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I F O RM
WIT H
Th e illus t r at ions , w h ic h
s eri es , a r e r ep rod uc ed
wor ks
nes t
t he
M yt h s
Th e
feat ur e of t h is
most p a rt from
ar e a
for t h e
f past
of
lw ing
a nd
art is ts.
R om e
5 7 Fu p g
a nd
G r eec e
G un ma n
VO L UM E
HIS
A
ll a e Illu
Wit h
A cla s ic vol m
At once fascinatin g t y
b oo k and a v l ab l wor k of referen
Myt h f t h N o m n
Ed das and S g a
Fr m t h
By H A
With 3 3 F ll p ag Ill stration
G
f th
Mid dl A g e
Myt h s nd L g nd
B y H A GU
With 3 6 F ll p ag e Ill s
By H
t r at ions
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e.
a u
s o
UE R B E R
ce .
s o
s.
s.
E R B ER .
t r a t ions
rse
s or
H er o -M t h s a nd Le g e nd s of t h e B r it i s h
R ce
By M
E B B UI T M A
Wi h 5 1
F u p ge
Or gi
us
i
y
a
i nal
.
Myt h s
Le g e nd s of t h e C e l t ic Rac e
With 46 Original Full
By T W R u
o
a nd
x sr
My th s
s.
L e g e nd s of J a p an
H A LA ND DAVI S
With
a nd
By P
C
u
olo r
Th e
x.
es
in
M yt h s
By
3 2 Pl a
LE W I
Me x ic o
of
P NC
a nd
P e ru
E,
With
S6 , Full
s a
or
s.
r c
a e
My th s
us
L e g e nd s of Anci en t E gyp t
SP N C
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Wit h 6 Plat es
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a nd
IS
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in C
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W o rsu
Colour
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a es
He r o -
r a
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us
I V E D I TA
s a
32
t h e S e r b ians
s
P na o vxr cn
i h 32
of
.
Wt
Plate
acr i c ing to B
E
l
S
Fr
v ely n
Pa u
el
MYT H S
85 L EG EN D S
O F B A B Y L O N I A 89
A SS Y R I A
BY
L E W I S SP E N C E
OF
MYT H S O F M E I C O A ND P E RU T H E
AU H
N
AN C I E NT ME I C O
P O P O L VU
A
f
M YT H S O F TH E N
AM
A
M YTH S A ND
O F AN N E G Y P T
T
OR
TI O
LIZ
TH E
0F
E RI CA N I N D I
O RTH
TH E
TH E
LEGE ND S
CI E
C I VI
NS
ETC .
W I T H E IG H T P L A T E S I N C OL O U R B Y
EV ELY N PA U L AN D T H I RT Y TW O
O T H E R I LL U ST RA T I ON S
-
L O NDO N
G EO R G E
2
G H A RR A P
.
{9 CO MP A NY L TD
wc
.
HE
to
p rovid e n ot
L S
.
CONTE NT S
CH PTER
II
III
IV
QV
VI
VI I
V II I
IX
XI
X II
III
X IV
X V.
PAGE
G LOSSA RY AN D I ND E X
11
70
88
1
54
84
99
2 03
231
39
2 57
89
99
31 3
33 9
3 77
38 1
L I S T O F I LL US T RAT I ONS
P AG E
Sa c ri c i g
Assault
ro
on a
( Eve ly n
B el
P a u l)
F ront isp ie ce
C it y
e ng a e d w it h t h e T t of Kh am m u
C od e of L a w s
Se nn h er ib re e i ing T ibu t
Th e D e t h of S d a n p a lu s (L Ch al n)
Th L ib r ary of K ing Assu bani p l a t N ine e h
e
B a salt
St le
ac
ex
ra b i s
20
30
ar
r-
32
(F e rna nd L Qu esne)
36
D a nie l int e r p re t s t h e D r e a m
of
N e bu c h ad re z z ar
( Evely n
of
ra nt
e es t
Priv il g
B it s
N im rud
Th e
Murd e r
Th e Se v e n
Migh t y
T a bl e t s
w as h e t o
En lil
Of
I sh t a r
as
by
N e buc h a d re zzar
( Evely n
P a ul)
Cr
58
70
(Eve ly n
C hi e
a nd
G od
of
80
N ipp ur
of
h is
ssy ria
ar
1 24
ve
War
ve
re
N e bo
of
a nd
94
H ll in
76
P a u l)
Tiaw a t h
Go d d e s of Lo
Th e M t h e r g d d e ss I s h t
(E ly n P ul)
Ass y ian R c k S ul p t u
Ass y r ian Ty p e of G ilg m e h
Ut N p ish t im m a k e s O ff er in g t o t h e G od s
r
40
48
( I ) Mot h e r g od d e ss ( 2 ) G o d d e ss
-
N in lil
( 3)
38
B ab l
e at i n
look u p n
of
the
Mard u k
P a u l)
Of
Me ro d a c h
C onso rt
Se t ap o
Con ic t b et w e e n
T y p es
Rit t i
To w e r
the
of
P a la c e
d ire c t e d
by
N inib
( Evely n
P a ul)
36
48
62
76
84
96
2 1
MYT H S
O F B A B YL O NI A AN D
A SSY RIA
r a
2 42
rr
2 42
e-
arra
se
ovas o
ve
Ma rria g e Ma r k e t
( Edwin L ong R A )
aa
av
er
so
ors
IO
s a
82
2 96
3 00
3 06
318
r v
62
310
308
A Royal H unt
Elij ah
2 50
D
u
d
e
l
A
s
e
ro
m
b
y)
(
Th e
222
va
ca
P AG E
ovas o
326
3 42
3 46
3 48
35 4
366
3 7o
11
12
T H E A KK A DI A NS
of an ancient Se mitic s tock the ep och of whose
entranc e int o the land it is impossible t o x I n
the oldest inscriptions discovere d we nd thos e
Semitic immigrants at strife with the in digen
ous p eople o f the country the A kkadians with
who m they were subsequently t o mingle and whos e
b eliefs an d magical and occult c onceptions e sp e c i
ally they were afterward to in corp orat e with their
,
OW II
Th e
A kk adians
As sa l t on a C ity
t m g t h C m paigns
p
u
F rom a b r lie f
us- e
re
r e se n
P lzolo l l
'
.
Ma xwell
a nd
of
Sc nnac h c n b
C0
16
B A B YL O NIAN C O NQ U E RO R
13
Th e F ir st
Sargon
18
G U DE A
G udea
I9
K h am m ur abi t h e Gr eat
L ike that which preceded it the dynasty o f U r
fell and A rabian or Canaanit e inva ders usur p ed t h e
royal p ower in much the sa me manner as the She p herd
Kings s eized the s overeignty of E gyp t A subsequ ent
foreign yoke that of E la m was thrown off by Kha m
m ura bi perhap s the mos t celebrate d and most
p opularly famous na me in Babylonian history This
brilliant wis e and p olitic monarch did not content
himself with merely expelling the hated E la mites
but advanced to fu rther conq u est with such success
that in the thirty second year of his reign ( 2 338 B C )
he ha d formed Babylonia into a single monarchy
with the capital at B abylon its elf U nder the
fostering care of Kha mmurabi Babylonian art and
literature unfolded and blossomed with a luxurianc e
surprising t o c onte mplat e at this distanc e of time
I t is astonishing too to not e how c ompletely he
succ eeded in welding into on e homogeneous whole
the various elements of the empire he carved out for
himself So surely did he unify his c on quests that
the Babylonian power as he left it survived undivided
for nearly fteen hundred years The welfare of his
subj ects of all races was constantly his care No
on e satised of the justice of his ca u s e feared to
approa ch him The legal c ode which he formulated
and which remains as his greatest claim t o the
,
20
K H A MMU R A BI T H E G R E A T
applaus e of p osterity is a monu ment o f wis dom and
e qu ity I f Sargon is t o b e regarded as the A rthur
of Babylonian history s u rely Khammurab i is its
Alfred The circu mstanc es of the lives of the two
monarchs present a decidedly Similar pict u re B oth
had in their early years t o fre e their c ountry from a
foreign yok e b oth instituted a legal c ode were patrons
of letters an d assiduous in their attention t o the
wants of their subj e cts
I f a great p e ople has fre quently evolved a legal
code of sterling merit there are cases on record where
such an institution has s erved to make a p eople great
and it is probably n o inj ustice t o the Se mites of
Babylonia t o sa y of the m that the code of Kha m
A c opy of this
m ura bi made the m what they were
world fa mous c ode wa s found at Susa by d e Morgan
an d is n ow in the L ouvre
What the Babylonian chron ologists called the
First Dynasty of Babylon fell in its turn and it is
cla imed that a Su merian lin e of eleven kings took
its p lac e Their sway lasted for 36 8 years a state
ment which is obviously op en to q u es tion These
were the mselves overthrown and a Kassite dynasty
fro m the mountains of E la m wa s founded by Kandis
e
0
B
C
which
lasted
for
nearly
s
centuries
1
8
i
x
(
)
7
Thes e alien monarchs faile d t o retain their hold on
much of the A siatic an d Syrian territory which ha d
paid tribut e to Babylon and the suzerainty o f
Palestin e was likewis e lost to the m I t was a t this
epoch too that the high
priests of A sshur in the
north took the title of king but they appear t o have
b een subservient t o Babylon in so me degree A ssyria
grew gra dually in p ower I ts p eople were hardier
and more warlike than the art loving an d religious
folk of B abylon an d little by little they en croache d
.
21
Mur der
The circumstance s which necessitate d this inter
v e nt ion are not unlike those o f the assa ssination o f
King Alexander o f Serb ia and Draga his Q ueen
tha t happ ened 3000 years la ter The Kassite king
o f Babylonia ha d marrie d the daughter o f A ssur
u ba llidh o f A ssyria
But
the
match
did
no
t
meet
y
with the approval o f the Kassite faction a t court
whi ch murdered the bridegroom king This a trocious
a ct met wi t h swift vengeance a t the hands o f A ssur
the
bride
s
father
a
monarch
b
a ll idh o f A ssyria
u
y
of a ctive and statesmanlike qualitie s the a uthor
of the celebrate d serie s o f letters to A men h e t e p I V
of E gypt unearthe d a t Tel el A marna H e led a
p unitive army into Babylonia hurled fro m the
throne the pretender place d there by the Kassite
faction and replace d him with a scion of the leg it i
mate royal stock This king B u rna burya s reigned
for over twenty years and upon his deceas e the
A ssyrians still nominally the vassals o f t h e
Babylonian Crown declare d the mselve s inde p e n
dent of it Not content with such a revolutionary
measure under Shalmaneser I ( 1 300 B C ) they la id
cla im to the suzerainty of the Tigris E uphrates
region and extended their con quests even to the
boundaries o f far Cappa docia the H ittites an d
nu merou s other confederacies sub mitting to their
yoke Sh a lm a ne se r s son Tu k ult i in A risti took the
city o f Babylon slew its king B it ilya su an d thus
completely shattere d the claim of the older sta te to
suprema cy H e ha d reigned in B abylon for so me
C ourt
22
TIGLATH PILESER
Tigla t h p ile se r
-
23
24
SE MI R A MI S
T H E GRE A T
25
26
28
T H E SE C OND A SSY RI A N E MP I R E
sesses the sa me Venus like attributes the dove is her
emble m and her story beca me so inextricably inter
twined with tha t of the Babylonian goddess that she
ultimately be ca me a variant o f her The story o f
Semira mis is a triumphant vindication o f the manner
in which by certain mythical pro cesses a human b eing
can a ttain the rank of a god or goddess for Semira mis
wa s originally very real indeed A column discovere d
in 1 909 describes her a s a wo man o f the pala ce of
Samsi ra m m on King o f the World King of A ssyria
A ssy
E m p ir e
What is known a s the Secon d A ssyrian E mpire
commenced with the reign o f Tigla t h p ile se r II I
who organized a great scheme o f provincial govern
ment This plan app ears to have been the rst
forecast o f the feudal syste m for each p rovince paid
a xed tribute and provided a military contingent
Great e il ort s were ma de to render the army a s
Th e Sec ond
r ian
29
30
ennac h er ib rece iv in g T r ib t e
F m t h P l ce at N i e ve h
u
ro
P h oto l l
a a
Ha nsel!
a nd
C0
Sa
danap alus t h e
S p lendid
31
32
33
34
35
Th e
36
Th e
L i br a ry
of
K i n g A s sur b ni
ne
F erna nd L e Q
-
p al
at
N i neve h
ues
By
'
{ en m sszon of
v
31 6 55 1 3
Il ulc /t m son
a nd
Co
A
shach an d be dnego re fuse d to worship a golden
image which the King ha d se t up an d he commanded
that they should b e cast into a ery furnac e through
which they passe d unharmed
This c i rcu mstance still m ore turne d the hear t
,
38
D ni el i nterp rets
a
re
th e
ly n
ve
am
au l
of Neb uc h d rezz r
a
NE BU CHADREZZ A R
him
Then was Daniel greatly troubled
He kept
sil enc e for a space until the King begge d him t o
take heart an d S pea k The tree he announce d
re p resente d Nebuchadrezzar himself an d what ha d
happene d to it in the vision would co me to pass
regarding the great King of Babylon H e would b e
driven fro m a mong men and his dwelling would b e
with the beasts of the eld H e would be ma de
to eat grass as oxen and b e wet with the dew o f
heaven and seven times would pass over him till
he knew an d recognize d that the Most High rule d
in the kingdo m of man an d gave it t o whomsoever
he desired
.
39
Th e
Gr n t of Pr i ile g e s to R i tt i M r d uk f m ou s
B b ylo n i n C p t n b y N e b u c h d rez z r I
-
P lzo/u
ai
Ma xwel l
a nd
Co
40
Th e
Ac count of t h e Del ug e
More imp ortant is his ac coun t of the deluge
There is more than one Babylonian version of the
deluge : that which is to b e found in the Gilga mesh
Ep ic is given in the chapter dealing with that p oem
t
U N p i ht im
B er ossus
43
Babylonia
B e rossu s a dds that the re mains of the
vessel were to b e s e en in his t ime u p on one of the
Co rc yre a n mountains in Armenia ; and that people
us ed t o scrap e off the bitu men with which it had
b een outwardly c oated and made us e of it by way
o f an antidot e for poison or a mulet In this manner
they returned t o B abylon ; and having found the
writings at Sipp ara they se t about building cities
,
44
MYTH
an d Babylon was thu s
erecting t e mples
inhab ite d again
My t h
I t is interesting to note that Sisu t h rus the hero
of this deluge story wa s also the tenth Babylonian
king j ust a s Noah was the tenth patriarch The
birds s ent out by Sisut h rus strongly recall the
raven and dove despatche d by Noah ; but there
are several American myths which intro duce this
conception
Birds an d b easts in many cos mologies provide
the nucleus of the new worl d which e merges fro m
the waters which have engulfe d the old Perhaps
it is the b eaver or the musk rat which dive s into
the abyss an d brings u p a piec e of mud which
gra duall y grows into a Spacious continent ; but
so metimes birds carry this nucleus in their beaks
In the myth under consideration they return with
mud on their feet which is obviously expressive
o f the sa me idea A tte m p ts have been ma de to
show that a great difference e x ists b etween the
Babylonian an d Hebrew story U n doubte dly the
two stories have a co mmon origin
The rst B abylonian version o f the myth dates
fro m about 2 000
and its text is evidently derive d
fro m a still older tablet I t see ms likely that this
was in turn indebte d to a still more archaic version
which probably recounte d the earliest ty p e o f the
myth This perhaps relate d how the earth an d
its inhab itants were not to the liking of the Creator
an d how he resolve d to recreate the whole The
great ocean dragon was therefore calle d in to su b
merge the world after which the Creator re moulde d
it and se t the survivor an d his fa mily u p on it as the
Analog ies
w it h t h e
Flood
45
Arc h aeolog y
U ntil a bout the mid dl e o f the nineteenth cen
tury our knowledge o f the history an d antiquities 0f
Ba bylonia and Assyria was extre mely scanty The
deeply interesting series of excavations which unroll e d
the circ umstances of these ancient civilizations before
the almost incre dulous eyes o f learne d E urop e are
described at length towards the close of this
volume H ere we may sa y shortly that the labours
of L ayard and B otta at Nin eveh convince d anti
that
the
remains
of
a
great
civilization
ua rie s
q
La ya r d s excavation of the
awaite d discovery
library of Assur bani pal was the rst great step
toward reconstructing the ancient life of the two
kingdoms He was followed by Op p e rt and L oftus
but the syste matic excavation of the country wa s
yet to be undertaken This as we shall see was
commence d by George Sm ith o f the B ritish Mus eum
but unfortunately he died on his way home fro m
B aby lonian
6
4
THE TO WE R OF
BA B EL
Th e
T ow er of B abel
Many atte mpts have b een ma de to attach the
legend of the confusion of tongues to certain ruine d
towers in Babylonia especially to that of E
Sa g ila
the grea t te mple of Merodach and so me re marks
upon this most interesting tale may not b e out o f
place a t this point The myth is not fo u nd in
B abylonia itself and in its b est form may b e dis
covere d in S cripture In the B ible story we are
told that every region was of one tongue an d mo de
of sp eech As men j ourneye d westward fro m their
original home in the East they encountere d a plain
in the lan d of Shinar where they settled In this
region they commence d bu ilding op erations con
structed a city an d laid the foundations of a tower
the summit of which they hope d would reach to
,
47
MYTH S
8
4
NI MRO D
Mig h t y H unt er
I t is strange that the dis p ersion of trib es at B ab el
should b e connecte d with the na me of Nimrod
who gures in B iblical as well as B abylonian tradi
tion a s a mighty hunter Ep ip h a niu s states tha t
fro m the very foundation of this c ity ( B abylon )
there c ommenced an immediate s cene of conspiracy
s edition and tyranny which wa s carried on by
A round this
Nimrod the son of Chus the ZEt h iop
dim legendary gure a great deal of learned c ontro
B efore we exa mine his legendary
v e rsy has raged
and mythological signicanc e let u s se e what legend
and Scripture say of him In the Boo k o f Gen esis
he is mentioned a s
a mighty
( chap x 8
hunter b efore Yahweh : where fore it is said E ven
the
49
nd bu i lt N i neveh
Bry nt Ant im t Mytbol gy
S
( or Assyr ia
ol v i pp 1 1 2 3
9
,
as,
0
5
ee
Abr am
Nim r od
and
Abra m wa s astonishe d ;
is only one day old !
and the excla mation of the old man ha d such an
effect upon him that when a woman soon after
brought so me our a s an offering to one of the idols
he took an axe and broke the m to pieces preserving
only the largest one into the hand of which he put
the axe Terah returne d ho me and in quire d what
this havoc meant Abra m replie d tha t the deities
had q uarrelle d a bout an o ffering which a woman had
,
SI
you o ut
A s soon a s Haran Abra m s youngest
brother sa w the fate o f the Patriarch he resolve d
to confor m to Nimrod s religion ; but when he sa w
his brother co me out of the re unhurt he declare d
Per sian
Version
52
A PE RSIAN V ERS IO N
to re an d publicly entreate d the King to renounce
Nimro d
h is idolatry an d worship the true Go d
consulte d his wise men an d in quire d what punish
ment such a blasphe mer deserved an d they a dvise d
that he should b e consigne d to the a mes A pile
o f woo d was ordere d to be prepare d and A bra m
wa s pla ce d upon it b ut to their astonishment it
would not kindle
Nimro d aske d the priests the
caus e o f this pheno menon an d they replie d that
an angel wa s constantly ying about the pile an d
preventing the woo d fro m burning The King aske d
how the angel could be driven away an d they replie d
that it could only be done by so me drea dful rite
Their a dvice was followe d b ut the angel still persisted
and Nimro d a t length banished Abra m fro m his
do minions
The Mussulmans also relate tha t the King ma de
war against the Patriarch an d when he wa s marching
against him he sent a per son to him with this message
O Abra m ! it is now time to ght ; where
is thy army !
