LIGHTNING

a. Definition of lightning
Lightning is a naturally occurring process in which the movement of light followed by
thunder suddenly and fast, and contains a very hot heat. Lightning usually occurs when
heavy rain and lightning during the storm. Generally lightning occurs due to a clash of
two different electric charge of negative charge and positive charge.
b. Characteristics of lightning
On average lightning carry an electrical current by 40 ampere ( A ) but
some can reach up until 120 ampere .
Lightning move charge of 5 coulombs and 500mj. The voltage taken
depends on the length of the flash and " electric breakdown " in air which
creates 3 million volts per meter , which produces about 1 Gigavolt ( 1
billion volts)
With a current of 100 amperes, lightning can produce 100 Terawatt.
Did you know that the flash works as an air heater? Lightning heats the air
around 10,000 C (18,000 F) almost immediately and 2 times the
surface temperature of the sun.
Heat generated when the flash occurred causing a shock wave that can
be heard is also known as the phenomenon of thunder.
Archery lightning flash back channel is in charge only of 1 cm (0.4 inches)
wide.
Most lightning strikes is about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile long) Record holder
for the longest streak ever happened in the world is 190 kilometers ( 118
miles ) , which takes place in Dallas , United state

Most lightning strike

c. Types of flash
a. Lightning in the clouds (Intra cloud).
This type of lightning is the most common type of lightning occurs, it is due
to the result of the discharge base cumulonimbus charged negative move
to the top of the cloud of positively charged so that reaction occurs that
produces heat energy and trigger lightning.
This type of lightning is usually not visible during the day because it is in
the cloud. So we cannot see it.

b. Lightning between two or more clouds (cloud to cloud).

During the process of condensation occurs, the formation of clouds in the
air also occurs. The resulting cloud formation caused by the mixing of fog,
dust, and gas in the air.
During the formation of clouds occur, shifting between cloud with cloud
also occur. This led to a clash between different charge between the cloud
and cause electricity called lightning.

show flash images that occur due to friction between different cloud charge

c. Cloud to earth ground

90-95% of charge inside cloud is negative this led process of transport
charge to ground earth when it too much. Earth has positive charge
mostly positive charge, so when the two different charge met it led
lightning phenomenon happen.
This type of lightning divided in two, positive and negative lightning.
a) Positive lightning
More powerful then negative lightning
Less than 5% of all strikes
Called bolt from the blue due to bolts striking miles away
from the actual cloud.
b) Negative lightning
Often happen
Not really strong like positive lightning but still dangers.

d. Dry lightning

 This type of flash occurs during rain, but the rain did not down to the Earth
surface evaporate due to this cause thunderstorms and lightning just
happened.

d. The cause of the prevailing phenomenon of lightning.

a. The difference in electrical charge between the cloud and the ground.
When a negative charge and positive charge developing and causing
increased friction and sparking an energy that is very strong. Often charge
too much in the cloud will also be moved to different surface charge and
this led lightning happen.
b. Cause from Volcano.
Did you know that the volcano is also able to trigger lightning?. When a
volcanic eruption occurs usually when a huge explosion brings a number
of gas and dust into the air causing a large electrical charge transfer and
triggers the occurrence of the phenomenon of lightning.
This phenomenon been documented by Pliny the Elder during the
eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD79, which caused her death.

Picture show lightning happened when volcano active.

e. Effect of lightning
a. Causes of death
Many recorded incidents where the victim died instantly as a result of
lightning strikes. This proved that lightning is extremely dangerous.

Lightning extremely powerful, can kill six cows by one strike. We can see
inside picture.

b. Destroyed the environment.

Lightning strikes to achieve a very high power to some recorded lightning
strikes to rival the power of the atomic blast and two times hotter than the
sun's surface and imagine if he shot a home? No need talk how house
faced lightning, building a very strong also destroyed by lightning strikes.
Lightning strikes often make the tree as a victim of his fury.

f. How we can survive or how to avoid when lightning occurs.

a. Do not go out in open place when lightning happen.
b. Do not use any metal equipment when thunder storm happen.
c. Make sure building or house have an electrical conductor to the ground (earth
wire).
d. Do not take picture when lightning happen.

