Cover page for Science Assignments/projects/submitted works

Subject
Title of Assignment/Project ..
Students name ..
Teacher ..
Year ...
Due date
Plagiarism means using someone elses ideas and passing them off
as your own without giving the original author/composer proper
credit.
The Schools Assessment Policy states:
Candidates who cheat, either by plagiarism or by any other form of
malpractice, will be reported to the Headmaster and the Director of
Studies. The penalty will be at the discretion of the Director of
Studies and/or the Headmaster and could be:
- the awarding of zero marks
- rescheduling tasks, or
- some other appropriate action.

.
I understand that plagiarism is a form of cheating.
I acknowledge that the work presented in this assignment is mine
and that all sources have been cited.
Signed
Date

K (Potassium)

F (Fluorine)

Atomic number
Physical state
at 25 degrees
Celsius and
normal
atmospheric
pressure
Melting point
(Celsius)
Boiling point
(Celsius)
Density
Electronegativi
ty
(Pauling scale)
Abundance in
universe
Abundance in
lithosphere
Mass number
of the most
abundant
isotope
Electron
configuration
Common
oxidation
numbers

19
Solid

9
Gas

PF
(Potassium
fluoride)
Solid

63.38

-219.67

858

759

-188

1502

0.862g/cm3
0.82

0.001533g/cm3
3.98

2.48g/cm3
-

0.0003%

0.00004%

1.5%

0.054%

39

19

[Ar] 4s1

[He] 2s2 2p5

+1
ex) potassium
chloride (KCl)

-1
ex) sodium
fluoride (NaF)

Crystal
structure

Body-centered
cubic

Cubic

1.

(www.science.uwaterloo.ca/)

(www.wikimedia.org )
(2)

2. Account for your elements classification as a metal, semi-metal or

non-metal based on its properties.
Potassium (K), compared to three element types
Metal

Semi-metal

Non-metal

Potassium (K)

Solid form
colour

Almost all
Shiny

Can be shiny
or dull

Dull
(exception: C,
P, Se, I)

Shiny

Density

High, with the

exception of
Alkali metals

Lower then
metal, higher
then nonmetal

Low

Low

Deformability

Ductile and
Malleable,
with few
exceptions
(Cr, Mn, Ga,
Ru, W, Os, Bi)

Brittle

Brittle, with
few
exceptions (C,
P, S, Se)

Ductile and
Malleable

Behaviour

Metallic

Non Metallic

Non Metallic

Metallic

Ionization
energy

Low

Higher then
metal, Lower
then Nonmetal

High

Low

At room
temperature

Generally
Solid

Generally Gas

Generally Gas

Solid

Conductibility
with heat and
electricity

Good~ High

Good~ Low

Poor~ Good

Good

Electronegativ
ity

Usually Low

Higher then
metal, Lower
then Nonmetal

High

Low

Potassium has a large atomic radius, low ionization energy and low
electronegativity compared to non-metal and semi-metal elements, due to the
fact that its valence electrons are easily removable. It also has a shiny solid form,
which cannot be found in most non-metal elements. It has a relatively high
melting point and density, compared to non-metal and semi-metal elements. It is
solid at room temperature unlike most of the non-metals.

Like Metal elements, it is ductile, malleable, good conductor of heat and

electricity, and solid at room temperature. From all these properties, as potassium
has all the characteristics of a metal, it can be concluded that potassium is metal
3. a) Identify the principal ore from which your element is extracted.
Give its formula. From where is the ore obtained?
Potassium is usually extracted from Potash ores, which is the usual name given to
a group of potassium bearing minerals. The common potash ore, called Sylvanite,
generally consists largely of Sylvite (KCl) and Halite (NaCl) with a small portion of
other minerals, like bromine. Potassium is mainly extracted from Sylvite after its
extraction from the potash ore. The ore first goes through a leeching process,
followed by purification process and electrolysis to produce potassium (K). It is
found in various
evaporate deposits
throughout the
world, but it is
Production of potassium
found the most in
Canada, followed
from Sylvanite
by Russia, Belarus,
Germany, USA, and
Jordan.