A bra m answere d
I t will co me
i mmediately ;
and imme diately there a pp eare d
an i mmense sundarkening clo u d of gnats which
devoure d Nimrod s soldiers to the very bones
A nother tradition is preserve d in the Ea st
S pecially referring t o the casting of A bra m into
a ery furnace a t B abylon by order of Nimrod
which s ee ms t o b e a c orrupte d story of the deliver
ance of the thre e Hebrews recorded by Daniel
Nimrod merely sub s titute d for Nebuchadrezzar
a s n o evidenc e exists that A bra m ever wa s a t
Babylon
it is said
in a drea m sa w
Nimrod
a star rising above the horizon the light of which
eclip sed tha t of the sun The s oothsayers who
wer e c onsulte d foretold that a child wa s t o b e bor n
,
53
54
p ossible
replied Abra m
that he S hould be
their God s inc e he is not so b eautiful an d c onse
quently n ot so p erfect as the generality of thos e
a bout him
Abra m now too k an opportunity of c onversing
with his father ab out the unity of God which after
wards drew him int o great contests with the prin
c i al men of Nim ro d s c ou rt who would by n o means
p
a c q uiesc e in the truths he declared Nimrod in
forme d of thes e disp utes c ommanded him a s we
have already mentioned t o b e thrown into a burning
furnace out of which he ca me withou t receiving the
leas t hurt
,
Th e
B aby lonic a
o r rather
historical ro mance o ccur in the writings of early
a uthors other than B e rossu s O ne o f thes e is to
b e foun d in the B a bylonica o f Ia m blic h us a work
e mbracing no less than sixteen books by a native
o f Ch alc h is in C oele Syria who w a s much ena moure d
o f the mysterious ancient life of Babylonia and
A ssyria and who die d about A D 333 All that
re mains of what is palpably a ro mance which may
have been founde d upon historical probability is
an epito me of the B a bylonica by Photius which
still further condensed is as follows
Attracte d by her beauty and relying on his own
grea t power Ga rm us King of B abylon decide d
to mari y Sinonis a mai den of surpassing beauty
Sh e however was alrea dy in love with another
Rh o da ne s and discourage d Ga r m u s every a dvance
Her atta chment beca me known to the King b ut
did not alter his determination an d to prevent
the possibility o f any attempt at ight on the p art
,
56
T H E BA B YLO NICA
of the lovers he appointe d two eunuchs Da mas
and Saca to watch their m ovements Th e penalty
for negligence was loss o f c a rs a nd nose a nd that
penalty the eunuchs su ffered In spite o f their
close vigilance the lovers escaped
Da ma s and
Sa ca were however place d at the hea d o f t roop s
and despatche d to recapt u re the fugitives Their
relentless search was not the lovers only anxiety for
in seeking refuge with so me shepherds in a mea dow
they encountere d a de mon a satyr which in the
shape o f a goat haunte d tha t part of the country
This de mon to Sinonis horror began to pay he r
all sorts o f weird fantastic attentions a nd nally
co mpelle d her and Rh o da ne s to abandon the pro
t e c t ion of the S hepherds for the conceal men t o ffere d
by a cavern Here they were discovere d by Da ma s
and his forces and must have been capture d bu t
for the o p portun e a rrival and attac k of a swarm o f
p oisonous bee s which ro ute d the eunuchs When
the runaways were alone again they taste d an d ate
so me o f the bees honey and almost immediately
lost consciousness L a ter Da ma s again a ttacke d
the cavern but nding the lovers still unconscious
he an d his troop s le ft the m there for dea d
I n time however they recovere d and continue d
their ight into the co u ntry A man who a fterward
p oisoned his brother an d a ccuse d the m o f the crime
offere d the m sanctuary O nly the suicide o f this
man save d the m fro m seriou s trouble an d probably
reca p ture and fro m his ho u s e they wandere d int o
the co mpa ny of a robber Here again the troops o f
Da ma s ca me u p on the m and burne d their dwelling
to the ground I n desperation the f ugitives ma s
u
e ra de d a s the ghosts o f the people the robb er
q
ha d murdere d in his house Their rus e succeeded
,
57
58
Th e
Murder of S t
E l
P l
e ap o
ve
yn
au
T H E B A B YLO NI C A
home with all possible speed O n her way ba ck her
c uriosity was excited by sounds of a great dist u rbance
issuing fro m a house har d by and on entering sh e
wa s appalled to discover a man in the very act of
taking his life after murdering h is mistress Terried
and S prin kled with blood sh e S pe d back to her father s
house O n hearing the girl s story Sinonis realise d
that the safety o f herself and Rh oda ne s lay only in
ight They prepared at once to go but before
starting Rh oda ne s kissed the peasant girl Si monis
discovering what he ha d done by the blood on his
lips beca me furious with j ealousy In a transport
of rage S he tried to stab the girl and on being pre
vented rushed to the house of Se t a p o a wealth y
Babylonian of evil repute Se t a p o welcome d her
only too c ordially A t rst Sinonis pretended to
meet his mood but a s time went by sh e relented of
her treatment of Rh o da nes and b egan to cast about
for s ome means of escap e
AS the evening wore
on sh e plied Se t a p o with wine until he was int ox i
then during the night sh e murdered him
c at ed
an d in the rst ea rly dawn left the hous e The
slaves of Se t ap o purs u ed and overtook her how
ever an d committed her t o custody t o answer for
her crime
All Babylon rej oice d with its king over the n ews
of Sinonis discovery So great w a s Garm us delight
that he commanded that all the prisoners throughout
his dominions should b e released and in this general
b oon Sinonis shared Meanwhile the dog of Rhod
ane s had scented o ut the hou s e in which the p easant
girl ha d witnessed the suicide of the lover who ha d
murdered his mistress and while the animal wa s
devouring the remain s of the woman the father of
Thinking the
Si monis arrive d at the sa me house
.
59
i nscription a dded t o it
A nd also the b eautiful
Rh odane s
In his grie f he would have stabb ed
hims elf had not the p easant girl who had b een the
caus e of Si monis j ealousy prevented him by telling
him wh o in reality wa s buried there
During thes e a dventure s Sora c c h u s ha d b een
imprisoned for allowing the lovers to e scap e an d
this a dded t o the threa t of furth er punishment
induc ed him t o hel p the Babylonian o i c e rs t o trac e
Rh o da ne s So in a Short time Rh o da ne s wa s p risoner
onc e again an d b y the c ommand o f Ga rm u s wa s
nailed t o a cros s I n sight of him the King dance d
deliriou s with revengefu l j oy an d while he wa s so
engage d a messenger arrive d with the news tha t
Sinonis wa s a b o u t t o b e e sp oused by the King of
Syria into whose dominion s sh e had escap ed
Rh o
danes wa s taken down fro m the c ross and pu t in
c omman d of the Babylonian army This see ming
change of fortun e wa s really dictated by the trea chery
of Ga rm u s a s certain in ferior officers were c o mmanded
by Ga rm u s t o slay Rh oda ne s should he defeat the
Syrians an d t o bring Sinonis alive t o Babylon
Rh o da ne s won a sweep ing victory and also regaine d
the affection an d trust of Sinonis Th e o ffic er s
o f Ga r m u s instea d of ob eying his c ommand pro
claime d the victor king an d all ende d au sp ic iously
for the lovers
,
Wr it ing
The ma nner in which the ancient c un e i form writing
of Bab ylonia and A ssyri a w a s deci p hered and restored
Cuneiform
60
G r ot efend
62
G ROTEFEN D
sh .
63
Raw linson
At this j uncture
64
RA W LI N SO N
,
,
65
MY TH S
A S S Y RIA
Longp ri e r publishe d in 1 847 a translation of the
entire text He was only able to read it by
a nalogy with the other texts ; he could not provide
the forms of the Assyrian words the mselves B ut
Rawlinson once more ca me to the aid of the Study
and it was shown that a large nu mber of signs were
ideographic This paved the way for a band of o thers
who by their unite d e fforts succeeded in unravelling
the complicated script
O F B A B YLO NIA A ND
Or ig in of Cuneiform
This pec u liar syste m of writing originated in
Babylonia its inventors being the Su merian or non
Se mitic people Vh O inhabite d that country before
its settlement by the Babylonians I t was developed
fro m picture writing and indeed some of the more
highly signicant of the pictorial signs can still
b e faintly tra ce d in their cuneifor m e quivalents
This early picture writing was inscribe d on stone
b ut eventually soft clay was a dopte d as a mediu m
for the script and it wa s found that straight lines
impressed upon this mediu m tended to the shape of
a wedge The pictures therefore lost their original
character and ca me to b e mere conventional groups
of wedges The pl u ral was represented by doubling
the sign and a term might be intensied by the
a ddition of a certain S troke thus the Sign for house
if fo u r s mall strokes were added to it would mean
great house and so forth The script wa s badly
suited to the A ssyrian language as it had not b een
originally designed for a Semitic tongue I t consists
of Simple syllables ma de up of a vowel by itself
or a vowel and a consonant ideogra ms or signs
which express an entire word and closed syllables
s uch a s bit or ba l A gain many of the signs have
,
66
Th e
Sa
67
H y m n t o Adar
A n e hymn t o Adar describes the rumbling of the
s torm in the abys s the voic e of th e god
Th t er o f t h sple ndou r o f Ann in t h mids t o f h e v n
,
r r o
68
C H APT E R II
C O SMO G O NY
B ABY LO NI AN
My t h of Cr eation
EW c reation myths are more replet e with
interest than thos e which have literary
sanction Thes e are few in nu mb er as fo r
exa mple the creation story in Genesis those to b e
foun d in E gyptian papyri an d that contained in
the P ap al Va l) of the Maya of Central America
In such an acc o u nt we can trac e the creation story
fro m the rst dim conception of world shaping t o
the polished an d nal e ffort of a priestly caste to
give a the ological int erpretation to the intentions of
the creative deity and this is perhaps more the cas e
with the creation myth which ha d its ris e a mong the
old A kkadian population of Babylonia than with
any other known t o mythic s cience In the a ccount
in Genesis of the framing of the world it has b een
discovered that two di fferent versions have b een
fus ed t o for m a s ingle s tory ; the creation tale
of the Popol Va l) is certainly a c omposite myth ;
and S imilar s uspicions may rest upon the analogous
myths of Scandinavia an d Japan But in the cas e
of Babylonia we may b e convinc ed that n o other
inu ences except thos e of the races who inhabite d
Babylonian territory could have been brought t o
b ear upon this ancient story an d that although
c ritical exa mination has proved it to consis t of
materials which have b een drawn from more than
one s ource yet these sources are not foreign and
they have not undergone s ophist ication at the hands
of any alien mythographer or inter p olator
I t wo u ld s ee m that this B abylonian cosmogony was
drawn from various sources b ut it appears to b e c on
Th e Baby lonian
'
70
Th e Bir t h
G ods
f the
7X
72
re
THE BI RTH O F TH E G O DS
b orn in Da mascu s about A D 480 an d who is re
garde d by most Assyriologists as having ha d a ccess
to valuable written or traditional material H e wa s
the author of a work entitled Doubts a nd Solut ions
of t he F irst P r inc ip les in which he states that Ann
was followed by Bel (we retain the Babylonian
form of the na mes rather than Da m a sc iu s Greek
Fro m E a and
titles ) and E a the god of Eridu
73
Dar k som e
T r init y
Thes e thre e then Tiawa t h Apsu and Mu m m u
appear to have forme d a trinity which bore no
1
74
the sk y
Spea k to the great dragon he urged
him ;
speak to her my son and her anger will b e
76
M i gh t y
ook pon
w as h e to l
Ev e ly n
au
the m in bondage
King u he bound and took fro m
him the tablets o f destiny which ha d been granted
to him by the slain Tia w a t h which obviously means
that the god of a later generation wrenches the power
o f fate fro m an earlier hierarchy j ust a s one earthly
dynasty may overthrow and replace another The
north wind bore Tia w a t h s blood away to secret
places and a t the sight E a sitting high in the
heavens rej oiced exceedingly Then Merodach took
res t and nourishment and a s he reste d a plan arose
in his mind Rising he ayed Tia w a t h of her scaly
skin an d cut her asunder
We have alrea dy seen
that the north wind bore her blood away which
probably symbolises the distribution of rivers over
,
78
A DA RK SO ME T RI NITY
1
the earth
Then did Merodach take the two parts
o f her vast b ody and with one of the m he fra med a
covering for the heavens
Merodach next divided
the upper fro m the lower waters made dwellings for
the gods se t lights in the heaven and ordained their
regular courses
he lit u p the sk y
AS the tablet poetically puts it
establishing the upper rm a m e nt and caused Anu
B el a nd Ea to inhabit it
H e then founde d the
constellations as stations for the great gods and
instituted the year setting three constellations for
each month and placing his own star Nibiru as the
chief light in the rm a m e nt Then he caused the
new moon Na nna ru to shine forth and gave hi m
the rulership of the night granting him a day of
rest in the mid dl e of the month There is a nother
mutilation a t this point and we gather that the
net of Meroda ch with which he ha d snared Tia w a t h
wa s placed in the heavens as a constellation along
with his bow The winds also appear to have been
bound or ta med and pla ce d in the several points of
the compass b ut the whole passage is very obscure
and doubtless information of surpassing interest has
b een lost through the mutilation of the tablet
We shall probably not b e far in error if we regard
the myth of the co mbat between Meroda ch and Tia
wath a s an explanation of the primal strife between
light and darkness Among the most primitive
peoples the solar hero has at one stage of his career
to encounter a grisly dragon or serpent who threatens
his very existence I n many cases this monster
guards a treasure which mythologists o f a generation
ago almost invariably explained as that gold which
is sprea d over the sk y at the hour of sunset The
nd A y i
S Pinc h es Th R ligi n f B byl ni
p 39
.
ee
a a
ss
r a,
79
8o
A DA RK SO ME T RI NITY
st ill further marvels Now the go ds had none to
worship the m or pay the m ho mage and Merodach
suggested to his father Ea the creation of man out
o f his divine blood Here once more the tablets
fail us and we must turn to the narrative of the
Chaldean writer B e ro ssu s as preserve d by no less
than thre e authors of the classical age B e r ossu s
s tates that a certain woman Th a la t t h ( that is Tia
wath) ha d many strange creatures a t her bidding
B elus ( tha t is B e l Merodach) attacke d and c ut her
in twain forming the earth out of one half and the
heavens o ut o f the other and destroying all the
creatures over which sh e r uled Then did Merodach
decapitate himself and as his bloo d owed forth the
other gods mingle d it with the earth and for me d
man fro m it F ro m this circu mstanc e mankin d is
rational and has a s park of the divine in it Then
did Merodach divide the darknes s separate the
heavens fro m the earth and order the details o f the
entire universe B ut those ani mals which he had
created were not a ble to bear the light and die d
A passage then o cc u rs which sta tes that the stars
the sun and moon and the ve planets were created
and it wo uld see m fro m the repetition that there were
two creations that the rst wa s a fail u re in which
Merodach had a s it were essayed a rst atte mpt
perfecting the process in the second creation O f
course it may b e conj ectured that B e rossu s may have
drawn fro m two conicting accounts or that thos e
who qu ote him have inserted the s econd passage
The Sumerian incantation which is provided with
a Se mitic translation adds so mewhat to our know
ledge of this cos mogony I t states that in the
beginning nothing a s yet existed none o f the great
cities o f Ba bylonia ha d yet b een built indeed there
.
81
accoun t h bee n c la im e d
w e k vers i on o f th a t
p r t of t h cre t ion s t ory wh ich de ls w i th t h c ea tio n o f t h h ost
of t h byss Th f ct th t N erg l st tes th t h des t royed th ese
m ons t ers m i gh t j u s t ify u in bel ev i ng th t t h my th w
n th i
occ si on so e di te d t p rov i de t h m o n rch w i t h n opp o t unity
f
bo sting
1
Th is
as
as
or
82
as
as o
84
8:
86
C H APT E R
R E L I GI ON
III
Th e B eg inning s
88
S PI RIT S
AND G O D S
89
90
92
THE G REAT G O DS
animal they bestrode R eligious conservatis m would
p robably not tolerate the immediate abolitio n of the
totem shape so this means was taken of gradually
shelving it B ut some gods reta ined ani mal form
unt il comparatively late times
Thus the su n god
of Kis had the form of an eagle a nd we n d that
Ish tar took as lovers a horse an eagle and a lio n
surely gods who were represented i n e q uine aquiline
a nd leonine forms The sh form of O annes the god
of wisdom is certainly a relic of totemis m Some
of the old ideographic representations of the names
of the gods are eloquent of a totemic connexion
Thus the na me of Ea the god of the deep is expressed
by an ideograph which signies antelope
Ea
is spoken of as the a ntelope of the deep
the
lusty antelope and so forth H e was also as a
water god connected with the serpent a universal
symbol of the o w ing stream The strange god Uz
probab ly an Akkadian survival was worshipped
u nder the form of a goat
The su n
god of Nipp u r
Adar was connected with the pig and was called
lord of the s w ine
Merodach may have been a
bull god In early astronomical literature we nd
him alluded to as the bull of light
The storm
god Zu as is seen by his myth retained his birdli k e
form Another name of the storm bird was Lug al
banda patron god of the city of Marad near Sip p a ra
L ike Prometheus also o nce a bird god as is prove d
by many analogous myths h e stole the sacred re fro m
heaven for the service and mental illu mination of man
.
Th e
Gr eat G ods
93
94
B EL
B el
o s
a a
ss
r a,
95
l
al udes to En lil a s a storm god Addressing him
it says
Spirit that overcomes no evildoing Spirit
that has no mother spirit that has no wife spirit that
has no sister Spirit that has no brother that kno ws
n o a biding place the evil slaying S pirit tha t deva s
tates the fold t hat wrecks the Stall tha t sweeps
A s a huge deluge
a way son and mother like a reed
it tears away dwellings consumes the provisions
of the home s mites mankind everywhere and
wic k edly drowns the harvests of the land Devoted
temples it devastates devoted men it affl icts him
tha t clothes himself in a rob e of maj esty the Sp irit
lays low with cold him of wide pasture lands with
u
h nger it lays low When En lil the lord o f lands
cries out a t sunset the dreadful word goes forth
Destroy
u nto the spacious Shrine
Nippur the city of En lil was of Sumerian
origin so we must connect the earliest cult of En lil
with the Sumerian aborigines Many of his lesser
na mes point to such a conclusion B ut he greatly
outgrew all local circumstances a nd a mong other
things he appears to have been a god who fostere d
vegetation Some a uthorities appear to be of opinion
tha t because En lil was regarde d a s a god of vegeta
tion the change w a s owing to his removal from a
mountainous region to a more level neighbourhood
The truth is it would be difficult to discover a god
.
96
8
9
THE DRA G O N
B ut they had taken good care t o protect the m
s elves for they had made a s ecret entrance underneath
the great table in the te mple which they used c on
so
that
they
might
c
ons
ume
the
good
things
st a nt l
y
that were se t before the idol
An d Cyrus did as the priests as ked s etting the
meat and win e b efore the Statu e of B el but Daniel
c omman ded his s ervants t o bring ashes which they
strewed throughout the temple in the presence of
the K ing ; the n they went out and shut the door
and s ealed it with the King s Signet
And in the night time the priests with their wives
and fa milies entered the te mple by the s ecret way
and sp eedily c onsu me d the provisions
I n the morning Cyrus and Daniel b etook the m
s elves t o the te mple a nd the King broke t he s eals
an d op ened the door and when he p erceived that
all the p rovisions ha d vanished he ca lle d ou t with
a loud voic e
Great art thou O B el and with the e
is n o dec eit at all
B ut Daniel lau ghe d and barri ng the King s
way into the t emple re queste d him t o look a t the
pave ment and mark well whos e footsteps he sa w
there
women a nd children
H e a t onc e called the pries ts who when they
sa w that their stratage m had b een discovered showed
him the s ecret way int o the temple ; an d in his
rage Cyru s slew the m and delivered B e l into Daniel s
p ower The prophet Sp eedily destroye d the idol and
the t emple which sheltere d it
Now in that t e mple w a s a great dragon worshippe d
by the p eople of B a bylon and the King sai d t o
99
without sword or s ta ff
Then Daniel t ook pitch and fat and hair and
b oiled the m all together a nd shaped the m into great
pieces Thes e he placed in the dragon s mouth and
shortly the dragon burst asunder
Now the people of Babylon b eca me greatly
incensed at these doi ngs a nd cla moured t o Cyrus
asking hi m t o deliver Daniel up to them or els e
they wo u ld destroy him and all b elonging t o him
A nd c ontinu es the legend Cyrus b eing a fraid for
his crown delivered Daniel to the p eople who cast
hi m into a lions den where he remained for six days
S even lions were in the den and their food wa s
re moved from the m so that they might b e the e rc e r
and the A p ocrypha story which di ffers considerably
from that given in the sixth chapter of the B ook of
Daniel states that the angel of the L ord took up
a c ertain prophet called Ha bba c uc who was ab out
t o carry a mess of pottage to certain reap ers an d
taking hi m by the hair of the hea d conveyed him
a ll the way fro m Palestin e to Babylon along with
the fo od which he se t at Daniel s feet Daniel
partook of the meal and Ha bba c u c was c onveyed
back to Palestin e in the sa me manner as that in
which he had come
And on the s eventh day Cyrus ca me to the den
to mourn for Daniel and when he looked in Daniel
was there So impress ed was Cyrus with the power
o f Daniel s God that he re solved to w orship Hi m
in future and s e iz ing thos e who had been inst ru
mental in casting the Hebrew pro p het into the den
,
1 00
1 02
THE TE MPLE OF B EL
base or only half the height attributed to it by
Herodotus
Regarding the possible site o f this temple Mr
Smith says :
The only ruin now existing a t or
near Babylon which can be supposed to repres en t
the temple of B elus is the mound and enclosure o f
B abil the ruins corresponding fairly with the account
of these struct u res in the Greek authors and in the
i nscription The S ides o f the b uilding face the
cardinal points like those in the inscription ; the
remains of the two sides of the enclosure now existing
indicate a circumference a bout e q u al to the Greek
measurement and slightly in excess o f that in the
inscription ; but it must b e remembered tha t the
exact length of the B abylonian measures is not
known and there are di fferent opinions even as to
the length o f the Greek stade while the presen t
remains of the wall require careful meas u re ment to
determine more exa ctly their length and the dim e n
sions they indicate
O n the other side o f the
E uphrates stands a rui n Birs Nim r d also con
sisting of an enclosure various temples and a temple
tower ; but this represents the site of the te mple
o f Nebo a t B or sip p a and its angles instead of its
face the cardinal points while not a single one
Sides
o f its known dimensions agrees with the corresponding
point in the inscription The mound of B abil which
is already identied by the best a uthorities with the
te mple of B elus consists now of the lower stage of
1
the tower and the ruins of the buildings ro u nd it
Ye t H erodot u s account o f the temple o f B el
At hena um Feb
1 2 , 1 8 6.
