, fiber, taste, juiciness and
table purpose qualities. For each parameter out of
ten score was given and data (Table 2) revealed that,
cv Maya recorded maximum overall score (65.9 %)
which was followed by cv Kesar (64.1%). These
results indicated that for Indian consumers cv Maya
was equally compatible with cv Kesar. This showed
that, cv Maya would be a alternative for cv Kesar
in respect of yield and quality. These results were
in accordance with findings obtained by Gunjate, et
al (2009) under Gujrat conditions.
Anonymous (2014). Indian Horticulture Database 2014,

National Horticulture Board, New Delhi, Publication 9199
CONCLUSION
AOAC (1969). Official methods of Analysis. 4th Edn. Benjamin

Franklin Station Washington D.C.
Gunjate R T, Kumbhar A R, Thimaih I M and Amin S M
(2004). Performance of some Indian and exotic mango
cultivars under high density planting in arid conditions of
Gujrat (India) Actra Hortc 645: 347-351
Gunjate R T, Kumbhar A R, Thimaih I M and Amin S M
(2009). Growth and fruiting of some mango cultivars
under high density plantation in arid conditions of Gujrat
(India) Actra Hortc 820:463-468.
Panse V G and Sukhatme P V(1985). Statistical methods for
Agricultural workers. ICAR,New Delhi, 158-162
It was observed that exotic mango varieties were

vigorous and high yielders than cv Kesar. Ripened
fruits of all exotic cultivars under study were
comparatively less sweeter than cv Kesar except cv
Maya. It was further concluded that cv Maya would
be a future choice for cv Kesar for comparatively
higher yield with good quality.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 88-91
91
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 92-95
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00042.8
Reproductive Performance During Parasitic Load in Small

Ruminants
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gandhar, Bandhuganj,
Jehanabad 804 432, (Bihar)
ABSTRACT
Small ruminants were kept almost parasite free for about 3 months using Albendazole alone or
supplemented with mineral mixture. Haemoglobin (Hb) level ranged between 8.830.08 g/dl to
8.960.03 g/dl in ewes and 8.780.02 g/dl to 8.950.24 g/dl in does before treatment. The level of Hb
increased significantly (P<0.01) in both the treatment groups after treatment on day 20. The minimum
interval from treatment to onset of estrus were recorded in group T2 (41d in ewes and 43d in does)
which was followed by group T1 (44 d in ewes and 46d in does) and T3 group (55d in ewes and 52 d
in does). The pregnancy rates in the three groups were 66.66, 83.33 and 33.33 per cent, respectively in
case of does and the corresponding values in ewes were 50.00, 66.66 and 33.36 per cent, respectively.
Key Words: Parasitic loads, Albendazole, Mineral mixture, Ewes and does, Reproductive performance.
INTRODUCTION
The sheep and goat husbandry provides much

relief to the economically weaker people of society
who have adopted it as a primary or subsidiary
occupation for their livelihood security. The
success of sheep and goat farming lies in ensuring
proper and optimal reproductive performance of
each individual female in the flock within normal
physiological limits. Reproductive performance is a
complex characteristic. The complex trait comprises
litter size, lambing performance, lamb/kid survival,
conception rate; fertility rate and prolificacy. Sheep
and goat are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal
parasitic infections. Apart from this, intestinal
helminthes cause significant reduction in efficiency
of nutrient utilization, poor feed conversion and
blood loss (Arora et al, 2001). When sheep and
goat are raised under natural grazing practices, the
reproductive performance is affected by several
factors viz. environmental or climatic stress,
nutritional status, improper management and lack
of prevention and control of diseases. Many disease
producing organism like bacteria, virus, fungi
and parasites affect reproductive performance.

Among these, parasitic infection is one of the major
problems affecting production and reproduction of
small ruminants. Therefore, a study was conducted
with the objective to note down the reproductive
performance during parasitic load in sheep and goat.

The present study was conducted at surrounding villages of sheep and goat farmers of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jehanabad. Selected 36 ewes
and does which had lambing/kidding for at least
once and were found positive for common intestinal
parasites were utilized and allotted to three groups
viz. T1, T2 and T3, each group having 6 animals. The
animals of group T1 were treated with Albendazole
(Helmigard) @ 5 mg/kg body weight, orally. The
group T2 animals were treated with Albendazole @
5 mg/kg body weight orally along with a supportive therapy of mineral mixture (Calvimin) @ 10g
orally daily for 20 d. Animals of group T3 served as
untreated control. The treatment was repeated after
35 days in T1 and T2. All the experimental ewes and
Corresponding Authors, Email: drdineshgy@gmail.com
92
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 92-95
Mahto and Rani

does were maintained at balanced diet along with
routine grazing at least 4 to 5hr daily. Clean water
was supplied ad lib. The primary health check up of
each animal was carried out prior to the experiment.
The various observations recorded were haemoglobin content, pregnancy rate, occurance of estrus and
eggs/ gram of feaces (EPG). EPG was recorded at
20 and 40 days post treatment (DPT) and Hb at 20
DPT.
were found to have low Hb (g/dl) 8.90 0.06 &

8.780.02 g/dl, respectively on day zero, the
values significantly increased to 10.65 0.12 g/
dl & 10.780.05 g/dl, respectively on day 20 post
treatment (Table 2). The G.I. helminthes infected
ewes and does when treated with albendazole +
mineral mixture, it was observed that the values of
Hb improved from 8.96 0.03 g/dl and 8.930.04
g/dl, respectively on day zero (before treatment)
to 10.840.12 g/dl &10.960.08 g/dl, respectively
on day 20 post treatment whereas the infected
Albendazole alone and albendazole + miner- untreated control ewes continued to have reduced
al mixture during the present study revealed almost haematological values of Hb during the entire
100 per cent efficacy against the common gasro period of observations. This finding was in close
intestinal helminthes of ewes and does (Haemon- agreement with the reports of Padmaja et al. (2006)
chus, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Oesopha- in sheep and Lakra et al. (2007) in Black Bengal
gostomum, Bunostomum, Cooperia and Osterta- goat.
gia spp.) as assessed by the day 20 post treatment
The reduction in Hb values during infection
EPG counts (Table 1). The present findings were in
recorded during present study might have occurred
agreement with the earlier observations of Singh et
due to blood loss, less feed intake and utilization,
al (1994). In the case of repeat treatment after 35
suppressive effects on haemopoiesis caused by the
days, both the drug of T1 and T2 were found to show
toxic substances produced by helminthes in the
almost 100 per cent efficacy as assessed by the post
host. The return of the different haematological
treatment EPG observations on day 40 both in the
values towards normalcy after treatment indicated
ewes and does.
that the elimination of G.I. helminthes facilitated
The ewes and does infected with G.I. helminthes
proper digestion, absorption and metabolism of feed
and subsequently treated with albendazole
nutrients as well as arrest of blood loss and release
Table 1: Efficacy of different treatments for the control of common parasites in Ewes and Does.
Group
Average pre treatment

EPG on 0 day
Average post treatment EPG

Average post treatment EPG
and drug efficacy (%) on 20th
and drug efficacy (%) on 40th
DPT
DPT
a
1800.0085.63
33.3321.08
00.0000.00a
Ewes
T1
(98.14%)
(100%)
a
1816.6694.57
33.3321.08
00.000.00a
T2
(98.16%)
(100%)
1766.6688.19
2200.00143.75b
2716.66124.94b
T3
a
00.000.00a
Does
T1
1783.3387.24
33.3333.33
(98.13%)
(100%)
a
1750.0067.08
16.6616.66
00.000.00a
T2
(99.04%)
(100%)
b
1750.0084.65
2166.66133.77
2600.00121.10b
T3
T1 Albendazole treated group, T2 Albendazole + mineral mixture treated group, T3 Infected untreated control.
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differed significantly.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 92-95
93
Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants

Table 2 : Pre and post treatment Hb (g/dl) during common parasitic infections in Ewes and Does.
Groups
T1
T2
T3
Ewes
Pre-treatment Post-treatment
(Day 0)
(20th Day)
8.900.06
10.650.12
8.960.03
10.840.12
8.830.08
8.670.08
t
Value
11.14*
12.85*
3.15NS
Pre treatment
(Day 0)
8.780.02
8.930.04
8.950.24
Does
Post treatment
(20th Day)
10.780.05
10.960.08
8.690.14
t
Value
25.64**
12.22*
1.671NS
NS = Non-Significant, * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01
of toxic materials. Thus, it was clearly evident

from the study that the drugs were free from any
apparent side or toxic effects like diarrhea, fever, in
appetence, tremor, depression or excitement and the
helminthes control packages were found very useful
to control the common G.I. helminthes in ewes and
does as indicated by the positive effects on different
haematological parameters of blood. Finally, it
could be inferred that for achieving improvement
in health and reproductive performance, the
application of package for parasite control appears
to be beneficial.
compared on the basis of interval from treatment

to onset of estrus, conception rate, pregnancy rate
and number of services/conception. Information
regarding onset of estrus in ewes and does after G.I.
helminthes control package application were not
available. However, Gatongi et al (1997) reported
that after treatment with ivermectin @ 200g in
ewes and does the flock fertility and reproductive
performance improved as compared to untreated
ewes and does. The infected untreated ewes and does
might have exhibited the first estrus after prolonged
interval due to anemia, anorexia, poor growth and
The results (Table 3) revealed that this duration macro mineral deficiency in blood serum under the
was significantly shortest (41.000.36 d) in influence of intestinal parasites.
ewes and (43.000.73d) in does, albendazole +
The results of the present study indicated
mineral mixture treated ewes and does followed highest pregnancy rate (66.667.45 for ewes
by albendazole treated group of ewes and does. and 83.334.30 for does) in the treatment group
However, these values were significantly higher T2 where Albendazole + Mineral mixture were
in both the treated groups as compared to the administered. During the present study, the
untreated control group of ewes and do. Since reproductive performance of both ewes and does
very few reports were available on the effect of improved after treatment with anthelmintic drugs.
parasite infection on reproductive performance The interval from treatment to onset of estrus was
of ewes and does, the efficiency of treatment was low and the pregnancy rate percent were higher in
Table 3: Average interval from treatment to onset of estrus (days) in Ewes and Does.
Groups
T1
T2
T3
Ewes
Occurrence
F
of estrus in
value
Ewe (Days)
44.000.73b 163.00 **
41.00 0.36a
55.000.57c
Pregnancy
rate (%)
F
value
50.006.08b
66.667.45b
33.367.43a
5.62**
Occurrence
of estrus in
does (Days)
46.000.73b
43.000.73a
52.000.57c
Does
Pregnancy
F
value
rate (%)
45.0**
66.667.45b
83.334.30b 15.00**
33.337.45a
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differed significantly. ** P < 0.01

94
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 92-95
F
value
Mahto and Rani

treated animals. Mineral imbalance was the reason
REFERENCES
advocated for poor reproductive performance in Arora N, Kumar A and Sharma S D (2001). Alteration in
biochemical profile in subclinical and clinical bursate
ewes and does. It has been reported that marginal
worm infection in goat and sheep. Indian J Vet Med 2
deficiency of phosphorus was sufficient to cause
(2): 70-72.
disturbances in pituitary ovarian axis without
Gatongi P M, Scott M E, Ranjan S, Gathuma, J M , Munyua,
manifestation of specific deficiency symptoms.
W K , Cheruiyat H and Prichard R K (1997). Effects
Phosphorus is also essential for transfer of biological
of three nematodes anthelmintic treatment regions on
energy particularly through adenosine tri phosphate
flock performance of sheep and goats under extensive
management in semiarid Kenya. Vet Parasitol 68(4):
(ATP) and its deficiency might thus interfere with
323-336. (Cited from CAB Abstr., 1996-1998, Rec., 24
fertilization and or may cause early embryonic
of 38).
death.
CONCLUSION
Lakra J, Prasad K D, Sinha S and Ranjan R (2007).

