Veterinary pathology 2008

January issue

Mismatch Repair Protein Expression in Ovine Intestinal Adenocarcinomas Vet Path 2008 Jan: defect in
mismatch repair gene (MMR) causes hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer in humans. Sheep in New Zealand
develop SI adenocarcinomas more frequently, but NO defect in MMR was found.

Cover illustration: Experimental Transmission of US Scrapie Agent by Nasal, Peritoneal, and Conjunctival
Routes to Genetically Susceptible Sheep Vet Path 2008 Jan: susceptibility to scarpie in sheep is partially
dependent on polymorphism in prion protein at codon, 136, 154, and 171. Intracerebral inoculation is the fastest
route to get infection. Intralingual is fastest non invasive route. This paper suggested upper respiratory tract, esp the
pharyngeal tonsil may serve as portal of entry for prion protein.

Characterization of Interstitial Nephritis in Pigs with Naturally Occurring Postweaning Multisystemic

Wasting Syndrome Vet Path 2008 Jan: types of tubulointerstitial inflammation seen were: lymphoplasmacytic,
granulomatous and mixed. The epithelium of renal tubules was the consistently positive with in situ hybridization.
Unlike in lymphoid tissue, the amount of PCV-2 was not associated with severity of granulomatous inflammation,
but did for lymphoplasmacytic inflam.

Toxicity of the Lichen Secondary Metabolite (+)-Usnic Acid in Domestic Sheep Vet Path 2008 Jan: skeletal
muscle necrosis was seen. UA is hepatotoxic in monogastric animals. UA is present in lichen xanthoparmelia
chlorochora. Toxicity with this lichen caused death of 400-500 Elks in wyomig in 2004, cl signs were red urine,
ataxia and muscular weekness.

Correlation of Pituitary Histomorphometry with Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Response to Domperidone

Administration in the Diagnosis of Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia (PI) Dysfunction Vet Path 2008 Jan: PI
is regulated by dopaminergic tone from hypothalamic neurons. Loss of dopaminergic inhibition is hypothesized to
cause the PI hypertrophy and hyperplasia that result in the clinical manifestations of PI dysfunction (PID).
Domperidone, a dopamine receptor antagonist, should exacerbate the loss of dopaminergic inhibition in horses with
PPID and increase the release of endogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone by PI melanotrophs. The results suggest
that this test could be particularly important in horses with PI lesions but without having developed hirsutism.

Multiple Glomus Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in a Cow Associated with Bovine Papillomavirus Type 2
(BPV-2) Infection Vet Path 2008 Jan: glomus tumor are mesenchymal tumors originate in the glomus body
(neuromyoarterial body composed of afferent arteriole and efferent venule. It has properties of smooth muscle cells).
Digit is the preferential anatomic site for this tumor in dogs and cats. Cells +ve for actin and vimentin. Tumor chr by
numerous blood vessels lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by round epitheloid cells.

Bilateral Leydig Cell Tumor in a Six-Year-Old Intersex Goat Affected by Polled Intersex Syndrome Vet Path
2008 Jan: Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS) is a cause of intersexuality in goats. Affected does show abnormal horn
development and intersexuality, resulting in sterility. The PIS gene regulates the transcription of 2 genes involved in
gonadal development: PIS-regulated transcript 1 (PISRT1) and forkhead transcription factor gene (FOXL2). This
regulatory function is lost when a 11.7-kb deletion occurs in the PIS gene in homozygosis. As a result, XX embryos
affected by PIS are masculinized.

Melanosis of the Urinary Bladder in a Cow Vet Path 2008 Jan: The pigment was present in lamina propria and
the submucosa without any involvement of urothelial mucosa. BPV-2 was isolated but its association with melanosis
is not known.

A Clonal Outbreak of Acute Fatal Hemorrhagic Pneumonia in Intensively Housed (Shelter) Dogs Caused by
Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus Vet Path 2008 Jan: All dogs had hemothorax and an acute,
fibrinosuppurative pneumonia with large numbers of colonies of bacterial cocci. Vascular thrombosis was seen in
spleen and kidney.

B-Cell Lymphoma in the Peripheral Nerves of a Cat Vet Path 2008 Jan: B-cell (Burkitt-type lymphoma)
diffusely infiltrated the peripheral nerves (sciatic, brachial plexus) and intramuscular nerve branches. No evidence of
cranial nerve, central nervous system, radicular, bone marrow, splenic, or lymph node involvement. Similar to the
chronic polyneuropathic variant of human diffuse neurolymphomatosis; a condition most commonly caused by an
axonopathy resulting from infiltration of peripheral nerves with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Extensive Bilateral Odontogenic Cysts in the Mandible of a Dog Vet Path 2008 Jan: cystic cavities lined by
stratified squamous epithelium overlying a fibrous layer infiltrated by mononuclear cells. Reported odontogenic
cysts include radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, and keratocysts.

Esophageal Duplication Cyst in a Dog Vet Path 2008 Jan: 3 criteria for esophageal duplication cyst 1)present
within the esophageal wall; 2)contains 2 muscle layers; 3) must contain squamous, columnar, cuboidal,
pseudostratified, or ciliated epithelium

Extraventricular Neurocytoma of the Spinal Cord in a Dog Vet Path 2008 Jan: Neurocytomas are well-
differentiated tumors, benign tumors with various architectural patterns (honeycomb arrangement of
oligodendroglioma and large fibrillary areas that resemble the irregular rosettes of pineocytoma)

Transthyretin Amyloidosis and Two Other Aging-Related Amyloidoses in an Aged Vervet Monkey Vet Path
2008 Jan: Amyloid consisting of transthyretin was deposited in heart wall and external tunica of arterioles. The
amyloid was also deposited in the stroma and arterioles of other systemic organs except the liver and spleen. A
second amyloid consisting of amyloid β protein was in senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the
cerebral cortex. A third amyloid consisting of islet amyloid polypeptide was deposited in islets of the pancreas.
Apolipoprotein E and amyloid P component colocalized with the 3 amyloids. Direct fast scarlet and Congo red
stained the hyaline deposits; however, DFS showed less nonspecific background than did Congo red but intensity of
birefringence was stronger with Congo red than with DFS.

Granular Cell Tumor in the Testis of a Rabbit: Cytologic, Histologic, Immunohistochemical, and Electron
Microscopic Characterization Vet Path 2008 Jan: GCT may occur in the genital tract, including the vulva,
clitoris, vagina, cervix, and/or uterus of cats, rodents. The tumor cells were vimentin, Melan A, NSE and Ki67
positive. DDx is leydig cell tumor

Choriocarcinoma with Metastasis in a Rabbit Vet Path 2008 Jan: uterine mass consisted of 3 different
(trophoblastic, syncytiotrophoblastic, and cytotrophoblastic); positive cytokeratin in all 3 cell types, and the
syncytiotrophoblasts were positive also for human chorionic gonadotropin. Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant
neoplasm of trophoblastic cells arising in placental tissue, ovary, testis, or sequestered remains of totipotential cells
in the mediastinum or abdomen.

Malignant Nephroblastoma in a Common Marmoset Vet Path 2008 Jan: Malignant nephroblastoma, also
referred to as adenomyosarcoma or Wilms' tumor, is a renal neoplasia arising from metanephric blastema, occurring
in children under 10 years of age. Usually express several lines of differentiation, including blastemal, epithelial, and
stromal cells; It is a common neoplasm in swine, chickens and represents a common renal tumor of rats, can be
experimentally induced by prenatal exposure to the carcinogen N-ethylnitrosouria.

Spinal Arthropathy Associated with Ochrobactrum anthropi in Free-ranging Cane Toads (Chaunus [Bufo]
marinus) in Australia Vet Path 2008 Jan: lesions consisted primarily of ventral proliferation of bone and cartilage
that resulted in ankylosis and histologically there was pyogranulomatous inflammation. Ochrobactrum anthropi was
isolated in 7 out of 9 toads. Cane toadswere introduced into coastal Queensland, Australia, from Hawaii in 1936 in a
strategy to control the sugar cane beetle.

Cutaneous Papillomatosis and Carcinomatosis in the Western Barred Bandicoot Vet Path 2008 Jan:
multicentric proliferative lesions involving cutaneous and mucosal surfaces. Grossly and histologically the smaller
skin lesions resembled papillomas, whereas the larger lesions were squamous cell carcinomas. No etiologic agent
was identified in skin lesions. Large amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in hyperplastic
conjunctival lesions, which were papillomavirus inclusions.