Sylvanite

The ore is dissolved in

water, and then is cooled
to a temperature where
KCl will crystallise, which
chloride gas is
will separate itHydrogen
from NaCl.
runfrom
through
KCl is separated
the saturated KCl
Impure
to
purify
the solution. The
rest.
KCl
precipitated KCl is washed
and dried at high
temperature of around 110
degrees Celsius.

Potassium (K)

Almost pure KCl

KCl is heated until molten,

and electricity is run through
the liquid. This would make
the chlorine atoms to form
molecules of chlorine gas,
which will separate itself
from potassium.

b) For one step, explain how the components differing

physical or chemical properties enable that step in the
separation process to occur.
The property used in this method is the difference in solubility, more
specifically the difference in the temperature dependent degree of
solubility of KCl and NaCl. What this means is that the compounds
have a different solubility rate depending on the temperature, which
would mean that the compounds will crystallise in different

temperature from the solution. The fact that Sylvite has a higher
crystallisation temperature from the solution makes it crystallise
before halite when the solution is cooled down, thus enabling the
separation.
4. Outline the principles involved in fractional distillation
and solvent extraction separation techniques.
The fractional distillation is a separating method used to separate
liquids using the difference between the boiling points of the
substances. Fractional distillation in a laboratory will usually follow
these steps.
1. Mixture of two or more
substances will be heated.
2. As the mixture boils, the
substance with a lower boiling
point will evaporate.
3. The vapor will go through the
fractionating column.
4. Vapor will rise to the top and
cool down as it goes through
The
the second column.
5. Condensation happens as the
(www.newworldencyclopedia.org )(3)
vapor is cooled down to
become liquid and the
separated substance is
transferred into a container
on the end of the second
distillation column.
The solvent extraction technique
is a technique that is used to separate two liquids based on their
solubility on two different liquid that are immiscible.
A simple form of lavatory solvent extraction looks like this;
1. The mixture of two
substances is added
into a separatory
funnel
2. The funnel is shaken
to allow the layers to
reform.
3. The bottom layer is
extracted through
stopcock
4. The top layer is
poured from the top
of the separatory
funnel

(http://purificationmtang.weebly.com) (4)

The fractional distillation technique uses the

difference in the boiling points of the substances to separate them,
as the substance with the lowest boiling point will vaporize first,
thus separating itself from the rest. Solvent extraction technique
uses the immiscible nature of some substances to separate them,
and only works if the liquids are immiscible (does not form a
homogenous liquid). Solvent extraction can also be used to separate
a mixture of compounds based on their solubility in different
immiscible liquids. A mixture might consist of two kinds of
compound, one of which dissolve in one liquid but does not in the
other, and another compound, which dissolves in the other liquid
while not dissolving in the other. So if the mixture is added into the
liquids and dissolved, and the two liquids is separated the mixture of
two compounds would be separated.
5. a) By considering specific examples, compare the
structure and bonding in covalent molecular, covalent
network, ionic and metallic substances. Include a labelled
diagram to illustrate each type of structure.
When metals react with non-metals, electrons are transferred from
the metal atoms to the non-metal atoms, forming ions. The resulting
compound is called an ionic compound. In these reactions, the metal
atoms give electrons to the non-metal atoms. The metal atoms
become positive ions and the non-metal atoms become negative
ions. Now there would be a strong force of attraction between these
ions, which is called an ionic bond. For example, sodium (metal)
reacts with chloride (non-metal) causing an electron to transfer from
a sodium atom to a chloride atom, which results in the formation of
NaCl. Ionic substances have a structure where the atoms are in a
densely fixed position due to its strong bond.
Both covalent molecular and covalent network has the same
covalent bond, in which sharing of electron pairs between atoms
makes attracting force. However covalent molecular substance is