Gastrointestinal nematodiasis and haemato-biochemical
alterations in goats. Indian Vet J 84: 191-193.
During the present study the levels of all

Padmaja B, Kumar S K and Haritha C (2006). Haematological
the haematological parameters improved after
and blood biochemical profile of sheep with mixed
treatment. EPG count dropped to almost zero
endoparasitic infestation. Indian Vet J 83(6): 634-636.
post treatment and the reproductive performance Singh J , Gill J S , Ramneek and Kwatta M S (1994).
improvement after treatment in this study might
Comparative efficacy of anthelmintics against natural
nematode infections of sheep and goats in Punjab. J Vet
be due to increased serum levels of Ca, P, Cu and
Parasitol 8(1): 47-50.
Zn and improved level of Hb post treatment. So,
Albendazole along with mineral mixture can be Received on 19/07/2016 Accepted on 08/09/2016
administered to the parasitized small ruminates to
improve their reproductive performances.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 92-95
95
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 96-100
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00043.X

Anuradha Ranjan Kumari, Kamlesh Meena and Laxmikant1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR-IIVR) Malhana, Deoria -274 506 (Uttar Pradesh)
ABSTRACT
An investigation was carried out in Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh during 2014-15. To assess the role of
farm women in rice farming and their training needs. Out of Sixteen blocks three blocks namely Salempur,
Bhatpar Rani and Bhatni were selected purposively for this study. From each block three villages were
selected, so total nine villages were selected. Fifteen farm women from each adopted villages belonging
to both the categories were selected randomly for the study. A total of 135 numbers of samples were
taken for the study purpose. The role of farm women in various activities of rice cultivation was collected
with the help of a pre structured interview schedule. It was concluded that all farm women participated
in storage and preservation, while no one participated in land preparation. Though, the role of farm
women in insect, pest and disease management was found very poor, yet, their perception for need of
training on the subject secured the second highest rank i.e., behind the variety selection. Majority of farm
women avail information from the co-farmers and need of the training was found immaterial for most of
the farm women was detected as the major constraints in dissemination of knowledge through training.
Key words: Role of farm women, Rice cultivation, Training needs.
INTRODUCTION
Rice was grown extensively in India in about

42.5 m ha area with an annual production of 95.3 mt
having an average yield of 2240 kg/ha (Anonymous,
2010). The present level of rice production needs to
be increased in order to meet the ever increasing
demand. This required level of production can
be achieved through the increase in productivity,
which in turn requires high level of management
practices, efficient input supply system, quality
genetic material and above all the understanding
and knowledge of the practicing farmers need to
be strengthened to respond the challenges. Women
played a major role in rice cultivation. Contribution
of women in agriculture and allied activities is
indicative from the fact that 48 per cent of the
Indias self employed farmers are women and there
are 75 m. women engaged in dairy as against
15 m. men and 20 million in animal husbandry
as compared to 15 m. men (Bhatia and Marok,
2015). These impressive figures are indicative of
active involvement of women in agriculture and
allied activities thus resulting in feminization of

agriculture a term which broadly refers to the
increasing presence or visibility in agriculture labour
force, whether as agricultural worker, independent
producers or unremunerated family workers. If this
is true the same trend of women participation should
also be represented in various training programmes
conducted for the capacity building of farmers in
the field of agriculture and allied activities. In view
of the critical role of women in the agriculture as
producers, Sidhu (2011) suggested that benefits
of training should reach women in proportion to
their participation pattern. Participation of women
in training programmes will enhance their skills
and strengthens faith in them for effective and
independent performance of farm operations and
help them to make a shift from physically enduring
operations to specialized tasks. Keeping this
background in view, this study was undertaken to
assess the role of farm women of the district in
rice cultivation and their training needs.
(Corresponding Authors Email:anuradha_rau@rediffmail.com)

1 Programme Co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (SVPUA&T) Rampur UP.
96
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 96-100
Kumari et al
The present investigation was carried out in

Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh in 2014-15. Out
of sixteen blocks, three blocks namely Salempur,
Bhatpar Rani and Bhatni were selected purposively
for this study. From each block three villages were
selected i.e. Laxamanchak, Chatarpura, Malhana
from Salempur block, Jamuniadih, Khampar,
Chotkagawn from Bhatparrani block and Noonkhar,
Mathadanaur, Nonapar from Bhatni block. Thus
total nine villages were selected. More than 80
percent of farm families of the villages come under
small and marginal categories. Fifteen farm women
from each adopted villages belonging to both the
categories were selected randomly for the study. A
total of 135 numbers of samples were taken for the
study purpose. The role of farm women in various
activities of rice cultivation was collected with the
help of a pre structured interview schedule. The
cause of non availability of training facility were
found and measured with the help of a scale with
assigned scores of 2, 1 and 0 to agree, partially
agree and disagree respectively. The perceived
training needed for rice growing farm women were
collected and was measured with the help of a 3
point scale and a score of 2, 1 and 0 was assigned
for most important, important and not important.
Prioritization of the training needs was done
calculating the mean score.
It was clear from Table 1 that the women

community of the district did not participate in the
primary land preparation for rice cultivation; men
only perform these activities in rice cultivation as
it was mainly done by ploughs or power tillers.
Similarly, only 5.19 per cent of the respondents
expressed about their involvement in insect pest and
disease management. Whereas, all the farm women
performed the storage and preservation works,
required for food and seed purpose. Similarly, 94.82
per cent of farm women performed drying activities
of rice followed by 91.12 percent performed
weeding activities followed by other activities like
transplanting (88.89 %), harvesting (87.40 %), gap

filling (82.97 %), winnowing (63.71 %), marketing
(54.81 %), threshing (51.12 %). The participation of
farm women in hand weeding, harvesting and gap
filling was mainly due to the lack of mechanization.
Table 1. Activities undertaken by farm women in
rice cultivation
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Activities
Land preparation
Insect pest and disease
management
Broadcasting of seeds
Fertilizer application
Seed bed preparation
Variety selection
Transporting
Water management
Threshing
Marketing
Winnowing
Gap filling
Harvesting
Transplanting
Weeding
Drying
Storage and preservation
Per cent
participants
0.00
5.19
5.92
6.67
7.40
9.62
14.07
17.78
51.12
54.81
63.71
82.97
87.40
88.89
91.12
94.82
100.00
Hossain and Veerabhadraiah (2002) also found

that higher degree of participation of ruler women
belonged to small and marginal category. Fabiyi
et al (2007) also stated that farm women mainly
participated in planting, weeding, harvesting,
transportation of produce, processing and marketing.
Below 20 per cent of farm women performed
activities like water management transporting,
variety selection, seed bed preparation, fertilizer
and application, broadcasting of seed and insect
pest and disease management. Satpathy (2003)
concluded that farm women share the work load in
all agriculture operations without required training
and skill.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 96-100
97
Role of Farm Women in Rice Cultivation

Table 2 indicted that the sources of information
of farm women to get knowledge and skill from
different sources. It is interesting to find that the
major sources of information of farm women were
their co-farmers (72.59 %), extension agencies
(17.77 %), television and radio (5.18 %) and
newspaper (2.22 %), whereas, no respondents
had gained knowledge from technical bulletins
on rice cultivation. While, mass media including
radio, television, and newspaper had so far not
been successful to enter into the farming women
community properly, they all together share 27
percent of the respondents. Hence, it becomes
clear that farm women of Deoria district were still
far behind the latest trends of modern agricultural
technologies. Tucker and Apier (2002) also observed
that rural women seek information from local
sources like friends, neighbours and colleagues.
Table 2. Sources of information about rice
cultivation
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sources
Co-farmers
Extension agencies
Radio
Television
Newspaper
Technical bulletins
Per cent
participants
72.59
17.77
2.22
5.18
2.22
0.00
It was observed from Table 3 that farm women

did not feel training was essential for them to
perform better in their activities in rice cultivation.
During discussion, most of them cite the reason as,
these skills were inherited from their ancestors, they
knew everything on rice cultivation and there was
no need of any improvement of their knowledge.
Family discouragement comes at second rank. In
male dominated families, women had limitations
to attend training. Hossain and Mishra (2002)
expressed the same view that conservative attitude
of the family restricted the scopes of farm women to
avail training on latest technologies of agriculture.
Some farm women complained of their paucity of
time to participate for training purposes it ranked
98
third position. The heavy domestic workload of the

family with field works limited their participation
in training programmes. A number of farm women
raised question about training place. They did not
want to spare much time in journey for training.
Going to another village or block head quarters also
needed a male member of the family to accompany.
A very few farm women discouraged to get training
from male trainers, it ranked the last.
Data collected to assess and priorities the
training needs were depicted in Table 4. Women
played an important role in selection of rice varieties
in most of the farm families because a good number
of decisions on domestic factors e.g. taste, local
food item preparation, sale and preserve for seed
purposes are performed predominantly by them.
They also had an interest on yield and quality of
straw for domestic animals of a particular variety.
Hence, majority of farm women belonging to
small and marginal category perceived variety
selection was an important activity and they have a
major role to play as variety selection was not only
linked to food security of a family but also it had
other socio-economic arid cultural dimensions. It
ranked the first position in training need assessment.
It was interesting to note that though least number
of farm women performs the insect pest and
disease management activities, their eagerness to
gain knowledge on it gained second priority. This
was because they perceive insect pest and disease
causes major loss in yield of rice. It came as the
second priority.
CONCLUSION
Participation of women in rice cultivation cant

be ignored for better yield. From the study it was
found that out of the 17 different activities involved
in rice cultivation, in 9 activities more than half of
the farm women participate. Their neighbors and
co-farmers were still the major information sources
for them in rice cultivation. The study also revealed
that training as a major medium of transfer of
latest technologies was unknown to farm women.
There were some social constraints which limit
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 96-100
Kumari et al
Table 3. Causes of non-availability of training about rice cultivation
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Causes
Agree
Dont feel trainings is essential

Family is discouraging
No leisure time to take training
Trainings are given at far places
To get training from male trainers
19
32
28
21
12
Partially
agree
52
51
47
49
26
Disagree
Mean
Score
0.89
0.86
0.77
0.68
0.38
64
52
60
65
97
Rank
I
II
III
IV
V
Table 4. Prioritization of training needs of farm women about rice cultivation.

