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Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the
birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and
tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and
politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including
Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians,
Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun,
Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks,
Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians.
The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history. Today, the
region comprises the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories in which
the State of Palestine was declared.
Etymology
A 1759 map entitled The Holy Land, or Palestine, showing not only the Ancient
Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished, but also
their placement in different periods as indicated in the Holy Scriptures by Tobias Conrad
Lotter, Geographer. Augsburg, Germany
Egypt in Ramesses III's reign,[1][2] and the last known is 300 years later on
Padiiset's Statue. Seven known Assyrian inscriptions refer to the region of
"Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c.
800 BCE through to a treaty made by Esarhaddon more than a century
later.[3][4] Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear
regional boundaries for the term.[i]
The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between
Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece,[7][8] when
Herodotus wrote of a 'district of Syria, called Palaistin" in The Histories,
which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley.[9][ii]
Approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the
region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea.[11] Later Greek
writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the term to refer to the
same region, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus,
Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well
as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.[12] The term
was first used to denote an official province in c.135 CE, when the Roman
authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, combined
Iudaea Province with Galilee and the Paralia to form "Syria Palaestina".
There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change,[13]
but the precise date is not certain[13] and the assertion of some scholars that
the name change was intended "to complete the dissociation with
Judaea"[14] is disputed.[15]
The term is generally accepted to be a translation of the Biblical name
Peleshet ( Plsheth, usually transliterated as Philistia). The term and
its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of
the Hebrew Bible, of which 10 uses are in the Torah, with undefined
boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of
Judges and the Books of Samuel.[3][4][12][16] The term is rarely used in the
Septuagint, who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim (
) different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistn
().[15]
History
Overview
Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the
birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and
tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and
politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including
Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians,
Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun,
Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks,
Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians.
Ancient period
Depiction of Biblical Palestine in c. 1020 BCE according to George Adam Smith's 1915
Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Smith's book was used as a
reference by Lloyd George during the negotiations for the British Mandate for Palestine.
[33]
The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation,
agricultural communities and civilization.[34] During the Bronze Age,
independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced
by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia,
Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 15501400 BCE, the Canaanite cities
became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the
1178 BCE Battle of Djahy (Canaan) during the wider Bronze Age collapse.
[35]
The Israelites emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took
place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE,
with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly
defined ethnic group from elsewhere.[36][37]
The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c. 740 BCE,
which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE.[38]
According to the Bible, a war with Egypt culminated in 586 BCE when
Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and
the local leaders of the region of Judea were deported to Babylonia. In 539
BCE, the Babylonian empire was replaced by the Achaemenid Empire.
According to the Bible and implications from the Cyrus Cylinder, the exiled
population of Judea was allowed to return to Jerusalem.[39] Southern
Palestine became a province of the Achaemenid Empire, called Idumea,
and the evidence from ostraca suggests that a Nabataean-type society,
since the Idumeans appear to be connected to the Nabataeans, took shape
in southern Palestine in the 4th century B.C.E., and that the Qedarite Arab
kingdom penetrated throughout this area through the period of Persian and
Hellenistic dominion.[40]