7
1 03
10
Dibarr a
Diba rra
weap ons
So Sp oke I shu m the faithful attendant of Diba rra
by way of beginning an account of the havoc wrought
in the valley of E uphrates by the war and plagu e
god
is the gist of his commands
Spare no one
to his satellites
Have neither fear nor pity
Kill the young as well as the old a nd rob Babylon
1 06
DIBARRA
desire
,
10
1 08
I IO
he says
is in keeping with the lack o f Sharp dis
tinction between male and female in the oldest forms
of Semitic religions I n the old cuneiform writing
the sa me Sign is used to indicate lord or lady
when attached to deities Ishtar app ea rs a mongst the
Semites both as male and female Se x was primarily
a question o f strength the S tronger god wa s viewed
Ea
III
his na me w a s Oda c on
F ro m remarks by Ap ollo
dorus it would se e m tha t these beings were messengers
from O annes but the whole passages are very obscure
The chief extract fro m the fragments of B erossus
I IZ
,
,
1 14
1 15
Th e
St
or y
1 16
and
Assyr ia, p 8 8
.
,
.
1 18
S TO RY
OF
1 19
ever
Adapa p erc eived that he ha d offended his divine
host so he hastened to explain
B e not wroth
most mighty Anu I t is b ecaus e my lord Ea hath
so co mmanded that I break not bread nor drink
water at thy table Tu rn not thy c ountenance fro m
me I b es eech thee
A nu frowned
I s it that Ea feared I should
seek thy life by o ffering thee deadly food ! Truly
he that kn oweth so much an d hath schooled th ee
in so many di fferent arts is for once put t o
sha me
A dapa would have Spoke n but the lord of heaven
s ilen ce d him
Peace !
he said ; then to his attendants
B ring forth a garment that he may clothe himself
Truly said A nu
I censure not thy decision
B e it even a s thou wilt Go my son and p eace
go with thee
And thus Adap a returned to the abod e o f E a
,
1 20
ca st
the bones of their mother
behind them
and these bones they interpreted as the stones and
rocks and a cted accordingly
So would primitive
man all the world over have interpreted this a dvice
for universally he believes the very soil upon which
he walks to be the great mother which produced
his ancestors out of whose dust or clay they were
formed and who still nourishes and preserves him
1 22
o s
a a
ss
a,
I S HTA R
point of view we quite understand how the grea t
illuminer of heaven should have been identied with
the heavens in an articially devised theological
u
E
system j st a s n lil beca me in this system the
designation o f the earth and of the region a b ove the
1
earth viewed a s a whole
The very fact tha t in
the earliest times Anu was identied with the expans e
of the S ky itself and that the symbol used to denote
him meant heaven is against this supposition
A gain the theory suffers fro m la ck o f analogy I n
what other mythology is there to be found a sk y god
who at one time possessed a solar signicance !
The converse might be the case Some sk y gods
have attained the solar connexion beca use of their
rule over the entire expanse o f the heavens j ust a s
they have a ttained the power of wielding lightni ng
and the wind B ut w e are a t a loss to recall any
d eity originally o f distinctive solar attributes who
la ter took the position of a S ky god
A nu was regarded as head of the triad and the
father of En lil W e are told that the goddes s
A ruru rst shape d man in the image of Anu who
m u st thus have attained an anthropomorphic c on
dit ion H e app ears als o to have b een regarded as
the con qu eror of primeval chaos His cons ort wa s
Ana t u probably a later feminine form of himself
,
Ish tar
I shtar wa s undoubtedly a goddess of Semitic
origin and symb olized the fertility of the earth
She was the grea t mother who fostered a ll v e g e
It is probable that her c ult
t a t ion and agriculture
originated at E rech and in the c ours e of cent u ries
and under many nominal changes disp erse d itself
nd A y i
R ligi us B li f in B byl ni
8
2
p
.
a a
ss
r a,
1 23
1 24
Th e Desc ent
o
,
125
T am m uz and I sht ar
The myth o f Ta mmuz is one of high anti q uity
da ting p ossibly fro m 4000 B C or even earlier B oth
Ta mmuz and Ishtar were originally non Semitic
the na me of the former deity being derived fro m the
A kka dian Du mu zi son of life or the only son
1 26
thus :
To the land o f No return the region o f
darkness I shta r the da ughter of Sin turned her
ear even I shtar the daughter of Sin turned her ear
to the abode o f darkness the dwelling of Irk alla to
the house whose enterer goes not forth to the road
whenc e the wayfarer never returns t o the house
whose inhabitants se e no light to the region where
dust is their bre a d and their food mud ; they se e no
light they dwell in darkness they are clothed like th e
birds in a garment of feathers O n the d oor and the
1 28
AT THE G AT ES OF A RAL U
to B abani by the temple maiden Ukh u t ( Gilga mesh
epic ta blet VI I )
-
At t h e G at es
f A r alu
12
,
,
1 30
2
3
33
1 34
the myth of
I shtar s descent into H ades would depict Ishtar
as the goddess of fertility seeking in the underworld
for her husband the sun god slain by the icy breath
of winter Du ring her soj ourn in the nether regions
to b e resumed only
a ll fertility ceases on the earth
when sh e ret u rns a s the j oyful bride of the Spring
tide sun The surrender of her clothing and j ewels
1 36
Th e
M th er g ddess Is h t r
E l P l
o
ve
yn
au
36
38
1 39
I sh t ar and Est h er
We have already questioned whether the Scripture
st ory of Esther is in s ome manner connecte d with
the goddess I shtar W riting of the J ewish feas t
of Purim Sir Ja mes F razer says ( Golden B ough
vol iii p
F ro m the absenc e of all notic e
of Puri m in the older b ooks of the Bible we may
fairly conclude that the festival was instituted or
i mported at a co mparatively late date a mong the
J ews The same conclusion is supported by th e
.
1 40
L ang ou t h e Est h er S t or y
Commenting on this theory L ang in his Magic
1 6 1 ) says :
The na me Mordecai
a nd Religion ( p
resembles Marduk E sther is like I shtar Ha man is
like Hu m m a n the Ela mite god and there is a divine
name in the inscriptions rea d a s resembling Vashti
and probably the name of a n E la mite goddess Thus
,
1 42
I 43
Nin G ir su
B au
1 44
Nannar in Dec ay
6
4
Transla t i on from
Prof Sayce
.
s Hihhe t Le tu
r
res,
1 57.
NANNAR IN DE CAY
a n i nvitation agreeable t o
him
to
take
food
t
e
d
vi
Pa rsonde s who had b een hunting the whole da y
He bade the m sen d the ass which he ha d captured
to the king and t e ll his own s ervants where he was
Then h e at e of the various kinds of food se t b efore
him and drank abundantly of the excellent wine
and at las t asked for his hors e in order t o return t o
the king But they b rought b eautiful women to
him and urged him to remain for the night H e
agreed and as soon as overcome by hunting wine
and love he ha d fallen into a deep slee p the cooks
b ound him and brought him t o Na nna ros Na nna r os
reproached Pa rsonde s with calling him an e ffeminate
m an a nd seeking t o obtain his satrapy ; he ha d the
king to thank that the satrapy granted t o his ancestors
had not b een ta ken fro m him Pa rsonde s replied
that he considered hims elf more worthy of the offic e
b ecaus e he was more manly and more useful t o the
ki ng B ut Na nna ros swore by B el a nd Mylitta that
Pa rsonde s should b e s ofter and whiter than a woman
called for the eu nuch who wa s over the fe male players
and bade hi m shave the b ody o f Pa rsonde s and
bathe and anoint him every day pu t women s clothes
on him plait his hair a fter the manner o f women
paint his fac e and place him a mong the women who
pla yed the guita r and sa ng that he might learn their
arts This was done and soon Pa rsonde s played and
s
,
,
'47
8
4
Ar alu or Er es k i Gal
The deities of the underworld of the region of the
dead are usually of later origin than thos e of the
,
49
e a
are
1 5o
n s cr i ce t oo t h tote mi or symbolic ni m l o f t h
o ft en ye d nd t h s kin worn by t h p ries t wh in th i s
p ersona t es t h g d In nc i e nt Mex ico t h p r ies t s of C nt
t h s ki n o f
w o m n s c i ce d nnu ll y to th t g o ddess
1
a
e
1 52
a r
god is
ma nn r
eot l w re
Nir ig ,
or
Enu Rest u
I S3
C H APT E R
IV
1 54
Th e B ir th
of
G ilg am esh
Among
1 56
ar z
es
es
I S7
,
,
58
,
,
1 60
1.
1 61
1 62
rej oiced
I n pictorial representations on cylinder
seals and els ewhere Ea ba ni is depicted as a sort of
satyr with the head arms and body of a man and
the horns ears and legs of a beast A s we have
s een he is a typ e o f b east man a s ort of Caliban
ranging with the b easts of the eld utterly ignorant
of the things of civilization
.
Th e B eg uil ing
of
Eabani
1 63
G ilg am esh
m eet s Eabani
1 64
Monst er Kh um baba
The IVt h tablet is conc erned with a description
of the monster with who m the heroes are about t o
do ba ttle Kh u m ba ba who m B e l had appointed to
g uard the c edar
one particular cedar which
appears to b e of greater height and sanctity than the
others ) is a creat u re of most terrifying aspect the
very presence of who m in the forest makes those
who enter it grow wea k a nd impotent As the hero es
dra w near Ba bani complains tha t his hands are feeble
and his arms without strength but Gilga mesh S pea ks
words of encourage ment to him I t may b e noted
in passing that the word Kh u m ba ba is of Ela mite
origin a fact which h as led certain authorities t o
identify the monster with an E la mite dyna sty which
anciently do minated Erech and which ca me to grief
about 2 2 50 B C I t is diffi cult if not impossible
to establish the connexion between the mythical e n
counter a nd a denite historical event ; but it may
at least be presu med th a t the bestowal of an E lamite
designation on the monster argues a certain en mity
between E la m and B a bylon
The next fragments bring us into the Vt h ta blet
Th e
1 66
I S HTA R S LO V E FOR G IL GA ME S H
1 67
MYTH S
A S SY RIA
horse glorious in battle ; o f the shepherd Tabulu and
of Isullanu the gardener of her father All these
S he ha d mocked and ill trea ted in cruel fashion
a nd Gilgamesh perceived that like treat ment would
b e meted out to him should he accept the proffere d
love of the goddess The deity was greatly enraged
More
at the repulse and mounted up to heaven
over I shta r went before Anu ( her father) before A n u
Sh e went and sh e
said
:
O
my
father
Gilga
mesh
(
)
has kept watch on me ; Gilga mesh has counted
my garlands my garlands and my girdles
U nder
lying the story of Ishtar s love for Gilga mesh there
is evidently a nature myth o f some sort perhap s a
spring tide myth ; Gilga mesh the sun god or a hero
who ha s ta ken over his attributes is wooed by Ishtar
the goddess of fertility the great mother goddess
who presides over spring vegetation In the recital
o f her former love a ffairs we nd mention of the
Ta mmu z myth in which Ishtar slew her consort
Tammuz and other mythological fragments It is
possible also that there is an astrological signi cance
in this part of the narrative
O F BA B YL O NIA AND
Th e B ul l
f Anu
1 68
dwell in darkness
.
Th e Deat h
f B abani
Th e
1 7o
Q U E S T OF GIL GAME S H
A t length he ca me to a mountain higher than the
rest the entrance to which was guarded by scorpion
men This was Mashu the Mountain o f the Sun
which lies on the western horizon between the
se t
1 71
1 72
Th e B aby l onian Ar k
Ut Na p ish t im e mployed
I 74
was se a
1 Th incons is t en
i
n det i ls i s c use d by t h
co
os
i
te
na
t
re
of
m
u
y
p
t h tale whic h i s dr w n fro m t w d ffere nt t blets
.
I 7S
k
or
Twelve ( cubits)
( a sbu) the land appeared ;
,
.
1 76
1 77
MYTH S OF
A S S Y RIA
Ut Nap ish t im and the city of Sippar for that o f
Sh u rip p a k
I n this version immortality is bestowed
not only on the hero and his wife bu t also on his
da u ghter and his pilot O ne writer ingeniously
identies thes e latter with Sa bit u and Adad Ea
respectively
To return to the epic The recital of Ut Na p ish t im
served it s primary purpose in the narrative by proving
to Gilgamesh that his case was not that of his deied
ancestor Meanwhil e the hero had remained in the
boat too ill to co me ashore now Ut Na p ish t im took
pity on him and promised to restore him to health
rst of all bidding him sleep during six days and
seven nights Gilgamesh listened to his ancestor s
advice and by and by sleep like a te mpest brea thed
upon him
Ut Na p ish t im s wife b eholding the
sleeping hero was likewise moved with co mpassion
and asked her husband to send the traveller sa fely
home He in turn bade his wife co mpound a magic
preparation containing seven ingredients and a d
minister it to Gilga mesh while he Slept This was
done and an enchantment thus put upon the hero
When he awoke (on the seventh day) he renewed his
i mportunate request for the s ecret of p erpetual life
His host sent him to a spring of wa ter where he might
bathe his sores and b e healed ; and having tested
the e fficacy of the magic waters Gilga mesh returned
once more to his ancestor s dwelling doubtless to
persist in his quest for life No twithstanding that
Ut Na p ish t im had already dec lared it impossible
for Gilgamesh to attain immortality he now directed
him (apparently at the instance of his wife) to the
place where he would nd the plant o f life and
instructed A dad Ea to condu ct him thither The
magic plant which bestowed immortalit y and eternal
B AB YLO NIA AND
1 78
seen tell me
I cannot
B abani answere d him :
sit
wards having bidden Gilga mesh
down and
a re
1 80
as a
THE B I RD ME S SENG E RS
The doctrine o f the necessity for ministering to the
dead is here enunciate d in no uncertain fashion
Unless their bodies are decently buried and o fferings
o f food and drink made at their graves their lives
in the otherworld must be abj ectly miserable The
manner in which they meet their end is likewis e
taken into account and warriors who have fallen
on the eld o f battle are pre e minently fortunate
happy S pirits ;
B ab ani is evidently one o f the
his ghost is designated ut ulehu a na me applied not
only to the fortunate dea d bu t likewis e to a class o f
be ne c e nt sup ernatural beings
The term edimm u
on the other hand designates a S pecies o f malevo
lent being a s well as the errant and even va mpirish
S pirits o f the unhappy dead The du e observance o f
funeral and comme morative rites is thus a ma tter
which to u ches the interests not only of the decease d
but also o f his relatives and friends
We have seen fro m the foregoing that the epic o f
Gilga mesh is partly historical partly mythological
Around the g u re of a great national hero myths
have grown and twined with the passing of the
generations and these have in time bec ome woven
into a connecte d narrative setting forth a myth
which corresponds to the daily or annual cours e of
the sun Within this may b e discerned other myths
and fragments of myths solar s eas onal and diluvian
B ut there is in the epic a nother important ele ment
which has alrea dy been referred to the astro the o
logical The zodiacal Signicance of the division of
the e pic into twelve tablets may be se t aside since
as has been indicated the signicance is in all pro
ba bilit y a supercial one merely added to the poe m
by the scribes of A ss u r bani pal and not forming
an integral p art o f it At the sa me time it is not
1 81
82
THE L AT E R PANTH EO N
OF B AB YLO NI A
C HAPTER
V:
N ebo
s
a relation
ebo
was
regarded
as
the
of
erodach
o
n
M
N
ship that often implies tha t the so called descendan t
o f the elder god is a serious rival or that his cult is
nearly allied to the elder worship Nebo ha d ac quire d
something of a reputation a s a god o f wisdom and
probably this it wa s which permitted him to stand
.
1 84
N ebo
So n
of
Me r o da ch
the
Ph
olo
G o d o f \V1 sdo m ,
ng
nv e n o o f w r
ll
tr
1 . l l a use ll
iti
a nd
a nd
C0
1 84
N ebo
as
G r ain G od
T ashm it
Nebo s c onsort was Tashmit
I t is believed tha t
Kha mmurabi uns u ccessfu l in s u ppressing the c ult
of Nebo succeeded with that o f his spous e She
s ee ms to have been the sa me as a goddess Ea lur
who beca me a malga mated with Za rp a nit u m the
wife o f Merodach
The na me may mean according
the hea rer a nd to o thers a revelation
t o some
and in view o f the character o f her wise h u sband
was perhaps one o f the original designations o f
Merodach himself Tashmit ha d therefore but little
individuality None the less sh e possessed consider
a ble popularity O n a seal
impression dating some
where betwe en 35004500 B C there are outlined
two gures male and female supposed to represent
The former has a wide o p e n
Nebo and Tashmit
1 86
HA DAD
mo u th and the latter ears of extraordinary Size
B oth are holding wild animals by the horns and
the representa tion is tho u ght to be typical of the
s trength or p ower of S peech and Silence
S h am a
K h am m ur abi
We nd that Kha mmurabi wa s very devoted to
His improve
Sha mash the early type of su n god
ments and restorations at Sippar and L arsa were
extensive The later B abylonian monarchs followed
his exa mple and one of t h e m Mili Sh ikh u ( c 1 450 B C )
even placed Sha mash before Merodach in the pan
theon
The early connexion between Merodach
and Sha mash had probably much to do with the grea t
popularity of the latter That this was the case so
far at least as Kha mmura bi was concerned is obvious
from certain of his inscriptions in which he alludes
in the sa me sentence to Merodach and Sha ma sh and
to their close relationship
Kha mmurabi appears
also to have b een greatly attached to the c ult of a
goddess Inna na or Ninni ( lady or great
who was evidently the consort of so me male deity
H e i mprove d her te mple at Ha lla bi and S pea ks of her
as placing the reins of power in his hands There wa s
another goddess o f the sa me na me a t Lagash who m
Gudea worshipped as mistress of the world but sh e
does not see m to have b een the sa me as the Inna na of
Ha lla bi near Sippar as she w a s a goddess of fertility
and generation o f the mother goddess typ e and
there do not appear to be any grounds for the assertion
tha t the goddess o f Halla bi can b e equa te d with her
s
and
ff adad
1 87
h ow e v e r , a p p e a r t o h a v e h a d a ny c e nt re
o f worship in B abylonia , and wa s pro
bably a god o f the Amorites , and be
coming pop ular with the B abylonians ,
(G R P 1
Perhaps
it
wa
s
Anu wa s a late one
Sons )
on Assyr i an and not B abylon i an $ 011
that Hadad rst entered fro m the alien world
In many o f his characteristics H adad g lose
resemb led Eu lil
L ike him he wa s designated the
grea t mountain and seems t o h ave been conceived
of as almost a counterpart o f the older god It is
peculiar tha t while in A ssyria and Babylonia Ha da d
ha s many of the characteristics o f a sun god in his
old ho me in Syria he possessed those of a thunder
god who dwelt a mong the mountains o f northern
.
e i
i ou s
e ie
"
an
ss
ri a ,
a
11
11 3 1
1 88
0
I9
EA IN LATE R TIME S
altar o f Dodo is pla ced in parallelis m with the
or
and it is quite clear there fore that
a rels o f Yahveh
Dod o like Yahveh was a n a me under which the
deity wa s worshipped by the people o f the land
I have suggested that Dod or Dodo wa s an old title
o f the supre me God in the Jebusite Jerusalem and
tha t hence I saiah ( v I ) when describing Jerusale m
as the tower of the vineyard the L ord ha d planted
in I sra el calls him Dod i my b eloved
We can
easily understand how a na me o f the kind with
such a signication should have b een transferred
by popula r affection fro m the Deity to the king of
who m it is sa id tha t all I srael and J u dah love d him
I
m
x
iii
S
a
v
(
,
L at er T im es
Ea develope d with the centuries and about the
epoch o f Kha mmurabi appears to have achieved a
high Standard o f godhea d probably b ecause of the
very considerable a mount o f theological moulding
which he ha d received I n the later Babylonian
period we nd him described a s the p rotagonist o f
mankind the father o f Merodach and along with
The priests
Anu and B el a memb er o f a great tria d
o f Babylon were the sole mythographers of these
This is in sharp contra distinction to the
days
mythographers o f Greece who were nearly alwa ys
philosophers and never priests B ut they were
mythographers in a s econdary sense only for they
merely rearranged r e edited or otherwise altere d
alrea dy existing tales relating to the gods us u ally
with a V iew to the exaltation of a certa in deity or to
enable his story to t in with those o f other gods
I t is only after a religion or mythological syste m
has enj oye d a vogue more or less extended tha t the
Ea in
1 91
1 92
ar
e a
shall be established
Through his possession of
the divine tablets Kingu rece ived the power o f Anu
and was able to decree the fate o f the gods After
several deities had refused the honour of beco ming
champion o f heaven Meroda ch was chosen He suc
c e e d e d a t length in sla ying Tia wa t h a nd destroying
her evil host ; and having van quished Kingu her
captain he took fro m him the Tablet s of Destiny
which he sealed an d laid on his own breast I t
was this Merodach or Marduk who afterward be
ca me identied with B el
Now Zu in his greed for power and dominion was
eager to obtain the potent symbols He beheld the
honour and maj esty of B el and from contemplation
of these he turned to look upon the Tablets of Destiny
saying W ithin himself
L o I will possess the tablets of the gods and
The S pirits of
a ll things shall be subj ect unto me
heaven shall bow before me the oracles of the gods
shall be in my hands I shall wear the crown symbol
of sovereignty and the robe symbol of godhead
I 94
THE L E G E ND OF ZU
Thus inamed he sought the entrance to Bel s
hall where he awaited the dawn of day Th e text
goes on
e B l w p our i ng ou t t h c le w ate ( L t h
li gh t of d y
t k e n ff nd l y up o n t h t h o ne
And h i di de m w
( Zu) se i e d t h T blets of Dest i ny
H too k B e l s d o m ini o n t h p o w er of g i v i ng co m m nds
Th en Zu d w y nd hid h i m se lf in h i m ou nt i n
Now
wh n
as
ar
r,
e.