Sr. No. Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Variety selection
Insect pest and disease
management
Threshing
Fertilizer application
Weeding
Winnowing
Storage and preservation
Drying
Seed bed preparation
Land preparation
Harvesting
Transplanting
Marketing
Water management
Gap feeling
Broadcasting of seeds
Transporting
Most
important
70
44
Important
46
38
19
39
32
28
20
15
16
12
13
13
9
7
2
the participation of farm women in the training

programmes. The study suggested that extension
agencies should try to eliminate them to involve more
number of farm women in scientific rice cultivation
practices. The study further revealed that majority
of farm women were involved in variety selection,
insect pest and disease management, threshing,
fertilizer application, winnowing, storage and
preservation, drying, seed bed preparation, weeding
and land preparation were the most priority areas
for their training. Therefore, trainings should be
Mean Score
Rank
35
60
Not
important
30
31
1.3
1.1
I
II
39
47
43
34
46
41
45
32
22
24
24
17
21
18
5
50
50
73
62
57
66
70
88
97
99
98
105
105
110
128
98
0.92
0.6
0.83
0.82
0.72
0.63
0.46
0.4
0.36
0.38
0.32
0.29
0.24
0.07
III
IV
IX
IX
VI
VII
VIII
X
XI
XII
XII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
designed by the extension agencies in such a way to

fulfill their needs and aspirations.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2010). Agricultural statistics at a Glance.

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of
Agriculture, GOI. http:// agricoop.nic.in/Agristatistics.
htm.
Bhatia Manisha and Marok J S (2015). Feminization of
agriculture: Reflections from the female participation in
training programmes on agriculture and allied activities.
J Krishi Vigyan 3 (special issue ):50-54.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 96-100
99
Role of Farm Women in Rice Cultivation

Fabiyi E F, Danladi B B, Akand K E and Mahmood Y (2007).
Role of women in agricultural development and their
constraints, Pakistan J Nutrition 6(6): 676-680.
Hossain M M and Mishra S N (2002). Studies on involvement
of women in agriculture and allied activities in Kalahandi
district of Orissa, MANAGE. Extension Review 3(1): 8896.
Hossain S F and Veerabhadraiah V (2002). Participation of
rural women of marginal, small and big farm families in
crop farming activities in Tafresh area of Iran, Current
Res 31: 162-165.
100
Satpathy C (2003). Empowerment of Women - Perception and

Realities, Kalyani publishers.
Sidhu K (2011). Agroclimatic zone wise analysis of women in
farming in Punjab. J Home Eco 33(1):47-52.
Tucker M and Apier L (2002). Preferred sources and channels
of soil and water conservation information among
farmers in three mid western US watersheds, Agriculture,
Ecosystems and Environment 92(2&3): 297-313.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 96-100
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 101-103
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00044.1
Study of Coconut Tree Climber Use Efficiency over Traditional

Methods in Chitradurga District of Karnataka
P Kerure*, R F Channagouda, S B Salimath and S Onkarappa
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, (UAHS), Babbur Farm, Hiriyur, Chitradurga -577 598 (Karnataka)
ABSTRACT
Coconut is one of the most important crops under rainfed conditions in marginal soil of Chitradurga
districts. Majority of the coconut growers in the district were facing the problem of theft of fallen nuts and
shortage of skilled labor for nut harvesting. The traditional method of harvesting the nuts using knife with
bamboo sticks for dwarf trees and climbing the tall trees was quite risky and accident prone. To overcome
this problem, ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chitradurga conducted training programmes to unemployed
rural farm youths in collaboration with Coconut Development Board, Cochin. Total 80 farm youths were
trained during 2012-13. With the conventional coconut climbing, a person could harvest about 8-25 nuts/
tree while climbing the tree one had experienced body pain, muscles catch and lot of life risk with meager
earnings of Rs.5,000-15,000/-year. After using the Coconut tree climber, annual income increased to
Rs.20,000-60,000/-year and a person could climb more than 80-100 feet tall coconut tree without any
life risk and harvesting efficiency increased to tune of 20-50 nuts/tree. This was encouraged many youths
from surrounding villages to approach KVK to undergo training and choose coconut harvesting as an
employment generation opportunity to meet their livelihood demand. Simultaneously, farmers were also
benefitted by harvesting the nuts at right time and getting quality nuts also good price in the market.
Key Words: FOCT training, rural youths, employment generation, coconut tree climber.
INTRODUCTION
Coconut is one of the most important crops

of developing countries. Coconut is considered
as major livelihood crop in traditional growing
districts like Tumkur, Hassan and Chitradurga
of Karnataka. It is being cultivated in more than
56,000 ha (Anonymous, 2013) under rainfed
condition in marginal soils of Hosadurga, Hiriyur
and Holalkere taluks of Chitraduga Districts.
Majority of the coconut growers in the district were
facing the problems of shortage of skilled labor
for nut harvesting also growers were losing good
quality nuts and price in the market. The traditional
method of harvesting the nuts using knife with
bamboo sticks for dwarf trees and physically
climbing the tall trees is quite risky and accident
prone. Now days, tree climbers were a rarity in
coconut growing states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Goa very
few are taking as the traditional profession. The

consistent supply of raw nuts for the market as well
as for the processing sector could be ensured by
regular harvesting schedule. In many areas, farmers
were forced to take the help from floating laborers,
who charge higher cost, despite not being familiar
with the art of coconut climbing. The security of
labor disrupts harvesting cycles thus causing loss
of income to the growers (Annual Report, 2012).
The objectives of the study were to impart
training to a group of unemployed youths in
developing their technical skills for harvesting of
coconuts, to mitigate the problem of non availability
of coconut tree climbers for coconut harvesting and
plant protection activities and to provide technical
support for sustainable production of coconut and
create employment opportunity for unemployed
rural youth.
*Corresponding Authors Email:prakash837@gmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 101-103
101
Kerure et al
Training programmes were conducted at ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur
in collaboration with Coconut Development Board,
Cochin during 2012-13. Total 80 farm youths were
trained for safe climbing of coconut trees using
coconut tree climber and improved coconut cultivation practices. Around 43 per cent of the farm
youths were from Hiriyur, 20 per cent from Chitradurga, 15 per cent from Holalkere, 8.75 per cent
from Molakalmuru and 6.25 per cent from Hosadurga talukas of Chitradurga district, 2.5 per cent
youth were from Tumkur and 6.75 per cent from
Davanagere Districts also took part in the training
programmes.
selected randomly from 80 trainees. The information

pertaining to tree climber by traditional methods
and advanced method of coconut tree climber was
collected through pre-tested schedul by personnel
interviews methods and same was collected from
trainees after the training programme and expressed
in per cent using following formula:
Per cent
increase in =
income
Income with Coconut tree

climber - Income with
modified methods by using
bamboo stick
Income with Coconut tree
climber
x100
The traditional method of harvesting the nuts

using knife with bamboo stick for dwarf trees and
physically climbing the tall tress was quite risk
and accident prone, to overcome these problems,
advanced method of coconut tree climber was used.
The results were expressed based on average of
both traditional method and advanced method of
The criteria for selection of trainees: (CDB, coconut tree climber.
2012) Unemployed and healthy Youths; Free from
It was evident from Table 1 that among two
any physical and mental disability and minimum
methods of climbing, advanced method of coconut
education up to seventh standard. 10 trainees were
Mode of implementation
The selection of unemployed youths was made in
joint collaboration with department of horticulture,
CGS, NGOs, SHGs, Gram panchayat/Krishi
Bhavan through media coverage likely by print and
electronic media.
Table 1: Number of nuts/tree harvested and income generation by different methods

Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
102
With traditional
method
No. of
No. of
nuts/tree trees /
day
8-9
15-18
8-10
20-25
8-12
18-20
10-12
10-12
10-12
20-25
10-12
20-25
10-15
30-35
15-20
15-20
15-20
18-20
15-25
18-20
With Advanced
method
No. of
No. of
nuts/ trees / day
tree
40-50
65-70
30-35
60-65
25-28
55-60
40-42
70-75
20-25
75-80
30-50
70-80
40-45
70-75
25-30
50-60
25-30
60-65
20-25
70-75
Traditional method
by using bamboo
stick/ physical tree
climbing
(Rs 000/-yr)
Advanced
method (in
Rs. 000/-yr)
Per cent
increase over
traditional
method
8-10 (9.0)
8-10 (9.0)
10-15 (12.5)
5-8 (7.0)
10-15 (12.5)
12-15 (13.5)
10-12 (11.0)
8-10 (9.0)
12- 14 (13.0)
10-15 (12.5)
30-35 (32.5)
20- 25 (22.5)
30-35 (32.5)
20- 25 (22.5)
35-40 (37.5)
55-60 (57.5)
30-35 (32.5)
30-32 (31.0)
30-32 (31.0)
30-35 (32.5)
72.3
60.0
61.5
68.9
66.6
76.5
66.2
70.9
58.1
61.5
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 101-103
Coconut Tree Climber and Traditional Methods

tree climber harvested more number of nuts (2050 nuts/tree) and more number of harvesting trees
(50-80 trees/day) over traditional method by using
bamboo stick/ physical tree climbing (8-25 nuts/
tree) and lesser number of harvesting trees (10-25
trees/day). This was mainly due to use of advance
method of climber leads easy to climb the tree up to
100-150 feet tall, without any life accidental risk by
using coconut over other method of harvesting of
coconuts, whereas, manually climbing the tall trees,
experienced body pain, muscles catch and with lot
of risk while climbing and very difficult to meet out
financial needs of a family with meager earnings.
the drudgery in tree climbing and improved the

climbing efficiency there by providing employment
opportunity for rural youths, which has helped them
to improve their livelihood. The coconut growers of
district were benefited very much, since there was
lack of skilled labour for harvesting nuts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Coconut Development Board, Cochin and Dr

D. Chandrappa, Former Programme Coordinator,
ICAR-KVK, Babbur farm, Hiriyur, Chitradurga
district, Karnataka.
REFERENCES
Climber using machine had harvested more
Anonymous (2013). In: Horticulture Data Base Profile,
number of nuts/tree as well as more number of
Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka,
harvesting trees/day even up to as many as tall of
India, Pp: 14.
100-150 feet compared to traditional method of Annual Report, 2012, In: FOCT programme, Coconut
harvesting of nuts over 58-76.5 per cent increase in
Development Board, Kochi, Kerala, India, Pp: 35-43.
income with an average of Rs.20,000-60,000/-year CDB, 2012. Guidelines for FOCT training programme: www.
with advanced method and Rs.5,000-15,000/-year
coconutboard.in/foct/friends.aspx. Accessed September
with traditional method (Table 1).
13, 2012.
CONCLUSION
Coconut tree climber equipment is a boon

for the coconut harvesters, since it has reduced
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 101-103
103
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 104-106
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00045.3
Study on Adoption of Production Technology of Soybean by

