Escolar Documentos
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Carrier
Aggregation
Test Challenges
for LTE
Presented by
Iyappan Ramachandran
Agilent Technologies
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and
LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
LTE Signal Processing
Test Solutions
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
2
-Advanced
LTE
a/g/n/ac
(r)
Agilent response
Participate, lead on wireless standards bodies and
industry forums
Work with industry-leading customers to bring new
technologies to market faster
Deliver multi-format solutions that simplify design and
test of complex devices
Deliver integrated design simulation and test to reduce
cost, time, and risk
Deliver cost-effective test solutions with scalable
performance
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
3
Technology evolution
Market evolution
2G
2.5G
W-LAN
PDC
GSM
IS-136
IS-95A
(Japan)
(Europe)
(US TDMA)
(US CDMA)
iMODE
HSCSD
802.11b
802.11a/g
IS-95B
GPRS
(US CDMA)
802.11h
3G
3.5G
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
E-GPRS
cdma2000
(China)
(EDGE)
(1x RTT)
HSDPA
HSUPA
EDGE
Evolution
1x EV-DO
0AB
802.11n
802.16d
(Fixed WiMAX)
WiBRO
3.9G/
4G
4G / IMTAdvanced
HSPA+ /
E-HSPA
LTE
802.16e
(Mobile WiMAX)
(Korea)
LTE-Advanced
802.16m / WiMAX2
WirelessMAN-Advanced
802.11ac
802.11ad
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
4
LTE-Advanced
W-CDMA
384 kbps
HSPA
14 Mbps
HSPA+
21-168 Mbps
LTE
150-300 Mbps
1 Gbps
Growth in cellular peak data rates (theoretical) showing more than 2500 times higher data rate over a
period of 10 years
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
5
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
LTE Signal Processing
Test Solutions
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
6
Rel-10 LTE-A
proposed to ITU
a) Clustered SC-FDMA
b) Simultaneous Control (PUCCH) and Data (PUSCH)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Other Rel-10
and beyond
Carrier Aggregation
Simultaneous transceivers creates interference problems within the UE or
Base Station
Clustered SC-FDMA
Adds to amplifier design challenges
Creates large opportunity for in-channel and adjacent channel spur
generation
MIMO
More antennas, more complexity
Hard to design a multi-band, MIMO antenna in small space of the handset
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
8
Resource block
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
9
up to 20 MHz BW
Resource block
Intra -band
contiguous
allocation
Intra-band
non-contiguous
allocation
Inter-band
non-contiguous
allocation
Band A
Resource block
Band A
Resource block
Band A
Band B
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
10
CA_40
CA_1-5
CA_3-7
E-UTRA
operatin
g Band
40
1
5
3
7
UE transmit / BS receive
FUL_low (MHz) FUL_high
(MHz)
2300 2400
1920 1980
824 849
[TBD]
[TBD]
2110
869
2170
894
[TBD]
[TBD]
FDD
1710 1788
2500 2570
20
20
1805
2620
1880
2690
20
20
FDD
Lead company
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Mode
CA-B3_B7*
TeliaSonera
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B4_B17
AT&T
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
704 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B4_B13
Ericsson (Verizon)
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
777 - 787
746 - 756
FDD
CA-B4_B12
Cox Communications
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
698 716
728 - 746
FDD
CA-B20_B7
Huawei (Orange)
832 862
791 - 821
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B2_B17
AT&T
1850 1910
1930 - 1990
704 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B4_B5
AT&T
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
824 849
869 - 894
FDD
CA-B5_B12
US Cellular
824 849
869 - 894
698 716
728 - 746
FDD
CA-B5_B17
AT&T
824 849
869 - 894
704 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B20_B3
Vodafone
832 862
791 - 821
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
FDD
CA-B20_B8
Vodafone
832 862
791 - 821
880 915
925 - 960
FDD
CA-B3_B5
SK Telecom
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
824 849
869 - 894
FDD
CA-B7
China Unicom
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B1_B7
China Telecomm
1920 - 1980
2110 - 2170
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B4_B7
Rogers Wireless
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B25_25
Sprint
1850 - 1915
1930 - 1995
1850 - 1915
1930 - 1995
FDD
CA-B38
Huawei (CMCC)
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
TDD
CA-B41
Clearwire
2496 - 2690
2496 - 2690
2496 - 2690
2496 - 2690
TDD
Category 6
capability
[#CCs/BW(MHz)]
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
Category 7
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
Category 8
[2 / 20+20MHz]
Uplink
DL layers
[max #layers]
4
4
2
4 (10MHz)
2(20MHz)
4
4
2
4 (10MHz)
2(20MHz)
[8]
UE category
Category 6
Category 7
Category 8
capability
[#CCs/BW(MHz)]
UL layers
[max #layers]
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
1 / 10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
2 (10MHz)
1 ( 20MHz)
[2 / 20+20MHz]
[4]
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
13
Single uplink CC
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
14
Multiplex
2 BB
IFFT
RF filter
RF filter
L1
RF PA
L2
RF PA
D/A
RF filter
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
15
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
16
Multi-Antenna Techniques
Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
Beamforming
Tx0
Tx1
Frequency domain
Tx0
Tx1
Tx0
Tx1
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
17
Layer
Rank
Antenna Port
Codebook
Precoding
Physical
antennas
UE-specific pattern
UE1
Beamforming
weights
Broadcast pattern
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
18
TM2 :
TM3:
TM4:
Closed-Loop SU-MIMO
TM5:
Closed-Loop MU-MIMO
TM6:
TM7:
3GPP Release 9
TM8:
Codebook
based precoding
Non-Codebook
based precoding
3GPP Release 10
TM9:
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
19
Transmission Mode 3
Open-Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Used in high mobility scenarios where it is not possible to get accurate feedback
Always uses the 1st codebook index when in open-loop mode (this index not used in
closed-loop mode)
UE
Precoding
Tx2
CRS Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
20
Transmission Mode 4
Closed-Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Most used case for Release 8
Precoding based on codebook
UE reports rank and PMI to eNB, with rank and codebook index
most closely matching channel
eNB
Tx1
Layer
mapping
UE
Precoding
Tx2
CRS Cell-specific RS
Transmission Mode 5
Closed-Loop MU-MIMO
Extension to TM4
Concept is to direct each layer to a different user, rather than all layers to one UE
Main difference is an additional power offset between PDSCH and CRS can be
signaled necessary since the TX power can now be split between multiple users
and since UE uses RS for both amplitude & phase references. UE knows the
number of layers used in TM3 & TM4, so this information is not necessary to be
transmitted to UEs in these cases.