composed of discrete molecules, which would mean that it has

relatively weak intermolecular forces holding the substance
together. This means that the structure will be relatively less dense,
like H2O. Covalent network substance means that the atoms will be
bound by strong covalent bonds in a continuous network, which
means that the atoms will be in a compactly fixed form like a
Diamond.
Metals are held together by a strong metallic bond, which arises
from the attractive force between conduction electrons and
positively charged metal ions. In metallic substances structure the
electrons in the outer shells of atoms will be free to move. Thus,
metallic bonds are often described as an attraction between positive
metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. One example of this
would be Na.
Generally, Covalent network substances have the strongest bond
among the four, followed by Ionic substances, metallic substances
and lastly the covalent molecular substances. This is also the case
with the examples, as a Diamond has the strongest bond followed
by NaCl, Na and H2O. Ionic substances, in the case of solid have a
structure where the atoms are held together strongly and regularly,
while Covalent molecular substances have a structure where the
molecules are relatively far apart due to the fact that it has a weak
bonding force. Covalent network however is structured more closely
and regularly due to its strong bonding. Similarly Metallic
substances have a regular structure and the atoms are closely
packed as well.

Structure

Ionic
substance
(NaCl)

(http://www.chemguide.co.uk) (5)

Covalent
molecular
substance

Hydrogen

(water)
Oxygen
(http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu)
(6)

Covalent
network
substances
(Diamond)

Diamond structure

(http://lucychemistry.blogspot.com.au) (7)

Metallic
substances

(Sodium)

(http://cronodon.com) (8)

b) Explain how structure and bonding affect the melting

point and conductivity of the examples you have used in
5a). (4 marks)
NaCl, The example used for Ionic compound has a strong bond
between the atoms, which would result in a high melting point.
However its structure means that when it is in a solid form it cannot
conduct electricity, as its ions are not free to move. If its dissolved

in water or melted, it would free the ions and let the electricity run
through.
Water, the example used for Covalent molecular substance has a
weak bond holding the molecules together as a result of the
molecules held in place by weak intermolecular force. This means
that it takes small energy to separate the molecules, which would
mean that it has a low melting point. Also molecular compounds
don't dislocate into ions as the structure of the substance means
that the molecules itself are held together by strong covalent bonds,
and the molecules held together by weak intermolecular force. This
means that the electrons will not delocalise, and as it has no ions it
will not conduct electricity.
Diamond, the example used for covalent network solid, has a strong
covalent bond between the atoms, which would cause a high
melting point, as more energy is needed to separate the atoms. Its
conductivity varies on wether it has free electrons or not. The
structure of a diamond does not allow there to be any free electrons.
Also as it does not have any ions, it will not conduct electricity.
Sodium, the example used for metallic substance has a strong
metallic bonds which would result in high melting points as high
energy is required to separate the atoms. Also its structure means
that the electrons are free to roam around, meaning that it has high
electricity conductivity.

5 c) Diagrams, such as those you have included for 5a) are

useful representations but they have their limitations.
Outline the advantages and limitations of using diagrams,
such as the ones you have used, when describing the
structure of a solid.
Although diagrams may help visualize the structure of the solids
better than the words ever will, there are still some limitations it
face. Here are the advantages and limitations of different diagrams
when explaining the structure of a solid.
Example
Ball and
stick
model
(www.historyoftheuniverse.com
) (9)
H
2O

Advantages
-Shows clearly the
bonds, bond lengths
and angles between
atoms
-Provides clear view
of atoms and bonds

Limitations
-Cannot accurately
show the space taken
up by each atoms
-Requires different
colors to identify the
atoms

Lewis
structure
(Lewis dot
diagram)

(http://www.superteachertools.us

)10)(10)
H
2O

Fischer
projection

-Structure clearly
shown
-Can be 3D and 2D
-Simple and easy to
understand and use
-Shows the number
of valence electrons
in each atom
-Depicts the
electronic structure
well
-Can represent
multiple stereogenic
center
-Allow easy
identification of
planes of symmetry

-Not useful for d-block

compounds
- Shows structural
information only in2D
-Accounts for only the
elements following the
octet rule
-Large molecules may
make it crowded,
making it less clear
-Can result in
improbable structures
-Is a 2D drawing of a
3D molecule, needs
caution when drawing

G
lu
c
(http://www.wikiwand.com)
o
(11)
s
e

Space
filling

-Can show the size

relationships
between atoms
-Shows 3D
arrangements
-Simple depiction
(http://chemistry.about.com)
(12)

H2O

-Can be difficult to see

the whole structure
clearly
-Does not show bond
lengths clearly,
bonding can be hard
to distinguish

Research Skills Worksheet

Seungryeol Lim

Name:

Information Source : Conquering Chemistry 4th edition

Communication
Description of the information obtained from the source
Fractional distillation, solvent extraction principle
Analysis
(a) relevance the degree to which the source addresses the topic
The source addressed the topic effectively by providing appropriate and sufficient
information. It did not go out of the topic and stayed relevant throughout the text.
It had enough detail to satisfy all needs.