as
eventually
stormed
the
mountain
stronghold
h
o
W
of Zu and with h is net succeeded in capturing the
presumptuous deity
This legend is of the Prometheus type b ut whereas
Prometheus (once a bird god) steals re fro m heaven
for the behoof of mankind Zu steals the Tablets o f
These must of course be re
Destiny for his own
gained if the sovereignty of heaven is duly to con
tin ne and to make the tale circumstantial the sun god
is provided with a fowler s net with which to capture
the recalcitrant Zu bird Jastrow believes the myth
to have been manufactured for the purpose of showing
how the tablets o f power were originally lost by the
older B e l and gained by Merodach but he has dis
c ounted the reference in the E tana legend relating
to their recovery
,
I9
MYTH S
B el
96
Daw k ina
Da w k ina
Ant:
I 97
1 98
MYTH S O F
A S SYRIA
for the occasions when national catastrophes defeat
failure of crops destructive storms and pestilence
ZOO
ar
macrocos m
as above so bel ow
The ceremony
in question consisted in the lesser deities paying
homage to Merodach as their liege lord In this
council too they decided the political action of
Babylonia for the coming year
It is thought that the B abylonian priests at state d
intervals enacted the myth o f the slaughter of Tia w a t h
This is highly probable as in Greece and Egypt the
myths of Persephone and O siris were represente d
,
2 01
2 02
2 04
2 05
MYTH S
O F B AB Y LO NIA AND
AS SY RIA
A sshur
The state religion of Assyria centres in Asshur
nor was any deity ever so closely identied with an
e mpire as he O n the fall of the Assyrian state
Asshur fell with i t
Moreover all the gods of Assyria
may be said to have been co mbined in his person
Y MBO L S
f a nd
ie
by
OF
TH E
G OD
A SS U R
H
P ra ctic e i n B a by loni a
am
a nd
s So ns)
Assyri a ,
'
2 06
Th e
S ec
2 08
A p r ay e r
to
Ass h u r, t h e
ki ng
of
the
o s
g d
er ove r
rul
e ve n nd e rth
t e w h h cre te d t h g o ds t h su p re m e t bo rn
th
e ve n nd e rth
i ncl i nes to cou nsel
t h su p re m e m u t t ll u w h
n
d
ne
i
ver
of
t
h
sce
tre
t
h
t
h
ro
th
g
p
T o Nin lil t h w i fe f Assh u t h beg etter t h e c e a t ess
f h e ve n nd e rth
m outh
Wh by co m m nd f h
T o Sin t h lor d of co mm nd t h u p li fte of h o ns t h
s p ect cle of h e ve n
T t h Sun g d t h g re t j u dg e of t h go ds wh c u es
t h e ligh t ni ng to i sue fort h
e
h a
fa h
of h
as
er
r,
rs
2 09
r o
ar
r o
rs
ar
as
Assh ur
e so
r a
ar,
ar
r,
xa
ar,
rs
ar
Conq ueror
2 10
2 1 2
213
who full
Tigla t h p ile se r brackets the m as those
h is desire
B u t Ninib s chief votary was Assur
nazir pal ( 85860
who commenced his annals
with a p aean of praise in honour of Ninib which so
abounds in fulsome e ulogy that we feel that either
he must have felt much beholden to the god or else
Ninib
as an
2 14
Ninib
as
Hunt er G od
'
Dag an
Dagan
,
.
2 16
I d i recte d by Ni nib
E l P l
Ti g la t h -Pile se r
ve
yn
au
2 1
s a
e S
218
RAMMAN
2 19
Ri m m o n,
s e de ligh tfu l se t
W f i r D m scus n t h fertile b nk s
m
d
luc
i
st
e
s
Of Abb n
nd Ph
h
p
lso g i nst t h h ouse f G d w bo ld
H
A le p er o nce h lost nd g i ne d king
Ah
w h o m h dre w
h is ott i s h
nqu
Go d s lt
to di sp g e nd di sp l ce
F
n
f Sy r i n m o d e w h ereo n to bu n
Hi o di ous O ffe i ng s nd dore th g o ds
Wh o m h h d nqui h d
as
or o
co
va
ror,
a ra
e O
as
ar
r a
ar ,
ar
az
a a
e a
who
2 20
S h am ash
2 22
As sur
na
zir
p al
B aS
tte nd e d
I c llt
by
f fro m t h e
W i n g e d Myt h olog i c a l
th
no r
Nl m i ud
I h o/ o
we s
H a nse l !
e rn
a nd
pa
l ce
a
Be i ng
at
Co
o
t
NN
S c ep tr e
I t is strange that although we know that Nusku
had been a Babylonian god fro m early times and had
gured in the pantheon of Kha mmurabi it is not
until Assyrian times that we gain any very de nite
infor mation regarding him The symbols used in
his na me are a sceptre and a stylus and he is called
b y Shalmaneser I The Bearer of the Brilliant
Sceptre
This circumstance associates him closely
with Nabu to designate who m the same symb ols are
e mployed It is di fficult however to b elieve that
the two are one as s ome writers appear to think
for Nusku is certainly a solar deity while Nabu
appears to have originally been a water god There
are however not wanting cases where the sa me
deity has evince d both solar and a queous character
ist ic s and these are to b e found notably a mong the
gods of American races Thus a mong the Maya of
Central America the god Kukulcan is depicted with
both solar and a q ueou s attrib utes and Similar
,
22
4
.
PRISONER GODS
instances
Mer Odac h
Even B el Merodach was absorbe d into the As syrian
pantheon To the Assyrians B abylonia was the
country of B el and they referred to their southern
neighbours a s the subj ects of B el This of cours e
must be taken not to mean the older B el but B e l Mero
They even allu ded to the governor who m they
dach
placed over conquere d B abylonia a s the governor of
B e l so closely did they identify the god with the
country I t is only in the time of Shalmaneser I I
the ninth century B C that we nd the na me Mero
dach e mploye d for Bel so general did the use of the
latter become O f course it was impossible that
Merodach could take rst place in Assyria as he
ha d done in B abylonia but it was a tribute to the
Assyrian belief in his greatness that they ranked him
i mmediately after Asshur in the pantheon
B el
Prisoner G Ods
v
2 25
,
,
2 26
228
LE SS E R G O D S
their literary collections close with thanksgiving to
him for having opened their ears to receive wisdo m
.
Ea
Dibbarr a
Another B abylonian
ranks of the Assyrian
L esser G ods
Some o f the lesser Babylonian gods like Da m k u
and Sh a rru Ilu see m to have attracted a passing
interest to the mselves b ut as little can b e found
,
2 29
P R O CE SSI O N
GOD S
Rock r li ef t M l t i ( A nti T u us r nge ) O rd er from i gh t
t
left Ass h u r Is h t r S n En 1 1 Sh m sh A d d nd Ish t r
of Arbel F rom R l g i B l f nd P t in B by l ni
nd A y
by Prof J stro w ( G P Pu t n m s So ns )
OF
2 30
a a
ss ri a ,
ous
e i
e ie
r ac i c e
Miselpna lv
2 32
Sp
f t h e Ch alde ans
ec ulat ions o
'
2 34
2 36
I DENTIFIED WITH GO DS
sun Merodach rules over the eighth and Nergal
over the ninth month The tenth curiously enough
is sacred to a variant of Nabu to Anu and to Ishtar
The eleventh month very suitably to Ra mman the
god of S torms and the last month Adar falling
within the rainy season is preside d over by the
seven evil Spirits
None of the goddesses receive d stell ar honours
The na mes of the months were probably quite
popular in origin Thus we nd that the rst month
was known as the month of the Sanctuary the
third as the period of brick making the fth as
the ery month the S ixth as the month of the
mission o f Ishtar re ferring to her descent into the
real ms of All a t u The fourth month was designate d
scattering seed the eighth that of the opening of
dams and the ninth was entitled c opious fertility
wh ile the eleventh wa s known as destructive rain
We nd in this early star worship of the ancient
Babylonians the co mmon origin of religion and science
Just as magic partakes in so me measure of the nature
of real science ( for so me authorities hold that it is
pseudo sc ie nt ic in origin ) so doe s religion or perhaps
more correctly S peaking early science is very closely
identie d with religion Thus we may believe that
the religious interest in their early astronomy spurred
the ancient star gazers o f Babylonia to ac quire more
knowle dge concerning the motions of those stars and
planets which they believed to be deities W e nd
the gods so closely connecte d with ancient Chaldean
astronomy as to be absolutely identied with it in
every way A number was assigned to each of the
chief gods which would see m to S how that they were
connected in some way with mathematical science
Thus I shtar s nu mber is fteen ; that of Sin her
PLAN ET S
37
38
4o
S A CRI FICE S
S hrines The cult of Ishtar in especial had many
attendant priestesses and thes e were of several
classes
.
S a ifi
L ike the other Se mitic peoples the
c es
cr
B abylonians
2 41
Th e
2 42
,
.
2 44
Th e
G r e at Tem p le
B uilde r s
46
,
,
47
Th e Tem p le
f B Kur
8
4
Th e
T w in T em p les
The te mple of Merodach at E Sagila and that of
Nabu at E Z ida were inseparably associated for a
visit to one practically necessitated a visit to both
An original rivalry between the gods had ended in a
S pecies of a malgamation and together they may b e
said to have symbolized the national religion o f
Indeed so gre at was their in fluence that
B abylonia
it can s carcely b e over esti mated The theological
thought of the country e manate d fro m the schools
which clustered around them and they were the
great literary centres o f B abylonia and thus the
progenitors of Assyrian culture
-
T em p l es as B ank s
I t was perhaps typical of the race that its places
o f worship S hould gradually become great nancial
centres and the nuclei of trade and usury Heavil y
e ndowed as they were by the kings of Babylonia
.
2 5o
E c
x
Th e
ua r e
of
s in
e c e n re
on
COIVJ
'
l li
ll l by
e e n t ra nc e
e u nnt c t e
ar
is
m ic /m a nd
av a
two wa
q tr
te d R ui n s f t h T e m p le f E S
h
ll
t m k h
h
d h T w
m il l
g wh h
th m pl
c
te
um]
to t
a g rl a
p assa g e . :1
e r of Ba e
I w lu w ood . l
o m lon
bl
Th e Ch am ber
f Fat es
2 52
2 53
young chil d
My child where the maiden could
S4
2 56
t
of medi eval E urope Indeed so closely do so me
of the Assyrian incantations and magical practices
resemble those of the E uropean sorcerers of the
Middle Ages and of primitive peoples of the present
day tha t it is difficult to convince oneself that they
are of independent origin
In Chaldea a s in ancient Egypt the crude an d
vague magical practices of primeval times receive d
for m and develope d into a ccepted ritual j ust a s
early religious idea s evolved into dogmas under
the stress o f theological c ontroversy and Opinion
AS there were men who would disp ute upon religious
questions so were there persons who would discuss
matters magical This is not to say that the terms
religion and magic possessed any well de ne d
boundaries for the m No r is it at all clear that they
do for us in this twentieth century They overlap and
it has long been the belief of the writer that their rela
tions are but represented by two circles which intersec t
on e another and the areas of which partially coincide
The writer has outlined his O pinions regarding
1
the origin of magic in an earlier volume of this series
.
The
Myth: of Ancient
R
Egypt
2 57
MYTH S OF
a nd
2 58
Wizards
There were a t least two classes of priests who
dealt in the occult the ha r il or seers and the arip il
or wizards The caste of the ba r wa s a very ancien t
one dating a t least fro m the time of Kha mmurabi
The ba r performe d divina tion by consulting the
livers o f animals and also by observation of the
We n d many of the kings o f B aby
fl ight of birds
lonia consulting this class of soothsayer Sennacherib
for exa mple sought from the ba r the cause o f his
father s violent death The a sip on the other hand
was the remover o f taboo and bans of all sorts ; he
chante d the rites described in the magical texts
and performed the c ere mo ny of atonement I t is
Pr iestl y
H e th a t
S t illeth
to rest th t p i t h ll
B y w h ose i nc nt t i o ns ever y t h i ng i s t p e ce
a
a ll
ac
The gods are upon his right hand and his left they
are behind and before him
,
2 60
PRIE S TLY
WI ZA RDS
The wizard and the w itch were known as Karrap u
or Ka ssap t u These were the sorcerers or magicians
proper and tha t they were considered dangerous to
the community is S hown by the manner in which they
are treate d by the code of Kha mmurabi in which it
is ordained that he who charges a man with sorcery
and can j ustify the charge shall obta in the sorcerer s
house and the sorcerer shall plunge into the river
B ut if the sorcerer be not drowned then he who
a ccused him shall be put to death and the wrongly
a ccused man shall have his house
A series of texts known a s Maklu provides us
among other things with a striking picture of the
B abylonian witch It tells how sh e prowls the S treets
searching for victims snatching love fro m handsome
men and withering beauteous women At another
time sh e is depicted sitting in the S hade of the wall
making S pell s and fashioning images The suppliant
prays that her magic may rever t upon herself tha t
the image of her which he ha s ma de and doubtless
rendered into the hands of the priest shall b e burn t
by the re god tha t her words may be force d back
into her mouth
Ma y her mouth b e fat may her
2 61
Ut u k k i limnt i
Sur p u
A T oot h ac h e My th
The Assyrian physician had perforce to b e something
of a demonologist a s possession by devils wa s held
to b e the cause o f divers diseases and we nd incanta
tions S prinkled a mong prescriptions O ccasionally
too we come upon the fag end of a folk tale or dip
momentarily into myth a s in a prescription for the
toothache compounded of fermente d drink the
plant sa leilhir and oil
probably as efficacious in
the cas e of tha t malady as most modern ones are
The S tory attached to the cure is a s follows
When Anu ha d created the heavens the earth
created the rivers the rivers the canals and the
canals the marshes which in turn created the wor m
And the worm came weeping before E a saying
,
62
THE W O RD OF POWE R
wood
replied the worm
what are rip e
Bah
gs to me or what is scente d wood
L et me drink
a mong the teeth and batten on the gums that I
may devour the blood o f the teeth and the strength
thereof
This tale alludes to a B abylonian super
st it ion that worms consume the teeth
,
Th e
Word of Pow er
AS in Eg y pt the word of power was held in great
reverence by the magicians of Chaldea who be lieve d
that the na me preferably the S ecret name of a god
possessed suf cient force in its mere syllables to defea t
and scatter the hordes o f evil things that surrounde d
and harassed mankind The names of Ea an d Mero
dach were perhaps most frequently used to carry de
struction into the ranks of the de mon army It was
also necessary to know the na me of the devil or person
against whom his S pells were directed I f to this
could be added a piece of hair or the nail parings in
the case of a human being then S pecial ef cacy was
given to the enchantment B u t j ust a s hair or nails
were part of a man SO was his na me and hence the
great virtue ascribed to names in art magic ancient
and modern The na me wa s a s it were the vehicle
by means o f which the magician e stablished a link
between himself and his victim and the B abylonians
in exorcising S ickness or disease o f any kind were wont
to recite long catalog ues of the na mes o f evil S pirits
and demons in the hope that by so doing they might
chance to light upon tha t especial individual who
was the cau se of the malady
Even long lists of
names of persons who had died premature dea ths were
,
63
B aby lonia n
V am p ir es
are
a re
or
a re as
a re
ar e
ar e
ca
o so
or
ar e a s
are
a re
are
a re
a re
a re
64
disease
Afa na sie f regards the m a s thunder gods
and S pirits of the storm who during winter slu mber
in their clo ud c ofns to rise again in spring and draw
moisture fro m the clouds B u t this theory will
scarcely recommend itself to anyone with even a
S light kn owledge of mythological science The Abb
Ca lm e t s difficulty in believing in va mpires was that
he could not understand how a spirit could leave its
grave and return thence with ponderable matter in
the form of blood leaving no traces showing that the
surface of the earth above the grave had been stirred
B ut this view might be solved by the occult theory
of the precipitation of matter
-
Mag ic
The earliest B iblical account of anyth ing supposed
to be connected with magic is to b e found in the
history o f Rachel When with her S ister L eah an d
her husband Ja cob S he had left the house o f her
father
Rachel had stolen the images that were her
father s
Then L aban overtook Jacob
and
L aban said
yet wherefore hast thou stolen my
gods !
and Jacob answered and said With
whomsoever thou nde st thy gods let him not live :
before our brethren discern thou what is thine with
me and take it to thee F or Jacob knew not that
Rachel had stolen them
And L aban went into
Jacob s tent and into L eah s ten t and into the two
maid servan ts ten t but he found them not Then
went he out of L eah s tent and entered into Rachel s
tent Now Rachel had ta ken the images and put
the m in the camel s furniture and sa t upon them
And L aban searched all the tent but found them not
Th e B ibl e
and
2 66
Th e
26
G ods
Dem ons
onc e
L eg end of Ur a
It is told that U ra the dread demon of disease
once made up his mind to destroy mankind B ut
Th e
2 68
Puri cation
Mag ic ian
L et us attemp t to describe the trea tment o f a
case by a priest
physician magician of B abylonia
The pro ceeding is rather a recondite one but by the
aid of imagination as well a s the assistance of Baby
lonian representation we may construct a tolerably
clear picture
The chamber o f the sage is almost
c ertain to b e S ituated in some nook in one of those
vast and imposing fanes which more closely rese mbled
cities than mere te mples We draw the curtain and
enter a rather darksome room The atmosphere is
pungent with chemic odours and ranged on shelves
disposed upon the tiled walls are numerous j ars
great and small containing the fearsome c ompounds
Th e Ch am ber
f t h e Pr iest
7o
2 71
MYTH S
Witc h Finding
The priest s miles a t our fear and motioning us
to sit in a c ircle produces s everal waxen gures o f
de mons which he pla ces on the fl oor I t is noticeable
tha t these gures all appea r to be bound with minia
ture ropes Taking one o f these in the shap e o f a
La ba rt u or hag demon the priest places before it
twelve s mall ca kes made fro m a peculiar kind of m e a l
He then pours out a libation o f wa ter pla ces t h e
image of a s mall black dog beside that of the witch
lays a piece of the heart of a young pig on the mouth
of the gure and s ome white bread and a box of
ointment beside it He then chants something like
the following : Ma y a guardian S pirit be present
at my side when I draw near unto the sick man when
I exa mine his muscles when I compose his limbs when
Th e
2 72
2 74
or
Mag ic Circ le
The magic circle as in use a mong the Chaldean
bears many points o f resemblance to tha t
sorcerers
described in m e dimv al works on magic The Baby
lonian magician when describing the circle made
seven little winged gures which he Se t before an
image of the god Nergal After doing so he S tated
that he had covere d them with a dark robe and
bound them with a coloured cord setting bes ide
the m tamarisk and the heart of the palm tha t he
had completed the magic circle and had surrounded
the m with a sprinkling of lime and fl our
Tha t the magic circle of m e dize v a l times mus t
have been evolved from the Chaldean is plain fro m
the strong resemblance between the two Directions
for the making of a medi aeval magic circle are as
follows
In the rst place the magician is supposed to
x upon a spot proper for s uch a purpose which
must be either in a subterranean vault hung round
with black and lighted by a magical torch o r else
in the centre of some thick wood or desert or upon
Th e
75
76
T aboo
The belie f in taboo wa s universal in ancient Chaldea
Amongst the B abylonians it was known as ma m it
There were tab oos on many things but especially
upon corpses and uncleanness of all kinds We nd
the taboo generally alluded to in a text a s the barrier
2 78
TA BOO
Among all barbarous peoples the taboo is usua ll y
intended to hedge in the sacred thing from the pro
fane per son or the common people but it may also b e
e mployed for sanitary reasons Thus the fl esh o f
certain animals such as the pig may no t be eaten
in hot countries Food must not be prepared by
those who are in the slightest degre e suspected o f
uncleanness and these l aws are usually of the most
rigorous character ; but should a man violate the
taboo placed upon certain foods then he himself
often beca me taboo No one might have any inter
course with him He was left to his own devices
and in S hort became a sort of pariah In the
Assyrian texts we nd many instances of this
kind of taboo and nu merous were the supplica
tions tha t these might be re moved If one dran k
water fro m an unclean cup he had violated a taboo
2 79
MYTH S OF
Pop ular
B A B YLO NIA AN D
AS S Y RIA
S up e
r st it ions
a8o
2 82
C l y bj ect re se b l i g Sh ee p s L i er
Tl
i c i b d h m g ic l f m lm it w p b bly
f h
u d f p rp
t
d w
m p l y d by
th
f B hj l
th c m i
p ri
ns
se
is
ns
or
n it
o se s
I ll olo ll
or
on in
'
.
v rna ro n ,
e st s o
Il a / l u l l
an
en
a nd
as
as
e re
Co
ro
on e s
2 84
Missing Car av an
The ages ro ll bac k as a sc roll an d I se e mys elf
as on e of the great banker merchant s of Babylon
on e o f thos e princes of co mmerc e whos e c ontra ct s
an d agree ment s a re found sta mpe d upon clay
cylinders where onc e the S tately palac es o f bart er
aros e fro m the swarming street s of the city o f
Merodach I have that morning b een carried i n
my litt er b y s w eating S laves fro m my whit e hous e
in a lea fy sub urb lying b enea t h the S hadow of the
Th e
2 85
2 86
2 88
C HAPT E R X I : T HE MYTHOLO GI C AL
MO NST E R S AND ANI MAL S OF C H AL DEA
IAWATH
Wing ed Bulls
The winge d bulls SO closely identi ed w ith ancient
Chaldean mythology were probably ass ociated with
' '
2 89
MYTH S O F
Merodach
29
0
G azelle
and
G oat G ods
god Uz
This god Uz is depicted as S itting on a
throne watching the revolution of the s olar dis c ;
which is pla ced up on a table an d made t o r evolve
by means of a rop e or S tring He is clad in a rob e
of goat S kin
,
Th e
G oat
Cult
2 92
er
ec
rer ,
TH E G OAT CU LT
2 93
MYTH S OF
AS SY RIA
vers ed in the mythology of modern occultis m and
it would s ee m that if he drew his infor ma t ion fro m
modern or medi aeval sources that thes e must have
b een in direct line fro m Babylonian lore
Adar the su n god of Nippur wa s in the sa me
manner c onn ecte d with the pig which may have
b een the t ote m of the city he ruled over and many
other gods had att endant ani mals or birds like the
sun god of Kis whos e symb ol wa s the eagle
Thos e mons ters who ha d c o mp os ed the host of
Tia w a t h were supp os ed after the defeat and de st ruc
tion of their c o mman dress t o have b een hurled like
Satan an d his angels int o the a bys s b eneath We
rea d of their c onfusion in four tablets of the creation
epic This legend S ee ms t o b e the original s ourc e
of the b elief that thos e who reb elled against high
heaven were thrust into out er darkness I n the
B o ok of E noch we read of a great abyss regarding
which an angel said to the prophet
This is a plac e
held to eternity
Eleven great monsters are S p oken
of by Babylonian myth as co mprising the host of
Tia w a t h b esides many less er for ms having the heads
of men and the b odies of birds Strangely enough
we nd thes e monst ers guring in a legend c onc ern
ing an early Babylonian king
B A B YLO NIA AND
9+
Th e
E ag le
As we have seen the eagle was perhap s regarded
as a symbol of the sun god A B abylonian fable
tel ls how he q uarrelled with the serpent and in curred
,
2 96
Myt h olog i c a l
E gle h e d e d
a
2 96
I n t h e L o uv re
I lrulo H
'
.
l / u n st ll
Be i n g
nd L u
Come
said he to his children
let u s swoop
d own and let us also eat o f the flesh of this wild
ox
Now the young eagle who ha d before dissuaded
his father from devouring the serpent s young aga in
begged him to desist fro m his purpose
98
C HAPT E R
X II : TAL E S OF T HE BAB Y.