High-Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Mandibular Salivary Gland in a Lion Vet Path 2008 Jan:
Histo Dx of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma requires the identification of the three characteristic cell types (i.e.,
mucous, epidermoid, and intermediate cells), which are present in varying proportions. The tumor cells are positive
for panCK, negative for S100 protein, always negative for -SMA, and partially positive for p63 (basal,
intermediate, and squamous cells express p63, in contrast to luminal cells). Peripheral tumor cells in
mucoepidermoid carcinoma and tumor stroma are positive for vimentin.
March issue

Estrogens Metabolism Associated with Polymorphisms: Influence of COMT G482a Genotype on Age at
Onset of Canine Mammary Tumors Vet Path 2008 Mar: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an important
enzyme participating in inactivation of carcinogenic oestrogen metabolites. In humans there is a single nucleotide
polymorphism in COMT gene has been associated with an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In this study
dogs carrying the variant allele have a threefold likelihood of developing mammary tumors after 9 years of age in
comparison with noncarriers.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA Expression and Peritumoral Edema in Canine Primary Central
Nervous System Tumors Vet Path 2008 Mar: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important
regulator of tumor angiogenesis and vascular permeability, and has been implicated both in progression of central
nervous system (CNS) tumors and development of vasogenic peritumoral edema. Increased expression of VEGF
relative to normal cerebral cortex tissue was seen predominantly in high grade astrocytic (grade IV) and
oligodendroglial (grade III) tumors.

Detection of Antigenic Heterogeneity in Feline Coronavirus Nucleocapsid in Feline Pyogranulomatous

Meningoencephalitis: Vet Path 2008 Mar

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in Cob Normand Draft Horses: Vet Path 2008 Mar Gluteus medius muscle
was sampled from 53 Cob Normand horses for histologic evaluation. Twenty horses (38%) exhibited amylase-
resistant (therefore not glycogen) material in myocytes consistent with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Diameter
of affected type II fibers was increased. Amylase resistant material was also present in smooth muscle and
macrophages.

Histopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Cytologic Analysis of Feline Myeloma-Related Disorders:

Further Evidence for Primary Extramedullary Development in the Cat Vet Path 2008 Mar: cats with well-
differentiated tumors more commonly have extramedullary involvement than human myeloma patients with well-
differentiated tumors

The Clinical and Morphologic Features of Nonepidermolytic Ichthyosis in the Golden Retriever Vet Path
2008 Mar: 46 cases of ichthyosis were diagnosed histologically in Golden Retriever. A total of 22 < 1 year; 3 dogs
between 1 and 2 years; 13 dogs developed lesions at older than 2 years. Histo: Mild to moderate laminar
orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with an absence of epidermal hyperplasia and dermal inflammation.
Ultrastructurally, all affected dogs had retained and convoluted membranes with crystalline structures in the stratum
corneum. This unique hyperkeratotic/scaling disorder in Golden Retrievers has distinctive clinical, histologic, and
ultrastructural features, which are consistent with a primary cornification defect.

Nasal and Paranasal Adenocarcinomas with Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Dogs Vet Path 2008 Mar:
Tumors of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses of 18 dogs were examined and classified as adenocarcinomas (13),
transitional carcinomas (3), SCC (1), and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma. 5 of the 13 adenocarcinomas were
argyrophilic and positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin A, indicating that neuroendocrine markers may be
detected despite the lack of typical histologic features of neuroendocrine differentiation.

Multiple Cystic Intestinal Duplications in a Cat Vet Path 2008 Mar: 3 separate cystic structures in the muscular
layer of jejunum. One cyst had a 3-layered wall consisting of a dysplastic mucosa, a regularly structured submucosa,
and partly double-layered muscularis, contained neurons resembling a myenteric plexus. The remaining 2 cysts had
similar structures except for granulation tissue lining the lumen. Duplication of GI is most commonly seen in Ileum
and esophagus.

Concurrent Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and Pestivirus Infection in Stillborn Twin Lambs Vet Path
2008 Mar: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants that is characterized by
pseudomembranous oral lesions, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and enteritis. Epidermal syncytial cells and
necrotizing bronchitis/bronchiolitis prompted testing for PPRV infection. Macroscopic anomalies that were typical
of border disease included scoliosis, brachygnathism, prognathism, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, cerebellar
hypoplasia, and hairy fleece; pestiviral antigen was detected by IHC in the brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys.

Bone Dysplasia in the Radial and Ulnar Metaphysis of a Newfoundland Dog Vet Path 2008 Mar: The lesions
in the distal radius and ulna were characterized by focal, longitudinal striations of sclerosis of the bone marrow
cavity, surrounding thin trabeculae of primary spongiosa of the distal metaphysic. The most likely pathogenesis is
focal failure of conversion of primary to secondary spongiosa. The condition was termed as Sclerosing bone
dysplasia. DDx. 1) Metaphyseal osteopathy (hypertrophic osteodystrophy) is characterized by alternate radiodense
and radiolucent zones parallel to growth plate and histologically neutrophilic infiltration and necrosis of trabecular
bone. 2) Enostosis (panosteitis), focally increased radiodensity in the medulla around nutrient foramen.

Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (Niemann-Pick disease) in a Hereford Calf Vet Path 2008 Mar: brain and spinal
cord revealed swollen neurons with distended, foamy, vacuolated cytoplasm; hepatocytes throughout the liver were
swollen and had foamy, vacuolated cytoplasm; Niemann-Pick types A and B are caused by a deficiency of acid
sphingomyelinase, an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholin; Type
B disease has little effect on the nervous system; Type C disease is not a deficiency of sphingomyelinase, but a
defect in 1 of 2 proteins involved in the intracellular transport of cholesterol and other lipids from lysosomes.

Mandibular Ossifying Fibroma in a Dog Vet Path 2008 Mar: Benign fibro-osseous proliferations of bone in
veterinary species include ossifying fibroma, osteoma, and fibrous dysplasia; Osteomas are typically solitary
osteosclerotic lesions arise from the surface of bones of the jaw or skull; trabeculae of woven bone constitute the
bulk of the tumor, are rimmed by 1 layer of well-differentiated osteoblast; Fibrous dysplasia is a tumorlike lesion,
involve 1 or multiple bones, often in young animals. It arises within the bone, rather than from the periosteal surface,
and its ample fibrous stroma contains only thin, curved trabeculae of woven bone. The bony trabeculae are generally
not rimmed by osteoblasts; Ossifying fibroma has histologic features intermediate between those of osteoma and
fibrous dysplasia. This is an expansile, lytic, and invasive mass develops within the bone, particularly the mandible.
Its bony trabeculae are rimmed by osteoblasts but are arranged haphazardly.
Xanthogranulomatous Inflammation of the Small Bowel in a Dog Vet Path 2008 Mar: Disseminated yellow-
white 2-3 mm nodules on the serosal surface of the small bowel. Histo: nodular collection of foamy cells (with lipid
droplets), in serosa and muscularis with necrotic areas, hemorrhages, neovascularization, variable numbers of
reactive spindle cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and rare multinucleated giant cells. Transmural lymphangectasia and
mucosal lymphoplasmacytic inflammation were also observed

Herpetiform Genital Lesions in a Heifer with Mucosal Disease Vet Path 2008 Mar: Gross: pink–red erosions of
the nares and hard palate; ulcers on the tongue and GI tract. Interdigital skin of both rear limbs was ulcerated and
bleeding; and the margins of the vulva contained punctiform red ulcers. A non cytopathic and a CP BVDV pair may
be isolated from MD cases, and these can be distinguished by the appearance of nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) in the
CP virus.

The Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} and Progesterone Receptors of Normal,

Hyperplastic, and Neoplastic Endometrium in 88 Pet Rabbits Vet Path 2008 Mar: 59.3% normal and 68.4% of
hyperplastic uteri stained positive with both ER- and PR. Papillary adenocarcinoma infiltrated the myometrium late
in the disease, with thinning of myometrium and 80.8% were both ER- and PR negative. Tubular/solid
adenocarcinoma invaded into the deep myometrium early in the disease and 93.8% were positive for ER- , PR, or
both, suggesting that there may be 2 different developmental pathways for uterine adenocarcinomas in the rabbit.