(b)Possibility of bias evidence of prejudiced or partial viewpoint

The goal of the text is to deliver information, so it was unlikely that it could have
any prejudiced or partial viewpoint on the subject. The text was objective and
informative, and showed no evidence of prejudiced or partial viewpoint. It was
written as a textbook, which lowers the possibility of bias even further.

(c) Credibility the trustworthiness of the source/credentials of the author

The source is a textbook, which gives it some degree of trustworthiness. It has
been revised 4 times, and is used widely by the students, which adds to the
credibility of the source. However the fact that the last revision was 12 years ago
drops the credibility a bit.
(d)Other factors ease of access; clarity of language and presentation; use of
diagrams
The source was straightforward and simply put together, making the text look
clear. The language used was fit for effective and clear delivery of the information,
and the whole text was well presented and the use of diagrams contributed to a
better understanding of the content as it made the separation process easy to
visualise.

Research Skills Worksheet

Seungryeol Lim

Name:

Information Source: Ionic bonding

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_201
1/atomic/ionicrev4.shtml
Communication
Description of the information obtained from the source
Ionic compound structure, bonding and properties
Analysis
(a) relevance the degree to which the source addresses the topic
The text topic was ionic bonding, and the text did not go out of it, consistently
staying with it and effectively explaining the process and principles. It provided
sufficient and appropriate information.
(b)Possibility of bias evidence of prejudiced or partial viewpoint
The text was informative and straightforward, and the topic was not the kind that
could have a high possibility of bias. The goal of the text is to inform, and the
website has nothing to gain by providing biased information, making it unlikely. No
evidence of prejudiced or partial viewpoint was found.
(c) Credibility the trustworthiness of the source/credentials of the author
The information was provided by BBC, which adds to its trustworthiness, as it is a
highly successful company that could afford to have proper information. It is used
by a various students and teachers, which adds to the credibility as the errors
would be reported soon. However its extensive amount of information drops the
credibility a bit as it could be hard to keep them all updated.

(d)Other factors ease of access; clarity of language and presentation; use of

diagrams
It uses appropriate diagrams to explain the concept, which helps visualise the
content and leads to a better understanding. The website was easy to access and
the language used was clear to understand and appropriate. It was presented
nicely as the diagrams and the text was put well together and was easy to go
through.

Bibliography
Abundance in Earth's Crust for all the elements in the periodic table n.d., Theodore Gray,
accessed 1 March 2016,
<http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/CrustAbundance.an.html>.
Chemical Structures n.d., TSI, accessed 4 March 2016,
<https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/chemical/chemistry-andseawater/covalent-compounds/compare-contrast-connect-chemical-structuresvisualizing-invisible>.
Clark, J 2010, Ionic structures, JIm Clark, accessed 12 March 2016,
<http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/ionicstruct.html>.
Covalent Bonding n.d., AUS-e-TUTE, accessed 4 March 2016,
<http://www.ausetute.com.au/covalent.html>.
Covalent compounds n.d., BBC, accessed 4 March 2016,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/atomic/diff
erentsubrev2.shtml>.
Dayah, Michael. Dynamic Periodic Table. 1 Oct. 1997. Web. 1 Mar 2016
<http://www.ptable.com>.
Drawing lewis structure n.d., Science Matters, accessed 4 March 2016,
<http://blog.science-matters.org/2012/04/10/drawing-lewis-structures/
http://www.grandinetti.org/lewis-dot-structures http://socratic.org/organicchemistry-1/newman-projections/bond-line-view-to-fischer-projection>.
Fluorine n.d., Royal Society of Chemistry, accessed 1 March 2016,
<http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/CrustAbundance.an.html>.
Fluorine crystal structures n.d., WebElements, accessed 2 March 2016,
<http://www.webelements.com/fluorine/crystal_structure.html>.
France, C n.d., Electrolysis of Potassium Chloride, GCSE Science, accessed 5 March
2016, <http://www.gcsescience.com/ex6.htm>.
Ionic properties n.d., BBC, accessed 4 March 2016,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/ionic_compound
s/ionicanalysisrev1.shtml>.
Ionic structure- Higher Tier n.d., BBC, accessed 4 March 2016,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/ionic_compound
s/ionicrev5.shtml>.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction n.d., UCDavis, accessed 5 March 2016,
<http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/LiquidLiquid_Extraction>.
Liquid water and ice 2010, Diagram, Wikimedia commons, accessed 12 March
2016, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liquid-water-and-ice.png>.
Metals n.d., About education, accessed 2 March 2016,
<http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metals.htm>.
Metalloids or Semimetals 2014, About education, accessed 3 March 2016,
<http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metalloids.htm>.

