ELECTROMAGNETISM

- deals with the relationship of N-S electricity and

magnetism (force that push and pull objects by
generating the so-called magnetic field, where
magnetic forces are present)
HISTORY OF MAGNETISM
lodestones- first term for magnets; iron rich ones
Thessaly, Greece and district of Magnesia in
Turkey- magnets were present
Arabs used magnets. Then Chinese first used
magnet for navigation (compass)
PROPONENTS
William Gilbert- Queen Elizabeths physician who
first made artificial magnets
Hans Christian Oersted- magnetism is related to
electricity
Andre Marie Ampere- electric current can exert a
magnetic force and a current.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
1. All magnets have north and south pole.
2. Like poles repel, opposite poles attract.
3. Magnetic poles occur in pair.
4. Magnets have the ability to attract materials that
are magnetic in nature. (ferromagnetic)
hard magnetic- steel
soft magnetic- iron
nonmagnetic- Cu, Zn, Al, Tin
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS
1. Number of magnetic field lines, illustrate
magnetic field strength. (T/tesla= magnetic field
strength)
2. Field strength is stronger when lines are closer.
3. The magnetic field lines exit from south pole and
enter the north pole.
4. Magnetic fields converge for opposite poles and
separate for like poles.
*magnetic flux- number of magnetic field lines per
area. (Wb/Weber)
*electric current (I)- flow of charge from one region
to another in a conductor.
*right hand rule- used to determine direction of
magnetic field produced by electric current.
*electromagnet- special kind of magnets produced
by electric current. Ex: solenoid
FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF
ELECTROMAGNET
1. Number of turns in the coil
2. Size of iron core
3. Current flowing in the wire

APPLICATIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETISM
1. Galvanometer- measures small amount of
electric current.
*ammeter- galvanometer with parallel resistors and
connected in series with load to measure current
passing through amperes.
*voltmeter- measure voltage
2. Electric motor- converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
3. Generator- converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
4. Transformer- decreases or increases voltage
*step-up transformers- increase voltage
*step-down transformers- decrease voltage
TYPES
1. Direct current (DC)- one-way direction
2. Alternating current (AC)- two-way direction
PARTS OF A MOTOR AND GENERATOR
1. Electromagnet- external magnetic field source
2. Armature/rotor- coils of wire wrapped around soft
iron core
*electric motor, rotor rotates, magnet at rest
*generator, rotor at rest, magnet rortates
3. Axle- axis of rotation attached to a crank
4. Slip rings- rings attached to the end of coiled
wire.
5. Brushes- connected to the P supply
Faradays Law- emf induced in a loop of wire is
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
through the coil and is present even if the resistant
is infinite and current is zero.
James Clark Maxwell- Theory of
Electromagnetism, electromagnet energy travels in
waves.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- facilitated as the production of sex cells
- responsible for fertilization
- significant in the development of human embryo
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Testes- chief male reproductive organ located
inside a sac called scrotum outside the abdominal
cavity.
2. Seminiferous tubules- highly coiled tubes where
gametes are formed
3. Epididymis- temporary storage of the sperm
4. Vas deferens- passageway of the sperm
5. Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowpers glandadd secretion to the travelling sperm
6. Urethra- passageway of the sperm in going out