Farmers in Mandsaur District of Madhya Pradesh
RVSKVV Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandsaur 458 001 (Madhya Pradesh)
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in two villages of Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh. The results
indicated that majority of the marginal, small and large farmers belonged to low adoption category for
the practices such as seed treatment by biofertilizers, insecticides and fungicides and application of
fertilizers, medium adoption for the practices such as application of herbicide and plant protection
measures and high adoption for the practices such as high yielding varieties, seed rate, time of sowing,
method of sowing, spacing and interculture and weeding operations of soybean production technology.
Key words: Adoption, Soybean, Production Technology.
INTRODUCTION
Among the kharif oilseeds, soybean is an

important crop in India and is mostly grown under
rainfed condition. The average productivity of
soybean is 1045 kg/ha in Madhya Pradesh (201314), which is very low as compared to national
productivity (1450 kg/ha). The reasons for low
productivity were traditional methods of cultivation
practiced by the farmers. With the development
of high yielding varieties and use of improved
management practices, there is a much scope for
further increase in yield. Adoption of improved
production practices is the key to higher production
of crops and higher incomes to farmers. The
technical knowledge of farmers appears to be the
key link to higher level of adoption. Once farmers
acquire knowledge, they began to use and apply
improved practices in their fields. Even among
farmers, there was a great variation in their levels
of knowledge, as well as their readiness to accept,
try new methods and adopt improved production
practices. Some needed more time to grasp and
get convinced and hence need longer sustained
support from extension agencies. Therefore, the
present study was undertaken to assess the extent of
adoption of soybean production technology by the
farmers in Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh.
The study was conducted in two villages of

Mandsaur district (Daloda Rail and Lasudavan).
From each village, a total of 90 farmers were
selected and farm families in each village were
classified into three farm size groups viz., marginal
(<3.5 ha), small (3.5 to 7.0 ha) and large (>7 ha).
Respondents were 60 each for marginal, small and
large category with a total of 180 respondents. The
data on extent of adoption were collected using
structured schedule by personal interview method.
The extent of adoption of 10 important cultivation
practices in soybean i.e. high yielding varieties,
time of sowing, method of sowing, spacing, seed
rate, seed treatment, application of fertilizers,
application of herbicide, inter-culture & weeding
and plant protection measures were considered
for the study. The respondents were categorized as
low (up to 33.3 %), medium (33.3 to 66.7 %) and
high adoption (above 66.7 %) categories depending
upon their responses.
Extent of adoption of production technologies
Corresponding author e-mail: rpssbkn@gmail.com
104
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 104-106
Shaktawat et al
Table: 1 Extent of adoption (per cent) of soybean production technologies
Practices
High yielding varieties

Seed rate
Spacing
Method of sowing
Time of sowing
Seed treatment
Application of fertilizer
Application of herbicide
Plant protection measures
Inter-culture and weeding
Marginal farmers
Low
Med
High
41.7
15.0
43.3
0.0
35.0
65.0
0.0
16.7
83.3
3.3
20.0
76.7
1.7
25.0
73.3
95.0
5.0
0.0
83.3
10.0
6.7
58.3
41.7
0.0
41.7
53.3
5.0
16.7
41.7
41.7
in soybean varied with the variation in farm holding

size (Table 1). Production practices as use of high
yielding varieties were mostly in high adoption
category irrespective of farm group. Low adoption
of high yielding varieties was might be due to
lack of knowledge and lack of technical guidance.
Similar findings have also reported by Singh (2004).
Similarly, production practices such as use of
recommended seed rate, spacing, method of sowing
and time of sowing were also more in high adoption
technologies followed by moderate adoption of
seed rate, spacing, method of sowing and time of
sowing due to lack of moisture in the field, lack of
sowing implements and non-availability of seed in
time.
In seed treatment and application of fertilizers,
majority of the farmers belonged to low adoption
category. The above findings were in conformity
with the findings of Datarkar et al. (2015a).
Possible reason for low adoption was due to lack
Extent of adoption
Small farmers
Low
Med
High
36.7
15.0
48.3
0.0
41.7
58.3
0.0
8.3
91.7
0.0
16.7
83.3
0.0
25.0
75.0
93.3
6.7
0.0
80.0
11.7
8.3
41.7
53.3
5.0
36.7
61.7
1.7
0.0
53.3
46.7
Large farmers
Low
Med
High
35.0
13.3
51.7
0.0
48.3
51.7
0.0
3.3
96.7
0.0
8.3
91.7
0.0
16.7
83.3
91.7
8.3
0.0
88.3
10.0
1.7
36.7
45.0
18.3
46.7
48.3
5.0
1.7
43.3
55.0
of knowledge, technical guidance and high cost of

fertilizers, availability of credit and fungicides, biofertilizers and insecticides.
In case of application of herbicide and plant
protection measures, majority of farmers opt for
low and medium adoption irrespective of farm size.
Low adoption might be due to lack of knowledge
about herbicides and plant protection measures, high
cost of herbicides and plant protection chemicals
and non-availability of credit. Intercultural and
weeding operations conducted farmers belonged in
majority to medium and high. The probable reason
was shortage of labour, lack of time and advice.
Data on overall adoption of production
technology of soybean presented in Table 2
indicated that overall majority of the farmers (42.3
%) had high adoption followed by low (31.0 %)
and medium adoption (26.7 %). High adoption
of technologies was observed in marginal, small
and large farmers by 39.5, 41.8 and 45.5 per cent
Table 2. Distribution of respondents according to their overall adoption

Adoption level of technologies
Marginal
Category of farmers
Small
Large
Overall
Low adoption (< 33.3 %)

Medium adoption (33.3 to 66.7 %)
34.2
28.8
30.0
31.0
26.3
29.4
24.5
26.7
High adoption (> 66.7 %)
39.5
41.8
45.5
42.3
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 104-106
105
Production Technology of Soybean

farmers, respectively. The data indicated overall
REFERENCES
increase in adoption technologies with the increase Datarkar, S. B., Darekar, A. S. and Hile, R. B. 2015a. Extent
of adoption soybean production technology by soybean
in farm size. These findings were in conformity
cultivators in different regions of Maharashtra state.
with the findings of Datarkar et al. (2015b).
Internation conference on recent research development
CONCLUSION
in environment, social science and huminities. 25 Sept,

2015. University of Delhi, New Delhi. Pp 70-74.
It may be conclude that that majority of the Datarkar, S., Darekar, A..andYadav, B. D. 2015b. Technology
adoption gap in soybean production of Maharashtra state.
marginal, small and large farmers belong to low
Internation conference on recent research development
adoption category for seed treatment by fungicides
in environment, social science and huminities. 25 Sept,
and application of fertilizers, medium adoption
2015. University of Delhi, New Delhi. Pp 134-142.
for application of herbicide and plant protection
measures of soybean production technology. Thus, Singh, Bhagwan (2004). Adoption of guar technology in arid
zone of Madhya Pradesh. J Arid Legumes, 1 (2): 122-124.
the study suggests that the practices which have low
and medium adoption by the farmers, should given Received on 09/08/2016 Accepted on 12/09/2016
due attention by extension agencies, so that existing
level of adoption of such practices can be increased.
106
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 104-106
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00046.5
Use of Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory in Identifying Insect

Pests and Diseases of Fruit and Vegetable Crops
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala 144 620 (Punjab)
ABSTRACT
The main objective of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is to help the farmers in the command area in the
field of agriculture and allied sectors. During the last 3 years i.e. from 2013 to 2015, a record of all the
visiting farmers was maintained in the plant health diagnostic laboratory at the KVK, in which complete
details of the farmer with address and contact number was maintained. Similarly, the purpose of visiting
KVK was recorded date wise by the KVK scientist and at the end of each month, a summary was
prepared and analysed for severity of the attack of insect pest and diseases. It was found that farmers
(3.6%) started enquiring about the management of fruit fly prior in Guava in the month of June. In the
months of July and August, 55.6 and 44.4 per cent farmers, respectively visited the KVK to know about
its management. Regarding brinjal crop, per cent farmers visited KVK during the month of June, July,
August and September was 13.9, 37.9, 23.2 and 25.0, respectively. Continuous arrival of the farmers in
the KVK campus in each month indicates that this crop is being attacked by insect pest and diseases
throughout its whole growing period. Cauliflower crop was more prone to the attack of insect pest rather
than diseases as the farmers enquired about the management of insect pests only and no diseased sample
was diagnosed in the KVK. In cucurbits, maximum samples were brought by the farmers to the KVK
campus as compared to other crops. Out of 31 farmers who visited KVK campus, per cent value for the
months of February, March, April, May and June was 25, 12.5, 35, 24.2 and 3.3, respectively. It was
also revealed that the crop was prone both to the attack of insect pests and diseases. As Krishi Vigyan
Kendra imparts short duration trainings to farmers from time to time, it can be concluded that KVK staff
should provide trainings relating to the above mentioned technological problems in a particular month.
Key Words: Plant health clinic, food security, insect-pest attack, vegetable, fruits
INTRODUCTION
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), a district level

institution established under the administrative
control of three different organizations namely
State Agricultural Universities, ICAR National
Institutes and Non government agencies. To feed
the ever-growing population, we have to double
the production to meet the food requirements of the
people, by adopting innovative technology, which is
not an easy task as arable land is shrinking. Further,
all our efforts get jeopardized due to unprecedented
threat by a large number of insect-pests, diseases,
weeds and several environmental stresses,
causing approximately 40 per cent reduction in
yield worldwide, primarily due to want of timely