Multisystemic Abscesses in African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) with Invasive Klebsiella
pneumoniae—Identification of the Hypermucoviscosity Phenotype Vet Path 2008 Mar: Abscesses in abdomen,
lungs, cerebellum, and skin. Abdominal abscesses associated with adhesions entrapped loops of bowel, forming
palpable masses.

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid-like Malformation (CCCM) in a Cynomolgus Monkey Vet Path 2008 Mar:
CCCM is a rare fetal developmental abnormality of the lung chr by abnormal development of terminal respiratory
structures, resulting in an adenomatoid proliferation of bronchiolar elements and cyst formation

Clinicopathologic Features of a Systemic Coronavirus-Associated Disease Resembling Feline Infectious

Peritonitis in the Domestic Ferret Vet Path 2008 Mar: Grossly, whitish nodules on mesentery, lymph nodes,
visceral peritoneum, liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs. Microscopically, pyogranulomatous inflammation was seen.
IHC positive for coronavirus antigen using monoclonal antibody FIPV3-70. Two diseases caused by coronaviruses
have been described in ferrets: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE).
Wet form like in cats was not seen.

Fatal Coxiellosis in Swainson's Blue Mountain Rainbow Lorikeets Vet Path 2008 Mar: Clinical signs = head
pressing, hemiparesis, seizures, obtunded mentation. Grossly= hepatomegaly, splenomegaly; Histo= disseminated
microgranulomas in the liver, spleen, and brain, and lymphohistocytic perivascular encephalitis and cephalic
vasculitis. Bacteria were Gimenez and PAS positive.

Encephalitozoon cuniculi–Associated Placentitis and Perinatal Death in an Alpaca Vet Path 2008 Mar:
Placentitis, premature birth, and perinatal death were associated with Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in an
alpaca. Histologically, chorionic trophoblasts contained many Gram-positive, PAS positive spores. Chorionic
membrane had MF necrosis, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Placentitis also reported in squirrel monkey,
foxes and horse. Most species, E. cuniculi infections= nonsuppurative encephalitis, nephritis, vasculitis, pneumonia,
hepatitis, and placentitis

Characterization of a Biphasic Neoplasm in a Madagascar Tree Boa Vet Path 2008 Mar: Disseminated
biphasic neoplasm in a young Madagascar tree boa present composed of discrete neoplastic cells (pulmonary
capillaries and hepatic sinusoids) represented the leukemic phase and spindloid cells represented the sarcomatous
phase (hepatic and fat body nodules). A zone of transition of the neoplastic cells, from discrete to spindloid, was
noted along the periphery of the hepatic and fat body nodules. Ultrastructural examination elucidated similar nuclear
features in the discrete and spindloid neoplastic cells and revealed collagen fibers within the spindloid neoplastic
cells.

Ocular Albinism and Hypopigmentation Defects in Slc24a5–/– Mice Vet Path 2008 Mar: mice with a targeted
mutation in Slc24a5, a gene encoding a putative cation exchanger were constructed. Mice were viable, fertile, and
indistinguishable by coat color from their heterozygous and wild-type litter mates. Ophthalmoscopic examination
revealed diffuse retinal hypopigmentation, and a histologic examination of the eye confirmed the presence of
moderate-to-marked hypopigmentation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), ciliary body, and iris pigment
epithelium (IPE). Hypopigmentation was most severe in the anterior layer cells of the IPE, where melanosomes were
smaller, paler. Milder reductions in melanosome size and pigmentation were noted in neural crest–derived
melanocytes

May issue

The Fetal Brain in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-infected Calves: Lesions, Distribution, and Cellular
Heterogeneity of Viral Antigen at 190 Days Gestation Vet Path 2008 May: Brain is the primary target of
persistent infection (PI) with BVDV. Noncytopathic type 2 BVDV was inoculated intranasally in heifers at 75 and
175 days of gestation to create persistently and transiently infected fetuses. In only PI fetuses, encephaloclastic
lesions resulting in pseudocysts present in the subependymal zone, areas of rarefaction in white matter at the tips of
cerebrocortical gyri and in the external capsule. Viral labeling was most uniform in thalamus. Septum pellucidum
cavum closure was delayed in PI brain.

Experimental Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of Elk , White-tailed Deer and Mule Deer to
White-tailed Deer by Intracerebral Route Vet Path 2008 May: CWD is a transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE) or prion disease identified in captive and free-ranging cervids, namely mule deer, black-tailed
deer, white-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain elk and moose. Affected animals show accumulation of an abnormal,
disease-associated form of prion protein (PrPd) in tissues of the CNS and lymphatic system. Conclusion: 3 sources of
CWD prion (from elk, white tailed deer and mule deer) did not induce significant differences in time, signs and
lesions to clinical disease.

Aquaporin-4 in Acute Cerebral Edema Produced by Clostridium perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin Vet Path
2008 May: Lambs, with high circulating levels of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin develop severe
neurologic signs and microscopically there is microvascular endothelial injury and diffuse vasogenic edema. In rats
given epsilon toxin, generalized cerebral edema chr. by marked albumin extravasation; there was increased
expression o f AQP-4 in astrocytes, suggesting that AQP-4 plays in role in attempting to resolve edema by astrocyte
uptake

Experimental Reproduction of Severe Bluetongue in Sheep Vet Path 2008 May: Sheep inoculated with a
virulent South African strain of bluetongue (BT) virus serotype 4 developed lesions characteristic of fulminant
BT, including coronitis, hemorrhage and ulceration of the mucosal lining of the oral cavity and forestomaches,
hemorrhage in the wall of the pulmonary artery, and focally extensive necrosis of skeletal muscle, especially of the
neck, pulmonary edema, edema of the subcutaneous tissues and fascial planes of the head and neck, and pleural
and pericardial effusion of varying severity.

Regional Pulmonary Veno-occlusion Vet Path 2008 May: A Newly Identified Lesion of Equine Exercise-
induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Grossly, both right and left lungs had numerous dark brown to blue–black foci
along the caudodorsal visceral pleura. (Dorsocaudal lung fields) Only 14% had severe vascular remodeling,
fibrosis, and hemosiderin accumulation, hypertrophy of vessels within the pleura, and interlobular septa and
bronchial neovascularization. We propose that regional veno-occlusive remodeling contributes to the pathogenesis
of EIPH, with the venous remodeling leading to regional vascular congestion and hemorrhage, hemosiderin
accumulation, fibrosis, and bronchial angiogenesis.

Photodamage in Feline Skin Vet Path 2008 May: Clinical and Histomorphometric Analysis: A positive
correlation was obtained between age, degree of edema and sclerosis in the upper dermis, telangiectases,
squamatization of basal keratinocytes, and epidermis thickness and the degree of PD. The area occupied by adnexal
structures in the dermis diminished with increased PD. Dermal sclerosis and edema best separated the 3 groups.

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Five Chihuahua Dogs Vet Path 2008 May: Multifocal asymmetrical areas
of necrosis or collapse in both gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres was seen grossly in 4 brains.
Microscopically in all dogs, there was a severe, asymmetrical, intensely cellular, nonsuppurative
meningoencephalitis usually with cystic necrosis in subcortical white matter. There were no lesions in
the mesencephalon or metencephalon. Cells: CD3, CD11d, CD18, CD20, CD45, CD45 RA, and CD79a. In
fresh frozen lesions, both CD1b,c and CD11c

Noncongophilic Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis in a Cat Vet Path 2008 May: nephrotic syndrome, mild increase
in cholesterol, low total protein, severe hypoalbuminemia, and high proteinuria with a high protein-to-creatinine
ratio. histologic examination : interstitial nephritis and a diffuse glomerulonephritis, with multifocal thickening
of the Bowman’s capsule. Transmission electron microscopy showed widespread fibrillary deposits in the
glomerular basement membrane and in the mesangium. These fibrils ranged between 18 and 26 nm in diameter and
were Congo red negative, which allowed their differentiation from amyloid. Immunohistochemistry
demonstrated expression for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) within the mesangium.
Renal deposits of Congo red–negative amyloid-like fibrils have been described in humans, horses, monkeys, and
dogs

Cutaneous and Nasal Protothecosis in a Goa Vet Path 2008 May t: Dermatitis with prominent ulcerated nodules
up to 3 cm in diameter was observed in the muzzle at the mucocutaneous junctions of nasal and lip skin, and in the
border of the pinna. Histologic lesions were necrotizing pyogranulomatous dermatitis and rhinitis with myriads of
walled sporangia, characteristic of Prototheca wickerhamii.

