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2-19-2016 Basic_Analog_Circuits.ppt
Page 1
OUTLINE
Introduction
Op Amp
Comparator
Bistable Multivibrator
RC Oscillator
RC Integrator
Peak Detector
Switched Capacitor Amplifier
Capacitors
Design Examples
References
Homework
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
Page 2
INTRODUCTION
Analog electronic circuits are different from digital circuits in that
the signals are expected to have any value rather than two discrete
values. Primitive analog components include the diode, mosfet,
BJT, resistor, capacitor, etc,. Analog circuit building blocks include
single stage amplifiers, differential amplifiers, constant current
sources, voltage references, etc. Basic analog electronic ciruits
include the operational amplifier, inverting amplifier, non-inverting
amplifier, integrator, bistable multivibrator, peak detector,
comparator, RC oscillator, etc. Mixed-mode analog integrated
circuits include D-to-A, A-to-D, etc.
This document will introduce some Basic analog electronic circuits.
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100um
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M8
M5
W/L
100/2
W/L
100/2
W/L
100/2
M11
W/L
282/2
Vin+
+V
40/2
M1
5
W/L
686/2
12
+V
M2
M16
Vin-
40/2
W/L
100/2
W/L
336/2
10
20/40
M7
90/2
M4
90/2
M10
M14 11
M18
14
13
M17
W/L
645/2
90/2 90/2
98
W/L
RL
M20
30/2 30/2
W/L
3800/2
W/L
100/2
M13
M9
M3
M19
M12
3
1
M15
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W/L
2600/2
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFERS
The 741 Op Amp is a general purpose bipolar integrated circuit that
has input bias current of 80nA, and input voltage of +/- 15 volts @
supply maximum of +/- 18 volts. The output voltage can not go all
the way to the + and - supply voltage. At a minimum supply of +/- 5
volts the output voltage can go ~6 volts p-p.
The newer Op Amps have rail-rail output swing and supply voltages
as low as +/- 1.5 volts. The MOSFET input bias currents are ~ 1pA.
The NJU7031 is an example of this type of Op Amp.
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R1
Vin
R2
Vo
Vin
R2
Vo
+
Vo= Vin (1 + R2/R1)
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
C
-
Vin
R
Vo
Vin
Vo= Vin
Vo
Integrator
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V2
R1
R3
Vo
+
Vo= ( -R3/R1) (V1 + V2)
Rf
Rin
Inverting Summer
V2
Vo
V1
Rf
Difference Amplifier
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
Page 15
COMPARATOR
+V
+
Vin
Vref
Vo
Theoretical
+V
Vo
-V
Vref
-V
+V
-V
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
Measured
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Vin
R2
Vo
+V
+V
+
-
Vin
Theoretical
Vo
VTH
Vin
-V
VTL
-V
Measured
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RC INTEGRATOR
Vin
Vin
+Va
Vout
R
C
t1
Vout
+Va
Smaller RC
-Va
t
-Va
for 0<t<t1
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OSCILLATOR (MULTIVIBRATOR)
R1
R2
VT
Vo
+V
+V
+
-
Vo
-V
C
t1
-V
1+Vt/V
Period = T = 2RC ln
1-Vt/V
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PEAK DETECTOR
Variable Vin
Vo
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CAPACITORS
Capacitor - a two terminal device whose current is proportional to
the time rate of change of the applied voltage;
I
I = C dV/dt
+
V
-
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Air
1.00059
Methanol
30
Photoresist
Acetone
20
Plexiglass
3.4
Barium strontium
titanate
500
Polyimide
2.8
Benzene
Conjugated
Polymers
2.284
6 to 100,000
Rubber
Silicon
11.7
Silicon dioxide
3.9
Ethanol
24.3
Silicon Nitride
7.5
Glycerin
42.5
Teflon
2.1
Glass
5-10
Water
80-88
Microelectronic Engineering
http://www.asiinstruments.com/technical/Dielectric%20Constants.htm
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CALCULATIONS
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DESIGN EXAMPLE
Square Wave
Generator
RC Integrator &
Capacitor Sensor
Peak Detector
Comparator
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
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R2
+V
+
-V
Vref
C
Vo
+
-V
Square Wave
Generator
RC
Integrator
&
Capacitor
Sensor
Buffer
Peak
Detector
Comparator Display
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Larger Capacitance
Display
Square Wave
Generator
Output
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
Buffer
Output
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R
3.3V
i
V
NJU703
Vo
-3.3
Vo = - i R
i = d (CV)/dt , V is constant C = Co + Cm sin (2pft)
i = V Cm 2 p f cos (2pft)
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R2
20K
R1
10K
3.3V
3.3V
p
n
IR LED
Gnd
R4
100K
R3
10K
3.3V
NJU703
NJU703
-3.3
-3.3
Gnd
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Vout
0 to 1V
3.3V
I
n
3.3V
IR LED
Vout
0 to 1V
NJU703
-3.3
Gnd
3.0
Gnd
Linear Amplifier
Log Amplifier
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Photodiode
0.0
0.01
0.1
10
100
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1000
10000
Ri
Rf
Analog Vout
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N+
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p
3.3V
+
0.2 < Vout < 0.7V
Gnd
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Grounded Load
Floating Load
+
Vo
Rx/R1=R3/R2
Rx
R1
Vs
I = Vs/R
Load
R
Vo
+
R3
R2
Load
Vs
I = Vs/R2
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R1
Vo2
5 Volts
R3
R3=427
R1=427
R4
R2
Vo1=2.5v
Vo2=2.5v
R2=427
Vo1
R4=427
Gnd
Resistors on a Diaphragm
Gnd
No Pressure
Vo2-Vo1 = 0
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
5 Volts
V1
Vo1
+
-
R4
R2
R1=427.6
Vo1=2.4965v
R2=426.4
R3=426.4
Gnd
With Pressure
Rochester=
Institute
of Technology
Vo2-Vo1
0.007v
Microelectronic Engineering
=7 mV
R1
R3
Vo2=2.5035v
R4=427.6
R3
R2
V2
+
-
R4
Vo2
Gnd
R4
R2
1+
Vo = (V2-V1) 2
R3
R1
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Vo
+V
+V
-
Vin
Vo
Rload
-V
-V
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REFERENCES
1. Switched Capacitor Circuits, Phillip E. Allen and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Publishers, 1984.
2. Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers: A
Tutorial, Randall L. Geiger and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio, IEEE Circuits and
Devices Magazine, March 1985, pg. 20-32.
3. Microelectronic Circuits, 5th Edition, Sedra and Smith
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I = (V2-Vx)/Rin
Vx = V1
V2
Vx +
V1
Vo
Vo = -I Rf + Vx
Rf
Difference Amplifier
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Rf
Rf + Rin