LONIAN AND ASSYR I AN KI NG S
29
9
30 0
Poet
or
Br ag g art !
Th e
30 1
Dr e am
G y g es
302
304
A S A RCHITECT
in palaces the glory o f my name they have raised
and have exalted my kingdom
r
A ssur bani p al
A rc h it ec t
Sadi
rabu matati ( the great mountain of the
earth) the temple o f the god Assur my lord c om
l
e t el
I
nished
Its
chamber
walls
I
adorne
d
p
y
with gold and S ilver great c olumn s in it I xed
a nd in its gate the productions o f land and se a I
placed The god Assur into Sadi rab u matati I
brought and I raised him an everlasting sanctuary
as
3 5
0
MYTH S OF
the gate
the seat o f Z irat banit which adorne d
the wall I pla ced
Four b ulls o f silver powerful guarding my royal
threshold in the gate of the rising su n in the greatest
gate in the gate of the temple Sidd a which is in
1
the midst o f B orsip p a I se t up
-
A L ik eable Monarc h
E sar haddon the father o f Assur bani
pal has
06
ee
ss
r a
ve
es,
ra
ar a
Th e Fat al
E c lip se
The reign of Assur Da n I I I ( 773764 B C ) supplie s
us with a picturesque incident This Assyr i an
monarch had marched several times into Syria
and had fought the Chaldeans in B abylonia
Numerous were his tributary states an d widesprea d
his power B ut disaster crep t slowly upon him
and although he made repeated e fforts to stave it
Insurrection followe d
o ff these were quite in va in
insurrec tion and it would see m that the priests o f
-
3 7
08
A ROYAL DAY
as the vice g eren t of the gods u p on earth ; it therefore
followed that he could do no wrong Sub mission
to his will was complete In the hands of a race
of men who wielded this p ower unwisely it could
have been nothin g else b ut disastrous to both prince
and people B u t on the Whole it may b e said that
the kings of this rac e bore themselves worthily
according to their lights I f their sense of dig nity
a t times a mounted to bombast tha t was because
they were SO full o f their sense of delegate d duty
from a bove There is every reason to believe that
before entering upon their kingly state they had to
undergo a most rigorous e ducation consisting of
instruction upon religious subj ects so me history
an d the inculcation of moral precepts O n the
other hand they were by no means mere puppet s
for we nd the m initiating ca mpaigns presiding
over courts o f law and fra ming the laws themselve s
and generally guiding the trend o f the na tional
p olicy As a whole they were a strong and deter
mined race wise a s well as warlike , and by n o means
unmindful o f the re quirement s of their p eople
B u t with the m the gods were rst and their rea ding
o f the initial duty o f a king seems to have been the
b uilding of te mples and the celebration of religious
ceremonies of which a gorgeous and prolonged ritual
wa s the especial fe a ture
.
Roy al Day
309
31 0
A ROYAL DAY
armed wi t h modern weapons o f precisi on b ut the
risk attending a personal encounter with these savage
animals when the hunter is armed with the most
rudimentary weapons see ms appalling according
to modern civilize d ideas
O r again the a fternoon might b e occupied by a
great ceremonial religious function the laying of
the foundation S tone of a temple the O pening of a
or the celebration of a festival
r eligious edice
The King ; a ttended by a glittering retinue of courtiers
an d priests would be carrie d in a litter to the place
o f celebration where hymns to the god in whose
honour the function was held were s ung to the
a ccompanimen t o f harps and other instruments
libations to the god were poured out sacrices
o ffered up and prayers made for continued protection
The private life of an Assyrian or B a bylonian
king was probably not of a very c omfortable order
surrounded as he was by sycophantic ofcials S pies
in the pay of his ene mies s chemers and o f c e
seekers
of all descriptions AS in m ost Oriental countries
the hare m was the centr e of i ntrigue and political
unrest Its occupants were usually princesses fro m
foreign countries who had probably received in
j unctions o n leaving their native lands to gain a s
much ascendancy over the monarch as possib le
for the purpose o f swaying him in matters political
Many of these a lliances were supposed to be made
in the hope of maintaining peaceful relations between
Mesopotamia and the surrounding countries b ut
there is li t tle doubt that the n umerous wives of a
Mesopota mi a n k rnd were only too often little be tter
than spies whose of ce it was t o report pe riodica lly
to their relative s the condition of things in B a bylon
or Nineveh
,
3 12
MYTHS OF
AS SY RIA
Chaldea were usually city or district gods showing
much less of the nature of the departmental deity
in their construction than the divinitie s o f Egypt
The Egyptian god type was more exact and explicit
We have seldom much dif culty in discovering the
nature of an Egyptian god We have fre quently
however immense trouble in nding out for what a
Mesopotamian deity stands The B a bylon Assy
rian idea of godhea d a ppears to have been princi
pally astral terrestrial or a quatic that is mos t
B abylonian Assyrian deities are connecte d either
with the heavenly bodies the earth or the waters
I t is only a s an afterthought that they be come gods
of j ustic e of letters o f the underworld This sta te
ment mus t of course b e taken a s meaning that their
connexion with abstract qualities is much more loose
than in the cas e of the Egyptian gods t hat their
departmental character is secondary to their original
chara cter a s gods of nature Ther e is onl y o ne ex
c e t ion to this and that is to b e fo un d in the depart
p
ment of war to which certain of the m appear t o have
b een relegated at an early period and later t o hav e
become identied with it very closely indee d
In one circumstance the B a bylonian Assyrian
re li gion closely rese mbled the Egyptian and that
was the lasting effect wrought upon it by priestly
cult s and theological schools Just a s the priests of
Thebes and Me mphis an d O n moulded the varying
c ults of E gypt added to their mythology an d read int o
the m ethical S ignicance so did the priests of Nipp ur
and E rech mould and form the faith of B a bylon
We have plenty of evidence for s uch a statement
and nowher e perhaps was theological thought so
rife in the ancient world as in B a bylonia and E gypt
There are als o p oints of contact with the great
-
1
3
CO MPA RATI V E
3 15
S em itic
Conser v at ism
1
6
3
31 8
32 0
associated therewith
Professor Ignatius Goldzih e r o f B udapest has
enlightene d us in a passage in his Mythology a mong
as to the great influence wielded by
t he He bre ws
B abylonian upon J ewish religion H e says :
The
receptive tendency of the Hebrew manifeste d itself
again prominently during the Ba bylonian Captivity
Here rst they gained an opportunity of forming for
themselve s a complete and harmonious conception
o f the world The infl uence of Canaanitish civiliza
tion could not then be particularly p owerful on the
Hebrews ; for that civilization the highest poin t
o f which was attained by the Ph oenicians wa s quite
dwarfe d by the mental activity exhibited in the
monuments of the B abylonian an d Assyrian E mpire
which we are now able to admire in all their grandeur
There the He brews found more to rece ive than
some few c ivil political and religious institutions
The extensive and manifold literature which they
foun d there could not but act on a receptive mind
for it is not to be imagine d
a s a powerful stimulus ;
that the nation then dragged into captivity live d
so long in the B abylonian Assyrian E mpire without
gaining any knowle dge of its inte llectual trea sures
Schr ader s latest publications on Assyrian poe try
,
1:
32 1
and noteworthy
The Abbe L ois y in a F rench work Les myt hs
,
ha hylonie ns,
32 2
et
les p r em iers
c ha
i
t
res de la
p
Genese
Th e Canaanit es
32 4
,
.
33 5
Resheph
At a na h e li son o f Ha bsi servant of Nergal
also ap p ears to have been known to the Canaanites
'
'
3 7
2
MYTH S
AS SY RIA
their agency that Sh e was introduced into the Greek
world but there were Greek colonies on the shores
o f Asia Minor a t an early date and these may have
transferred her c ult to the people o f their o wn race
in the Gree k motherland Another goddess Specially
honoured at Carthage was Ta nit h who was also
calle d the Countenance of Ba al
Esh m un the
god o f vital force and healing seems to have b een
w orshipped especially at Sidon b ut also a t Carthage
Melk art h the patron deity of Tyre the Greeks
e q uated with their H eracles ; Reshef the lightning
god wa s of Syrian origin and was identi ed by the
Greeks with Apollo The Ph oenicians were also
prone to fuse their gods one with another so that
we have such combinations a s Esh m un Melk a rt h
Me lk a r t h
Reshe f and SO forth
Ph oenician religion
w a s also S trongly in fl uenced by Egyptian ideas
and Plutarch ha s p ut it on record that when I sis
j ourneyed to B yblus S he wa s called Astarte Certain
Ph oenician settlers a t Pir mus the port of Athen s
worshipped the Assyrian god Nergal and many o f
their proper na mes are compounded o f the names
o f Babylon
deities The worship o f Moloch was
also popular in Ph oenicia where he was called Melk
King
and to him a s to the Moloch o f the other
S emitic peoples infants were o ffered up in sacri ce
The Phoenician s likewise adopted the custom o f
b urning the chief god o f the city in e f gy or in
the person of a human representative a t Tyre
and Carthage
( See remarks on Hamman pages
1 42
1 44 ; and on Sardanapalus page s 3 1
We know very little concerning Phoenician myth
We cannot credit wha t is written by Philo o f B yblus
concerni ng it a s he professed that he ha d used a s
his a uthority the writings o f one Sanch unia t h on an
,
32 8
Tsa p h on
About
33
33 I
Z oroast er
The faith which immediately supplanted that o f
ancient Babylonia and Assyria could not fail to draw
c onsiderably fro m it This was the Z oroastrian
Th e Relig ion
of
332
wa s a p erpetual exorcis m
The two gure s o f Ahura Mazda an d Anra Mainyu
the on e with his atten dant archangels and angels
an d the other with his arch demons an d de mons or
Divs compose the Z arathustrian c elestial hierarchy
as represented in the earlier sa cred writings ; in the
later ones other gures ar e introduce d into the
pantheon The sacred writings that have b een pre
served are of different periods and outside the range
o f Z a rathustra s moral system of religion there are
traces in the m o f revivals o f an older primitive
nature worship an d of the b eliefs of an early nomadic
shepherd life as for instance the sacredness in
which cow and dog are held as well a s re min iscences
o f general Indo Germanic myths
,
334
3 35
l
a bove ca led a F rava shi his own character in
deed put into a S piritual body almost identical
with the a mei rna lghen or S piritual n ymphs o f the
H e ha d the choice
Araucanian Indians o f Chile
o f good and evil and c onse quently suffered the
due p unishmen t of sin F or the rs t thre e days
a fter death the s oul of the dea d was supposed to
hover a b out its earthly a bode
During this time friends and relatives perfor med
their funerary rites their prayers an d offerings be
c oming more earnest and a bundant a s the hour
drew nigh when the soul wa s bound t o start on its
j ourney t o the b eyond This wa s a t the beginning
o f the fourth day when Sra osh a carried it aloft
assaile d on the way by de mons desirous o f o btain
ing possession of his burden O n earth everyth ing
wa s being done to keep the evil S pirits in check res
lighted a s particularly effective against the powers
of darkness And thus assisted Sra osh a arrived
safely with his charge a t the bridge that
a nne d
s
the S pace between earth an d heaven
Ip
ere at
the entrance to the accountant s bridge the soul s
,
6
33
338
X IV : MO DE R N E X C AV A.
T I O N IN B AB YLO NI A AND ASSYR I A
C H APT E R
so
3 39
C
one
o
f
the
nest
exa
mples
o
f
ssyrian
0
B
2
2
A
7 5
7
palatial architecture H e c ontinued his excavations
a t Kh orsa ba d until 1 845 and wa s successful in
bringing to light a te mple and a grand porch deco
rated by three pairs of wings under which pa ssed
the roa d fro m the c ity to the palace Many of the
fruits of h is labours were re moved to Paris and
deposited in the L ouvre H is successor Victor
Place continued B otta s work a t Kh orsa ba d and
discovered a c ity gate guarded by winged bulls
the bac ks of which supporte d the arch of the
entrance
,
H enry L ay ard
Meanwhile Mr a fterward Sir H enry L ayard ha d
visited the country in 1 840 and was g r e a t ly im p re sse d
by B otta s work and its results Five years later
through the assistance of Sir Stratford Canning he
was enabled himself to co mmence excavations a t
Nim r d He soon unearthed the remains of extensive
buildings in fact he discovered two Assyrian palaces
on the very rst day of his excavations ! At the
outset he had only eleven men in his e mploy and
b eing anxious to push on the work in fear tha t the
Sir
34
MYTHS
AS SY RIA
local Turkish governor or the approach of the winter
season would put an end to his operations he
increased his sta ff to thirty men The peasants
laboure d enthusiastically but to the excavator s
disgust the Turkish authorities forbade him to pro
L ayard nevertheless hoodwinked the a u t h ori
ceed
ties and succeeded in uncovering several large
gures of winged bulls and lions
Soon a fter this L ayard S pent Christ mas with
Sir Henry Rawlinson of the B ritish Museu m with
who m he ce mented a warm friendship and to
gether they were able to overcome the unfrie ndli
ness of the Turkish of cials H or m u zd Ra ssa m
a n intelligent native Chris t ian ca me to Laya r d s
a ssistance an d operations were onc e more co m
m e nc e d a t Nim r d
Ra ssa m s labours were quickly
crowne d by success for h e ca me upon a large hall
in a ne s tate o f preservation The serious work
o f excava tion was not without its hu morous S ide
for if they chance d t o unearth a carven monster
with the body of a b ull and the hea d of a bearde d
man the native labourers threw down their tools
and ran
The Turkish Governor too hearing fro m
a native source that Nimrod ha d been found sent
a message to the e ffect that his remains should be
Th e
B l ck O b el i sk of
l lzo/ o It
'
.
ll rm sd l
Sh
a
l m n e ser
nd t o
II
Wh er e Raw l ins on Sl ep t
B etter e quipped L ayard left Constantinople in
August 1 849 and arrived at Kouyunj ik in O ctober
Employing a bout a hundred men he set strenuously
to work removing only as much earth a s w a s
n ecessary to show the sculptured walls Having
fairly s tarte d the work at Ko uyunj ik L ayard
accompanied by Ra ssa m returned to Nim r d and
recommenced work there O ne morning he w as
inspecting the trenches when he found Rawlinson
,
344
o a
345
heart
Twenty four years l ater he was to become
Ambassador a t Constantinople in which capacity
he loyally assiste d the zealous Rassa m h is worthy
subordinate
In 1 8 5 1 Rawlinson was entrusted by the British
Govern ment with the excavations in Assyria and
B abylonia
He had the invaluable assistanc e o f
Ra ssa m as chief practical excavator
Stationing
his workmen at a s many sites a s possible he un
earthed the annals o f Tigla t h p ile se r I at Qal at
Sh e r q at discovered E zide the temple of Nebo a t
Nim r d and a
S tele of Samsi Adad IV ( 8 2 5
81 2
At Kouyu nj ik he ca me upon the palace
of Assur bani pal A beautiful ba S relief wa s r e
covered representing Assur bani pal in his chariot
on a hunting expedition The lion room the
walls o f which repres ented a lion hunt was also
unearthed and w a s S hown to have been used both
a s a library and a p icture gall ery
many thousands
of clay book tablets being found therein
Abandoning excavation for a political appoin tment
Mr Ra ssa m was followed by Willi am Kennet L oftus
346
G EO RG E SMITH
who
.
G e org e S m it h
O ne who wa s to perfor m yeoman S ervice for
Assyri o logy
ss
r a
scove
347
f Nim r d
Th e Palac e
,
.
348
TH E PALA CE OF NI MROD
349
,
,
35
S mith
I found a great nu mber of ta blets mostly
along the oor ; they include d syllabaries bilingual
lists mythological and historical tablets Among
these tablets I discover ed a beautiful bronze Assyrian
fork having two prongs j oine d by orna ment al
shoulder to shaft of S piral work the sha ft ending in
the head of an ass This is a beautiful and uni q ue
S pecimen of Assyrian work and S hows the advances
the people had made in the rene ments of life
South of this there were numerous tablets roun d
La ya rd s old library cha mber and here I found part
of a curious astrolabe and fragments of the history
o f Sargon King o f Assyria 72 2 B C In one place
below the level of the fl oor I discovered a ne
fragment o f the history o f Assurb anipal containing
n ew and curious matter relating to h is Egyptian
wars and to the a ffairs of Gyges King o f L ydia
.
35 2
ss
i s c ov e i es,
35 3
354
DE SARZ EC
De Sarzec
35 5
Th e
6
5
3
vers ed by H ilp re c h t
In h is endeavour to reach
the older re mains before the more recent strata ha d
been investigated in the leas t ade q uately Peter s
.
35 8
r
b
l
6
8
constructions of Ash u a na p a ( 6 62 6 B C ) and
Gur (about 2 700
and discovered scattere d
Ur
bricks
S howing that many kings of many
1
age s ha d honoured the te mple of Bel a t Nippur
,
Q uar t er Of N ip p ur
The excavators soon conclude d that they had hit
upon the business quarter of Nippur basing their
belie f upon the commercial character o f the tablets
found the large nu mber of day labels pierce d for
attachment to sacks and j ars books of entry in clay
and weights and measures So much da mage had
been done t o the buildings while excavating how
ev er that the appearanc e and plan o f any o f the
B abylonian business houses and warehouse s c ould
not be arrived at
In August 1 893 Haynes co mmenced a s earch for
the original bed and e mbankment o f the river
Chebar which he ca me upon a t a depth of twenty
h t E pl r t i n in B bl L nd p 2 32 ( T
Hilp
nd T C l r k
Th e B usiness
re c
o a
s,
3 59
H ilp r ec h t Ret ur ns
Professor Hilp r e c h t
36o
Th e
H ou se of t h e Dead
A building record o f Assur bani pal was brought
to light which described the te mple tower of Nippur
i
u nn
Hous
e
of
the
To
mb
B
efore
this
as E
g g
other titles of it had been recovere d which alluded
to it as Mountain of the Wind and it was under
s tood to have been a local representation o f the
great mythological mountain of the world Kh arsag
Exp lo t i n in B ible L nd ( T and T C l k
-
36 2
ra
o s
ar
A BA B YLONIAN MU SEU M
kurkura This was puzzling until Hilp r e c h t found
tha t the tower penetrated so far into the earth a s
to descend to the city o f the dea d which according
to Ba bylonian belief w a s directly below and within
the earth
.