Expression of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tropomyosin-related Kinase-B in a Bovine Jejunal

Nodular Ganglioneuroblastoma Vet Path 2008 May: histologic examination: the mass was composed of
clusters of neuroblasts and isolated ganglionic neurons in abundant neurophilic matrix that was surrounded
by scanty Schwannian stroma. On ultrastructure examination, the large ganglionic neuron-like cells had
unmyelinated neurites. Most ganglionic neuron-like tumor cells expressed neurofilament, neuron-specific
enolase, chromogranin A, and S-100, whereas the Schwann-cell–like stromal cells expressed S-100 and
vimentin. Both brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase-B (Trk-B) were
expressed in ganglionic neuron-like tumor cells, which suggested the activation or reactivation of an
embryonic autocrine BDNF/Trk-B pathway that could have prolonged cell survival and promoted differentiation
with neurite formation.

Primary Intimal Aortic Angiosarcoma in a Dog Vet Path 2008 May: Aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta was
associated with a friable, necrotic mass attached to the endothelial surface, which partially occluded the aortic
lumen. On histologic examination, plump neoplastic spindle cells formed a plaque-like mass arising from the intima
that merged with a large accumulation of fibrin and necrotic debris, and projected into the lumen.
Neoplastic cells invaded periaortic vessels and were seen in some infarct-associated thromboemboli. Tumor
cells expressed vimentin and CD31, with infrequent, patchy staining with factor VIII-related antigen; tumor cells
were negative for cytokeratin and smooth-muscle actin.

Nasal Acinic Cell Carcinoma in a Cat Vet Path 2008 May: acinic cell carcinoma arising from a minor salivary
gland of the nasal cavity. Acinic cell carcinoma is a rare tumor in veterinary medicine. The tumor is composed
mainly of cells resembling serous cells of salivary glands and originates from major or minor salivary glands.

An Outbreak of Fatal Herpesvirus Infection in Domestic Rabbits in Alaska Vet Path 2008 May: Clinical signs
included conjunctivitis and periocular swelling, ulcerative dermatitis, progressive weakness, anorexia,
respiratory distress, and abortion. Hemorrhagic dermatitis and panniculitis were associated with epidermal
microvesicular degeneration, dermal and subcutaneous vascular necrosis, and thrombosis. Eosinophilic
intranuclear inclusions consistent with herpesvirus were found within the epidermis and superficial follicular
epithelium and within mesenchymal cells within the dermis and subcutis. Syncytial cells containing viral
inclusions occurred within the epidermal and superficial follicular epithelium. Other findings were hemorrhagic
necrosis of the myocardium with rare intranuclear inclusions within stromal cells, multifocal pulmonary
hemorrhage, hemorrhage with sinus erythrophagocytosis in lymph nodes, and massive necrosis and fibrin
deposition within red pulp of the spleen.
Non-gestational Malignant Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor of the Ovary in a 4-Year-Old Rhesus Monkey
Vet Path 2008 May: The tumor was histologically identified as predominantly composed of intermediate
trophoblastic cells, without prominent hemorrhages and the classic bilaminar pattern of cyto- and
syncytiotrophoblastic cells characteristic of choriocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence
of placental lactogen hormone in many tumor cells and chorionic gonadotropin in a few multinucleated
cells consistent with syncytiotrophoblastic differentiation. Malignant trophoblastic tumors can be classified as
choriocarcinoma, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, or placental site trophoblastic tumor. These tumors usually
occur during or after gestation, but may also rarely develop from germ cells in the absence of
pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma, composed of bilaminar cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, can be found as a
component of a mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary, but pure nongestational choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare
neoplasm in humans. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor is made of intermediate trophoblastic cells resembling
those of chorion laeve, mimics carcinoma, and was initially thought to result from incomplete response of
choriocarcinoma to chemotherapy. Placental site trophoblastic tumor is derived from intermediatetrophoblastic cells
of the placental bed, and nongestational forms have been reported in the testis.

Ovarian Mucinous Cystadenoma with Smooth Muscle Proliferation in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca
fascicularis Vet Path 2008 May): various sizes of multilocular cystic glands lined by a single layer of mucin-filled
epithelium. Each of these cystic glands was surrounded by a large amount of solid fibrous stroma resembling
smooth muscle. positive for a- smooth muscle actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Ultrastructurally, the
glandular epithelium had numerous mucinous secretory granules and microvilli.

A Novel Immunohistochemical Marker of Normal and Neoplastic Melanocytes in Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-

embedded Tissues of Albino Rats Vet Path 2008 May: In conclusion, PNL2 is direct against a fixative- and
decalcific-resistant melanocyte-associated antigen, and has high specificity against normal andneoplastic
melanocytes of albino rats. In amelanotic melanoma, the tumor cells consisted of spindle cells with eosinophilic
cytoplasm without melanin granules. PNL2 consistently stained cytoplasm in all amelanotic melanoma cells. In
contrast, the nonmelanocytic tumor cells were not labeled.

Harderian Gland Neoplasms in Captive, Wild-caught Beechey Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi )
Vet Path 2008 May: The Harderian gland is a bilobed, tubuloalveolar accessory lacrimal gland, found in many
vertebrate groups such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including various species of laboratory
rodents. The gland is located within the medial part of the orbit, and it secretes onto the surface of the nictitating
membrane.1 The mammalian Harderian gland secretion is primarily composed of lipids; however, in rodents,
the gland also produces porphyrins and inoleamines. The Beechey ground squirrel (Spermophilus
beecheyi) has been studied as a model of humanhepatitis B virus (HBV) infection because of the
occurrence of a natural infection with ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV), a member of the hepadnavirus
family along with HBV and wood- chuck hepatitis virus.

Amyloidosis in Black-footed Cats (Felis nigripes) Vet Path 2008 May: systemic amyloidosis. amyloidosis was
the most common cause of death. Amyloid deposition was most severe in the renal medullary interstitium and
glomeruli. splenic follicular germinal centers , gastric lamina propria (9/23, 39%), andintestinal lamina propria ,
strong immunoreactivity for canine AA protein (Non-inflammatory/ Idiopathic).

Feather-picking Psittacines: Histopathology and Species Trends Vet Path 2008 May: Inflammatory skin
disease was diagnosed in 210 birds, and traumatic skin disease was diagnosed in 198 birds. The inflammatory cells
associated with the lesions were typically lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells, histiocytes, and
granulocytes. The pattern and the cellular constitu- ents of the inflammation are most suggestive of cutaneous
delayed type hypersensitivity.

Trophoblast-like Cells in the Tissues of Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) Vet Path 2008 May: Microscopic
examinations revealed the presence of giant epitheloid cells in various tissues (adrenal glands, spleen, liver, and
lungs) of 4 (11%) female animals. These giant cells were approximately 20 times the size of the surrounding cells of
the parenchyma. The cells were found singly and were not associated with any inflammatory cellular infiltrate and
appeared to be located within vascular lumina. Morphologically these cells were typical of uterine epitheloid
trophoblasts.

Neuronal Migration Defect: A Case of Subcortical Heterotopia in a California Sea Lion Vet Path 2008 May:
right cerebral hemispheric white matter was expanded by numerous irregularly shaped, pale pink nodules up to
10 mm in diameter. The overlying cortex was characterized by increased numbers of small, poorly
developed gyri with shallow, often indistinct, sulci (polymicrogyria). Microscopically, nodules were
composed of neurons, oligodendroglia, microglia, and supporting neuropil and were well delineated from the
surrounding white matter. The gross, histological, and Immunohistochemical features of this lesion are
consistent with a neuronal migration defect resulting inunilateral subcortical heterotopia.