diagnosis and advisory support. Saving even 1 per
cent loss can feed the millions (Oerke et al, 1994).
In order to deliver timely diagnosis to farmers, plant
health clinics had been established in India. Plant
clinics are all about plant health and the major role
of plant clinic lies in diagnosis and advisory.
Kapurthala district is divided into 5 major blocks
namely Kapurthala, Sultanpur Lodhi, Phagwara,
Dhilwan and Nadala. Each block is known for its
specific cropping pattern. Block Kapurthala has
paddy-potato-muskmelon or water melon and
paddy-carrot-muskmelon or water melon cropping
pattern on major part of its land and rest is under
*Corresponding Authors Email: hundalgagan@gmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
107
Kaur et al
paddy-wheat crop rotation. In Sultanpur Lodhi
block, the cropping pattern is paddy-potato-spring
maize/sunflower/water melon/muskmelon. A wide
variety of vegetables are also grown like tomatoes,
brinjal, colocasia, lady finger, bitter gourd,
cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, turnip, spinach, methi
etc. A wide variety of fruit plants are also cultivated
but only for household consumption. Nadala and
Dhilwan blocks are known for rice-wheat cropping
rotation. In phagwara block, rice-wheat is the main
crop rotation while some area is under sugarcane
also. Hence it can be summarised that district
Kapurthala has rich food plant biodiversity because
all the crops are grown in the district.
It was noticed while working with farmers that
in spite of tremendous progress made by the farmers
of Punjab, still there was a wide gap between the
potential of the technology and the achieved results
by the farmers. Sharma (2015) reported major
bottlenecks in the adoption of feeding practices by
the dairy farmers in the district. Similarly, Singh
(2013) indicated that most of the recommended
brands of the pesticides were not available in the
market. As a result of which farmers were helpless
in adopting the recommended spray schedule for the
control of attack of various insect pest and diseases
on various crops.
The attack of insect pests and diseases is season
specific. The same crop may be attacked severely
by one insect pest or disease in one year and in the
other year some other insect pest or disease may be
prevalent on the same crop in severe form. At the
same time, attack of one insect pest in severe form
may occur year after year on the same crop as is the
case of attack of white fly on cotton in the Malwa
belt during the year 2015 and 2016.
For the last so many years, every year, a large
number of farmers visited KVK, Kapurthala to have
guidance from the scientists posted at the Kendra.
Therefore, it was planned to ascertain the areas in
which farmers made most of the queries so that the
Kendra can make changes in the action plan so that
maximum farmers can be benefitted. Moreover, it is
108
a known fact that for each KVK, there is no uniform

syllabus and it depends upon the requirement of the
farming community of that area. Keeping in view
the above facts, it was planned to classify the data
pertaining to number of farmers who visited KVK
campus in the plant disease diagnostic laboratory
pertaining to vegetable, floriculture and horticulture
to get the problem solved with the advice of scientist
posted at the Kendra.
Materials and Methods
During the last 3 years i.e. from 2013 to 2015,

record of all the visiting farmers was maintained in
the plant health diagnostic laboratory at the KVK,
in which complete details of the farmer with address
and contact number was maintained. Similarly, the
purpose of visiting KVK was recorded date wise
by the KVK scientist and at the end of each month,
a summary was prepared and analysed for severity
of the attack of insect pest and diseases. The data
were classified month wise, problem wise and crop
wise to note down the extent of damage caused
by the insect pests, diseases or other agencies on
fruit plants such as guava and vegetables as brinjal,
cauliflower and cucurbits.

1. Guava
Attack of Fruit fly in Guava and its life cycle
More than 80 species of insects and mites have
been recorded on guava trees affecting the growth
and yield. However, the major pests are fruit flies,
bark eating caterpillars and scales. Guava fruits
are attacked by five species of fruit flies, viz., B.
dorsalis, B. diversus (coquillett) B. cucurbitae
(coquillett), B. nigertibialis (Perkins) and B. zonata
(Saunders). However, among these, the former two
are most common and serious pests of guava.
The attack of this pest was so severe that all the
farmers who visited KVK with queries pertaining
to Guava enquired about the management of this
pest (Table 1). This pest was uncontrollable at the
farmers as well as pesticide dealers level, who
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
Use of Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory

Table 1. Per cent farmers visited KVK for Guava crop (average of 3 years).
Sr.
No.
1
2
Crop- Guava
Total farmers
June
July
August
Farmers (%)
Preventive spray for fruit fly attack

Fruit fly attack
1
27
100.0
0.0
0.0
55.6
0.0
44.4
3.6
96.4
Total
28
3.6
53.6
42.8
100.0
mainly advice the farmers to go for pesticide spray. go for spray of any contact insecticide, the pest in
The farmers (3.6%) started enquiring about the not killed and hence results in huge loss. For its
management of fruit fly prior to its attack in the effective management, ploughing of the field round
month of June. In the months of July and August, the trees in winter season is recommended. This
55.6 and 44.4 per cent farmers, respectively visited practice will expose and kill the pupae lying under
the KVK to know about its management. The farmers the soil. By early harvesting of mature fruits, the
were told to look at its life cycle for its effective infestation may be avoided as the flies are able to
management because the adult flies emerge with the lay eggs in the ripened fruits only. The third week
first shower of monsoon in the month of July under link in its life cycle is its pupation under the soil
Punjab conditions and lay eggs under the rind of the after coming out of the fallen fruits. If collection
ripening fruits. The eggs hatch in 1-2d and whitish and destruction of all fallen fruits twice a week is
maggots start feeding on the pulp. As the maggots done, it will prevent its carryover.
develop, they pass through 3 stages in the ripening 2. Brinjal
pulp to form pupa but before pupae formation, the
Data (Table 2) showed that out of 26 farmers
ripened fruit fall on to the ground.
who visited KVK campus, per cent value for the
The developed maggots come out of the ripened month of June, July, August and September was
fruit and bury themselves into the soil where 13.9, 37.9, 23.2 and 25.0, respectively. Continuous
pupation takes place. After about a week time, arrival of the farmers in the KVK campus in each
they emerge as flies and reach the ripened fruit for month indicates that this crop is being attacked
further multiplication. The pest hibernates under by insect pest and diseases throughout its whole
the soil in the winter season as pupa and during growing period.
the whole winter remains as pupa in the soil till the
monsoon arrives. Most of the insecticides available Attack of brinjal fruit and shoot borer
in the market are contact insecticides and is able (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee)
It is pertinent to mention that only caterpillar
to kill the exposed stages of pest. No stage of the
fruit fly pest is exposed and hence when the farmer does the damage and when it attacks the terminal
Table 2. Per cent farmers visited KVK for Brinjal (average of 3 years).
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
Crop - Brinjal
Fruit borer in brinjal
Attack of Hadda beetle
Attack of white fly
Die back disease
Total
Total
farmers
14
9
2
1
26
June
July
August
Sept.
0.0
55.6
0.0
0.0
13.9
57.1
44.4
50.0
0.0
37.9
42.9
0.0
50.0
0.0
23.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
25.0
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
Farmers
(%)
53.8
34.6
7.7
3.8
100.0
109
Kaur et al
shoots, the growing points are killed and when it
attacks the fruits, it damages the fruits development
by making feeding tunnels inside. Sometimes the
damage is so severe that it is not uncommon to see
the whole crop destroyed by the borers.
be continuously picked up from the field, removed

and destroy the affected shoots too for its effective
management.
Attack of hadda beetle (Henosepilachna dodecastigma, Wiedemann) and H. Vigintioctopunctata,
Fabricius)
This pest appeared in the month of June and
July as 55.6 and 44.4 per cent samples arrived in the
KVK campus, respectively. Both grub and the adult
cause damage by feeding on the upper surface of
leaves and thus exposed which is the weakest link
in its life cycle to control with the application of any
of the contact insecticide. This may be the reason
that only 34.6 farmers brought damaged samples
compared to 53.8 per cent farmers with samples
damaged by fruit fly.
It was found that damage to the crop was very

severe in the months of July and August and 57.1
and 42.9 per cent farmers, respectively visited the
KVK. This pest is again of great concern and is
difficult to control at the farmers own level as well
as at the pesticide dealer level who mainly advise
the farmers to go for pesticide spray. The reason is
again the same as in the case of fruit fly damage
because no stage in the life cycle of this pest is
exposed to the insecticide application. Moreover,
most of the insecticides available in the market
are contact insecticide and by only spraying the
insecticide, it cannot be controlled as it hides in the Attack of white fly
This pest appears to be of minor value as only
growing tip of shoot or in the fruit.
However, for its effective management, again 2 samples were diagnosed one each in the month
there is need to study its life cycle and to locate the of July and August. The reason may be that it is a
weakest link available in its life cycle. The female polyphagus pest and attack a number of crops like
moth lays white eggs, singly or in batches on the cotton, mungbean, soybean etc which are the more
underside of leaves, on green stems, flower buds or preferred host than brinjal. It is a sucking pest and
the calyces of fruits. The young caterpillars bore into both nymph and adult suck cell sap from the leaves.
tender shoots near the growing points into flower Second reason may be that as the leaves of brinjal
buds or into the fruits. This appears to be the weak are less succulent that is why not any adverse effect
link when the young larvae after hatching look for caused by this insect on the brinjal crop.
the tender shoots or fruits to bore into. During this
period, the insect appears to be the most susceptible
one and when at this time spray of any contact
insecticide is done, it results in its management.
Second weaker link is when the mature larvae come
out of the feeding tunnels and pupate in tough silken
cocoons among the fallen leaves. Hence, fallen
leaves containing pupal stage of the insect need to
3. Cauliflower
Data (Table 3) showed that cauliflower crop
was more prone to the attack of insect pest rather
than diseases as the farmers enquired about the
management of insect pests only and no diseased
sample was diagnosed in the KVK. Per cent value
of samples diagnosed during the month of October,
November, December, January and February was
Table 3. Per cent farmers visited KVK for Cauliflower (average of 3 years)
Sr.
No.
1
2
110
Crop - Cauliflower
Attack of Pieris brassicae
Attack of Spodoptera litura
Total
Total
farmers
8
2
10
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
0.0
50.0
10.0
25.0
50.0
30.0
12.5
0.0
10.0
12.5
0.0
10.0
50.0
0.0
40.0
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
Farmers
(%)
80.0
20.0
100.0

Table 4. Per cent farmers visited KVK about Cucurbits (average of 3 years).
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
Crop - Cucurbits
Attack of red pumpkin beetle
Preventive measures for red pumpkin
beetle
Seed treatment
Fusarium wilt in muskmelon
Mosaic virus
Attack of Helicoverpa armigera in
muskmelon
Downy mildew in muskmelon
Leaf miner attack
Total
Total
farmers
2
2
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
0.0
100
100
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Farmers
(%)
6.5
6.5
2
1
1
6
100
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100
100
16.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
83.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.5
3.2
3.2
19.4
15
2
31
0.0
0.0
25.0
0.0
0.0
12.5
13.3
50.0
35.0
60.0
50.0
24.2
26.7
0.0
3.3
48.4
6.5
100.0
10, 30, 10, 10 and 40, respectively.