eNB
Layer
mapping
Tx1
UE 1
Tx2
UE 2
Precoding
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
22
Transmission Mode 6
Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing
Layer
mapping
UE
Precoding
Tx2
Transmission Mode 7
Single Layer Beamforming
Available in R8 of standard
UE still reports PMI using codebook based indexes, but eNB may or may not actually use them
Where Transmitted: UE-specific RS only transmitted in RBs of the PDSCH for a given UE
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
24
Cell-specific RS
Codebook-based precoding
Limited set of precoding matrices
UE has to be informed of precoding used
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
25
Transmission Mode 8
Dual Layer Beamforming
Available in R9 of standard
UE can send quantized PMI feedback to eNB, not ideal, but better than none
CQI reports made using cell specific RS because UE-specific RS may not be allocated across
entire channel important for FDD where channel reciprocity does not work like in TDD
Transmitted on the same resource elements & symbols for each port
Enables MU-MIMO in TM8 & TM9: 2 cover codes & 2 UE-Specific RS = up to 4 unique users
MU-MIMO operation transparent to UE through use of UE-specific RS. Power ratio between RS
and data scales the same way for each layer.
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
26
MIMO in Release 9
Based on UE-specific RS ports 5, 7 and 8
Up to 2-layers (called TM8)
Amenable to UE-specific beamforming
Non-codebook-based precoding
UE-RS undergoes the same precoding
Channel estimation/equalization based on UE-RS
No need to inform UE of precoding
Physical
antennas
Beamforming
weights
UE-specific
pattern
UE-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
27
Transmission Mode 9
8-Layer Transmissions
Codewords still limited to 2. Additional codeword support adds little benefit and comes at cost of additional
signaling to support each transport block
Relatively sparse in density since they are used for feedback only
Can be muted to enable reception of CSI-RS from other cells, important for COMP & Hetnet interference
management
UE-specific RS updated to enable additional layers/antenna ports while remaining backward compatible with R9
transmissions
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
28
UE-specific RS
Port 5 defined in Rel 8
Ports 7 and 8 defined in Rel 9
Ports 9-14 defined in Rel 10
Positioning RS
Port 6 defined in Rel 9
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
30
a0 , a1 ,..., a A 1
Transport block
CRC attachment
b0 , b1 ,..., bB 1
Channel coding
r 1
Rate matching
er 0 , er1 ,..., er Er 1
Code block
concatenation
UE-specific pattern
layers
codewords
f 0 , f1 ,..., f G 1
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Scrambling
antenna ports
Modulation
mapper
UERS
UE-specific RS
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
UE1
Precoding
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Broadcast pattern
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
31
TM8
Dual Layer
UERS
Port 7
Port 8
Port 0
Port 1
Common
CRS
Port 2
Port 3
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
32
Port 8
Port 9
Port 10
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
33
TM9
UERS
Port 7
Port 8
Port 9
Port 10
Port 0
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Common
CRS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
34
Port 15
Port 16
Port 17
Port 18
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
35
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P2
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
P5
P6
A5
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
36
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
37
RECEIVER
DSP
Receiver needs to differentiate/
recover simultaneous multiple
signals coming at it - Requires a
wide range of test conditions/
scenarios
Need to adequately stress
amplifiers, I/Q modulators, filters,
etc - Need to simulate real-world
signals including fading
Receivers must deal with
complex interference - Need to
provide the ability to add
impairments to the test signals.
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
38
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
40
Agilent Solutions:
W1461 SystemVue
W1918 LTE-Advanced Library
W1715 MIMO Channel models
Download
to/from Agilent
Sources/Analyzers
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
41
Agilent Solutions:
89600 VSA software
Up to 8x8 MIMO support for FDD and
TDD with time alignment error
measurement result.
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
42
Test Challenges
MIMO plus Carrier Aggregation for UE Rx Tests
Test Challenge: Test UEs ability to decode signals with component carriers in two separate
RF bands. Additional challenges result if each component carrier is configured for MIMO
Up to 5 component carriers
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
43
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
44
Signal Studio
89600 VSA
Software
SystemVue
2x2 MIMO
(2) MXG/EXG
Signal Generators
Infiniium
Oscilloscopes
(13GHz BW)
X-Series
Signal Analyzer
(2) MXA/EXA
Signal Analyzers
Infiniium
Oscilloscopes
(13GHz BW)
8x8 MIMO
Up to 8x8 MIMO
(N) MXG/EXG
Signal Generators
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
45
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
46
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
47
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
48
Back-Up
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
49
Clustered SC-FDMA
Simultaneous Control and Data
Downlink 8x8
Uplink 4x4
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
50
Maximum
number of CC
Aggregated
3GPP
transmission bandwidth Release
configuration
NRB 100
R10
NRB 100
R10
R10
D,E,F
Beyond R10
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
51
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
52
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
53
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P1
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
54
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P1
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
55
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P2
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
P5
P6
A5
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
56