Lab Manual of Concrete Technology Prepared By Chetan S. Patil Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurs take precautions to avoid any possible hazards, Students must follow laboratory regulations provided at the end of this section, Report Writing Every student is required to submit his own separate report for each test conducted. Reports should be writing on 8% x 11 in, high-quality paper. In general, the reports should be arranged in the following order: Laboratory Regulations Make sure that you know the location of Fire Extinguishers, First Aid Kit and Emergency Exits before you start your experiments. Get First Aid immediately for any injury, no matter how small itis. Do not wear loose dress ee Always use close shoes (ie. safety or boots) Do not play with valves, screws and nuts 6. Do not try to run and operate any machine without permission and knowledge of the lab. personnel List of Experiment as per Shivaji University Curriculum Sr. Page No Name of Experiment No. From To 1. Testing of cement: Consistency, fineness, setting time, Specific Gravity, Soundness and strength Testing of fine aggregate: Specific Gravity, sieve analysis and zoning, bulking of fine aggregate, bulk density, silt content. 3. Testing of coarse aggregate: Specific Gravity, sieve analysis, bulk density, flakiness index, elongation index, water absorption & moisture content, soundness of aggregate, 4, Concrete Mix design by ACI 211.1-91 method, IS code method as per 10262- 2007 & 456-2000, DOE method 5. Tests on Conerete- Workability tests — Slump cone test, compaction factor test, Vee-bee consistometer test, flow table test, strength tests- compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength. 6. Bffects of Admixture - Accelerator, Retarder, Super Plasticizer. 7. Nondestructive Testing - Rebound Hammer test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurExperiment No. : O1(a) Date Title : Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste Objective : To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement. Reference 2 IS: 4031 (Pat 4 )- 1988, IS : 5513-1976, Theory : For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and strength a parameter known as standard consistency has to be used. The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the mould, Apparatus : Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc Procedure : 1. ‘The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vieat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould 2. Initially a cement sample of about 300 g is taken in a tray and is mixed with a known percentage of water by weight of cement, say starting from 26% and then it is increased by every 2% until the normal consistency is achieved. 3, Prepare a paste of 300 g of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor more than S min, and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould. 4, Fill the Vieat mould (E) with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould. The ‘mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air. 5. Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block, and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be carried out immediately after filling the mould. 6. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until the amount of Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurwater necessary for making up the standard consistency as defined in Step 1 is found. Figure : Observation : Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first place of decimal, oa Percentage by ‘Amount of se-no, | Wash efcement | “Varrotary | wateraddea | Tentration Cement (%) (ml) 1 2 4 Conclusion / R + The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is____% Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurExperiment No. : 01(b) Date Title : Determination of Setting Time of Standard Cement Paste Objective : To determine the initial and final setting time of a given sample of cement. Reference 2 IS: 4031 (Pat 4) -1988, 1S : 4031 (Pat $ )- 1988, IS : 5513-1976, Theory : For convenience, initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moments that the water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity. The final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment the water is added to the cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure. Apparatus : Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc. Procedure : 1. Preparation of Test Block - Prepare a neat 300 gms cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste. 2. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. 3. Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except when determinations of time of setting are being made, 4, Determination of Initial Setting ‘Time - Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle ( C ); lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block 5. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 + 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time. 6. Determination of Final Setting Time - Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat apparatus by the needle ith an annular attachment (F). Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurThe ement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the attachment fails todo so shall be the final setting time. Figure : Observation : 1. Weight of given sample of cement is____ gms 2. The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is % 3. Volume of water addend (0,85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency) for preparation of test block____ml en Setting Time Penetration RB (Sec) (mm) emake 1 2 Conclusion / Result: i) The initial setting time of the cement sample is found to be ..... ii) The final setting time of the cement sample is found to be . Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurExperiment No. : 01(c) Date Title : Determination of Fineness of Cement by dry sieving Objective + To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement. Reference : IS: 4031 ( Pat 1 )- 1988, Theory : The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat, Finer cement offers a greater surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of strength, (Fig. 3). The fineness of grinding has increased over the years. But now it has got nearly stabilized, Different cements are ground to different fineness. The particle size fraction below 3 microns has been found to have the predominant effect on the strength at one day while 3-25 micron fraction has a major influence on the 28 days strength. Increase in fineness of cement is also found to increase the drying shrinkage of concrete, Fineness of cement is tested in two ways (a) By sieving, (b) By determination of specific surface (total surface area of all the particles in one gram of cement) by air-permeability apparatus. Expressed as cm*/gm or m’/kg. Generally Blaine Air permeability apparatus is, used. Apparatus : Test Sieve 90 microns, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Brush, ete. Procedure Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapur1. Fit the tray under the sieve, weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the sieve, being careful to avoid loss. Fit the lid over the sieve. Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more fine material passes through it. 2, Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage, RI, of the quantity first placed in the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent. Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve into the tray. . Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10 g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate the residue of the cement R as the mean of R1, and R2, as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent 4, When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the ‘mean of the three values, Conclusion / R : The fineness of a given sample of cement is _ Experiment No. : 01(d) Date Title : Determination of Soundness of Cement by Le-Chatelier method Objective + To determine the soundness of a given sample of cement by Le-Chatelier method. Reference : IS:4031 (Pat 3 )- 1988, Theory : It is very important that the cement after setting shall not undergo any appreciable change of volume. Certain cements have been found to undergo a large expansion after setting causing disruption of the set and hardened mass. This will cause serious difficulties for the durability of structures when such cement is, used. The unsoundness in cement is due to the presence of excess of lime than that could be combined with acidic oxide at the kiln, It is also likely that too high a proportion of magnesium content or calcium sulphate content may cause unsoundness in cement. Soundness of cement may be determined by two methods, namely Le-Chatelier method and autoclave method Apparatus : Le- Chatelier test apparatus conform to IS : 5514-1969, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Water Bath etc. Procedure Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapur1. Place the lightly oiled mould on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency [see IS 4031 (Part 4)-1988 or experiment No. I(a) J 2, The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in experiment No.1, taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together while this operation is being performed, 3. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 + 2°C and keep there for 24 hours, 4, Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm. Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above. 5. Bring the water to boiling, with the mould kept submerged, in 25 to 30 minutes, and keep it boiling for three hours. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the indicator points. 6. The difference between these two measurements indicates the expansion of the cement. This must not, exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening and low heat Portland cements. If in case the expansion is ‘more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said to be unsound, Figure : Observation : Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first place of decimal Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapuraera eee Distances separating the | The difference Sr.No. res indicator submerge in between these two | Remark normal temp water for boiling for three hours. | measurements 24 hours 1 2 3 4 Conclusi +The given cement is said to be sound / unsound, Expe : 01) Date Title : Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement Objective : To determine the compressive strength of a given sample of cement. Reference 1 18:4031 (Pat 6) - 1988, 1S : 10080-1982, IS : 650-1966, IS: 269-1976 ‘Theory : The compressive strength of hardened cement is the most important of all the properties. Therefore, it is not surprising that the cement is always tested for its strength at the laboratory before the cement is used in important works. Strength tests are not made on neat cement paste because of difficulties of excessive shrinkage and subsequent cracking of neat cement. Apparatus : The standard sand to be used in the test shall conform to IS : 650-1966, Vibration Machine, Poking Rod, Cube Mould of 70,6 mm size conforming to IS : 10080-1982, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, Graduated Glass Cylinders, etc. Procedure : 1. Preparation of test specimens - Clean appliances shall be used for mixing and the temperature of water and that of the test room at the time when the above operations are being performed shall be 27 + 2°C. Potable/distilled water shall be used in preparing the cubes. 2. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately and the quantity of cement, standard sand and water shall be as follows: Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurCement 200 g and Standard Sand 600 g Water (F +03 }pooen of combined mass of cement and sand, where P is the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency determined as described in IS : 4031 (Part 4)-1988 or Experiment No.1(a). 3, Place on a nonporous plate, a mixture of cement and standard sand, Mix it dry with a trowel for one minute and then with water until the mixture is of uniform colour. The quantity of water to be used shall be as specified in step 2. The time of mixing shall in any event be not less than 3 min and should the time taken to obtain @ uniform colour exceed 4 min, the mixture shall be rejected and the operation repeated with a fiesh quantity of cement, sand and water 4, Moulding Specimens - In assembling the moulds ready for use, treat the interior faces of the mould with a thin coating of mould oil, Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and hold it firmly in position by means of a suitable clamp. Attach a hopper of suitable size and shape securely at the top of the mould to facilitate filling and this hopper shall not be removed until the completion of the vibration period, 6. Immediately after mixing the mortar in accordance with step 1 & 2, place the mortar in the cube mould and prod with the rod. Place the mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and prod again as specified for the first layer and then compact the mortar by vibration. 7. The period of vibration shall be two minutes at the specified speed of 12 000 + 400 vibration per minute, 8. At the end of vibration, remove the mould together with the base plate from the machine and finish the top surface of the cube in the mould by smoothing the surface with the blade of a trowel. 9. Curing Specimens - keep the filled moulds in moist closet or moist room for 24 4 1 hour after completion of vibration. At the end of that period, remove them from the moulds and immediately submerge in clean fresh water and keep there until taken out just prior to breaking, 10. The water in which the cubes are submerged shall be renewed every 7 days and shall be maintained at a temperature of 27 + 2°C. After they have been taken out and until they are broken, the cubes shall not be allowed to become dry. 11. Test three cubes for compressive strength for each period of curing mentioned under the relevant specifications (i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 28 days) 12. The cubes shall be tested on their sides without any packing between the cube and the steel plattens of the testing machine. One of the plattens shall be carried on a base and shall be self-adjusting, and the Joad shall be steadily and uniformly applied, starting from zero at a rate of 35 N/mm’/min. Figure : Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurObservation ‘Ageof | Weight of | Cross- Compressive ‘Average Sr.No. | “Gaye | Cement Cube | Sectional | Load (N) strength Compressive (ems) area (mm?) (Nimm*) | strength (MPa) 1 2 7 Days 3 4 5 | 28Days . 6 Calculation : The measured compressive strength of the cubes shall be calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to the cubes during the test by the cross-sectional area, calculated from the mean dimensions of the section t 0.5 Nimm?, In determining the compressive strength, do not consider and shall be expressed to the ne: specimens that are manifestly faulty, or that give strengths differing by more than 10 percent from the average value of all the test specimens, Conclusion / Result: i) The average 3 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be ii) The average 7 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be ili) The average 28 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be mt), Saniay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurExperiment No. : 02(a) Date Title + Particle Size Distribution of Fine Aggregates Objective : To determine fineness modulus of fine aggregate and classifications based on IS: 383-1970 Reference 2 IS : 2386 ( Part I) - 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962 Theory : This is the name given to the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into various fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate, which we call gradation. Many a time, fine aggregates are designated as coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand, These classifications do not give any precise meaning. What the supplier terms as fine sand may be really medium or even coarse sand. To avoid this ambiguity fineness modulus could be used as a yard stick to indicate the fineness of sand. The following limits may be taken as guidance: Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6, Medium sand FM. : 2.6 - 2.9, Coarse sand : FM, :2.9-3.2 Sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete, Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurApparatus : ri Si conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, ete. Procedure : 1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved suecessively on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use. 2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions, 3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve. 4. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75-micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of apertures, 5. On completion of sieving, the material retained on cach sieve, together with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed. Observation : Weight Percentage of | Percentage of | Cumulative ISSieve | Retainedon | Weight Retained | Weight Passing | Percentage of | Remark Sieve (gms) %), (%) Passing (%) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 600 micron 300 micron 150 micron| Total Calculation : Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on cach of the standard sieves ranging from 4.75 mm to 150 micron and dividing this sum by an Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurarbitrary number 100. Finese Mehl, FY ={ Tf Cumuaive Percentage of Passing (0) } \ 100 Conclusion / Result: i) Fineness modulus of a given sample of fine aggregate is ........ that indicate Coarse sand/ Medium sand/ Fine sand. ii) The given sample of fine aggregate is belong to Grading Zones I/ 11/111 / IV Experiment No. : 02(b) Date Title : Determination of Bulking of Fine Aggregate Objective + To determine bulking of a given sample of fine aggregate Reference TS : 2386 ( Part IIT) - 1963 Theory : Free moisture forms a film around each particle, This film of moisture exerts what is known as surface tension which keeps the neighbouring particles away from it, Similarly, the force exerted by surface tension keeps every particle away from each other. Therefore, no point contact is possible between the particles. This causes bulking of the volume. It is interesting to note that the bulking increases with the increase in moisture content upto a certain limit and beyond that the further increase in the moisture content results in the decrease in the volume and at a moisture content representing saturation point, the Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurfine aggregate shows no bulking, Apparatus + Measuring jar, Taping rod ete. Procedure : 1, Put sufficient quantity of the sand loosely into a container. Level off the top of the sand and pushing. a steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom, measure the height. Suppose this is hy em, 2. Empty the sand out of the container into another container where none of it will be lost. Half fill the first container with water. Put back about half the sand and rod it with a steel rod, about 6 mm in diameter, so that its volume is reduced to a minimum, Then add the remainder of the sand and rod it in the same way. 3. The percentage of bulking of the sand due to moisture shall be calculated from the formula: Percentage Bulking + n -1} 100 Conclusion / Result : Bulking of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to be .......% Experiment No. : 02(c) Date Title : Determination of Silt Content in Fine Aggregate Objective : To determine silt content in a given sample of fine aggregate by sedimentation method, Reference 2 1S:2386 ( Part II) - 1963 Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurTheory : This is a gravimetric method for determining the clay, fine silt and fine dust, which includes particles up to 20 micron. Differences in the nature and density of materials or in the temperature at the time of testing may vary the separation point. Apparatus : ‘A watertight screw-topped glass jar of dimensions similar to a 1-kg fruit preserving jar, A device for rotating the jar about its long axis, with this axis horizontal, at a speed of 80 + 20 rev/min, A sedimentation pipette, A 1 000-ml measuring cylinder, scale, well-ventilated oven, Taping rod ete. Chemical : A solution containing 8 g of sodium oxalate per liter of distilled water shall be taken. For use, this stock solution is diluted with distilled water to one tenth (that is 100 mi diluted with distilled water to one liter). Figure Procedure : 1, Approximately 300 g of the sample in the air-dry condition, passing the 4,75-mm IS Sieve, shall be weighed and placed in the screw-topped glass jar, together with 300 ml of the diluted sodium oxalate Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapursolution, The rubber washer and cap shall be fixed, care being taken to ensure water tightness. 2. ‘The jar shall then be rotated about its long axis, with this axis horizontal, at a speed of 80 + 20 rev/min for a period of 15 minutes 3. At the end of 15 minutes, the suspension shall be poured into the 1 000-ml measuring cylinder and the residue washed by gentle swirling and decantation of su ive 150-ml portions of sodium oxalate solution, the washings being added to the cylinder until the volume is made up to 1000 ml, 4. ‘The suspension in the measuring cylinder shall be thoroughly mixed by inversion and the tube and contents immediately placed in position under the pipette. 5. The pipette A shall then be gently lowered until the tip touches the surface of the liquid, and then lowered a further 10 em into the liquid. 6. Three minutes after placing the tube in position, the pipette A and the bore of tap B shall be filled by opening B and applying gentle suction at C. 7. A small surplus may be drawn up into the bulb between tap B and tube C, but this shall be allowed to run away and any solid matter shall be washed out with distilled water from E. 8. The pipette shall then be removed from the measuring cylinder and its contents run into a weighed container, any adherent solids being washed into the container by distilled water from E through the tap B. 9. The contents of the container shall be dried at 100 to 110°C to constant weight, cooled and weighed. 10.Calculations— The proportion of fine silt and clay or fine dust shall then be calculated from the following formula: Percentage of clay and fine silt or fine dust = 10° (100% os) WV J W, = weight ing of the original sample, W, = weight in g of the dried residue, V = volume in ml of the pipette and 0.8= weight ing of sodium oxalatein one litre of the diluted solution Conclusion / Result: ‘The clay, fine silt and fine dust content of given sample of fine aggregate is found to be .....% Experiment No. : 02(d) Date Title : Determination of Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurObjective 2 To determine specific gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate. Reference IS : 2386 ( Part III) - 1963 Apparatus : Pycnometer, A 1 000-m! measuring cylinder, well-ventilated oven, Taping rod, Filter papers and funnel, ete, Figure : Procedure : 1, A sample of about 500 g shall be placed in the tray and covered with distilled water at a temperature of 22 to 32°C, Soon after immersion, air entrapped in or bubbles on the surface of the aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation with a rod. The sample shall remain immersed for 24 + 1/2 hours. 2. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by decantation through a filter paper, any material retained being return& to the sample. The fine aggregate including any solid matter retained on the filter paper shall be exposed to a gentle current of warm air to evaporate surface moisture and the material just attains a ‘free-running’ condition. The saturated and surface-dry sample shall be weighed (weight A). 3. The aggregate shall then be placed in the pyenometer which shall be filled with distilled water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the pycnometer on its side, the hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. The pycnometer shall be dried on the outside and weighed (weight B). 4. The contents of the pycnometer shall be emptied into the tray, care being taken to ensure that all the Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurCone aggregate is transferred. The pycnometer shall be refilled with distilled water to the same level as before, dried on the outside and weighed (weight C), The water hall then be carefully drained from the sample by decantation through a filter paper and any material retained retumed to the sample. The sample shall be placed in the oven in the tray at a temperature of 100 to 110°C for 24 V2 hours, during which period it shall be stirred occasionally to facilitate drying. It shall be cooled in the air-tight container and weighed (weight D). Calculations— Specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and water &sorption shall be calculated as follows: Specife Gravi ( P ) Specife Gravity = A-(B-C), >) Apparent Specife Gravity = Ppareat Specie Gravity (-6-0) 00(4-D) D A= weight ing of saturatedsurface -dry sample, Water Absorption = B=weight ing of pycnometer or gas jar containing sample and filled withdistilled water, C= weight ing of pycnometer or gas jar filled with distilled wateronly, and D=Wweight ing of oven-dried sample. lusion / Result i) The Specific Gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to be ...... ii) The Water Absorption of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to be % Experiment No. : 03 (a) Date Title Determination of Specific Gravity of Course Aggregate Objective : To determine specific gravity ofa given sample of course aggregate. Reference IS : 2386 ( Part IIT) - 1963, Apparatus : A wire basket of not more than 6-3 mm mesh, A stout watertight container in which the basket may be freely suspended, well-ventilated oven, Taping rod, An airtight container of capacity similar to that of the Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurbast ket, ete. Procedure : 1 A sample of not less than 2000 g of the aggregate shall be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22°C to 32°C with a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket Immediately. after immersion the entrapped air shall be removed from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the rate of about one drop per second, The basket and aggregate shall remain completely immersed during the operation and for a period of 24 + 1/2 hours afterwards. The basket and the sample shall then be jolted and weighed in water at a temperature of 22°C to 32°C (weight Ay), The basket and the aggregate shall then be removed from the water and allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the, aggregate shall be gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes, and the empty basket shall be returned to the water and weighed in water ( weight A2 ). The aggregate placed on the dry cloth shall be gently surface dried with the cloth, transferring it to the second dry cloth when the first will remove no further moisture, ‘The aggregate shall then be weighed (weight B). The aggregate shall then be placed in the oven in the shallow tray, at a temperature of 100 to 110°C and maintained at this temperature for 24 + l/2 hours. It shall then be removed from the oven, cooled in the airtight container and weighed (weight C). Calculations— Specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and water Scsorption shall be calculated as Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurfollows: Specife Gravity == ApparentSpecife Gravity = (. 100(B-C) c ‘A= Weight of saturated aggregate in water=(A,-A,) B= Weight of thesaturated surface- dry aggregate in air Water Absorption = C= Weight of ovendried aggregate in air A, = Weight of aggregate and basket in water A, = Weight of emptybasket in water Conclusion / Result: i) The Specific Gravity of a given sample of course aggregate is found to be ..... ii) The Water Absorption of a given sample of course aggregate is found to be ........% Experiment No. : 03(b) Date Title : Particle Size Distribution of Course Aggregates Objective + To determination of particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by sieving or screening, Reference 2 IS: 2386 ( Part I)- 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962 Theory 2 Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate. Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because grading and size affect the amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability, pumpability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the wate -ment ratio is chosen correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size continuum, Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate concrete. Close control of mix proportions is nei ary to avoid segregation. Apparatus : Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurTest Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Spx Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc. Procedure : 1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100” to 110°C. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use. 2. Bach sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions. 3, Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve. 4, On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed. Observation Weight Percentage of | Percentage of ] Cumulative TSSieve | Retainedon | Weight Retained | Weight Passing | Percentage of | Remark Sieve (gms) %), (%) Passing (%) 80mm 40 mm 20 mm 10mm 4.75 mm Total Conclusion / Result = Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurExperiment No. : 3(c) Date Title : Determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Course Aggregates Objective : To determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Course Aggregates. Reference IS : 2386 ( Part I) ~ 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962 ‘Theory : Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles require more water to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact aggregate. Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or are limited to about 15 % by weight of the total aggregate. Apparatus : The metal gauge shall be of the pattern shown in Fig, 10.1, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Wateh, etc. Procedure : 1. Sample - A quantity of aggregate shall be taken sufficient to provide the minimum number of 200 Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapurted. of any fraction to be tes pie 2. Sieving - The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method described in Exp. 3(b) with the sieves specified in Table 3.18. 3. Separation of Flaky material- Each fraction shall be gauged in tum for thickness on a metal gauge of the pattern shown in Fig. 11.1, or in bulk on sieves having elongated slots. The width of the slot used in the gauge or sieve shall be of the dimensions specified in col 3 of Table 3.18 for the appropriate size of material. 4. Weighing of Flaky Material - The total amount passing the gauge shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample. 5. ‘The flakiness index is the total weight of the material passing the various thickness gauges ot sieves, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged. 6. Sieving - The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method described in Exp. 3(b) with the sieves specified in Table 3.18. Separation of Elongated Material- Each fraction shall be gauged individually for length on a metal length gauge of the pattern shown in Fig. 11.2. The gauge length used shall be that specified in col 4 of Table 3.18 for the appropriate size of material. 8, Weighing of Elongated Material - The total amount retained by the length gauge shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample. 9, The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged. Figure Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, KolhapurFigure No. 11.1 Figure No. 11.2 Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapur byObserva 1, Total weight of course aggregate. ...... g (Flakiness Index) Size of Aggregate Thickness os oe Poe Passing through | Retained on A ‘Thickness | Wcight Retained | Remark IS Sieves IS Sieves ne (%) 63 mm 50mm 33.90 50 mm 40mm 27.00 40 mm 25 mm 19.60 31mm 25 mm 16.95 25 mm 20 mm 13.50 20mm 16 mm 10.80 16mm 12mm 8.55 125mm 10mm 6.75 10mm 63mm 489 Total 2. Total weight of course aggregate. g (Elongation Index) Se ee a IS Sieves IS Sieves Length Gauge (%) 63 mm 50 mm - 50 mm 40mm 81.0 40 mm 25mm 58.5 31 mm 25mm 25mm 20 mm 405 20mm 16mm 32.4 16mm 12mm 25.6 12.5 mm 10mm 20.2 10mm 63mm 147 Total Calculation : ( Toalof Percentage of Retsnsion Thies Gaus (0) \ 100 The Flakiness index on an aggregate is Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapur‘otal of Percentage of Retainedon Length Gauge (*)) “The clongation index on an aggregate is =| Tot! OF Percentage of Retained on Length Gauge (0) \ 100 ) Conclusion / Result: i) The flakiness index of a given sample of fine aggregate is ii) The elongation index of a given sample of fine aggregate is % Experiment No. : 3(d) Date Title : Determination of Soundness of Course Aggregates Objective + To determination of Soundness of Course Aggregates. Reference IS : 2386 ( Part V) ~ 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962 Theory : Soundness refers to the ability of aggregate to resist excessive changes in volume as a result of changes in physical conditions. These physical conditions that affect the soundness of aggregate are the freezing the thawing, variation in temperature, altemate wetting and drying under normal conditions and wetting and drying in salt water. Aggregates which are porous, weak and containing any undesirable extraneous matters undergo exc fe volume change when subjected to the above conditions. If concrete is liable to be exposed to the action of frost, the Soundness refers to the ability of aggregate to resist excessive changes in volume as a result of changes in physical conditions. Aggregates which are porous, weak and containing any undesirable extraneous matters undergo excessive volume change when subjected to the above conditions. Aggregates which undergo more than the specified amount of volume change is said to be unsound aggregates. If concrete is liable to be exposed to the action of frost, the coarse and fine aggregate which are going to be used should be subjected to soundness test. Apparatus : Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 80 mm, 63mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 10 mm, 8.0 mm for Coarse, Drying Oven , Containers, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, ete. Chemical Department of Civil Engineering Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions, Atigre, Kolhapur