WILDFIRES

a. Definition of wildfire.
Forest fires or bush fires are fires that occur suddenly capable
destroyed the forests, homes, crops and the environment through
which it passes. Usually forest fires often occur during the dry season.

 Until late in the 20th century our planet will have lost as much as 25
million hectares of forests due to large fires. These events have a
direct impact on the global ecosystem by increasing carbon emissions
and loss of biodiversity. Forest fires also major environmental disaster
that created the smoke over a wide area.
Here is the biggest forest fire ever happened,
1. Forest Fire Chelan, Oregon
The fire originated from the flash back in Chelan,
Washington, continued to spread and spread. Up to 10
states, including Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana,
California, Nevada, North Carolina, Louisiana, Texas and
Arizona, which occurred in August 2015.
Firefighters were added until a total of 30 thousand
people. National Firearms Centre has recorded a total of
2.9 million hectares burned. In addition there are 41 194
fires and 1,074 buildings burned. The fire disaster was so
urgent, so the United States assistance to Australia for
firefighting that ensued.

Picture show forest Fire Chelan, Oregon

2. Forest Fire Kalimantan, Indonesia.
The occurrence of a very long drought in 1982-1983
triggered forest fires on Borneo Island. In the event of
forest fires causes 3.2 million of forest land were
destroyed in flames with losses of more than 6 Trillion
rupiah.

3. Forest fires in Riau, Indonesia

Events that recently occurred, forest fires in Riau and
Jambi. Chief of police, General Badrodin Haiti interpret the
fire was caused by intentional element in land and forest
fires that hit several regions of the western part of
Indonesia.
Reports say, the regional disaster management (NPD)
Riau recorded, of 1264.75 hectares of land and forest in
Riau were burned.

Picture show forest fire in Riau, Indonesia.

b. The cause of the occurrence of forest fires.

a. Among the causes of forest fires occur are caused by lightning
strikes. Tree as principal conductor of the electric charge is an
agent of the cloud to the ground, the trees are often prone to
frequent lightning strikes and burn when lightning occurs when
drought or flash known as dry lightning that could potentially cause
a burning tree. This in turn triggers to fire and spread. Fire is usually
not known because the fire broke out usually in the middle of the
forest.

b. In addition, forest fires also occur when the temperature is very hot
in the dry season, tree deformation between rich scar heat which in
turn causes the occurrence of forest fires. The spread of a fire
somewhere in the forest area occurs rapidly due to the trees and
dried leaves during the dry season.
c. Forest fires are caused by natural factors such as volcanic
eruptions, when the eruption occurred and hot lava flows into the
forest causes forest fire and spread to other areas especially during
the dry season which makes it easier for the fire to spread quickly.

Picture show the volcano create fire on in forest.

d. But forest fires also occur as a result of careless human behavior

such as forgetting to put out the fire when camping or throw
cigarette butts during droughts occur.
e. Another factor is due to agricultural activities. This activity where
locals set fire to cultivated areas and unable to control the fire that
spread to other areas and led to the outbreak of forest fires.

c. The impact of forest fires.

a. Causing the destruction of flora and fauna.
The fire at the forest would cause the trees and plants were destroyed and
requires a very long time to recover, it is resulting in habitat and food for
wildlife animals such as monkeys, tigers and other compensation. This will
lead to the extinction of wildlife.

b. Cause severe air pollution

As happened when the Indonesian islands of forest, neighboring countries
such as Malaysia and Singapore experienced severe haze. This turn take
on the incidence of various diseases such as skin cancer.

c. Substantial losses.
Forest fires not only cause the loss of a country's forest wealth is also
causing huge losses when countries tried to contain the effects triggered
by wildfires.