the body.
7. Penis- external sex organ that hangs in front of
the scrotum.
SPERM CELL
1. Acrosome- contains enzymes that digest the jelly
covering of the egg cell
2. Nucleus- chromosomes which serve as carrier of
the genetic material are found
3. Mitochondria- for the manufacture of high-energy
yielding ATP are concentrated at the middle piece
4. Flagellum- propels the sperm through the body
fluids.
SPERMATOGENESIS
- process of producing sperm cells
FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Ovaries- chief female reproductive organ shaped
like a flattened bean about 2-3 cm in length.
2. Follicles- site for ova formation
3. Oviducts- funnel-shaped opening that leads to
the uterus
4. Uterus- place for a fetus to develop and is made
up of muscles that contact and expand.
EGG CELL
1. Corona radiata- supply nutrients to the egg
2. Zona pellucida- essential binding site for sperm
during fertilization.
OOGENESIS
- formation of egg cells or ova
- ova formation takes place in the follicles
PROPHASE 1/MITOSIS- growth of germinal cells
MEIOSIS 1- division of germinal cell into half; after
this chromosomes are from 46 to 23 REAL QUICK
OVULATION- follicle matures; its wall ruptures,
setting the ovum free
CORPUS LUTEUM
- secretes a hormone responsible for maintaining
the lining of the uterus.
- yellow mass formed by ruptured follicle
MENSTRUATION
- breaking down of the uterus lining which is
discharged as menstrual flow
EMBRYO- resulting mass of undifferentiated cells
ZYGOTE- fertilized ovum
UMBILICAL CORD- structure which connects the
embryo to the mother
PLACENTA- part of the uterus to which the
umbilical cord is attached
VAGINA- birth canal
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN EGG ISNT FERTILIZED?

1. Deterioration of corpus luteum

2. Maturation of new follicle for the next
reproductive cycle
3. Menstruation
STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
PREEMBRYONIC STAGE
- 2 to 3 weeks of fertilization
- Implantation is complete
Primary chronic villi forming
EMBRYONIC STAGE
- 4 to 8 weeks of pregnancy
- Arm and legs are visible also the lung buds are
developing
FETAL STAGE
- 9 weeks to birth
- appearance of external genetalia
- organs are completed
1. Fertilization- unfertilized egg is activated through
fusion with the sperm cell in the fallopian tube.
2. Cleavage- zygote cleaves by mitosis as it moves
down the uterus.
3. Blastulation- embryo forms a hollow ball; cluster
of cells (morula)
4. Implantation- 3-6 days after fertilization embryo
is implanted in the uterus
5. Gastrulation- placenta forms
6. Neurulation- formation of tissues, blood vessels,
muscles, vertebra, etc.
7. Organogenesis- formation of organs
8. Continued Morphogenesis- miniature limbs as
hands, arms, elbows, legs, knees
9. End of 1st Trimester- 3 month-fetus with complete
organs
10. 2nd Trimester- heartbeat detected, fine body
hairs
11. 3rd Trimester- period of growth; 6-9 pound fetus
DISORDERS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
- enlargement of the prostate gland
- inner part of the prostate
- enlargement compresses the urethra, leading to
obstruction
SYMPTOMS
- incomplete bladder emptying
- gradual onset
- dysuria- painful urination
- nocturia- frequent urination at night
- incontinence- lack of control, bed wetting
2. Prostate Cancer

- malignant tumor in the prostate gland

- most common amongst men
SYMPTOMS
- similar to BPH
- pain that radiates down the hips and legs
* Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)- maintains the
liquid state of the semen; normal PSA (0-4 mg/ml)
3. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- involve infection in the fallopian tubes, ovaries,
pelvic peritoneum
- caused by Chlamydia trachomitis and Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
- major cause of intertility in women
- causes ectopic pregnancy and septic shock
SYMPTOMS
- lower abdominal pain
- abnormal vaginal discharge
- fever and chills
4. Endometriosis
- presence of normal endometrial tissue outside the
endometrial cavity
- frequent sites near ovaries
SYMPTOMS
- dysmenorrhea
- pelvic pain
- infertility
- irregular bleeding
5. Uterine Prolapse
- displacement of uterus into the vaginal canal
1st degree- displacement to vaginal canal
2nd degree- displacement to vaginal canal with
cervix at the opening
3rd degree- displacement with uterus protruding in
the vaginal canal
SYMPTOMS
- heavy feeling in the pelvis
- backache
- bowel or bladder problems
6. Ectopic Pregnancy
- implantation of ovum outside the uterine cavity
- 98% occur in the fallopian tube
SYMPTOMS
- pelvic pain
- missed menses
- irregular vaginal bleeding
- rupture the risk of hemorrhage
7. Intersexuality
- persons sex characteristics arent clear
*Androgen Specific Syndrome- genetically male but