Characterization of Melamine-containing and Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Three Dogs with Suspected Pet
Food–induced Nephrotoxicosis Vet Path 2008 May: Histomorphologic findings in each case included acute,
marked tubular degeneration and necrosis with many intratubular birefringent crystals, and lymphoplasmacytic
interstitial nephritis. most of the crystals were rough, pale brown, and stained with ORO72h but did not stain
with Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1–4.3) or Von Kossa stains; these features wereconsistent with a plastic or lipid. A
second crystal type identified in each case was smooth and platelike with staining characteristics and IR
spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results consistent with calcium oxalate crystals. Melamine-containing crystals
have distinct light microscopic, histochemical, and SEM/ EDXA characteristics that facilitate their identification in
tissue.

Cytochrome b5 Expression in Gonadectomy-induced Adrenocortical Neoplasms of the Domestic Ferret

(Mustela putorius furo). Vet Pathol 45:439–442 (2008) July. Normal adrenocortical cells lacked cyt b5,
which may account for the low production of adrenal androgens in healthy ferrets. Other markers characteristic
of gonadal somatic cells, such as luteinizing hormone receptor, aromatase, and GATA4, were coexpressed with cyt
b5 in some of the tumors. We concluded that cyt b5 is upregulated during gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical
neoplasia.

A Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Review of Archived UK Caprine Scrapie Cases. Vet Pathol
45:443–454 (2008). The vacuolar change observed in the goats was characteristic of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies in general. PrP Sc immunohistochemical morphologic forms described in scrapie and experimental
BSE infections of sheep were demonstrable in the goats, but these were generally more extensive and variable in PrP
Sc accumulation. None of the cases examined showed a PrP Sc immunohistochemical pattern indicative of BSE.

Complementary Distributions of Amyloid-b and Neprilysin in the Brains of Dogs and Cats. Vet Pathol
45:455–466 (2008). Neprilysin is an amyloid-b-degrading enzyme. The distribution of neprilysin was almost
identical in dogs and cats, being high in the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, but very low in the
cerebral cortex. The white matter and hippocampus were negative. In both species, amyloid-b deposition appeared
in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus.

End-Stage Kidney Disease Probably due to Reflux Nephropathy with Segmental Hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark
Kidney) in Young Boxer Dogs in Norway. A Retrospective Study. Vet Pathol 45:467–474 (2008). Morphologic
signs of abnormal metanephric differentiation (renal dysplasia) were observed in all cases in the form of atypical
tubules or asynchronous nephronic development (immature glomeruli) orboth. However, other morphologic primary
dysplastic features were absent. Based on the morphologic features, it is concluded that the end-stage kidney disease
in these young Boxer dogs was the result of chronic atrophic nonobstructive pyelonephritis, most probably
caused by vesico-ureteral reflux, compatible with reflux nephropathy causing segmental hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark
kidney) in man. It is proposed that atypical tubular epithelium in the form of adenomatoid proliferation of collecting
ductepithelial cells should be considered an acquired compensatory lesion, rather than the result of
disorganized metanephric development.

Hyalinizing Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Six Dogs. Vet Pathol 45:475–483 (2008). On microscopic
examination, neoplasms were composed of tubules and acini of epithelial cells, with bright eosinophilic granular
apical cytoplasm. Tubular lumina and tumor stroma contained abundant hyaline material that resembled amyloid.
The hyaline material was not congophilic, and tumor cells and hyaline material were immunohistochemically
negative for amyloid A, immunoglobulin light chains (k and l), amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide), laminin, and
a1-antitrypsin.

Immunohistochemical Characterization of a Pulmonary Large-Cell Carcinoma in a Dog. Vet Pathol 45:484–

488 (2008). Histologically, pulmonary alveolar spaces contained clusters of large round anaplastic cells with ample
eosinophilic cytoplasm and large irregularly shaped nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry was
used to distinguish large-cell carcinoma from malignant pulmonary histiocytosis. Tumor cells had strong
immunoreactivity for cytokeratin, consistent with epithelial origin. The type II alveolar epithelial cell was
considered the cell of origin of the neoplasm based on the presence of lamellar bodies in some neoplastic cells and
immunoreactivity for surfactant protein A and thyroid transcription factor-1.

Renal Collecting Duct Carcinoma in a Dog. Vet Pathol 45:489–494 (2008). Histologically, the renal mass and
the other nodules were mainly composed of papillotubular structures lined by oval-to-polygonal pleomorphic
cells. The cells were reactive with DBA, PNA, and UEA-1 lectins and positive for vimentin but negative for CD10
and high molecular weight cytokeratin.. Human RCCs are classified as clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, and
collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) based on histopathologic and molecular biologic prop- erties. Oncocytoma, a
benign neoplasm derived from thecollecting duct, is also described. Among renal tumors, CDC is the most
aggressive.

Metritis, Valvular Endocarditis, and Septicemia by Actinobacillus equuli in a Gilt in the United States. Vet
Pathol 45:495–499 (2008). Gross findings included metritis, splenomegaly, and valvular endocarditis. Bacterial
endocarditis (in the mitral and tricuspid valves) and metritis with dissemination to multiple organs was
diagnosed by using histologic examination. Gram-negative coccobacillary organisms present in the valvular lesions
were characterized as Actinobacillus equuli.

Intracardiac Ectopic Thyroid Carcinosarcoma in a Dog. Vet Pathol 45:500–504 (2008). Histopathologic
diagnosis was an ectopic thyroid carcinosarcoma based on the presence of 3 distinct neoplastic tissue types.
Intermixed within the tumor were neoplastic thyroid follicles containing colloid and solid nests of thyroid
follicular epithelial cells, vascular channels and clefts filled with blood and lined by neoplastic endothelium,
and osteoid surrounded by spindle cells and often rimmed by large multinucleated cells.
Immunohistochemical reaction for thyroglobulin was positive in the tumor cells forming the colloid-filled follicles
and solid nests of epithelial cells. Neoplastic endothelium was positive for factor VIII–related antigen.
Skin Morphology of Thyroidectomized Rats. Vet Pathol 45:505–511 (2008). Histologically, all ofthe rats in the
TD group exhibited epidermal thinning from 12 weeks after surgery. Many hair follicles were in the telogen
phase: the bulbs and papillae were involuted and had migrated towards the epidermis. Hair follicle atrophy
involving thinning of the outer root sheath and the inner root sheath was often observed. The immunoreactivities of
antithyroid hormone receptors a and b in the outer root sheaths of 5 of the TD rats were weaker than those of control
rats.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Endometrial Hyperplasia in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
Vet Pathol 45:512–515 (2008). On postmortem examination, the uterus was moderately enlarged, with an
eccentric lumen and a broad-based endometrial polyp that consisted of complex glandular hyperplasia with atypia.
Both ovaries contained many 2- to 3-mm follicles, without any corpora lutea. A diagnosis of polycystic ovary
syndrome. hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia. This syndrome is commonly associated with insulin resistance
and associ- ated hyperinsulinemia, luteinizing hormone (LH) hypersecretion, abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes
mellitus, atherosclerosis, and endometrial carcinoma.

Quantitative Analysis of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Epidemic in The Netherlands. Vet Pathol 45:516–530
(2008). The most frequent lesions in PDV cases were bronchopneumonia, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, and
interstitial emphysema. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from lungs in two thirds of the PDV cases. brain
should be included among the tissues tested for PDV by RT-PCR.

Neuropathologic Findings in an Aged Albino Gorilla. Vet Pathol 45:531–537 (2008). numerous corpora
amylacea in some brain areas, especially the substantia nigra, and large numbers of axonal spheroids associated
with iron accumulation in the internal globus pallidus. Sequencing of the gorilla PANK2 gene failed to
detect any mutation. The clinical, neuropathologic, and genetic findings in this gorilla point to an age-
related pallido-nigral degeneration that presented with pantothenate kinase 2 gene (PKAN)-like neurologic
deficits.

Cutaneous Pythiosis in a Nestling White-faced Ibis. Vet Pathol 45:538–541 (2008). multifocal skin ulceration.
cutaneous infection by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. The microscopic features of the disease, including
intense, necrotizing eosinophilic and granulomatous inflammation, are similar to those previously described in
mammals. oomycete hyphae that are blunt to sinuous, pauciseptate, and range from 3 to 7 mm in diameter.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Murrah Buffalos. Vet Pathol 45:542–545 (2008). At necropsy, lesions were
consistent with congestive heart failure as indicated by dependent subcutaneous edema, body cavity effusions,
and nutmeg liver. The lungs were extensively atelectatic. The heart was enlarged and had a globous shape. The
ductus arteriosus, measuring 0.8 cm in length and 0.4 cm in caliber, was patent. The proximal pulmonary artery had
an approximately 50-mm- long aneurysm. Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy was evident primarily in the right but to a
lesser degree also in the left ventricle. Additionally, there was diffuse subendocardial fibrosis in the left and right
ventricle. Possibly hereditary.