Attack of cabbage caterpillar (Pieris brassicae L.)
This pest remained in the field during NovemberFebruary. Per cent farmers who enquired about the
management of this pest were 25, 12.5, 12.5 and
50 in the month of November, December, January
and February, respectively. As far as its nature of
damage is concerned, the larvae feed gregariously
for the first few days on leaves and fresh growth
and then disperse to feed individually. Hence, this
stage of the pest seems to be the weakest link in its
life cycle for its control with the application of any
of the available contact insecticide at the farmers
level. Farmer does not try to find the weak link in
the life cycle of an insect pest and go for insecticide
application either as a preventive spray or as and
when insect attack appears in the field. Under both
the cases, the pest is not managed effectively.
Attack of tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura,
Fabricius)
It is a polyphagus pest and besides tobacco
crop, feeds on castor, groundnut, tomato, sunflower,
cabbage and various other cruciferous crops. The
farmers enquired about the management of this
pest in the month of October and November but
only 2 samples were brought by the farmers which
indicate that this pest is never a problem for the
farmer as far as its management is concerned. The

females lay eggs in clusters which are covered with
brown hair on the underside of leaves. Study of its
life cycle indicate that the egg and larval stage of
this pest is exposed and come easily in contact with
the insecticide as and when it is applied in the field
on the appearance of the pest or when application is
done as a preventive spray. Those farmers, who do
not know which insecticide is to be applied, follow
the recommendation of his pesticide dealer and
hence it is managed. Only the well aware farmers
came to the KVK and asked for advice from the
concerned scientist for the management of this pest.
4. Cucurbits
Cucurbits are grown in large area in the district
Kapurthala and farmers follow the rotation paddypotato-muskmelon/watermelon. The district is also
famous for muskmelon and watermelon cultivation.
Due to large area under the cucurbits in the district,
maximum samples were brought by the farmers to
the KVK campus as compared to other crops. Data
(Table 4) showed that out of 31 farmers who visited
KVK campus, per cent value for the months of
February, March, April, May and June was 25, 12.5,
35, 24.2 and 3.3, respectively. It was also revealed
that the crop was prone both to the attack of insect
pests and diseases.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
111
Kaur et al
Seed treatment
Seed treatment in cucurbits is done to prevent
the seed from the attack of some seed and soil
borne diseases. Out of all the queries related to
cucurbits, only 6.5 per cent farmers enquired for
the seed treatment in the month of February which
indicates that farmer knows the name of chemical
and method of its application. Secondly, granular
insecticides are also applied at the time of sowing
of the seed which provide protection to the newly
emerged embryo from the attack of soil dwelling
insects. As the application of granular insecticide
and mixing of bavistin with seed has been included
by the farmer in his growing practice, hence very
less number of farmers came to KVK campus to
enquire about seed treatment.
in its life cycle.

Attack of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in
muskmelon
It is a polyphagous pest and attack appeared in
the field in the month of April (16.7%) and May
(83.3%) when the crop was at its flowering stage.
As the egg and larval stage of this pest remains
exposed, hence pest is easily get managed at the
farmers own level.
Leaf miner attack

This pest feeds on a large number of cruciferous
plants. Its attack appeared in the field in the month
of April (50%) and May (50%). This insect becomes
a pest when urea is applied at a higher quantity than
recommended. With the result, the leaves become
succulent and hence more prone to the attack of
Attack of Red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora
leaf miner. Larvae make prominent whitish tunnels
foveicollis, Lucas)
Farmers enquired about the management of this in the leaves and interfere with photosynthesis
pest in the month of February and March which and proper growth of the plants making them look
indicates that this pest is a problem to the crop at unattractive. As the larval stage remains hidden
its early growth stage only. All farmers who visited inside the leaf, this stage is difficult to manage with
the KVK in the month of February asked for the the application of any contact insecticide and hence
preventive measures for the management of pest results in poor control.
and all the samples were damaged by the beetles Downy mildew in muskmelon
in the month of March. Both adult and grub cause
The disease is caused by Pseudoperonospora
damage to the crop. The grubs damage the plants cubensis which is a biotroph. Maximum number of
by boring into the roots, underground stems and samples were received by the KVK infected with
sometimes into the fruits touching the soil and hence this disease (48.4%). The disease appeared in the
this stage is not exposed. To manage this stage, field from April to June but was more severe in
farmers usually apply carbofuran which is systemic the month of May (60.0%). Although the chemical
in nature deep in the soil. Secondly the beetles are control measures are available but this disease
also very destructive to cucurbitaceous vegetables, could not be managed effectively may be due to
particularly during March-April when the creepers development of some more powerful resistant strain
are very young. The beetles injure the cotyledons, of this pathogen.
flowers and foliage by biting holes into them.
Farmer select the insecticide for the management Fusarium wilt and mosaic virus in muskmelon
Both these diseases appeared in the month of
of this stage of the pest either at his own level or
April.
Wilt is a disease which is more prevalent at
on the advice to their pesticide dealer but do not
get good results. The reason may be that the pest higher temperature conditions when the temperature
is highly mobile particularly during the mid day goes beyond 28 C. As the chemical control measure
when the temperature is high in the environment. of this disease is not yet available, hence it resulted
Hence, this pest can be managed easily during the in huge loss in the fields where it occurred.
early hours of the day which is only the weak link
112
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113

Viral diseases are also difficult to control as no
chemical treatment is available till date. Hence it
resulted in 100 per cent loss in virus affected plants.
When it appears early in crop stage in the month of
March, the farmers had to go for re-sowing of the
field. It happened in the year 2012 when farmers
had to go for re-sowing of their muskmelon field.
CONCLUSION
multipronged initiative and timely diagnostic and

management strategies from plant health clinic to
combat attack from pests and environmental stress,
manage plant health mitigate losses.
REFERENCES
Oerke E C, Debne H W, Schonbeck F and Weber A (1994).

Crop Production and Crop Protection, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1994.
Plant health clinic established at KVK, Sharma Manoj (2015). Bottlenecks in adoption of feeding
practices for dairy animals in district Kapurthala. J Krishi
Kapurthala is a unique initiative tried by the Krishi
Vigyan 3(2): 12-18.
Vigyan Kendra to link the farmers with the scientific
Singh Gurmeet , Kaur Gagandeep, Sharma Manoj, Kaur
knowledge. With farmers realizing benefits from this
Gurpreet and Singh Gobinder (2013). Use and availability
service, there is a growing demand for the services
of recommended pesticides in district Kapurthala. J
Krishi Vigyan 2(1) : 64-72.
of plant health clinics. There is need for adopting
innovative strategies and more importantly adopting Received on 12/02/2016 Accepted on 18/08/2016
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 107-113
113
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 114-116
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00047.7
Short Communication
Socio-economic Status and Constraints Faced by Tomato

Growers in Kheda District
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kheda -387 810 ( Gujarat)
Tomato is one of the most important protective
food crops of India. The major tomato producing
states are Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and
West Bengal (National Horticulture Mission, 2012).
The major factors of low productivity of tomato
may be attributed to the non-availability of disease
free seed of high yielding varieties, poor agronomic
practices, indigenous weeding methods, lack of
proper plant protection measures for the control
of insect/pests and diseases, defective marketing
system and lack of information. It is assumed
that modern technology is available at technology
producing centers but not effectively transferred to
the ultimately users. It is also important to note that
simply the provision of information is not sufficient
but farmers must adopt the most recent varieties
of tomato and other farming techniques in order
to get higher returns. Therefore, present study was
conducted especially to know the socio economic
status and various constraints faced by farmers
in adoption of improved cultivation practices of
tomato in Kheda district of Gujarat.
The present study was conducted in Kheda

district in the year of 2012-13. Ten farmers from
each tomato growing villages namely Varsang,
Baroda, Hariyala, Govindpura, Dungali Timba,
Khumarvad, Kanij, Gotaj lat, Agarva and Kalsar
were selected randomly. Thus, total 100 farmers
were selected for the study. The various constraints
being faced were divided into five categories i.e.
input based, financial , marketing, technical and
general.A survey was conducted in tomato growing

villages and 10 farmers from each village were
interviewed personally to note down the different
constraints in the adoption of recommended package
of practices. Apropriate statistical procedures like
frequency distribution and percentage were used
for the analysis of the data and overall ranking of
constraints were compiled based on MPS (Mean
Per cent Score).

Socio economic status
Some characteristics like age, education,
occupation, size of land holding and animal
possession were studied and presented in Table 1.
Data revealed that 54 per cent of the farmers
belonged to young, middle (37%) and older age
(9%) which is a good sign that youth was interested
in agriculture occupation but 31 per cent were
illiterate and 36 per cent studies up to primary
level which was of serious concern because
now technology improvement is very fast and its
understanding requires higher education level (only
6%). Similarly it was good to note that 86 per cent
farming families were adopting farming + animal
husbandry because milk production provides a
regular income throughout the year compared to
the crop cultivation. However, 54 per cent farmers
were found to be small (up to 1 ha area) and 28
per cent were possessing land holding between 1.1
ha to 2.0 ha. Only 2 per cent farmers were having
land above 4 ha. Majority of the farmers (83%) kept
animals between 2 to 5 which indicated that either
*Corresponding Authors Email: kvkkheda@gmail.com
114
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 114-116
Sharma et al
Table 1. Distribution of farmers according to
characteristics
Sr.
No.
1
Category
Percent
Age
Young (Up to 30 yr)
Middle age (31 to 55 yr)
Old age (above 55 yr)
Education
Illiterate
Primary level
High school and Higher secondary
Above Higher secondary
Occupation
Farming
Farming + Animal husbandry
Farming + service
Size of land holding
Up to 1 ha.
1.1 to 2 ha.
2.1 to 4 ha.
Above 4 ha.
Animal possession
No animal
Up to 2 animals
3 to 5 animals
Above 5 animals
54
37
9
31
36
27
06
08
86
06
54
28
16
02
02
45
38
15
Table 2. Constraints perceived by the tomato

growers
Sr.
No.
Constraint
1
2
3
4
5
Marketing
Financial
Technical
General
Input
Total
MPS
82.5
78.6
68.1
62.0
59.2
Rank
I
II
III
IV
V
Major constraint noticed was of marketing

(82.5%) followed by financial (78.5%), technical
(68.1%), general (62.0%) and availability of timely
inputs (59.2%). Marketing of a commodity is
one of the major incentives for a grower because
if one faces problem in disposing off produce in
the market, next time he is reluctant to adopt that
crop as well as improved technology. Moreover,
marketing directly reflects the margin of profit
of a farmer. Another constraints observed was of
finance because we know that financial condition of
the small farmer is not very strong and thats why
if new technology is to be tested by him, finance is
required along with risk involved in that particular
technology. Thus, finance was also considered as
a constraint followed by technical (68.1%), inputs
availability (59.2%) etc. (Table 2). Constraints
mentioned in Table 2 were further bifurcated in sub
heads and presented in Table 3 and based on mean
score, these were ranked accordingly.
milk production was only for home consumption or

if extra could have sold to the cooperative societies
to meet out domestic needs.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that inputs constraint was

about unavailability of improved varieties followed
Constraints faced by tomato growers
by marketing, unavailability of credit on marginal
The various constraints were divided into five interest, lack of knowledge about export quality
sub components as under:
produce and more labour requirement. It was
concluded that the farmers of the area need to provide
improved variety and credit facilities, subsequently
there is need to create adequate awareness regarding
the export quality of the product to fetch more price
of the commodity
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 114-116
115
Constraints Faced by Tomato Growers