Th e
T em p l e L ibrary
Hilp r e c h t now turned his attention t o the te mple
library in Table t Hill with results most important
for the s cienc e of Assyriology This bu ilding con
te mporary with the time of Abra m now yielde d
large quantities o f ancient ta blets occurring in S trata
o f fro m one to four feet in thic kness as if they had
once been disposed upon wooden S helves
Muse um
An important nd was made o f a j ar containing
ab out twenty inscribed obj ects mostly clay tablets
which constituted a veritable s mall B abylonian
museu m evidently collected by a late B abylonian
priest or s omeone connected with the te mple library
Ar c h molog y w a s probably fashionable about the time
o f Na bonidus ( 5565 39
himself a monarch of
anti quarian tastes The collector o f this museu m
had actually ta ken a s queeze or impression o f an
inscription o f Sargon I ( 3800
in his time about
0
years
old
and
had
even
place
d
upon
it
a
334
label stating that the obj ec t was a s queeze or
mould of an inscribed s tone which Na bz rlish ir
the scribe sa w in the palace o f King Naram Sin a t
Agade
Says Hilp re c h t c oncerning this re markable col
lection
The owner or cura tor o f the little
museu m of B abylonian originals must have obtained
h is speci mens by purchase or through personal
A
B aby lonian
36 3
364
r
lived between the reigns of U Gur of U r and Ur
2
e
6
( 4 4 4 4
,
366
Ru i n s f B b ylo n
tf r t w l y r l b by G m
i ng m 9
wh b g
a
Unco r
ve e d a
e ve
o
C opy r ig h t
ea s
a n e x c a vat
nd e r wood
by U
o ur
a nd
er
a n ar
00
l it
e o o g s s,
36 6
B abil
as a
Cit adel
368
wa s situated in the
southern citadel on the moun d known as the Kasr
O n this building he lavished both time and treasure
When he came to the throne he found the S ite occupied
by the residence of his father Na bop ola sse r but when
he returne d fro m his triumphan t Egyptian ca m
a i ns he despised the plain old place and like so me
p g
modern potentates resolved to build himself a royal
edice which would symbolize the power and maj esty
of the e mpire he had won for himself He turned
his father s palace into a mere platform upon which
to rear his own more flamboyant structure and lle d
in its room s c our t s and spa ces with rubble
Window s
F or the most part the palace was b uilt roun d
open c ourts much in the Spanish fashion and there
is no trace of windows a pheno menon which con
s t a nt l
rec
urs
in
ancient
buildings
in
the
East
in
y
Egypt and in Central America B u t when we
consider the extre mes of hea t encou ntered in these
latitudes we can appre ciate the desire for a cool
se mi gloo m which called for the windowless chamber
The fl at roofs too were used for S leeping p urposes
so that the inhabitants did not who lly dispense with
fresh air
Th e Palac e
w it h out
Th e G r e at T h rone Room
B u t by fa r the most interesting apartment in the
palace is the great Thron e Roo m of Ne buchadrezzar
,
369
Th e Dr ainag e
Sy
st em
Doors
37
T H E H A NG I NG G A RDE NS
and closed in at the top with other bricks l a id at
Vertical sh a ft s and gutters were also in use and
t he s e were conducted down the side s of to wer s
and fortications
Th e
Ano t her s t r u c t u re
The s e cell s are roofed over with semi circ u lar arches
and are an k ed on t he north by the palace wall I t
is known that hewn stone was employed in the
construction of this wonder of t he world and only
in t hree o t her places in the palace de me sne ( the
Sacred R oad t he bridge over the E u phrates and the
Kasr Wall) is stone e mployed This p oints to t he
identication o f the s ite in question as being t h a t
of the H anging Gardens on which layers o f earth
were laid and the shr u bs trees and arbo u rs which
d ecorated it planted thereon
B e r o ssu s distinctly
state s that these gardens were within the b u ild
ings by which Neb u chadrezzar enlarged h is father s
palace B u t the dimensions of t h is struct u re do
not tally with t h o s e given by Strabo and Dio do ru s
and the imagination revolts a t t he conception of
t he s e famo u s and romantic gardens having for their
fo u n dation this obsc u re and prosaic cellarage
B y all means
Ar c h mology m u st leave u s something
le t u s have tr u th and enlightenment unless where
truth is itself u glier than falsehood ! I t has been
shrewdly conj ect u red by P rofessor King that these
cellars formed t he palace granary and we m u s t be
gratef ul to hi m for the s uggestion
H i t y f B byl n p 50
.
s or
37 I
MYT H S
O F B A B YL ONI A AND
A SSY RIA
I sh t ar
I t was in the spring of 1 902 that Dr Koldewey
made the important discovery o f the Grea t Gat e of
the goddess I shtar which spanned t he Sacred Way o f
the imperial city This turreted erection orna men te d
in relief by the gures of mythical animals in coloured
brick has b een excavated clean out o f the sup er
inc umbent earth and constitutes a double monu ment
to its ancient builders and t o t he patient arch aeologists
who recovered it fro m the sands of antiquity It
was the main gate in the north cit a del wall and had
been reconstructed by the zealous Neb uchadre zzar
I t is double ( for t he fortication line in which it
stood wa s twofold ) and in fron t consists o f t w o
high towers with gate
houses behind The gures
of the animals are so arranged tha t to the eye of
one approaching the city they would see m advancing
to meet him A t least 575 of these creatures w ere
depicted on t he gate t he favourite subj ects being
b ulls and dragons beautifully and realistically
modelled in relie f
Th e
G r e at G at e
Th e Str eet
f Pr oc e ssions
A portion
372
,
,
E Sag ila
374
E L DE R B A B YL O N
on e side of the tower bu t we shall never know what
the upper stories were li k e for they have long since
c ru mbled into desert d u st Dr Koldewey considers
t hat the great tower w a s b u ilt in one stage decorated
with coloured bands and s u rmounted by a shrine
TH E
G r eat T ow er
The
of
N abu ( E Z ida)
E up h at es B idg e
The bridge ov e r t he river E uphrates is worthy of
mention since it represents the Oldest bridge known
t o the sc ience of arch ae ology I t po s sessed stone
piers b u ilt in the sh a pe of boats th u s showing that
it had been evolved from an earlier bri dge of boats
The bo w s o f these piers point u p stream and th u s
brea k the force of the c u rrent The river at t he point
where it was crossed by t he bri dge w a s at least sixty
feet broad and t he passage way of wood was laid
Th e
Th e Elder B aby lo n
Du ri ng the rst
375
Tow a lanning
37 6
History of B abylon,
85
Th e C onquer ing C y r us
378
A G RE A T L E SSO N
works their living faith le ft not a wrack behind
save mounds of r u bbis h which when excavated by
the modern antiq uary were fo und to contain a few
poor vestiges of t he Sp lendo u r tha t wa s B abylon
and the pomps of the city o f A ssh u r Does t here
not reside in this a great lesson for modernity !
Must our civilization o u r faith all that is ours and
that w e have raised must thes e things too fade
into the shadows of unre membranc e a s did the
civilization of Mesopota mia
,
AG
L esson
The answer to such a question depends upon
ourselves u pon each and every one of u s I f we
q u it ourselves as civilized men striving and ever
striving to rene and p u rify o u r lives o u r cond u ct
intellect ua l o u t loo k to Spiritualize ou r faith
o ur
then tho ugh the thi ngs of o u r hands may b e d u st
the wor k s of ou r minds of o ur so uls shall not vanish
bu t shall remain in the conscio u sness of o u r des e en
dants so lo ng a s h u man memory lasts The faith
of ancient B abylon went u nder bec a u se it w a s b uilt
rather on the worship of frail and bestial gods t h an
u
the love o f tr th gods many of whom w ere devils
in disg uise bu t devils n o w h it worse than o u r ends
of a mbition of greed of p ug nacity of u nsympathy
Thro ugh the worship of s u ch gods B abylon ca me t o
oblivion Le t u s contemplate the colossal wreck
of that mighty work of man and as we gaze over
the g ulf of a score of centuries to w here its cloud
d
u s palaces
towers
and
gorgeo
glitter
in
the
ca
pp
mirage of l e gend let u s bra ce o u rselves for the
str u ggle which h u manity has ye t to w a ge w ith
dar k ness with disease with s u perstition B u t while
We rememb e r her f a ll w ith sadness let u s thin k
r e at
,
,
379
CI S
ca
ou r
u u
ou
vi
us ,
A H A B King of Israel o v er
A
t h rown by Sh al m aneser II 4
A
M
Sargon d splaces A
by
AA or A Consort of Sh m as h
M N
A B E D N G On of Dan el s m A
Mazda and S
h
o v erco m e 3 3 7
panions 3 8
A B R A M U r C i ty of
A H U RA MAZ D A Good p n p l
49 ;
N i m rod and 5 5 6 ; Jewis h
of Z ara t h s t a s religion 3 3 4 ;
legen ds 5 5 ; Persian t ra
crea t or of t h ni v erse 3 3 5
A
U
Th serpen t
89
d t n
5 3 ; ano t h er t ra
5
d t ion preser ved n t h E as t A KK A D Kingdom fo nded by
Se m t es
6 ; K ing Sargon of
5 3 5 6 ; s t ar Ven s and 5 5
Th ancien t s it e
fo nds rs t g rea t Sem t c e m pire
A U HA BB A
of Si pp r 7 7
in B a bylonia 6
AN Desc ip t ion of 3
Ea
A
St a t e m en t of
NU
A
6 ; lang age
3
4 ; B by l
A Y SS T
Paradise and 8
nian Sem i t es recei v e germ s of
A C C A D Par t of N i m rod s k ng
c l t re from t h 4 m odern
d m 49
e q i valen t for t h older is t h
C
son de
M
A
expression S m n n 5 ; s t ars
s t died by 3
t h rone d b y 3 3 3
A D A D E q i v alen t H a dad 8 7 A KK U U ( E a t er) A tt endan t
b
nd of Merodac h
9
A D A D E Ut N p h t m fe y A L A L U Th eagle ; Is h t ar and
67
Gilga m es h cons l t s
m n
7
ALE A ND E R T H E G R E A T 3 7 8
7 ; Ut N p h m Gilga m es h
Mode rn Ara b ic na m e
and 78
A D A D N RA R IV S n of As
3 5
Dan I II 3 8
ALL T U E q i v alen t E h k
A D A M Th sons of 3
gal m i t ress of H ades
9;
A D APA Th So t h \Vind and
rea lm of 3 7
Al O m m
De c ip ti v e t erm of
s t o y of 6
A D A R S n god of Ni p p r
P h oenicians for t h eir god s 3 7
O f Dodo and of Y h
H ym n t o 6 8 connec t ed W i t h A
h
t h pig 93
94
9
9
i of Azar ; according
A L U B ll sen t b y Ann ga ns t
AD N A
Gil g a m es h 6 8 6 9
t o an E t ern t rad t on t h
AL U DE MO N Th 7 7 7
paren t s of A b ra m 5 4
m o t h er
U
Th
nam e Mero
Sm yrn a
of A
A ON IS
dac h ori g na lly
m t h of
reference t o
7
H
IV King of
re la t ed t o t h a t of T mm z A
E yp t le tt ers t o unear h ed a t
3
T el l Am arn a
O f P nt b b l n
RA
U
A
A MO R I T
H adad a god of t h
ference t o
88
dei t y Dagon an 3 5
O f G lg m
E
( Gilga m e h )
U
AV
lh
con ort of Ann
grandson of S k k
57
66
O v a m pire
68
A
3 m o t h er of Is h t ar
W O R S H I P Th C
A FR I C A 3 9 ; Se m tic religion in A
i t es and 3 6
33
'
1 10
i -r i
H Ri
r aos
re ,
B YD E
re
HE
KK AD i
y a x a re s
is
rr
ti
is
2 02
su r -
ve
0,
1 2
i i AR
D UK
si E x
EI
CH
B DO
EP
os
a ro s ,
F - A N - As - i s r
,
t e
22
E -S
n
i
1 2
'
e,
A I
1 1 2
Li AN
2 02
e, 2
O-
i e
as
I2
L r A R- s
re s
1 21
1 1
A-
'
ou
'
E
E NI D Z
C H JE
i i
1 12
i B
e u
Ci
re ,
ri
s re ,
io
z u ri
2 i o
co
Hi -
h C E STO R -
a ii a a n
38 3
So t h W ind and
5 39
363
7
ni v ersal
A R E S Greek god 3 5
En lil E a and t h
S igni cance
A R GO E a iden t i ed with
t riad
;
th
consor t of
s t ar in t h cons t ella tion 3 6
3 ; An t
B
and 44 ; sacred b ll A R K Th B a b ylonian 74 7 8
3
sen t agains t Gilgam es h b y A A
Median m n h
fa t h er of Is h t ar 6 8 ;
N nn confo nded W i th 46
58 ;
H adad wors h ipped W i t h a t A R TE M IS R eference t 3
B a b ylonian
Ass h r 8 8 ; t h T a b le t s of AR
t
g m
t ing e t c 7 ; B a bylonian li t er
Des t iny and 95 ; in a t riad
E a and B l b t m ore
a t re and nder Kh am m rabi
W th
fre q en t ly in t h t ex t s apar t
Grea t
th
u nder
; all t h
from t h em 97 98 ; Dagan
E a s pa t ronage 9
and 98 in Assyria n B a b y A RU RU Goddess w h aided
lon
in v oked W th B l
fo m a t ion of m n 8 8 6
th
7 ;
th
Pole St ar 3 6 ;
crea t es a c h am p on
7 ;
3
eclipses and 5 5
agains t Gilgam esh 6
L esser goddess m erg AR AN R ace t h Ph l is t ines
A U
ed n concep t ion of Is h t ar
h 3 4
As A
Appella t ion of Mero
4
R
D e Is h t ar and c l t
dac h
m y b co m pared
A
of 4 ; Is h t ar and connec t ed
W i t h Asar ( O m )
AS H D OD
T em ple of Dagon
35
A P O C R P H A L gend of B ] and
a t 5 Sargon s exped t on
t h Dragon in 97
aga ns t
35
L
o, a
o re r ,
2,
1 12
0 2
su .
re
ar
E D
u-
a-
HE .
z,
1 2
20
o a sse r
e,
ia
1 11 .
2, 1
ea , 1 1 2
re a
e u
12
ia
20
212
C H ZE O L O G Y .
1 1
a u,
R r
i r
1 2
cu ~
e,
2,
20
Y-
12
1 2
RI
2 02
2 02
8
3 4
PR
N IT
2 1
22
o, 1
a rc
T S.
ar
I os .
1 21
au
1 2
B C
1 21
1 21
1 2
1 02
1
,
2 1 0, 2 1 1
i
8
i
rel
i
g
on
e
rly
8
sp
r
i
6
ts
Presi
ing
t
l
m
d
B
i
;
5
3
;
3
p
and gods in ancien t 8 95 3 ;
o f Ty re t h P h n i n and
i
i
i
i
rel
i
g
on
e
t
c
n
uenc
on
S
m
3 7
B C
.
TA R G A I
1 0
a re
rA
Y Ar I s
ou
1 2
eu
I-
o- Es.
z-
i,
as ,
22
s,
21
22
as
o L OCH
ce
lIl
ic a
S,
i a,
0-
ui
38 6
ee
a
e
a a
iv
su
u e
e
s ur
i ese r
ur
s-
s,
a su , 2 2
2 10
22
e c ., 1
z r Ec s
e,
z AR
01 0
as
za i o
u e
u,
YA
e s, 2
1 2
12
r ri
'
RA r H
rel on s gns of t o
Pan t h eon
E ar y
L a t er 8 4
N pp r preferred t o
co n t ry of
5
t m
s t ar wors p
ag c and
ples of
el ief in
de onolo y
ta oo
con q ered Sh l
anese I
rel g ons of
Assyria and co m para ti ve v al e
;
3
3 3 3 3 6 e t c ; cap ti vi t
reli gion pene t ra t ed t o B rit ain
rel gion of Zoroas t er
th
33
s pplan t ed t h a t of anc ien t 3 3
e t h cs 3 3 7 3 3 8 ; m y t h m
pared w ith H ellen ic and Scandi
na ian 3 3 8 ; m oral code 3 3 8 ;
m odern exca v a t i ons in
339
of N e b ch adrezzar
366 ; t h
II 3 6 7 wa t er s pply of 3 6 8
h nging gardens of 3 7 ; t h
lder 3 75 3 76 ; na tional s t a t s
of regained 3 77 ; reli gion de
r f 3 7 8 3 79
A work b y I m
B b
y l n
con t aining fragm en t s
bh h
of B a b ylonian h is t ory 5 6 ; refer
ence t o an epi t om e of t h b y
Ph o t i s 5 6
T em ples as 5 5
B A N KS
N a m e of pagan idol
B A HOM ET
93
C ne iform
B A R B A R O J O SAP H A T
w i t ng and 6
K ng of Ar m en ia
B AR SA N E S
6
Th seers
B i
L ayard sends sc lp t res
B AS RA
t o 3 44 ; E rnes t de S
F renc h ice
cons l a t 3 5 5
F o nd i n palace
B A R EL I E F
of Sennac h erib a t K y ] k
fo nd in palace of Ass r
3 45
b ani pal 3 4 6
God dess m o t h er of m n
BA
kind c h ief da gh t er of An
and 5
Z g m k
4S
44
Th
or B D
B D
fa t h er of h E dom i t e H adad
9
Magic and 5 8
B EL Z E B U B
t ex t a t 6 5
P
ON
B H
igi
i
2 ;
91 ,
,
t e m ism in , 92 ; t h e
l , 94, 95 :
,
i
1 98 ;
u
1 96 ; t h e
u
B el,
h i in , 2 3 1 2 3 8
m
i
2 42 2 5 1 ;
,
m
2
b
g , 57 2 88
b , 2 78
u
by
t
i i
m
,
3 08 ;
2 2
2 1
co
e,
ea
zc- a .
us ,
e,
0, 2
ar
a r ze c ,
UD l
Ol l
E-
EN -
AD
u,
AD
is r
-
C TS l a D
B EL
the
B b
su
ur
1 01
1 01
1 0
re
1 01
ir
is
1 02
22
ur -
se r va i o
u u
22
2 1
e ross u s ,
2 1
22
22
22
22
i e se r
22
EL
EL
ER o -
a,
22
ee
L1
EL I IS
u,
1 01
1 01
Si
1 01
36 4
38 7
i
naz
r
pal 5 Sin s t e m ple of
D
n
and
44 ;
7
B I LE
A C el t ic de it y 3 7
3 ; t ower o f d isco v ered by
B INT
AMI R H ll of 3 5 8 3 6
L ayard 3 46
A B E D isb elie f o f in
C M
B I RD ME SS E N G E RS
v a m pires 66
Ut N p h
CA L N E H Par t of Nim rod s king
t im sends
t
76
B
N I M RUD R ins of 3
d m 49
B t
CAM
S n of C yrus 4
T
Sacred s t ones
9
A S U King of B ab ylon CA N AA N I TE S TH
First h is t oric
B
sla in b y T k lt i in Ar is ti
dwell ers in Syria and Pales tine
B OMB A Y
Th P
of 3 3 6
f 3 5 3 6 :
3 4 3 6 : gods
B
A
ances t or wors hi p and 3 6
Si t e of N e b o s t m
ple a t 3 Th St ages of t h CA NN I N G S R ST RA T O RD Si
S e v en Sp h eres
t h wonder of
H enry L yard assis t ed by in
hi exca v a tions t N im r ud 3 4
4 c h ief sea t o f N e b o s wor
s h ip 8 4
CA R I C O RNU S SI G N O F S
B O TT A
M
Arch ologi cal
goddess S bit and 8 3
searc h es t N ine v e h 46 ; CAP T I V I T T
BA
L O N IA N
F renc h C ons l a t Mos l ; h
3
3 3
exca v a t ions in Mesopo t am ia CA R A V A N Th s t or y of t h m iss
ing
85
88
B R I T IS H
MU S E U M
B ricks in
C H E MIS H W ors hip of H
C
con t a in ing Ass r b ani pal s
dad ex t ended fro m t E do m
h
89
35 7
54
SS
9 ;
o b elise of Sh al m aneser I I CA R T H A G E D ido t h res id ing
dei t y of 9 ; B a al H a mm an
3 43
10
ea io
EL
ER
se rva
1 1
Y B L US
o,
1 12
ca e
re
22
re
s or
-B
2 20
a e
a sso
I SK
1 1
1 1
i su
ao
us
I Rs
HE
IT
E T,
1 0
B Y SES .
a rSl S
O R SI P P
is
21
es i
AR
388
1D ,
BY
re
ea
HE
Y,
re
'
10
22
'
10
se a TC
is
2 1
I L -Y
2 2
20
AL
ou
2 1
12
,
EL -
is
is
c eus
8
e vol v ed
6 8 ; B by l
m
9
D A O N Th s h ep h erd king of
n ian described 76 78
P nt b b l n
DE S T I N M mm t um t h m ake
K ng
or D A
of
NU
DA
of 73 I Zn and t h T a ble ts
d B
B by l m
Li F a il t h
of
93
7
95 ; t h
ind p n d
B by l m
St one of reference t o
D AR I U S
48
ence reco v ered af t er dea t h of DE I L
Possession by 6
defea t ed a t Arb ela 3 7 8
Goddess 3 5 3 9
D A NA
4
D A I D R ese m b lances b t ween D B A RR A
A v ar an t of N er
H dad D ada Dido and 8 9
gal 6 a B a bylon ian deit y
v arian t s Dod Dodo 9
placed in t h Assyrian pan
9
t h eon 9
B elos
DAw KI N A
( B l Mero
dac h ) t h son of E a and 73 ; D
Rese m blances
be tw een
sa v ed from t h del ge 5 ;
H adad D ada Da id nd
Is h t ar iden t i ed W i t h 7 3 7
8 99 ; Q een of C art h ge
consort of E a 97
T ani t iden t i ed wit h
3 9
MO R G A N U near t h m on u
D
S3
t S sa
D
V arian t of B e l s
m en t of N aran S n
4
cop y of Kh amm ra bi s D I I N A T I O N Prac tice of by
7
code fo nd by
B a b ylon ians
and Assyrians
88
E RN E S T F renc h
SAR
8
Sh m as h H adad and
D
ice cons l a t B asra ; diori t e
Rim m on
lords of
83 ;
s t a t es of G dea ( 7
P h en icians b elief in 3 9
)
fo nd by 47 ; exca v a t ions of D I V I N I T I E S T RI A L Th m os t
t
a t T ello 3 5 5 3 5 6 ; D
o t s t anding 94
n Ch ld
reference t
D I V S Arc h de m ons and d mon
p
S.
s o
zrs
E.
c .,
1 1
Y.
i:o
12
22
1 1
IS
1 1
00
B C
.
c ou oer es
ar ,
39
2 1
Z E C,
356
I Do.