Severe Scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) Infection in a Population of Sea Dragons (Phycodurus eques
and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus). Vet Pathol 45:546–550 (2008). Macroscopic lesions were confined to the skin
with multiple, often hemorrhagic, ulcerations. Histologically, epidermal ulcers were associated with necrosis and
inflammation of the underlying dermis and musculature. Numerous ciliates, with a morphology consistent with
scuticociliates, were present in these lesions. In several animals these ciliates had invaded blood vessels and were
detected in gills and internal organs including kidney, thyroid gland, and central nervous system (CNS).
Pathology of Experimental SARS Coronavirus Infection in Cats and Ferrets. Vet Pathol 45:551–562 (2008).
All infected cats and ferrets had diffuse alveolar damage associated with SARS-CoV antigen expression. SARS-
CoV antigen expression occurred mainly in type I and II pneumocytes and serous cells of tracheo-bronchial
submucosal glands of cats and in type II
pneumocytes of ferrets. ACE2 expression occurred mainly in type I and II pneumocytes, tracheo-bronchial goblet
cells, serous epithelial cells of tracheo-bronchial submucosal glands in cats, and type II pneumocytes and serous
epithelial cells of tracheo-bronchial submucosal glands in ferrets. syncytia and hyaline membranes were not
observed.

Review Paper: Preclinical Models of Psoriasis. Vet Pathol 45:563–575 (2008). focal to coalescing raised
cutaneous plaques with consistent scaling and variable erythema. the underlying mechanisms involve a complex
interplay between epidermal keratinocytes, T lymphocytes as well as other leukocytes (including dendritic cells and
other antigen presenting cells [APCs]), and vascular endothelium..
Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Nipah Virus Infection in the Guinea Pig. Vet
Pathol 45:576–585 (2008). Humans infected with NiV show a widespread multisystemic vasculitis with most
severe clinical and pathologic manifestations in the brain, lungs, and spleen. A unifying feature of the damage for
all affected tissues was necrosis and macrophagic inflammation of the vasculature, chiefly in arterioles, capillaries,
and venules. Inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with NiV produces a disease with considerable
resemblance to the disease in humans, but with reduced pulmonary involvement and marked infection of urinary
bladder and the female reproductive tract.

Pancreatic Metaplasia in the Gastro-achlorhydria in WTC-dfk Rat, a Potassium Channel Kcnq1 Mutant.
Vet Pathol 45:586–591 (2008). The WTC–deafness Kyoto (dfk) rat is a new mutant characterized by deafness and
abnormal, imbalanced behavior. The most characteristic pathologic feature in the stomach was the appearance of
hypertrophic gastric glands in the stomach body. The hypertrophic cells had many eosinophilic granules in their
cytoplasm, and these granules were stained red with Azan stain; stained positively for trypsinogen, amylase, and
chymotrypsin; and did not stain positively for pepsinogen when using immunohistochemical analysis. These
staining results suggested a metaplasia toward a pancreatic acinar cells. The parietal cells in WTC-dfk rats were
negative for KCNQ1 immunohistochemical analysis. These findings indicate that a deficiency in rat Kcnq1
provokes an abnormal proliferation and differentiation of gastric glandular cells. KCNQ1 plays an important role in
K+ homeostasis.

Diagnostic Exercise: Papulovesicular Dermatitis in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol 45:592–
594 (2008). Eleven rhesus monkeys developed multifocal erythematous and a vesicular rash. Findings were of
vesicular dermatitis and widespread multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis of the lungs and other viscera, with
intralesional intranuclear inclusions. Simian varicella virus was identified as the cause by polymerase chain reaction
analysis and serologic testing.

Feline Systemic Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis: Eight Cases and Literature Review. Vet Pathol 42:608–617
(2005). Microscopic examination revealed occlusive, intraluminal proliferations of spindle cells within small
vessels. The heart was consistently involved, and myocardial dysfunction was the probable cause of illness in all
cats. Immunohistochemically, the majority of intravascular cells expressed von Willebrand factor, and a smaller
number expressed smooth muscle actin, compatible with a dual population of endothelial cells and pericytes. The
histopathology resembles reactive angioendotheliomatosis in humans, a benign cutaneous intravascular endothelial
and pericytic proliferative condition.

Cervical, Mandibular, and Parotid Lymph Nodes of Dogs Naturally Infected with
Leishmania infantum: A Histopathologic and Immunohistochemistry Study and Its
Correlation with Facial Skin Lesions. Vet Pathol 45:613–616 (2008). Dogs with facial skin lesions showed a
higher parasite load in parotid lymph nodes than dogs without lesions of the facial skin. parasite load in parotid and
cervical nodes was correlated with that of skin of the nose and pinna, as was the parasite load in mandibular lymph
nodes and skin of the external nose. We demonstrated a logical involvement of the lymphatic vessels and their
specific anatomic draining sites.

Arterial Calcification in Race Horses. Vet Pathol 45:617–625 (2008). On microscopic examination, elastic
fibers within the tunica media were thinned, fragmented, and calcified, and surrounded by dense collagen matrix.
Elemental analysis showed distinct peaks for calcium and phosphorus, consistent with hydroxyapatite mineral. The
frequent occurrence of calcification in the tunica media of large pulmonary arteries of young racing horses indicates
the need to investigate its pathogenesis and potential clinical implications.

Neuropathology of Italian Cats in Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance. Vet Pathol 45:626–633
(2008). neoplasia (21.8%), toxic-metabolic encephalopathy (18.2%), granulomatous encephalitis (15.5%),
suppurative encephalitis (4.6%), trauma (3.6%), circulatory disorders (3.6%), degeneration (2.7%), nonsuppurative
encephalitis (2.7%), and neuromuscular diseases (1.8%). No histologic lesions were found in 20% of the brains, and
samples from 5.5% of the cats were rejected as unsuitable.

Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) in Four Calves. Vet
Pathol 45:634–639 (2008). Myocardial hypoxic-ischemic injury results in cardiac dysfunction, failure, and
eventually in patient death. Gross necropsy lesions suggestive of heart failure included cardiomegaly with atrial and
ventricular dilation and/or ventricular hypertrophy, and hepatomegaly. Histopathologic changes in the heart
included cardiomyocyte degeneration; mineralization; and fiber loss, with replacement by fibrous connective tissue,
predominantly in the left ventricular papillary muscle and the interventricular septum. Changes observed in the liver
and lungs, including hepatomegaly, sinusoidal congestion, centrilobular fibrosis, and pulmonary congestion, edema,
and intra-alveolar pigment-laden macrophages were consistent with heart failure.

Porcine Circovirus 2 Inclusion Bodies in Pulmonary and Renal Epithelial Cells. Vet Pathol 45:640–644
(2008). The most common lesions of PMWS are lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous lymphadenitis, interstitial
pneumonia and interstitial nephritis, with intracytoplasmic amphophilic botryoid inclusion bodies in macrophages.
Intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies were observed in bronchial, bronchial glandular, and renal tubular
epithelium of several pigs from 4 different farms in Western and Eastern Canada.

Systemic Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis-like Syndrome in a Steer Presumed to be

Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Vet Pathol 45:645–649 (2008). Proliferations of
spindle cells partially-to-completely occluded vessel lumens and were supported by cells that were
immunohistochemically positive for smooth muscle actin. Similar to those described in feline systemic reactive
angioendotheliomatosis. The presence of occasional intravascular thrombi immunohistochemical similarities to
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura of humans. Death of the steer was due to hemorrhage from a castration
wound, which may indicate thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction.

Cervical Spinal Chordoma with Chondromatous Component in a Dog. Vet Pathol 45:650–653 (2008). A
necropsy revealed a semitranslucent solid mass infiltrating dorsal and ventral dura mater and the spinal cord.
Histologic examination revealed a lobulated pleomorphic mass, mainly resembling undifferentiated cartilage
interspersed by spindle-shaped and polygonal cells with highly vacuolated cytoplasm (physaliphorous cells).
Immunohistochemistry of the tumor cells demonstrated dual expression of vimentin and cytokeratin. Based on the
histologic and immunohistochemical results, the diagnosis of a chordoma with chondromatous component was
made.

