Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Paper 1 Option 5
-No radical change in party views and many policies remained unchanged
Moderate socialist Ebert in charge.
-Elite were still in charge and power concentrated among them
-Working Classes
Ran public meetings to win their support but did not have much effect on them
Realised that anti-Semitic message was most popular so they increased anti-Semitic propaganda
-Middle Classes
Most new party members came from this class and the farmers
Wanted to improve agriculture
Held evening classes to train members in public speaking
Party membership increased from less than 50,000 to over 100,000 in 1928
-Political Flexibility
If subject was popular, repeat it
Changed policies to fit the issues the people thought were important
Idea was losing them support, they changed it
-Hitler
Delivered powerful and moving speeches, represented strong and decisive leadership
Strong Personality and Powerful Ideas
Opposition had no one to match him, campaigns focussed around his personality & skills
-Campaigning
Hitlers oratory
25-point program allowed them to appeal to a broad spectrum of society & political flexibility
-SA
Storm Troopers made the party seem stronger and more intimidating
-Why?
Hitler chooses the Army over the SA as Rhm wanted whole of army under his/SAs control
Army was more disciplined, only organisation able to remove Hitler so he needed their support
SA was bigger, 2.5 million people, and army was smaller 100,000 soldiers.
SA was getting out of hand, interfering with running of the country and the law courts
Hitler didn't agree with SAs anti-capitalist policies & socialist aims which he planned on dropping
SAs Rohm was a potential rival, but he was a homosexual and drunkard (embarrassment)
-Features
SS breaks into homes of Rhm and other opponents, arrested and executed them
The Churches
-Propaganda
Every word published was censored, books written by Jews&other opponents were publicly burned
Cheap Peoples Receiver so many households could have one, only Nazi approved music
Also to broadcast Hitlers speeches to peoples living rooms
Germans listening to the BBC could be shot
Pro-Nazi, anti-Communist and anti-Semitic posters were all over Germany
All films were blatantly designed to promote Nazi policy, e.g the Eternal Jew
Parades and Rallies were staged by Goebbels to project an image of unity and strength
Students had to study Race Studies subject
Maths problems were written to emphasise cost of keeping mentally disabled people alive
Entire History syllabus rewritten to emphasise greatness of Nazis
-A One-party/Police State Dictatorship
If there was any opposition, the SS & the Place had the absolute power to arrest, punish & execute
Nazis didn't believe in Democracy & thought that the Weimars democracy led to Germanys failure
-Culture
Nazis were very critical of Weimar Germanys culture
They thought it undermined traditional German values
Goebbels set up the Reich Chamber of Culture, all musicians, writers & actors had to be members
Students encouraged to burn all books which were politically against the Nazis
Cheap theatre tickets were available
-Gleishaltung
All clubs & organisations were merged into Nazi organisations so Nazis controlled peoples leisure
Difficult to criticise Nazis anywhere
Jewish people only allowed to attend Jewish Schools and all Jewish businesses confiscated
All Jews had to add new first names, Sarah and Israel, Reich office for Jewish emigration set up
-The War
Sent to Ghettos in Poland as war made emigration impossible
Given only starvation rations & 1000s died from hunger,cold or typhus, 500000 died in Warsaw one
In the invasion of Russia, Einsatzgruppen (SS soldiers) sent to murder all Jews they could find
First mass execution of the war, 500,000 Jews shot
-The Final Solution
Nazis met in 1942 at Wannsee in Berlin to decide this
Death camps built in Poland where Jews were worked to death or gassed
Work on building gas chambers and crematoria was accelerated
6 million Jews were killed, 500,000 German Gypsies killed
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Opposition to Hitler
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Army bogged down in a 4-year battle, by 1942, Germanys war was going badly
Hospital trains brought thousands of wounded Germans home from the war in USSR
Propaganda campaigns to gain support for the war by Goebbels, Germans gave 1.5 million furs
-Total War Rationing 1943-44
Government prepared for Total War with every part of German society geared towards war effort
Anything that didn't help the war was eliminated, e.g professional sport, sweet shops, hairstyling
Propaganda allowed, film Kolberg, cost 8.5 million marks, 187,000 soldiers and 6000 horses used
Prisoners worked to death and POWs
-Air Raids
War meant most doctors available to civilians fell from 15 per 10,000 to 1 per 10,000 in 1941
Others also lost because of ban on Jewish and Female doctors
Attack on Hamburg led to a fire storm, 30,000 people died
In early 1945, most extreme air raids began, 2 nights of bombing in Dresden killed 150,000
As many German civilians killed by bombing as soldiers had died in combat
Nazi administration couldn't cope with this much destruction and led to army giving up
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