10
1 2
S.
I-
e r o ss u s ,
vz e
a,
Y.
1 1 2
os.
1 01
a, e
ru
1 12
c,
r e z za r
es
22
EL
e ro ss
2-
2 20
e,
u e
es ,
o,
o u io
s a
ou
es
s,
a us
ar
o,
334
s,
G L OSSA RY AN D I NDE X
or Do no S Da vid ; wor
s hi p of by t h side of Y a h v e h
9
D
Th
in B a b ylon ia ; v e
h o nds of Ass r b an i
pal 9
legend of a 9 9
9
D RA GO N T
and 7
B l
Ch na and 8 ; in E g yp t i t
i
serpent Ap p 8 ; in
th
India t h serp n t V t (Ah )
8 ; in A t
and in par t s
h
of N Am erica a grea t frog 8
B eow lf and 8 ; F ffn
and
8 ; legend of B l and in t h
A p ocryp h 97 ; Merodach s
86 ;
in Z oroas t er s rel
th
337
8
DREAM
N b h d
nd
Daniel 3 74 ; of Gyges King
of L y d a 3 3 3
D U MU
A con t rac t ion of D
m
aps ; nam e of T m
de v ed from 6
m
D UN G I G dea v assal of t h
t h one of 9
DY N AS TY Th Firs t of B a b y
lon
a Kassi t e fo nded
;
Firs t of
b y Kan d is
; th
Ur
and an
; Kh m b b
E lam i t e
reference t o
66 ;
Kassi t e 48 t h H a m m ra bi
Sele cida
and t h
3 5 ; th
DO D
ee
OG- s .
e,
HE
e
,
0,
us r a
ri
ra
ir
a,
e,
1 0I1 .
-S .
ZI
02
ri
2 1
2 1
1 01
12
u ~zi -
uz
re z z a r s , a
uc
a,
Ars a CI d ae
333
6
a byss
fa th er of
I
Gree k
Merodac h
9
na m e O annes I
n t
t ons t end ng t o h m anize m n
k nd
wri t ngs of
3 ;
m yth
crea t on of
world and 5 ; v arian t Nin
gal
6 ;
v arian t En k i
6 ;
6 ;
Adapa son of
Dagon ( Dagan ) sa m e as 5
6
5
7 ; Ut N p i h t m
in
ins t r c t ed b y
76 ;
74
la t er tim es 9 93 D w k in
consor t of 97 iden t ed W i th
a s t ar in t h cons t ella tion
Argo 3 6 : eclipses and 5 5 ;
de m ons and na m e of 6 3 ;
9
g azelles nd
EA B A N I
Goddess Ar ru and
86
t em ple m aiden Ukh t and
t yp i es prim i t i v e
63
9
m n in Gilga m es h epic
55
6 ; t h m ons t er Kh m
59
sl n b y wra t h
b a b a and
58
of Is h t ar 5 8 S h ade of
appears t Gilgam es h 6
a sor t of sa t yr 6 3 t h
63
6 4 ; G lg
b eg iling of
dea t h
6 4 6 6 ;
m es h m ee t s
of 7 ; Gilgam es h la m en t s
gh os t of designa t ed
79 ;
t kk
8
EA G LE Sy m bol of Ki
th
6
B a b ylonian fa b le
9
98
E
L UR Goddess ; m algam a t ed
t m
86
W i th Z p
E A NN A
T e m ple of a t E rec h
5
E A NN A T U M
Sh a m as h
rs t
m en t ioned in reign of
9 ;
s t ele of v l t res erec t ed b y
d sco v ered by de S
355
EA R T H
Th
k
th
An
spi i t s of 9
m o t h er wor
s h ip of 3 8 3 9
E B A BB A R A
Th
s h in ing
h o se ;
n m e of Sh m as h s
sanc t a y 9 49
E
T A N A Cy
th S y
t h ian k ing of 3
E C L I PS E T error of t o B a b y
lonians 5 5 5 6 ; t h fa t al in
c se of As r Dan I l l 3 73 9
1 1 I
I1
1 1
1 1
1 12,
1 1
a-
1 1
21
2 1
u,
a ru
ia
u,
1 02
a,
12
ai
u u
u,
s,
ani
10
a rze c ,
nuna
BA
10
a x a re s ,
i,
or O AN N E S Th B a b y
lo ian god of lig h t and W isdo m
4 ;
4 ; h eld sway a t E r d
legenda y fa t h er f Se m ira m is
5 ; so rce of all t h ngs and
m o t h er
n)
(Z g
7 : Aps
of 7 ; v arian t N d m m d
7 3 2 T w t h and 7 6 ; Mero
dac h and 7 9 ; displaced
poli t ically b y Merodac h 8 6
99 ; na m e of Jona h m y b
co m pared W i t h t h a t of 8 7 ;
h for m
of 93 ; t h god
of t h d eep 93 ; E rid C i t y
th
;
of 94 ; t e m ple of
god of t h wa t ers and of t h
A,
1 1
ar
1 1
re
re
s r uc
su
39I
I G- U
YP
20
20
e,
ur
1 1
SH
1 01
EL K A R T
N os .
E s-
S.
'
10
20
10
1 2
PH
vi
s.
2,
P -I -
T-
re
12
a s,
392
22 1
re
2 1 2
SH
re
s uc
ea
e ri
cee
0,
G I LA .
2 oo
2 00
us
1 1 1
AG
1 1
i a
exca
1 2
za
va
I- D U .
1 2
a u
I-
E SH -
8
m
h
i
a un
pro
v
s
i
onal
na
m
e
6
3 5 ; B aal
7 9
g
5
89 3 7
D ada Dido
G IS H ZI D A On of t h g ardi ans
3 8 ;
Dodo 8 99 ; Zn a s t orm
of t h ga t es of h ea v en 8
Assyr
a
6
8
6
8
9 ; Ass h r 94
5
73 7
79
7 93 94
6
6
N in h war god
6
4
9 ; En l l
4
h
and
n
t
er
8
u
B
6
I
O
I
a
y
b
95 97
47
4
3 6 ;
4
th
m oon
8
lonian k ngs t h direc t ce
94
9
7
8
N sku 4
geren t s of t h on ear t h 7 ;
3
4 ;
Gi b il t h
B a b ylon ian Merodac h 4
5 ;
5 ;
47
B l Merodac h
8
6
8
8 4 8 6 93 94
6
5 ; prisoner
5
7 8
6 ; B e li t all ded t o as
6
8
8
5
9
;
99
3
4
Mo t h er of t h G r a t
8
B l
B a b ylon ian
un
4
procession
ill s t ra t ion
6
h
h
i
ir
t
of
t
b
t
h
9
97
7
8 7 ; T w t h Aps u and Mum
3 id g p h t h sa m efor s t r
nd
plane t s iden t i ed
m
t rini t y of 7 4 ; H or s
34 ;
w it h 3 5 2 N a bu nd Merodach
reference t o 7 5 ; King ; Tia
8 ; D ib b
wa t h and 7 5 ; Merodach t h
9 ; D mku
Il
and Sh
crea t or of t h 8 Se m i t es and
m ny
9;
B a b ylonian e v ol v ed fro m de
89 ;
spi i t s and in ancien t
B a b ylonia 8 9
m ons
6 8 ; gazell e
Anu m os t
nd goa t
9
ancien t of B a b ylon ian 9
9
94 H ellen ic d p r t m en t l
depart m en t l c h rac t er
97
98
3 5 ;
3
7 ; in v oked b y
i t
Assyr an k ings 9 ; Kis t h
of t h of B a bylon ia and
n
nder n m l
Assy ia 3 5 3 6 ; g neral e q i
93
94 ;
form s 9 93 ; t h grea t 93
v alen t l sed by C naani t es
8
and H e b rews 3 5 3 6 of lig h t
94
5 3 ; S n m oon
9
t
r
al
i
b
d
U
of t h t ni i n
m
t
94
3 5
7
3 5
pan t h eon t h a t h eld sway prior
C an an it
3 7 3 9 R es h ep h
t o Kh am m rabi 94 95 ; de
3 6
3 8 ; M lk t h o f T yre
A h t t 3 6 3 7 33 :
scrip t ion of B l 96 a t ri n it y of
3 7 ;
E h m n god of vi t al force 3 8
( B l E a and Ann) 97 ; Si bi
8 ; Sh a m as h
th
Moloc h 3 8 ; C ar t h agin ian M
n
4
87
loc h 3 3 ; P t h
m ons t er
94
9
3
3 5 ;
N ergal 8 94
6
5
3 3 ; Illa t
3 3 ; Sakon
33 ;
8
T p h n 33
of B a b ylon m ore
5
35 3 6 3 8 3 9 ;
Adapa 6 ; Is h t ar 3
dign i ed t h an t h ose of t h
n god of E id
Greeks or N orse m en 3 3 8 ; t h
44 T m m
6 4 4 ;
Is h t ar and Perse
T
w ilig h t of t h 3 7 7 3 8
p h one 3 3 5 ; N in G
G O DD E SS
Is h tar 8 94
44 5 8 6 5
B
Pap s k al
44 ;
44 ;
m essenger of t h
G
68
I h
3 ;
76
4 3 6 ;
t um d g
N annar t h
t
a gene ic designa t ion for
45 ;
ua
IL
u,
2 1
2,
21
su
es
I S- D H
a
es
OD - S .
.
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1 1
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1 01
G LO SS A RY AND I N DEX
N
V a ri a n t
of E st h er
43
bele
ot er
HA D E S D esce nt of Is h t r i nto
ot er of L g s
8 3
B is h k g l
lie for of
9
(Al l t ) m istress of
I nn n
HA L L A
tem p le t
B lur
87
lg te it
HA M A N Th Book of E s t h er n d
I
or Ni i
ccep te d i d e ntity W it h
4
ors
of
H m m n or H m m n
4
gre t ot er
HA MM UR A B I D y n sty 3 5
H
C rt h g ni n h ero
st r e
T it
l s n m e n 33
33
33 ; B
m oo n
R bb t U mm
HA O MA
Dep os te d n t h
33 ;
celesti l m ou n t i n 3 3 5
3 3 ; T ni t 3 3
G R AI N G
Ne bo
N
86
HA
Abr m s y ou ngest
G R EECE C lt of Is h t r in 4
brot h er 5
G R EE K S B b y lo ni ru le d o er H AR R A N A ce ntre of lu n r
by 3 7 8
d or tio n
83
5
GR
ND
GE O R G C un e i for m H A RU B A L C rt h gi ni n h ero
w iting nd 6
B l s n me n 33
64
G U B A RR A
Pr yer nd g d 6 8 HA U G D R T r n sl tor of t h
GU DE A
A v ss l of t h t h o ne
C at h as 3 3 3
of D u ngi 9 ; h g h p r i est of HA Y N E S E c v t ons of t
Ni p p ur 3 6 3 6 6
L g s h 9 ; h i bu l d i ng nd
rc h tectur l b ili ty 9 47 ; HA Y N E S M J H Se nt n 8 8 9
to e c te t N p p 4 7
d ior i t
st tues of found b y d
H E A V E N Th I g g t h s p i i ts
S
4 7 ; B n llu d e d to n
of g
nscri p t i o ns
of 44 ;
ncie n t
ser
Sym bol ; t h
by 8 7 H E B R E W
w ors h p of I n u n
for m isch ef 8 5
Nm
f our te of 5
p e nt t h
g
Rel g o n B by l m n n ue n e
nd
83
d
h e p tosco p y
u p on 3 3
nd 3 5 5
S
os co
R i tu l nd
H
A
G U L A C o sort of N i ni b 6
8
88
r
ctice
of
G Y G E S K n g of L y d i ; Assur
p
M lk t h e q u te d
b ni p l nd 3 3 3 G orge H
W it h 3 8
eries 3 5
d s
Sm t h
LE S Refere nce to 8 7
H
U
St te m e nts of
H
m
8
e
ir
is
ccou
S
m
nt of
;
H
te m p le of Bel
3 ; m
custo m s n B bylo ni
A p ro p h et nt to
A U
HA
g
refere nce
d escri b e d by
fee d D iel
;
3
t
HA D A D or A D A D R mm n or
3 6 7 3 74
I A H Ki ng of Ju d h
Ri mm o n i d e nt e d W it h 8 7 H
rese m b l nces b et w ee n
3 7 ; Se nn c h e ib s c mp ig n
3
9 ;
g i st 3 ; p r ise of su g b y
D ad D i d o D i d nd 8 9
Byro n n h H b w M l d 3
l 89
t h su p re m e B
9
R A PO L
Me m or ls of
II
C n nitis h g d 3 5
d t
Se m ir m is p reser
HA DAD N
Pl ce d n
7
P R O F E SS O R An
t h ro ne of B b ylo n by Assur H R
A
n l g t
h
l
k
l
n
i
ls
Assy
i
ert
t
n
357
3 45
p
y
3
p
m o n c h Bel ku d ur uzur
363
36
3
a na a n d An uni t , 1 2 4 ;
4:
Sa m k h a t
of
j o y , 1 3 1 ; Cy
the m
h
B au,
I 32 ;
,
m h
a a h,
I 44 , 1 4 5
G a - t u m d ug , a l
d
m
B a n, I 4 5 ;
A za l u, 1 491 5 1 ;
Sa b i t u, a se a
1 72 ;
a
,
a ma
am a
d W h Z a r p a ni t u m ,
1 86 ;
mna h a
nn , 1 8 7 ;
D a w ki na ,
hi p
1 97 ;
w
a m
h , 3 1 8 , 3 1 9 Ta nit h ,
3 2 8 : As h t a rt , 3 2 6 , 3 2 7 , 3 2 8 ;
I sis ( A a t ) , 3 2 8 ;
t he
an
,
1 2
H AD
A s s AH
1 2
a u
0,
i r su
ar z e c
'
s. 1
a i
ur ,
z z
E P
-
21
PY .
L R Ac L ES
22
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02
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S D
A N N i B AL
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1 2
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OD
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E R CU-
ER O D or -
BB
C-
an
EZ E X
aa
aa
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a n
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-
is
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re
e o
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ex
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r a
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12
A D i N- Ax iii
ar
o,
av
10
a,
o.
re
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1 01
I oo
ri a
se
is
0-
395
f c n ce
ge ner i c d
H U I T Z I L OPO C H TL I ( p ro n H w t
3
44 ;
S ign t i o n for go d d ess
il
Refere nce to
4 ;
p t h tl )
e q u le nt s As h terot h or As
44
t rte 4 3 7 ; cult of Ap h
H UR A AN
Th storm g d
1
d i te beg n in t h t of
l d d t in t h P p l V k 97
4 ;
E st h er nd
H YMN
T o A d r 6 8 to Ne b o
4
44 ;
4
i d e t i e d w i th Ve nus 4 3 5
69
to Nusku 6 9 m g c l
i d e nt i e d W it h Nin l i l 4 t h
e m n te d from E ri d u 6 8
Akk d n n w h i ch T m m uz
co nsort of Assh ur 5 d esce nt
i s dd resse d 6 ; of Kh m
i nto H d es of 5 6 ; w
to R m m n
go d d ess 7 3 4 co sort
m
bi
9
of T m m uz 7 ; co nsort of
M ero d c h nd Assur
7 ;
I
i d e nt i e d W h D w k in 3 7 ;
I AM Li nu
Aut h or of B by
go d d ess of veget t i o n 3 7
l m
56
3 8 ; sl y s E b ni
5 8 ; Ir
I D O L A T R Y L e ge nd orig i n of
ni n
for m of 6 5 1 love of
6
L
b
s
i
ges
n
6
68
m
for Gilg m es h 6 7 6 8 : An
;
3
en 9
I g i g TH
Sp i rits of h e
f t h er of 6 8 An t m ot h er
I
S U D A ( Gr s p er ) Atte nd nt
of 6 8 ; L dy of t h Go d s
h ou nd of M ero d c h
6
Assyr
i
s
n
d
n
7 ;
4;
I A B RAT
M ni ster of An
Assur n z i r p l nd 4 ; n
7
ILL A T C rt h g i ni n d eit y 3 3
fusion betw ee n Bel i t nd 8
I
Atte nd n t
U
A p h ro d i te nd co nnecte d 3 5
( H ol d er )
h ou nd of Mero d c h
s i t h m ont h s cre d to 3 6 ;
I M AGE
St rs nd
te m p le of E nn d e d i c te d to
33
C i t y of 3 5 4
I M R
B
m g i c nd
v r i nt
5
58
I N C A N T A T I O N O F E R I DU Th
A h t t 3 6 3 7 3 3 ; gre t
cere m o ny of t h 7
g te of d i scovere d by Dr Kol
I ND I A N Se m ir m i s m kes w
d e w ey 3 7
K g of 6 7 I S H U M Atte nd nt of D i b
b b t
n St
follow ers of Z r t h ustr d to
6 8
of 3 3 4 ; I s s O s i ri s nd 3 3 j ourney
d esce nd n ts t h P
Ar uc i n of C h le 3 3 6
to Ast rte 3 8
Th p lot of E r d u
IN
H
I S R A EL I TE S W ors h i p of Do d o or
5
M A O N C i ty of 8
IN M
D d by t h s i d e of Y h e h b y
O f Sh l m neser
I N S CR I P TI O N
th
9
I 3 5 of T k lt i m nip 3 5
I Y A R Th second m o n t h s cre d
L A Th bo d e of ; t h
to E 3 6
I K
8
69
I DU B A R or G
h ouse of d rkness
H
Pro
I R N I N A A for m of Is h t r 6 5
vi s i o n l n m e of G i lg m es h 5 6
I s AI A H Jerus le m d escri be d by
refere nce to S rgo n s
9
J
p dit i n g i n st As h d o d m n
J A C OB L b n nd 6 7
t i n d by 3 5
NU
Ur s cou nsell or 6 9
K ng of J u
I
J HO IA K I M
EV .
R.
S.
ee
o c
o-
ee
S.
I2
ro
1 2
ia
u ra
2 1
220
1 2
1 2
21
-c
s.
re
1 2
a,
'
r,
av
L-
EL
2 02
S.
ra
a e s,
an a
ES
in
AL -
SE
3 96
at t a ,
U B AR .
ISD
ex
e
a, 2
as
e, 1
10
1 2
22
10
co
1 1
10
S.
21
a rsrs
A R-
2 1
ar
ar
a a
ro
e, 2
2 1 1
S.