Laboratory Findings, Histopathology, and Immunophenotype of Lymphoma in Domestic Ferrets. Vet Pathol
45:663–673 (2008). Tumors involved the viscera of the abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity; the skin; or the viscera.
Microscopically, all tumors had diffuse architecture. Diffuse T-cell lymphoma > anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma
>, anaplastic large B-cell lymphoma > diffuse large B-cell lymphoma > and Hodgkin-like lymphoma. frequently
associated with anemia and, in some cases, may be chemosensitive, resulting in relatively long survival times.

Spontaneous Tumors in Domestic Hamsters. Vet Pathol 45:674–680 (2008). In the Djungarian hamsters, almost
all tumors were integumental, whereas hematopoietic tumors were the most common type in the Syrian hamsters.
The most common integumental tumors in the Djungarian hamsters were mammary tumors, atypical fibromas and
papillomas. In the Syrian hamsters, plasmacytomas and lymphomas were the most common tumors.
Malignant Amelanotic Melanoma Behind the Left Eye in a Female Crj:CD(SD)IGS Rat:
A Case Report. Vet Pathol 45:681–684 (2008). spindle-shaped, epithelioid, anaplastic melanoma cells, and had
prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei with a greater variation in size. Immunohistochemically, almost all of
the tumor cells were positive for antimelanoma, PNL2 antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were rich in small
vesicles containing fine granules and filamentous structures. This is the first report describing an amelanotic
melanoma in the head of an albino rat.

Naturally Occurring Multiple Perineuriomas in a Chicken (Gallus domesticus). Vet Pathol 45:685–689
(2008). Nerves of the lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, and spinal ganglia. Diffuse proliferations of spindle
cells with characteristic onion bulb–like structures around residual axons. The spindle cells were
immunohistochemically positive for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and negative for S-100 a/b protein. Neoplasms
that originate from the perineurium (perineuriomas) are classified into 2 types, intraneural perineurioma and
extraneural/soft tissue perineurioma. Schwannomas consist of tumors composed of Schwann cells that are arranged
in streams of elongated spindle cells. Neurofibromas are characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts or perineurial
cells in addition to Schwann cells.

Ganglioneuroma of the Brachial Plexus in Two Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Vet Pathol 45:690–692
(2008). Ganglioneuroma involving the brachial plexus, paraspinal ganglia, and cervical-thoracic spinal cord.
unilateral, firm, gelatinous white to tan multilobular mass at the thoracic inlet expanding and partially obliterating
the brachial plexus and cervical spinal cord. Histologically, the masses were characterized by a locally infiltrative
neoplasm comprised of spindyloid cells forming streams and sheets with interspersed distinct neuron cell bodies
consistent with ganglion cells. Ganglioneuromas are composed of both mature ganglion cells and nerve fascicles
with axons, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and other connective tissue elements.

Oviduct Adenocarcinoma in Some Species of Captive Snakes. Vet Pathol 45:693–697 (2008). Microscopically,
neoplasms were papillary, and often extended transmurally. The neoplastic cells were polygonal and organized in
acini or cords, with often abundant fibrovascular stroma. Hemorrhages and necrosis were present in all cases.
Inflammation, myxomatous material, desmoplasia, and bacteria were often observed. Histologic
evidence of metastasis was present in all cases.

REVIEW Paper: Pathophysiology of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: The Role of Genetically Engineered
Mouse Models. Vet Pathol 45:698–706 (2008). MI-R injury is characterized by the formation of oxygen radicals
upon reintroduction of molecular oxygen to the ischemic tissue, resulting in widespread lipid and protein oxidative
modifications, mitochondrial injury, and cell death. In addition, studies have shown that MI-R is characterized by an
inappropriate immune response in the microcirculation, resulting in leukocyteendothelial cell interactions mediated
by the upregulation of both leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, MI-R ameliorates the
production of certain cardioprotective factors such as nitric oxide.

REVIEW Paper: Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome. Vet Pathol 45:710–722 (2008). An epidemic of early
fetal loss (EFL), late fetal loss (LFL), fibrinous pericarditis, and unilateral uveitis. Nonhemolytic Streptococcus spp.
and Actinobacillus spp. accounted for 65% of the organisms isolated from fetuses submitted. The pathologic
findings in fetoplacental units of LFL included bronchopneumonia and funisitis, and there were no findings in EFL.
Currently, 2 hypotheses are proposed for MRLS. One hypothesis proposes that an ETC-related toxin with secondary
opportunistic bacterial invasion of the fetus leads to MRLS. The second hypothesis suggests that a breach of
gastrointestinal mucosal integrity by hairs of ETC leads to a bacteremia and results in MRLS.

Plasticity of Cloned Canine Mammary Spindle Cell Tumor, Osteosarcoma and Carcinoma Cells. Vet Pathol
45:803–815 (2008). Our results point to plasticity in canine mammary tumors, as shown both by morphologic
criteria and by expression patterns for lineage specific markers.

Feline Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis with Multiorgan Involvement. Vet Pathol 45:816–824 (2008).
Macroscopically, extensive, multifocal to confluent, pulmonary masses were evident. Infiltration of pancreas (2
cats), kidneys (1 cat), liver (1 cat), as well as tracheobronchial, hepatosplenic, or mesenteric lymph nodes (2 cats)
was observed by gross or microscopic examination. The infiltrating cells had histiocytic morphology with cytologic
atypia characterized by anisokaryosis and hyperchromasia. Lesional histiocytes expressed vimentin, CD18, and E-
cadherin. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated intracytoplasmic organelles consistent with Birbeck’s
granules of Langerhans cells in the lesional histiocytes.

Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Equine Tumors. Vet Pathol 45:825–828 (2008). COX-2 was expressed in 2 of
14 sarcoids, 7 of 11 melanomas, and 32 of 37 SCC, 56% of which demonstrated moderate-to-strong
immunoreactivity. There were no differences in expression between anatomic sites. In conclusion, most equine SCC
and many melanomas appear to express COX-2 and thus could respond to COX-2 inhibitor therapy.

REVIEW PAPER: Modulation of Mononuclear Phagocyte Function by Mycobacterium avium subsp.

Paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 45:829–841 (2008). Organism’s capacity to prevent macrophage activation, block
phagosome acidification and maturation, and attenuate presentation of antigens to the immune system. MAP
initially interacts with cell membrane receptors on bovine mononuclear phagocytes and initiates cell signaling
responses and phagocytosis. Mannosylated liparabinomannan (Man-LAM) is a major component of the MAP cell
wall that interacts with the cell membrane of mononuclear phagocytes and may be a major virulence factor. Toll-like
receptor 2 (TLR2) has been incriminated as major signaling receptor that binds to MAP and initiates signaling
though the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–p38 pathway. This pathway induces transcription of
interleukin (IL)-10. Early production of IL-10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, IL-12, and major
histocompatability factor class-II expression. Both IL-10 dependent and IL-10 independent mechanisms appear to be
involved in attenuation of phagosome acidification and phagolysosome fusion. Therefore, MAP Man-LAM-induced
TLR2-MAPK-p38 signaling with resultant excessive IL-10 expression has emerged as one of the mechanisms by
which MAP organisms suppress inflammatory, immune, and antimicrobial responses and promote their survival
within host mononuclear phagocytes.

Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Prenatal Porcine Circovirus 2

Infection and Postnatal Porcine Parvovirus Infection or Immunostimulation. Vet Pathol 45:842–848 (2008).
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was reproduced in prenatally porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-
infected pigs by either postnatal infection with porcine parvovirus (PPV) or by immunostimulation. Prenatal
infection Plus Postnatal PArvo or immunostimulation or any Post natal PCV-2 infection. But not PCV-2 in utero
with no subsequent infection or immunostimulation.

A Pregnant Mouse Model for Bovine Tritrichomonas foetus Infection. Vet Pathol 45:849–864 (2008). Lesions
in pregnant and nonpregnant infected mice, including suppurative and eosinophilic vaginitis; cervicitis; endometritis
with distension of the uterine lumen; endometrial ulceration; and glandular ectasia, with neutrophils in the glandular
lumen and loss of gland epithelium, were similar to those in cattle. The decidua and placenta were multifocally
necrotic. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated trichomonads in vaginal folds and uterine glands, and adjacent to
fetal tissues.