Table 3. Constraints perceived by the tomato growers in adoption of improved cultivation practices.
Sr
No
a.
Constraint
1
2
3
4
5
6
b.
1
2
3
4
c.
1
2
3
4
d.
1
2
3
4
5
e.
1
2
3
4
5
Availability of improved varieties

Requirement of fertilizers and manures
Availability of recommended chemicals
Availability of inputs in time
Lack of irrigation water
Availability of labour
Financial
Lack of credit on marginal interest
High price of seed
High price of chemical fertilizers
High price of weedicide/pesticide/fungicide
Marketing
Lack of proper marketing facilities
Malpractices of merchants in the mandies
High fluctuation in market prices
Lack of export marketing in the area
Technical
Lack of knowledge about export quality produce
Lack of knowledge and skill about weed management
Lack of need based training
Lack of knowledge about nursery raising
Lack of skill for seed and soil treatment
General
More labour requirement
Timely availability of electricity
Cloudy weather at the time of flowering stage
Unavailability of suitable equipment for weeding
High temperature during nursery period
Rank
72
68
61
58
44
56
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
100
78
73
68
I
II
III
III
72
71
65
65
I
II
III
III
82
76
66
62
64
I
II
III
III
IV
82
68
52
62
56
I
II
III
IV
V
Input supply
REFERENCES
National Horticulture Mission (2012). Annual report

on vegetable production. Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India.
116
Percentage
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 114-116
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 117-118
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00048.9
Short Communication
Evaluation of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Varieties For Suitability in

Kollam District of Kerala
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kollam, Kerala Agricultural University
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most important
commercial vegetable crop used both in raw and
mature bulb stage as vegetable and spice. The
pungency in onion is due to the presence of volatile
oil known as ally propyl-disulphide (Mohanty and
Prusti, 2001). The bulb of onion consists of swollen
bases of green foliage leaves and fleshy scales.
There is a general concept that onion cannot be
cultivated under Kerala conditions and the only
way is to purchase it from market. Though, onion
is a cool season crop and can now cultivate onion in
homesteads, kitchen gardens and also in roof tops
due to the availability of those varieties, which can
perform better under Kerala climatic conditions.
Three months from November-December or March
to April is the best season for onion cultivation in
Kerala.
Vigyan Kendra, Kollam during 2013-2014 to assess

the performance of onion varieties in Kollam district
under scientific management practices. Three high
yielding onion varieties namely Agrifound Dark
Red (T1), N53 (T2) and Arka Kalyan (T3) were tested
with seven replications at farmers field. Seeds were
sown in nursery during the middle of September.
Forty five days old healthy seedlings of each variety
were transplanted on beds of 1m width at a spacing
of 15 x 10 cm during the first week of November.
Recommended cultural practices were followed
to raise the crop successfully. The observations
recorded were plant height, number of leaves/plant,
weight of bulb, diameter of the bulb, days to harvest
and bulb yield.
Onion can be grown under a wide range

of climatic condition (Singh et al, 1991) but it
succeeds best in mild season without extremes of
heat and cold. Successful onion production depends
on the selection of varieties that are adapted to
different climatic conditions imposed by specific
environment (Pandey, 1989). No systematic study
has been conducted to assess the suitability of onion
cultivation in Kollam district of Kerala, for which
standardization of varieties is of immense utility.
Hence, the present experiment was conducted to
study the response of some improved varieties
of onion (Allium cepa L.) for their suitability for
cultivation in Kollam district of Kerala.
Biometric Characteristics:
The results revealed that highest plant height
(38.6 cm) was reported in onion variety N53
followed by Arka Kalyan ( 37.5 cm) and the lowest
in Agrifound Dark Red (35.2 cm). Similarly, onion
variety Arka Kalyan registered maximum number
of leaves (15.4) followed by Agrifound Dark Red
and lowest by N53 (10.4). The highest bulb yield
of 8.2 t/ha was obtained in cultivar Agrifound Dark
Red followed by Arka Kalyan (7.1 t/ha) and the
lowest bulb yield in N 53(5.9t/ha). Highest benefit
to cost (B : C) ratio (1.67) was reported in onion
variety Agrifound Dark Red followed by Arka
Kalyan (1.45) and the lowest in N 53 (1.2).
The biggest bulb of 5.2 cm diameter was noticed

in onion variety Agrifound Dark Red followed by
The investigation was carried out by Krishi
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Corresponding Authors Email: drbindusanthosh@gmail.com
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 117-118
117
Bindu and Bindu

Table 1. Biometric characters and yield of selected onion cultivars
Treatments
T1
T2
T3
CD (0.05)
Plant height
(cm)
35.2
38.6
37.5
3.62
Number of
leaves
13.1
10.4
15.4
2.20
Weight of
bulb (g)
65.0
46.0
55.0
1.44
Diameter of
bulb (cm)
5.2
4.1
4.4
1.43
Yield (t/ha)
B:C Ratio
8.2
5.9
7.1
2.89
1.67
1.20
1.45
0.25
Arka Kalyan (4.4 cm) whereas N 53 expressed the variety Agrifound Dark Red was superior to other
least diameter (4.1 cm) of bulb. The bulb weight varieties and found most suitable for cultivation in
was 65.0 g in Agrifound Dark Red , 55.0 g in Arka Kollam district of Kerala.
Kalyan and 46.0g in onion variety N 53 (Table 1).
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Mohanty B K and Prusti A M (2001) Performance of common

onion varieties in kharif seasons J Tropical Agri 39: 2123
It was concluded from the study that onion

variety Agrifound Dark Red gave highest yield of
8.2 t/ha than Arka Kalyan and N53. Similarly, onion Pandey U B (1989) Onion (Allium cepa L.) varietal trial,
Indian Hort 33:58-62
variety Arka Kalyan registered maximum number
of leaves (15.4) than other varieties. The results Singh L, Singh S P and Mishra P K (1991), Evaluation of
onion varieties at Karnal. AADF Newsletter XI (3): 3-4
revealed that the overall performance of onion
118
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 114-116
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 119-121
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00048.9
Short Communication

Tamilnadu Agricultural University
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dharmapuri-636 809 (Tamilnadu)
In dairy animals, fertility is one of the
most complex measures of reproduction, being
indisputably influenced by genes and environment.
Although these two components act in concert,
they synergistically mask the contribution of the
other confounding selection strategies for fertility
ultimately affecting reproductive performance
(Beever, 2006). One of the strategies for improving
pregnancy rates in the dairy cattle is by utilizing a
synchronization program. Oestrous synchronization
and artificial insemination (AI) can be used to
maximize the reproductive potential of cows by
incorporating superior genetic into their operations
(Leitman et al, 2009). The oestrus detection rate on
many farms is less than 50 per cent, being a very
limiting factor toreproductive efficiency.
Many factors, such as housing, management and
milk production level will affect the demonstration
of oestrus. Cows not noticed in oestrus, have
normal oestrous cycles and will respond well to
ovulation synchronization programs (Wiltbank et
al, 2002).In the present study, improving fertility by
administrating hormone in pleuriparous dairy cattle
was demonstrated in Dharmapuri district.
A total of 10 infertile cattle were selected for the

purpose of disseminating oestrous synchronization
technology to the livestock farming community
at different parts of Dharmapuri district. Cattle
belonged to different breeds namely Jersey and
Holstein Friesian were considered for treatment.
The body weight and age of the cattle ranged from
300 -350 kg and 5-7 years. A total of 10 number
of infertile cattle (Jersey-9 and Holstein Frisian-1)

were considered for application of synchronization
protocol. Selected animals were given a dose of
deworming, supplemented with mineral mixture
@ 35 g daily/animal and maintained with positive
energy balance. The selected animals were reexamined after 20d and the synchronization
protocol was adopted. Among 10 infertile cattle,
6 animals were anoestrus and 4 as repeat breeder.
All the physiological parameters were in normal
condition. Irrespective of breed, age, body weight
and condition of infertility animals were selected
for study.The animals were subjected to rectal
examination. All the animals were received
progesterone impregnated intra vaginal TRIU-B
(comprises of 3 medicated rings (green colour)
containing ProgesteroneIP 186 mg each and one
additional ring (pink colour) with Progesterone IP
400 mg, Virbac India private limited) and GnRH @
10 g on day 0, PGF2alfa @25 mg on day 7, and
GnRH @ 10 g on day 9 intramuscularly. Cattle were
observed visually for oestrous after treatment. The
cattle were artificially inseminated after detection
of oestrous signs. Pregnancy was determined by
rectal examination 90d after insemination.
It was observed that per cent exhibition of

oestrous signs at various time interval was 30.0
at 12 hr,11.76 at 18 hr 20.0 at 24 hr and 50.0 at
48 hr after treatment. Percent conception rate was
90 (9/10). Among six anoestrus animals treated,
five (83.33%) became pregnant and one (16.66%)
could not conceive whereas among four repeat
*Corresponding author: thangaduraisurgery@yahoo.co.in
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 119-121
119
Thangadurai et al
OESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION IN PLEURIPAROUS DAIRY CATTLE IN DHARMAPURI DISTRICT
120
TRIU-B
Intravaginal insertion of TRIU-B
Hormonal Injection
Removal of TRIU-B
Artificial insemination after detection of heat
Examination of pregnancy on 90 days after

insemination
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 119-121
Oestrous Synchronization in Dairy Cattle

breeder animals, all (100 %) became pregnant.
This technique improved conception rate by 30
to 35 per cent and reduced calving interval by 56 months and resulted in a conception rate of 90
per cent. Therefore, farmers were saved from
maintaining unproductive animals for a long time
and they earned more income due to more number
of days of milk production. The major limiting
factor for optimum reproductive performance on
many farms is failure to detect estrus in a timely
and accurate manner. A number of controlled or
breeding programme have been developed for
synchronizing groups of lactation cattle. Cows
bred within 72-84 hr after PGF2alfa injection, with
improved techniques of different protocol with
combination of gonadotropin releasing hormone
and prostaglandin (Jordan et al, 2002) however in
the present study GnRH was injected 7 days prior to
PGF2alfa treatment causes development of follicles
of ovulation of the dominant follicle depending on
the stage of the estrous cycle. The second GnRH
was administered 48 hrs post PGF2alfa (Paul and
Prakash, 2005). In the present TRIU-B + GnRH +
PGF2alfa programme, GnRH was injected in all the
cattle and PGF2alfa was injected at an interval of
7d post GnRH. Animals observed in heat 3d post
PGF2alfa injection were inseminated. The protocol
which described in this article was found to be cost
effective and laborious. Oestrous synchronization
is a useful technique in cattle practice as it allows
the use of improved heat detection efficiency. The
oestrous synchronization with TRIU-B along with
artificial insemination eliminated the heat detection
difficultyand improved fertility rate with reduction
of inter calving period in dairy cattle and also
improved the fertility. Though the described in this
demonstration seems to be laborious but it is cost
effective and also helps to manage the reproduction
capacity of animal.
district. Infertile cattle were selected randomly from

