HORMONES

Hormones are the chemical integrators of a multicellular

existence, coordinating activities from daily maintenance to
reproduction and development. The neurotransmitters released
by axons are one class of chemical communicators that act on
an adjacent cell, usually a muscle cell or another neuron.
Hormones are a mostly distinct class of chemical
communicators secreted by nerves, ordinary tissue, or special
glands; they act on cells far removed from the site of their
release. They can be proteins, single polypeptides, amines, or
steroids or other lipids. Hormones travel to their place of action
via the circulatory system and then match their particular
configuration with a specific receptor molecule attached to a
cell membrane or, more usually, located within the cell.
HORMONES IN ANIMALS

1. The endocrine system consists of a number of endocrine

glands which secrete chemicals known as hormones.
2. Endocrine system helps in coordinating the activities of our
body in addition to nervous system.

3. The hormones produced by endocrine glands act as

messengers between the nervous system and the organs of our
body.

Features of hormones
1. They are secreted by ductless glands called endocrine
glands.
2. They are poured directly into the blood.
3. They are secreted in small amounts by the endocrine glands
4. The hormones have their effect at the site different from the
sites where they are made.
5. They act on specific tissues or organs called target tissues or
organs.
6. They are known as chemical messengers as they modify and
regulate the activity of the target tissues or organs.
The endocrine glands present in the human body areas follows:
Endocrine gland Location

1 Pineal Forebrain
2. Hypothalamus Forebrain
3. Pituitary Forebrain
4. Thyroid wind pipe
5. Parathyroid embedded in the
i. Thyroid gland
6. Adrenal Above kidney
7. Pancreas Below the stomach
8. Testis Male sex organ
9. Ovary Female Sex Organ

HYPOTHALAMUS:
1. It is present in the brain.
2. It produces releasing hormones and inhibitory hormones.
3. The function of hypothalamus is to regulate the secretion of
hormones from pituitary gland i.e. hypothalamus controls the
pituitary gland.

PITUITARY GLAND:
1. It is also present in the brain.
2. It produces number of hormones. One of the hormones
secreted by pituitary gland is growth hormone.
3. The growth hormone controls the growth of the human body.
The growth hormone controls the development of bones and
muscle.
4. If there is deficiency of this hormone in childhood, it leads to
dwarfism. On the other hand, if is secreted in large amount
then the person becomes giant.

THYROID GLAND:
1. It is attached to the wind pipe our body.
2. It produces a hormone called thyroxin. Iodine is necessary for
the thyroid gland to make thyroxin hormone.
3. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
of the body.
4. The deficiency of iodine in the diet of a person produces less
thyroxin hormone and causes a disease known as goiter. One of
the symptoms in this disease is a swollen neck.

PANCREAS:
1. The pancreas is present just below the stomach in the body.
Pancreas secrets the hormone called insulin.
2. Insulin regulates the level of sugar in the blood. If it is
secreted in less amount the sugar level in the blood rises,
person suffers from diabetes. Diabetes causes many harmful
effects.

TESTES:
1. Testes are the male sex organs. They also function as
endocrine gland. Testis produces male sex hormone called
testosterone.
2. Testosterone controls the development of male sex hormone

and the changes which occur during puberty at the age of 13 to

14 years like deeper voice, moustache, beard, and more
body hair.

OVARIES:
Ovaries are the female sex organs. They also function as
endocrine gland. Ovary makes two hormones called estrogen
and progesterone.
ESTROGEN: It controls the development of female sex organs,
and the changes which occur during puberty at the age of 10 to
12years like feminine voice, mammary glands etc.
PROGESTERONE: It is a pregnancy hormone. It also causes
ovulation (release of ovum).

ADRENAL GLAND:
1. It is an emergency hormone or hormones of Fight or Flight.
The adrenal gland secrets a hormone called adrenalin.
2. It prepares the body to face emergency conditions of
physical stress like danger, anger, excitement; etc.
3. It is secreted in small amounts all the time but in large
amounts when a person is frightened. When we are faced with
a dangerous situation this hormone.
1. The target organ is heart so heart beat increases, resulting in
supply of more oxygen in our muscles.
2. The blood to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to
contraction of muscles around small arteries in theses organs.
3. Increase blood flow to our skeletal muscles.
4. Increase in the breathing rate.
5. Allows more supply of glucose into the blood to give us a lot
of energy quickly to fight or flight from the frightening situation.

Types of Plant Hormones

There are five general classes of hormones: auxins, cytokinins,
gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.