develops as a female due to inability to utilize

androgen
8. Cryptorchidism
- absence of testes
*Cancer- uncontrolled division and growth of cells
that form lumps or tumors
9. Cervical Cancer
- caused by human papilloma virus
- can be treated by vaccine therapy
10. Gonorrhea
- bacterial disease that could spread through the
reproductive tract
SYMPTOMS
- painful PID
- inflammation of the uterus
11. Syphilis
- characterized by a rash that resembles
Treponema pallidum bacteria
12. Infertility (women)
-ovulation disorder
13. Infertility (men)
- low sperm count
TREATMENT
- counseling
- use of fertility drugs
- in vitro fertilization and sperm cell treatment
14. Genital Herpes
- painful blisters occur
- no cure
15. Epididymitis
- infection in the epididymis
- pain in the testes, redness of the scrotum
- use of antibiotics and bed rest
Dysmenorrhea- severe pain during menstruation
Amenorrhea- absence of menstruation
Oligomenorrhea- infrequent menstruation
Vaginitis- vaginal infection
HOW TO KEEP REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
HEALTHY?
- minimize stress
- avoid multiple sex partners
- know family history
- healthy diet
- regular check-up
- positive lifestyle
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- system of ductless glands
- regulates body functions through hormones
MAJOR GLANDS AND OTHER ORGANS

1. Hypothalamus
- control center
- lower central area of the brain
- monitors composition and temperature of blood
2. Pituitary Gland
- master gland
- beneath hypothalamus
- pea-sized glandular tissue
- 2 parts: Neurohypophysis and Adenohypophysis
- indirectly controls growth, metabolism, lactation,
and sexual production
3. Thyroid Gland
- below larynx, wrapped around lateral side of
trachea
- butterfly shape
4. Parathyroid Gland
- small rounded mass
- wrapped around thyroid
- controls homeostasis of calcium
5. Thymus
- plays a role in the immune system
- produces thymosin
- responsible for T- lymphocytes
6. Adrenal Gland
- located superior to the kidney
7. Pancreas
- classified as endocrine and exocrine
- flattened organ
8. Testes
- produce testosterone
- stimulates development of male sexual
characteristics
9. Ovaries
- located in pelvic cavity
- produce progesterone and estrogen
- responsible for the development of female
reproductive system.
10. Pineal Gland
- produces melatonin
HORMONES IN THE ENDOCRINE
Pineal Body
- Melatonin- regulate daily sleep-wake cycle
Hypothalamus
- Oxytocin- controls muscle contraction in uterus
- Antidiuretic Hormone/Vassopressin (ADH)increase water uptake in the kidney
Pituitary Gland
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)- stimulates
adrenal glands to produce specific hormones

- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)- stimulates

hormones in the thyroid gland
- Growth Hormone (GH)- regulates growth in
skeletal system
- Prolactin- stimulates milk production
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- stimulates ovaries and
testes to release sex hormones
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates
gamete formation
- Somatotropin- regulates metabolic function
- Melanocyte- enhances production of melanin
Thyroid
Thyroid
- Calcitonin- decreases calcium level in the blood
- Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine- releases iodine
Parathyroid
- Parathormone- controls potassium and calcium
level
Adrenal Glands
- Glucocorticoids- breakdown of protein and
increase blood sugar
- Mineral corticoids- regulates concentration of
minerals
- Adrenaline or Epinephrine- fight or flight
response to stress
- Androgens- influence development of male and
female secondary characteristics
- Aldoseterone- uptake of sodium
Pancreas
- Insulin lower blood sugar
- Glucagon- raises blood sugar
Thymus
- Progesterone and estrogen- growth of uterine
lining
- Estrogen- body defense against infection
- Testosterone and Estrogen- for sex
characterestics; A.K.A Androgen
DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. Hypothyroidism- inability of thyroid gland to
produce thyroxin
2. Cushing Syndrome- increase production of
cortisol; tumor of pituitary gland
3. Diabetes- inability to produce normal blood sugar
4. Goiter- enlargement of thyroid