three villages on Pennagaram block. The animals
received TRIU-B, Gonadotropin- Releasing
Hormone (GnRH) on day 0, Prostaglandin F2alfa
on day 7, and GnRH on day 9 intramuscularly.
Cattle were observed visually for oestrous after
treatment. The cattle were artificially inseminated
after detection of oestrous signs. Pregnancy
was determined by rectal examination 90d after
insemination. The Results of the present study
revealed that oestrous synchronization with artificial
insemination improved fertility in pleuriparous
cattle under field condition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors were thankful to ICAR and TNAU

for providing the opportunity to disseminate the
technology to the livestock farming community in
Dharmapuri district.
REFERENCES
Beever D E (2006). The impacts of controlled nutrition during

dry period on dairy cow health, fertility and performance.
Anim Reprod Sci 96: 212-222.
Jordan E R, Schouten M J, Quast J W, Belschner A P and
Tomarszeaski M A (2002). Comparision of two timed
artificial insemination (TAI) protocol for management
of first insemination post-partum. J Dairy Sci 85: 10021008.
Leitman N R, Busch D C, Mallory D A, Wilson D J, Ellersieck
M R, Smith M F and Patterson D J (2009). Comparison of
long term CIDR based protocol to synchronize estrous in
beef heifers. Anim Reprod Sci 114: 345-355.
Paul V and Prakash B S (2005).Efficacy of Ovsynch protocol
for synchronization of ovulation and fixed time artificial
insemination in Murrah buffaloe (Bubalus bubalis)
Theriogenology 64: 1049- 1060.
Wiltbank M C, Gmen A and Sartori R (2002).Physiological
classification
of
anovulatoryconditionsin
cattle.
Theriogenology 57:21-52.
CONCLUSION
The oestrous synchronization study was

conducted in ten infertile cattle in Dharmapuri
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 119-121
121
Message
Dear readers,

Kindly allow me to be a part of Society of Krishi Vigyan, In this issue, it is
indeed overwhelming to see that how a honest, conscientious efforts of few founder
members has turned out to be an Internationally recognised platform for aspiring
agri scientists to come under the vast umbrella of agri scientist society from all
parts of India. it is a great honour to mingle in this society where I find enthusiastic
professionals who are not only worthy experts but devoted parents, committed
social reformers, thinkers and intellectuals. Being an educationist, a mother and a
responsible citizen, it is my humble duty to acquaint society with future challenges in
education and parenting. We are much aware that modern era is technology driven and has a global outlook
but my concern is that some where down the line, the decline in values, ethos and cultural degradation
will result into ugly face in coming few decades. We all are becoming face book bugs and our young
children are Pokemon. Worst affected are teenagers who are facing social site menace at every front. How
disheartening is that selfie craze is reason for accidental deaths of many youth.

Kindly be friendly parents but be first parents and then a friend. Let us spend quality time with
the children and let them not be swept away with the tides of so called Aajkal Ki Society. Many young
toddler have attention disorder hyperactive disease (ADHD) because even before they open their eyes,
their eye sight is set for selfies ,voice mails and video recordings etc. ignoring the fact that this all may lead
to penetration of harmful waves in their neuro-system. A child of 2 to 4 years cant read or write, neither
he or she is interested but can play on mobiles any game and use any apps without being able to identify
any alphabet and we parents very proudly announce see this is my genie, he can operate mobile better that
me , he or she does not sleep or eat without television, he is techno savvy child . Dear parents, if we may
ask ourselves are we rearing or nurturing human children or robots. We need to ponder over. Should we
not read some articles and books on good parenting and get some clear and tips, address queries can be
sorted even if we councilor, parents and elders to shape a better society and fulfill our duties of being a
god parent. Even if this small write up could trigger some thoughts or motivate a few of us to improve our
parenting techniques, it will be agreed success and quite humbling too. Wishing all the parents, pleasant
and fruitful journey of parenting.

With warm regards.
Shabnam Sharma, Principal,

CBSE Senior Secondary School
Amritsar (Punjab)
sharma.shabnam46@gmail.com
122
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Mufeed S (1998). Evaluating employee performance: A successful instrument for human resource
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Pp: 121-22.
Bray R A (1994). The leucaena psylid. In: Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture
Gutteridge and H M Shelton). CAB International, Oxford. Pp. 283-91.
(eds. R C
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Elangovan A V ,Tyagi P K, Mandal A B and Tyagi P K (2007). Effect of dietary supplementation of

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Fayas A M (2003). Viability of self help groups in vegetables and fruit promotion council Keralam- a
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Style and format of short communications: A short communication should be a maximum of 1500
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Journal.
15.

Evaluation of High Yielding Groundnut Varieties for North Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu
16.

Evaluation of Sugarbeet Genotypes (Beta Vulgaris L.) for Root Yield and Quality
67
Traits under Subtropical Conditions
Gulzar S. Sanghera, Rupinder Pal Singh, Lenika Kashyap, Vikrant Tyagi and B Sharma
17.

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)

74
18.

Indigenous Agricultural Practices followed for Paddy Cultivation in Ariyalur

District of TamilNadu
G Alagukanan, A Rajakala and Y Raja Joslin
77
19.

Opinion of Subject Matter Specialists Working in Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Bimal P Bashir and N Narmatha
83
20.


S G Bhalekar, S U Chalak and C D Badgugar
88
21.

Reproductive Performance During Parasitic Load in Small Ruminants

92
22.


Anuradha Ranjan Kumari, Kamlesh Meena and Laxmikant
96
23.

Study of Coconut Tree Climber Use Efficiency over Traditional Methods in

Chitradurga District of Karnataka
P Kerure, R F Channagouda, S B Salimath and S Onkarappa
101
24.

Study on Adoption of Production Technology of Soybean by Farmers in Mandsaur

District of Madhya Pradesh
104
25.

Use of Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory in Identifying Insect Pests and Diseases
107
of Fruit and Vegetable Crops
Short communication
A.
Socio-economic Status and Constraints Faced by Tomato Growers in Kheda District

64
114
B.

Evaluation of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Varieties For Suitability in Kollam District
of Kerala
117
C.


119
125
Sr. No. Title
CONTENTS
Page No.
Assessment of Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Sequences in

District Kapurthala
2.

Constraints Faced by Livestock Owners in Adoption of Animal Husbandry Practices

in KVK Adopted and Non-Adopted Villages in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh
Deepa Singh, Niranjan Lal, N V Khode and Rekha Yadav
10
3.

Cost Effectiveness of Developed Accessories from Reusable Knitwear Waste

N Kakkar, D Kaur and V Gandotra
14
4.


J B Dobariya, N M Thesiya, V J Zinzala and S A Aklade
19
5.


Kabita C Sarma, Saurabh Sarma and Sk Md Azizur Rahman
23
6.


26
7.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Fertility Status, Productivity

and Profitability of Garden Pea
8.


Metta Siresha, Mahalakshmi V Reddy
34
9.

Effect of Plant Spacing on Yield and Yield Attributes of Maize Hybrids

41
10.

Effect of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Blood Morphology of Fresh Water Fish in
46
Tarai Region of Uttarakhand
V K Misra, M Das Trakroo, C D Sharma, Shashank Singh, N D Singh and A N Tripathi
29
11.
Effect of Row Spacing and Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum L.)

49
12.

Effect of Spacing on Yield of Tuberose at Farmers Field in Karnataka

54
13.

Effects of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Seed Powder on Growth Performance

of Broiler Chickens
57
14.

Evaluation of Different Papaya Cultivars for Yield, Quality and Papaya Ring Spot
Disease under Pune Conditions
S U Chalak, A B Kamble and S G Bhalekar
60
124

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SCIENTISTS JOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN

Bindu B, Assistant Professor (Horticulture), KVK, Kollam ( Kerala).

Bindu Pondikunju, Assistant Professor (Agriculture Extension), KVK, Kollam( Kerala).

Dharmendra Kumar, SMS ( Animal Science), KVK, Banka ( Bihar)

J B Dobaria, KVK, Waghai ,Dang,( Gujarat)

Kavita Dalmia, SMS KVK, Arwal, (Bihar)

Kumari Sharda, Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banka ( Bihar)

Mandhata Singh , SMS ( Agronomy) KVK,Buxar, (Bihar).

Maroof Ahmad, Scientist, Animal Science, KVK, Ambala (Haryana)

P Kumaravel, Professor, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Madras

R P S Shaktawat, Scientist (Agronomy) , RVSKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandsaur, ( Madhya

Rajni Dharmendra Agashe, SMS ( Extension Education) , KVK, Sarguja (Chattisgarh).

Rakesh Kumar, Programme Coordinator, KVK Arwal,( Bihar).

Savita Rajput, KVK Janjgir-Champaran, (Chattisgarh)

Shobha Rani, Programme Coordinator, KVK, Gandhar, Bandhuganj, Jehanabad (Bihar).

Sunita Kushwah, SMS ( Horticulture), KVK, Banka (Bihar)

Vijay K Jain, Programme Coordinator, KVK Janjgir-Champaran ( Chattisgarh).

Sr. No. Title

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Sequences in

Constraints Faced by Livestock Owners in Adoption of Animal Husbandry Practices

Cost Effectiveness of Developed Accessories from Reusable Knitwear Waste

Cropping Pattern in Tribal Area of Dang District

Development of Ready-to-Cook Instant Kheer Mix

Effect of Concentrate Feeding in Lambs

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Fertility Status, Productivity

Effect of Lyophilization Technology on Dried Carnation Flower

Effect of Plant Spacing on Yield and Yield Attributes of Maize Hybrids

Effect of Spacing on Yield of Tuberose at Farmers Field in Karnataka

Effects of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Seed Powder on Growth Performance

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)

Indigenous Agricultural Practices followed for Paddy Cultivation in Ariyalur

Opinion of Subject Matter Specialists Working in Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Performance of Exotic Mango Cultivars under Pune Conditions

Reproductive Performance During Parasitic Load in Small Ruminants

Role of Farm Women in Rice Cultivation and their Training Needs

Study of Coconut Tree Climber Use Efficiency over Traditional Methods in

Study on Adoption of Production Technology of Soybean by Farmers in Mandsaur

Oestrous Synchronization in Pleuriparous Dairy Cattle

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping

community of Punjab, in order to maintain crop

The major crop rotation in Punjab is paddy-wheat

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9

Selection of the village was based on its soil type,

Soil test data usually are summarized for a

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9

Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Sequences

Crop sequence (per cent samples)

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9

Per cent samples

in soils is due to the indigenous calcareous parent

a combination of the three effects (Rahman et al,

The variations in the EC could be due to the

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9

Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Sequences

Per cent samples

Table 5. Organic Carbon content of soil of different villages.

Per cent samples

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 5(1) : 1-9

Per cent samples

application of fertilizers. The plants take available

fertilizers as compared to the recommendations

Table 7. Available Potassium status of soil of different villages.

Per cent samples