Auxins
An auxin, indole3acetic acid (IAA), was the first plant hormone
identified. It is manufactured primarily in the shoot tips (in leaf
primordia and young leaves), in embryos, and in parts of
developing flowers and seeds. Its transport from cell to cell
through the parenchyma surrounding the vascular tissues
requires the expenditure of ATP energy. IAA moves in one
direction onlythat is, the movement is polar and, in this case,
downward. Such downward movement in shoots is said to
be basipetal movement, and in roots it is acropetal. Auxins
alone or in combination with other hormones are responsible
for many aspects of plant growth. IAA in particular:

Activates the differentiation of vascular tissue in the shoot

apex and in calluses; initiates division of the vascular
cambium in the spring.
Activates cellular elongation by increasing the plasticity of
the cell wall.
Maintains apical dominance indirectly by stimulating the
production of ethylene, which directly inhibits lateral bud
growth.
Activates a gene required for making a protein necessary
for growth and other genes for the synthesis of wall
materials made and secreted by dictyosomes.
Promotes initiation and growth of adventitious roots in
cuttings.
Promotes the growth of many fruits .
Suppresses the abscission of fruits and leaves.
Inhibits most flowering.
Activates tropic responses.
Controls aging and senescence, dormancy of seeds.

Synthetic auxins are extensively used as herbicides, the most

widely known being2,4D and the notorious 2,4,5T, which were
used in a 1:1 combination as Agent Orange during the Vietnam
War and sprayed over the Vietnam forests as a defoliant.

Cytokinins
Named because of their discovered role in cell division
(cytokinesis), the cytokinins have a molecular structure similar

to adenine. Naturally occurring zeatin, isolated first from corn

( Zea mays), is the most active of the cytokinins. Cytokinins are
found in sites of active cell division in plantsfor example, in
root tips, seeds, fruits, and leaves. They are transported in the
xylem and work in the presence of auxin to promote cell
division. Differing cytokinin:auxin ratios change the nature of
organogenesis. If kinetin is high and auxin low, shoots are
formed; if kinetin is low and auxin high, roots are formed.
Lateral bud development, which is retarded by auxin, is
promoted by cytokinins. Cytokinins also delay the senescence
of leaves and promote the expansion of cotyledons.

Gibberellins
The gibberellins are widespread throughout the plant kingdom,
and more than 75 have been isolated, to date. Rather than
giving each a specific name, the compounds are numberedfor
example, GA1, GA2, and so on. Gibberellic acid three (GA3) is
the most widespread and most thoroughly studied. The
gibberellins are especially abundant in seeds and young shoots
where they control stem elongation by stimulating both cell
division and elongation (auxin stimulates only cell elongation).
The gibberellins are carried by the xylem and phloem.
Numerous effects have been cataloged that involve about 15 or
fewer of the gibberellic acids. The greater number with no
known effects apparently are precursors to the active ones.
Experimentation with GA3 sprayed on genetically dwarf plants
stimulates elongation of the dwarf plants to normal heights.
Normalheight plants sprayed with GA3 become giants.

Ethylene
Ethylene is a simple gaseous hydrocarbon produced from an
amino acid and appears in most plant tissues in large amounts
when they are stressed. It diffuses from its site of origin into the
air and affects surrounding plants as well. Large amounts
ordinarily are produced by roots, senescing flowers, ripening
fruits, and the apical meristem of shoots. Auxin increases
ethylene production, as does ethylene itselfsmall amounts of
ethylene initiate copious production of still more. Ethylene
stimulates the ripening of fruit and initiates abscission of fruits

and leaves. In monoecious plants (those with separate male

and female flowers borne on the same plant), gibberellins and
ethylene concentrations determine the sex of the flowers:
Flower buds exposed to high concentrations of ethylene
produce carpellate flowers, while gibberellins induce staminate
ones.

Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid (ABA), despite its name, does not initiate
abscission, although in the 1960s when it was named botanists
thought that it did. It is synthesized in plastids from carotenoids
and diffuses in all directions through vascular tissues and
parenchyma. Its principal effect is inhibition of cell growth. ABA
increases in developing seeds and promotes dormancy. If
leaves experience water stress, ABA amounts increase
immediately, causing the stomata to close.

THANKYOU
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NARSINGHPUR
BIOLOGY ACTIVITY : PLANTS AND
ANIMAL HORMONES
GROUP MEMBERS:
JAYESH TELANG
YUVRAJ KOTHARI
ROHAN PATEL
FAIZAAN KHAN
VISHAL SHARMA

CLASS- X B
SUBMITTED TO:
MISS QURESHI MAM