REVIEW PAPER: A Review of the Pathology of Abnormal Placentae of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Clone Pregnancies in Cattle, Sheep, and Mice. Vet Pathol 45:865–880 (2008). the probability of a successful
and complete pregnancy is less than 5%. Failures of SCNT pregnancy are associated with placental
abnormalities, such as placentomegaly, reduced vascularisation, hypoplasia of trophoblastic epithelium, and
altered basement membrane. evidence implicates aberrant reprogramming of donor nuclei by the recipient oocyte
cytoplast, resulting in epigenetic modifications of key regulatory genes essential for normal placental development.

Staphylococcus-associated Abortions in Ewes with Long-term Central Venous Catheterization. Vet Pathol
45:881–888 (2008). Histologically, suppurative placentitis with necrosis and pulmonary aspiration of meconium
and amniotic debris often with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in abortuses.

Survival of Dogs Following Surgical Excision of Histologically Well-differentiated Melanocytic Neoplasms of

the Mucous Membranes of the Lips and Oral Cavity. Vet Pathol 45:889–896 (2008). Results of this study
indicate that a favorable clinical course and prolonged survival can be expected in most dogs with histologically
well-differentiated melanocytic neoplasms of the mucous membranes of the lips and oral cavity, with only local
excision of the lesions and no adjunct therapy.

Cutaneous Rhabdoid Tumor in a Cat. Vet Pathol 45:897–900 (2008). Rhabdoid tumor is a highly aggressive
neoplasm of unknown cellular origin in humans, usually occurring in the kidney and central nervous system of
infants or children. A subcutaneous mass in a 13-year-old male mixed-breed cat was composed of nests or
sheets of round to polygonal cells with glassy eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. Immunohistochemically,
many neoplastic cells expressed vimentin, localized to the cytoplasmic inclusions, whereas the cytoplasm of some
neoplastic cells was diffusely positive for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament, or S-100 protein. By
electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic inclusions were found to be composed of aggregates of intermediate
filaments.

Generalized Nodular Dermatofibrosis in the Absence of Renal Neoplasia in an Australian Cattle Dog. Vet
Pathol 45:901–904 (2008). At gross necropsy, innumerable, firm, round to oval, white, 0.25 to 2 cm masses were
detected throughout the subcutaneous tissues of the axial and appendicular skeleton, epimysium of
numerous muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the lateral abdominal body wall. The left kidney was approximately
half the size of the right, and there was severe bilateral renal medullary (papillary) necrosis. Histologically,
the subcutaneous nodules were well-demarcated masses of mature, hypocellular collagen that were consistent with
previous reports of nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas. In addition to diffuse
acute medullary necrosis, both kidneys were affected by severe chronic lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis.

Prostatic Squamous Metaplasia in a Cat with Interstitial Cell Neoplasia in a Retained Testis. Vet Pathol
45:905–909 (2008). During a celiotomy and prepubic urethrostomy, a retained testis, stenosed urethra, and
irregularly enlarged prostate were observed. Histopathologic diagnosis was retained testis with a well-differentiated
interstitial cell tumor, a poorly differentiated interstitial cell tumor, and marked squamous metaplasia of the
prostatic epithelium with suppurative prostatitis. Neoplastic interstitial cells were immunoreactive for Melan
A, consistent with reports of Melan A expression in steroid hormone-producing tissue.

Cerebellar Ependymal Cyst in a Dog. Vet Pathol 45:910–913 (2008). Histologically, the lesion was
characterized by extensive loss of cerebellar tissue in both hemispheres and vermis. Toward the surface of the
cerebellar defect, the cavity was confined by ruptured and folded membranes consisting of a layer of glial fibrillary
acidic (GFAP)-positive glial cells covered multifocally by epithelial cells. Some of these cells bore apical cilia
and were cytokeratin and GFAP negative, supporting their ependymal origin. The histopathologic features of
our case are consistent with the diagnosis of an ependymal cyst. Its glial and ependymal nature as demonstrated
by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination differs from arachnoid cysts, which have also been
reported in dogs.

Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus Type 1-associated B-cell Nasal Lymphoma in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques.
Vet Pathol 45:914–921 (2008). Rhesus LCV (rhLCV), the rhesus viral homolog of EBV, has been cloned and is
associated with B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed rhesus macaques. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a
worldwide endemic gamma herpesvirus of the genusLymphocryptovirus (LCV). These tumors demonstrate
comparable viral athogenesis with EBV-induced nasal lymphomas in HIV-positive people.

Biphasic Malignant Testicular Sex Cord–Stromal Tumor in a Cotton-top Tamarin Saguinus oedipus) with
Review of the Literature. Vet Pathol 45:922–927 (2008). biphasic sex cord–stromal tumor, with one region
resembling Sertoli- cell tumor and one region resembling granulosa-cell tumor, with extensive microfollicular
pattern and many Call-Exner bodies. Metastases to abdominal displaced organs, was highly infiltrative, and
extended into the paravertebral musculature with lysis of vertebral bone lymph node and lung were also resent.
Histologic examination of the abdominal tumor showed multifocal formation of Call-Exner bodies in an otherwise
highly dedifferentiated population. Positive immunolabeling for alpha inhibin confirmed the sex cord–stromal origin
of the abdominal and paravertebral tumor masses. This case has similarities to malignant testicular granulosa-cell
tumor of humans.

Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Studies of Newcastle Disease (ND) in Broiler Chickens Vaccinated with
ND: Severe Nonpurulent Encephalitis and Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Vet Pathol 45:928–933 (2008).
Macroscopically, bursal atrophy, white spots on the pancreas, and discoloration and enlargement of kidneys and
spleen were observed in the broilers. Histologically, perivascular cuffing, neuronal degeneration and necrosis,
and glial proliferation were present in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. There was
extensive rarefaction and malacia in the parenchyma of severely affected brains. There were extensive
degeneration, necrosis, and depletion of acinar cells in the pancreas. ND virus isolated from the present cases did
not cause encephalitis or pancreatitis in specific-pathogen- free chickens, but it induced mortality with hepatocytic
sinusoidal thrombi, splenic necrosis, lymphoid necrosis and depletion, and conjunctival hemorrhage. (Vaccine
attenuated the infection making it not as lethal and altering the tropism.)

Anaplastic Astrocytoma in the Spinal Cord of an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). Vet Pathol
45:934–938 (2008). A diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma was confirmed using immunohistochemical stains that
were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100. pleomorphic polygonal to spindle shaped cells,
mineralization, and necrosis.

Unexpected Preferential Brain Metastases with a Human Breast Tumor Cell Line MDA-MB-231 in BALB/c
Nude Mice. Vet Pathol 45:941–944 (2008). We report a study in which injection of MDA-MB-231 cell line led to
brain rather than bone metastasis. Unexpected alterations in biological behavior are an important confounding
variable in the use of tumor cell lines, and the occurrence and cause of such variants is poorly documented.

Obstructive Protein Cast Nephropathy in Cynomolgus Monkeys Treated with Small Organic Molecules. Vet
Pathol 45:945–948 (2008). Species specific- nephropathy developed when treated with different therapeutic
candidates having a common carboxylic acid moiety. Light microscopic changes consisted of intratubular cast
formation, tubular dilatation, interstitial inflammation, and expansion of the medullary interstitium. Tubular
cast material was identified as Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and, on ultrastructure, crystalloid material was
present in vacuoles of tubular epithelium. It is hypothesized that microcrystal formation in the urinary tubular spaces
induces aggregation of THP protein and cast formation in monkeys.

Diagnostic Exercise: Astrocytoma with Involvement of Medulla Oblongata, Spinal Cord, and Spinal Nerves
in a Raccoon (Procyon lotor). Vet Pathol 45:949–951 (2008). astrocytoma that involved medulla, cervical spinal
cord, and roots of the cervical spinal nerves. Microscopically, the neoplastic cells revealed some pleomorphism
but generally had fusiform morphology and showed moderate numbers of mitotic figures. Glial fibrillary acidic
protein was demonstrated within the neoplastic cells by immunohistochemistry.