Metallic Bonds n.d., ChemED DL, accessed 12 March 2016,

<http://chemteacher.chemeddl.org/services/chemteacher/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=36>.
Metals 2015, Intergalactic Web, accessed 12 March 2016,
<http://cronodon.com/Atomic/Metals.html>.
Periodic table with oxidation numbers n.d., The Catalyst, accessed 1 March 2016,
<http://www.thecatalyst.org/oxnotabl.html>.
Potash n.d., Elemental Minerals Limited, accessed 5 March 2016,
<http://www.elementalminerals.com/Projects/Potash>.
Potassium crystal structures n.d., WebElements, accessed 2 March 2016,
<http://www.webelements.com/potassium/crystal_structure.html>.
Potassium Fluoride 2016, National centre for Biotechnology, accessed 1 March
2016,
<https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/potassium_fluoride#section=Top>.
Potassium n.d., Royal Society of Chemistry, accessed 1 March 2016,
<http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/19/Potassium>.
Potassium (K) n.d., Lenntech, accessed 2 March 2016,
<http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/k.htm>.
Seperation by solvent extraction 2012, Chemistry SC, Pdf, accessed 14 March
2016, <http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/bsac/Org%20Chem
%20Lab_2012/Exp.3[1].pdf>.
Solids n.d., Creative Commones, accessed 4 March 2016,
<http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-chemistry/s14-04solids.html>.
What are simple organic compounds in Chemistry? n.d., Study.com, accessed 4
March 2016, <http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-organic-compounds-inchemistry-types-groups-examples.html>.
Why are covalent compounds not conductive? 2015, Spark Capital, accessed 12
March 2016, <http://socratic.org/questions/why-are-covalent-compounds-notconductive>.
Images
1. Body Centred Cubic Structure n.d., Diagram, CAcT, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/bcc.html>.
2. Cubic Structure n.d., Diagram, Wikimedia commons, accessed 13 March 2016,
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cubic.svg>.
3. Fractional distillation n.d., Diagram, MediaWiki, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Fractional_distillation>.
4. Seperation funnel n.d., Drawing, Weebly, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://purificationmtang.weebly.com/separation-funnel.html>.
5. NaCl Structure n.d., Diagram, Jim Clark, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/ionicstruct.html>.

6. Water Structure n.d., Diagram, Elmhurst, accessed 13 March 2016,

<http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/122densityice.html>.
7. Structure of Diamond 2013, Diagram, Blogger, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://lucychemistry.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/triple-144-draw-diagramsrepresenting.html>.
8. Metal bonding n.d., Diagram, Intergalactic Web, accessed 14 March 2016,
<http://cronodon.com/Atomic/Metals.html>.
9. Ball and Stick model of water n.d., Diagram, Penny Press LTD, accessed 13
March 2016, <http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/index.php?p=water.htm>.
10. Lewis Structure of H2O n.d., Diagram, Superteacher Tools, accessed 13 March
2016, <http://www.superteachertools.us/jeopardyx/answerkey.php?
game=640663>.
11. Glucose Fischer Projection n.d., Diagram, Wikiwand, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Glucose>.
12. H2O bond n.d., Diagram, About education, accessed 13 March 2016,
<http://chemistry.about.com/od/waterchemistry/f/Why-Is-Water-A-PolarMolecule.htm>.