L I E H
u, 1 1
a u
2 02
ar
1 2
ca,
21
1 2
1 2
1 2
I2
1 2
1 2
12
1 1 1
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K-
12
a a
10
10
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1 01
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2 1 2
or
ia
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'
er
sa
MYTH S
W orl d
etc Sem i
etc
r m i s 9 ; of A s y r i T g l t h
II I 9 ; of Assy
p l
Sh lm neser IV 3 ; of Ju d h
H ezek i h 3 3 7 ; of Assyr
Se nn c h er b 3 ; of Ass y r
E s r h dd n 3 3 6 3 7
of
Ass
i
Assur
;
3 43 3 5
y
b ni p l
( S r d n p lus )
3
3
3
3 6 3 46 ; of Ass y
A h u b n p l 3 3 ; of Ass y i
Sin
sk n 3 6 ; f E b
t n Cy
3 6 ; of B by
o
n
i
N ebuc h d rezz r I I 3 6
l
of B by lon
4
47
4
N b nd
C y rus
49 ;
4
f B bylo n
t h Pers i n 4
C m by ses 4
Ale nd er t h
Gre t 4 ; of Ch l d e N m
d 5
R mm nn
I 9 ;
of Persi C y rus 98 ; D o n
s h e p h erd of P nt ib b l n
th
X er es
of
Persi
;
4
of B byloni S k k
57 ;
of B bylo n M h Shik h u 8 7 ;
th
Mo bite
Mes h 9 ; of
As h d o dAzu
of
;
B by lo ni
soot h s y ers
nd
6 ; t les of B b y lo ni n
nd
Assy n
N bu
99 3
U b Ki ng of S
p nu 3
Gyges Ki ng of Ly d 3 ;
T gl t h p l
11
99 3
of Assy r Assur D n III 3 8 ;
of Ass y ri A d d N r r I V
ro y l d y 3 9
;
3 8 ;
3
of Ass y U Gur 3 5 9 3 6 6 ;
of A sy U Ni nib 3 6 6
K I N G U G d ; onl y h usb nd
of T w t h 7 5 ; bou nd by
Mero d ch 7 8 ;
n of T
w th
94
K
Th
B by loni n un g d
K AR
G d ; b i rt h of 7
K O L D E W EY D R Ge m n
356
3 6 7 ; gre t g te
pl
of Is h t r d isco ere d by 3 7 ;
te m p le f E S g l nd 3 74 3 7 5
K m l g
Je ns n s 6
K U Y UN J
M Bott
nd
m ou nd
of 3 3 9 ; L y d
se rch es in m ou nd of 3 44
th e
a
'
i e se r
10
0,
xa
i rari
1 12
ia
a,
2 1 1
sa
a r ra
i e se r
ria
ia
12
so
ia
ore r ,
o o ie
i a a
IK.
ex
3 98
a a i
os
01
ri a
i s
02
00
ia,
ia
15
12
i,
2 1 0,
a,
t i,
a ros ,
ri a
ia
us,
a x a re s ,
0,
r a
t on s
-
CAN
UL -
g od
ex
Ra ssam
35 1
at , 3 54 35 5
v a t i on s
K UK
at ,
'
s exca
Reference
the
to
224
21
ar
ri a
sa r -i
ro
3 45 ;
ia
r a
01
ia
O,
ri a
A SS Y RIA
G orge Sm i t h
c v
s
,
LA B A N J a cob and 2 6 7
LA B A R T U Th e ha g d e m on
77
LA D Y O F T H E G O D S
76
LA G AS H
2 71
Is h t r
he,
T el lo
o e
Th e m d rn
S m
m n m
m 16
the pr
e rl est e i te
o u e nts
com e fro
i ests of
bec m e k ngs 6
Gu d e
h ig h p r i est of
9 355 ; B u
m ot h er of
45
LA H A ME G d ; b i rt h f 7
LA H M U G d ; b rth of 7
L A M AS S U
A s p i r i t of S i m l r
typ e to t h Se d u 77
LA M E N T A T I O N
F or T mm u
4 ; R i tu ls
53
55
LA N G U A G E Th Akk d i n 3
B b y lo ni n p r est h oo d p
4
serve d id A kk d n tongue
s cre d 4 Sum er ns
borro w e d from i ch Sem it i c
tongue 5 cu ne i fo m w i t n g
6
66
W r t ng ; Me d n
6 5 ; Sus n 6 5 ; Ass y ri n 6 5 ;
L ng p
tr nsl t i on of As
sy i n 6 6 ; of B by loni nd
Ass y i com p re d 5
LA R SA Sh m sh w ors h i p p e d t
Kh m m ur b i s im p rove
9
m e nts t
87
LA Y A RD Si H E NR Y Assur
b ni p l s l br ry t N neveh
nd
rc h ologi c l
3 5 46
se rch es t N neve h 46 5 5
rese rch es of t
3 44
3 46 ;
N m d 34 34
3 44 3 46
L E G E ND
Je w s h Abr m nd
Ni m ro d 5 Pers i n Abr m
nd
Ni m ro d 5 5 3 ; t h
cre t on 93 95 ; of E t n
of t h or gi n of st r
95 ;
of U
w ors hip
th
3
6 8 7 ; of
d g
9
9
n of cre tio n
C th
94
96
i
'
i a
S.
ia
re
z,
as
ia
see
e ri e r s
10
re
0,
s.
re
aa
re
2,
e,
a,
a i
ae
'
20
r a,
ia
r a
i i
ra ,
2
-
G LO SS A RY AN D I NDEX
H ebre w and Assy
M A K L U A ser es of
L E N O RMAN T
oe t y nd 3
I G N O F Rec lls t h sl y
L
8
ng of K h m b b
L ETTE R
F r nke d b y cl y se ls
be r n g n m e of S rgo n 8
L E V I E H A Th B p h o m et
go t nd 93
Th
Sto n e of
FAI L T
L
Desti ny ; ref re nce to 48
LI B R A R Y Assur b ni p l s 3 5 46
8
te mp le
6
3 46 ; t h
7
in T blet H ill 3 6 3
LI GH T Mero d c h nd Ti w t h
nd t h
p r m l st ife bet w ee n
d r k ness nd 7 9
LI TE R A T UR E
B b y lo ni n rt
u nd er Kh m m ur bi t h
nd
nd
Gre t
; Assur b ni p l
B b y lo ni n 3 5 ; s cre d of
69
B b y lo ni 6 7
LI V E R R E A D I N G By p ri ests 8
83
W I LL I A M KE NN ET S
L
U
cessor of M H m d R m
L O K I G d of re ; Nerg l n t
6
nh k
Storm b i r d g d
LU A BAN D A
l ke Prom et h eus 93
Z U GG I SI Ki ng of E r c h
LU
f m ous t t of fou nd by H il
p rec h t 3 66
r an
p
S
EO,
22
LIP
HE
IA
a,
a i
,
20
a,
OF I
S,
e,
Io
L-
a ssa
uz
or
uc
G AL
ex
kn o w n
Ma m
M
M AA T Refere nce to
M A G I Co nfou nd e d b y Z oro ster
3 33
M A G I C A L T E T S D w k n llu
d d to in t h
97 ; A nn m n
of B b ylo ni
n
n d
t
98 ;
88
llu d e d
nd Assyr
57
6 7 ; Circle
66
in Bi b le
t
th
76
75
M A G I C IA N
Th w or d of p o w er
E
63
t h gre t of t h
nd
go d s 6 8
M A HOM ET AN B p h om et cor
ru p t o n of 93 co nq uest 3 3 3
Je w is h r bb i
MAI M N
f e nd of A erroes ; h
m
hn h
m e nt r y n t h M
3
.
222
a,
i D ES
-
e, 2
i a, 2
is
ri
zsc
co
61
as , 2
Eq u
e ts
boo
x
le nt for t
78
M M M ET U M Th m ker of d
ti ny 7 3
M K I N D C re t i o n of by M ero
d ch
8
8
go d d ess Aruru
ssists in t h cre t o n of 8
86
h u m n izi n g of
3
M A R A Z I O N S g n n Sem it i c
H ill by t h S 3 3
MAR C H E S H U A N
Mero d c h s
m o nt h
5
M A R D U K S Mero d c h 75
M A RR IA G E C ustom s in B b y
lo ni 3
M A R S I d e nti e d w i t h Nerg l
35
M AS H U Th Mou nt i n of S n
set 7
M
A
On
of t h s p i ri tu l
p o w ers in Z oro ster s religio n
337
MEC C A Refere nce t t h cele
b t d K
b ( te m p le ) t 5
ME D E Z oro ster 3 3 3
ME D I A Su b d u d b y Ni nus 5
ME D I C I N E E g d of 9
M
I D D O Th C n nitis h for
tress f 8 9
M LI LI
Q uee n ; w i fe of
B n ni 8 ;
Mot h er of t h
m o n sters
95
96
MEL I S H I P OK I I H ouses fou nd
d t i n g fro m p er i o d of 3 7 6
MEL K
V nt of Moloc h
3 8
AR
M
P h ni c i n g d of
T yre 3 7 3 8 ; w ors h p of n
C t h ge 3 3
AR
RE S H E F P h m
M
co m bi n tio n 3 8
M M A N G A B L e d er of t h m n
t
95
96
ME M PH IS Assyr i n s e nter 3
ME N K E S M O UN D 3 7 6
M
A G A V i nt of Mero
d ch
ME R C U RY I d e n ti e d w i t h N bu
35
M R
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6
8 ; cre tes m n 8 ; t h
93
7
ce ntr l gur of
M L I SH
U
B by loni n m n
p o p ul r
m yth 8 4
d i s p l ce d
rch ; Sh m s h nd 8 7
g d E
by 8 6 99 ; m y h e b ee n M h n h C omm e nt ry n t h
b ull g d 93 ; w ors hi p p e d t
3
B b ylo 94 ; Ass h ur d t i MI TA N I Provinces of conq uere d
by Sh l m neser I 3 8
d w i t h 94 ; Nebuc h d rezz r
M I T H R A R s h nu nd 3 3 7
nd
nd
6 ;
4 : Di b
for m of M A R R N
th
n me Mor d ec i
A t
un
h
th
49
4 ;
g re t fest i v l of
of M O FF L AI N E S W oo d of 93
Z km k
w ors hi p
4 ;
rst p ro m i nent in d ys of M OH A MM E D A N IS M I ni t i te d by
Kh m m ur b i 8 498 ; ssoc i
t h Sem i t i c r ce 3 3 3 3
8 4 8 6 ;
tio n w i t h Neb
M O L O C H M g i c nd 5 8 ; w
s h i p i in Ph oe ic i 3 8 w
t h C h m ber of F tes in te m p le
8 5 ; Z p nit m w i fe of
s h p f in C rt h ge
B l
f
mm o n 3 3
86
c h l d re n s c i
; su p re m cy of
9 ;
d to 3 3
r nt M r d uk 94
;
nd
M MMU T A W A T H Th p r i m v l
Sh m s h
: v r i nt s
d k
As r i S g g m
oc n 7 S M mi
Am
Mer g g
tte n M O N S TE R
M y t h ologi c l ni
nd
;
m ls nd of C h l d e
f
8 9 98
d nt h ou n d s
; usur p e d
h
d
l
d
t
i
v
s
i
o
l
ce
of
Bel
ire
B
n
n
;
9
9
;
7
p
g
p
of t h
Ju p i ter i d ent i e d
8
P t h
W it h
94
96 ;
eig h t h m o nt h rule d
w i th
33
35
over b y 3 7 ; m o t h M
MON TH
Ti t les of by B by
lo
i
s
n
n
6
belo nge d t
n
h h
3
38
5 ;
ecli p ses nd 5 6 ; d e m o ns M OO N B bylon n re li gi on nd
n m e of
6 3 ; four
nd t h
36 ; ci ty ; U r t h
49
5 ;
h e d of t h
Abr m p rob bly m oon w
d ogs of
9 ;
s h i p p er 49 ecl i p ses nd t h
B b y lo i n P nt h eon 3 77
N boni d us 3 77
56
D A C H B A AN I H ouses M OO N DE I T I E S Os i r i s
M
38
Ap h ro di te 3 8 Proserp ne
fou nd d ti ng fro m p er i o d of
8
ni c i n
P
e
As
h
toret
h
h
6
3
g
8
nn
m
N
oo
n
n
T
h
Mo
b
te
k
i
A
Nl g
3
g d of U r
g;
8
Ch em os h g d of 9
45
49 ; Sm
7
T i t 33
O
ME S H AC H
of D ni el s
3
MO R D E
Th Book of E st h e
co mp i ons 3 8
form of M rd uk
nd
El m
nd
A M A
M
4
Mero d ch 4
Nort h ern
overco m e b y
rgo n 7 ; Se mi t i c rel i g i o n M O S UL M Bott F re nch C nsul
L y d
t
rese rch e
e c v tio ns in 3 3 9 ff ;
in
339 ;
t 34
George
t h d i s p tc h e d to
3 44
M
O
T
H
E
R
E
A
R
T
H
O
f
i
i
t
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rc
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i
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6
6
;
p
3
5
3
yt
h olo g i es
m
97
6
37
M E I C O Refere nc to reli gious M O T H E R G O DD E SS Th eo y 3 8
com p ou nd e d of v rious
s y stem of nc i e t 4 ; refer
3 9
t yp es 3 6
e nce to te m p les n 43
E.
o .
ia
10
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ai n
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ah v h
the a a
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3 0 6 . 3 46 . 3 48
m d
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ssoci tio
it
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r gge fro
te le of
N E B RO D
Ni ro
N B U C H A R E Z Z A R I R mm n
nd
9
N E B U C H A DR E ZZ A R I I ( or N
R ) K ng of B b y
U H
N
lo ni reign of 3 6 4 ; nv d es
E gy p t 3 7 ; w rs g i nst Jeru
s le m 3 7 ; p uts Je h oi ki m to
sets p Z e d eki h
de th 3 7
K ng f Jerus le m 3 7 ; D niel
h
d
re
m
s
n d 3 7
37 4 ;
4
nd A b e d
Sh d r c h M es h c h
nd
nego
3 8 ; rui n s of p l ce
of e p lore d n 8 99 4 7 ; S
H C R w l i nso n s d sco ery
Sh m s h s
te m p le
4 ;
restore d b y 49 ; D r And r e s
d sco er y
3 5 6 ; M ero d c h
nd 3 7 7
N E B U C H A DR E ZZ A R II I K i n g of
B b ylo n 4
S
N i m ro d
N MA
N E R G A L T e m p le of t C ut h h
of C ut h h 94 p tro n
8
96
n t u n l ke
5
g d of C ut h h
L o ki 6 D b
r i nt of
Ar lu nd 5
6
5
s h d e of B b ni nd 8
ni tis h
M rs nd 3 5 C
w
g d 3 6 ; w ors h p p e d by
P h e nic ns 3 8
Asse m b ly of go d s t
N W YEAR
B bylo n n rst d y of
;
B
M ero d c h nd
nd
nd
5
5 ; Gu d e
Mero d c h s st r 7 9
N B I RU
N I M R O D Th m g h ty h u n ter
n
of C h us t h
49 5 6 ;
re p ute d d esee n
ZEt h p 4 9
gures n
d n t of H m 4 9 ;
Bi bli c l nd B bylo ni n tr d
tio n 49 ; built B bylo n 5 ;
Greek n m e d Nebro d or Nebros
5 ; i d e n t i e d w it h Mero d c h
Gilg m es h nd O i o n 5 ;
n m e fou n d in E g y p t n d ocu
2 1
E ZZ A
AD
a,
is
ir
re ,
a a
10
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2
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4
ia
A SS Y RIA
m e n ts
f X X II D y n st y
N m t
d er
t i o n of
5 ;
n me m y m e n
rebel 5 ;
lege nd s f l t d by P h lo in
D G g nt b
h
5 ; Abr m
nd 5
5 6 ; K n g of C h l d e
d e nt i ty W t h
5 ; suggeste d
Gilg m es h 5 6
N I M R UD S H e nr y L y d
e c tion s t 3 4 3 4 3 44 ;
R
m
se rc h es t 3 44 ;
George Smi t h s se rch es t 3 48
354
N GAL
V ri nt of E
6
N
H
Built by Senn c h eri b
Assur b ni p l s li br r y t
3
h
l g
l
35 7
5 4 3 46 ;
rese rch es f L y r d nd Bott
t 46
George Sm i t h s l bours
t 46
Mr H m d R m
t 4 7 ; bu lt b y Ass h ur
w ork
4 9 ; t blet w r i tte n for t e m p l
of Nerg l d sco ere d t 8 ;
res i d e n ce of Ass h ur 7 I h
t r s S h r ne in
; M B tt
n d s i te of
3 39 3 4 ; L y rd
n d 3 44 ; p l n f 3 5 7
N m e m e ns L r d
N N CI R S U
of G
Sh ul
4 4 : kno w n
gur Lor d of t h corn h e p s
44 3 i d e n ti e d w i t h T m m uz
6 ;
4 4 ; v ri n t N in ib
4
f vour i te of G u d e
5
te m p le of 8 3
N I N I B 8 4 75
w
g d
4 ;
r n t of Nin gi
6
4
I Assur h hi
T gl t h
p l
Assur n p l nd 4
h u nter g d
6
e tolle d by
I
Tig l t h p l
6
in
k d by Assur n z i r p l
6
Gul co nsort of 6 ; S turn
nd
tr nsl te d
E
35
M s h t i by C n n tes 3 6
N N I G I N A G I R SI R
S e d w i th
E
etc fro m d eluge 5
N
L I L V ri nt of Belt s
co nsort of E l l ; Is h t r nd
4
N I N N I V ri n t of Inn n 8 7
N
UM
Gilg m es h resort s to
8
N I NU S Ki ng of Ass y ri
5 ;
O
ar
i va
us ,
re a e
is
as
a,
ir
a ssa
0,
I N A-
a, 1 1
I N Ev -E
uz
or
a o o i ca
a rc
a ssa
i r su ,
20
212
a
a
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2 1
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I
a, 1
a,
G LO SS A RY AN D I N DEX
Se mi r am i s w i fe of 2 5
N ny s
O RI ON
N i m ro d i de nt i e d w i t h
,
of 6
5
N
S n of Ni nus ; d uri n g
O
Is i s n d refere nce t o
m nor i t y of Se mi r m s ssu m e d
8
3 3 ; refere n ce to
th
rege ncy 6
M A N D I AS Sh elley s n
O
N I PP UR B b ylo ni n c i vi l i z t i o n
n t
n 3 7
grou p e d rou nd 4 ; g d Bu d d
nd
ity of U r colo ni ze d
4 ;
by
e c
5 ; Mr H y nes
P
t n
t 47 3 5 9 36
365 36 6
te m p le of 8 ; cos m ologi c l P AI N T I N G S Disco ere d in S n
n
h
b p l ce t K
t les t 8 4 ; of Su m eri n
Y J k
o ri g n 96 ; p refe re d to B b y
3 45
l n
Bu lt t N i ne e h by
l m e nt tio n itu l t P A L A CE
96
S rgo n ; M Bott u n e rt h s 3 4 ;
t
99
; t e m p le of E Kur
Assyri n t w d isco ere d t
f
n
4 8 ; busi ness q u rter
N m d 3 4 ; built by E s r
e rt h e d 3 5 9 3 6 ; st ge to w er
h d d o n u e rt h e d b y L y r d
of 3 6 te m p le to w er of 3 6
N R
S nn h nt n f
G d ;
i nt
En
nd b y
3 43 ;
L y r d 3 45 ; Assur
Restu Bel f t h er of 5 3
b ni p l s
d isco ere d b y R w li nso n 3 46 ;
N
N
F irst m o nt h ; s cre d to
An n nd Bel
of N m d George Sm it h s
36
t n
n 3 4 8 3 49 ; Nebu
N O A H P tr rc h refere nce to
h d
f
e c te d 3 6 9
nd E
4 5 ; lege nd of d eluge
r i nt Ut N p h t m
S7
5 ;
6
P A LE S T I N E Syri nd i n d e d
by S rgo n 7 ; w t p of
N RET URN
L nd of 8
H d d n 8 8 t h C n ni tes
V
NU D I M M U D
n t f n m e of
rst d w ellers n 3 4
E
73 ; T w t h nd 7 6
N U MB E R S Assigne d to e c h of P A LL AS A H E N E Refere nce to
t h go d s
38
37
PA N T H E
A SS UR AN P A L S
N U S K U Th m esse nger of Mul
Belit nd Ass h ur n 8
hl 6 8 ; h y m n to 6 9 ; te m p le of
P A N T H E O N O F A SS Y R IA 3 3 ;
of t h Brilli n t Sce p tre
d i ffere n ces b et w ee n t h
B by
N bu nd co nnecte d
5
4
l
n nd
D go n n
55
5 ; ec li p ses nd
ssoci te d w h Ann 6 7 ;
B l Mero d c h
b sor b e d n t h
E
:
n th
[ Mb
;
9;
5
O
b nn i t h e
9
PA N T H E O N
B A B L O N IA
AN N E S S E
O
4
E rly Prior to K h m m ur b i
O f Sh l m neser II 3 4 3
O B EL IS K
L ter
( e ner l
A p p e rs fro m
of
O DA CO N
94
95
c h nges in nd d d itio ns to
E th
84
B V I nc
I
usur p e d
L i br y of S rgo n n
OM EN
98 ;
th
b y Mero d c h
n
8 ;
t
d book d e li ng w it h
7
8
8
d i i n ti o n b y
h 3 8
p H U U n t ure
P
S U A L Th m esse nger of
d
MO
R
C
A
C
h
l
ic
e
q
u
i
le
t
O
th
T h l t h : Greek t h l
3
g d
4
PA R A D IS E T h Al
nd 8
O n of Ni nus ge ner ls
ON N ES
i
P
O f Bo m b y 3 3 4
h usb nd of Se m ir m is
5
P
C te i s t le
h
n
P
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6
1
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49
s a
re ,
P A T R IA R C H TH E S Abr m
te m p les
wi r d s
39 4 :
nd
H
N E or P R O S E R P I N E
6 :
m gici n ;
P R
th
Refere nc to 3
co res
c h m b r of t h 7 7 5 l i ver
re d i ng by 8 : of T h ebes
3
p o nd s to All t
Refere nce to 6
P R
M e m p h i s nd On 3 4 ; of
l ngu ge fou nd t d eci p h ere d
N i p p ur nd E rec h 3 4
b y L ow e n stern nd H i n ks 6 5
P RI E S TE SS E S
In B b y lo ni
4
tr nsl te d l ngu g
L ngp i
4
P R I E S T HOO D S P i es t
fou nd t 6 6
PE R S E U Refere nce to 8 7
P R I S O N E R G O D S Ass y i n rulers
PE R SIA N
nd
Si gns in co nn e i o n
6
5
66
PR M E TH E U
w i t h cu ne i for m w ri t i ng 6
L ug lb nd
nd
relig i on of
33
93 : Z n nd
95
P SA L M S B OOK O F T H E N t i o n l
t
3 36
; fe r of d l m nt
n t
ndi vi d u l
3 35
3
; p oet i c l
PETE R S D R Director of A m er
for m of 3
P U N I C Rel i g i o n 3 3
n e p e d i t i o ns 3 5 8 3 5 9 3 6 4
P UR I F I C A T I O N 7 ; by w t r
365
in co nn e i o n w i t h B b y lo ni n
P H I L IS T I A S r go n s e p e d i
t i o n g i nst
m gi c
7
N I C I A W orsh p of Moloc h P OR I M F e s t of 4 4
PH
in 3 8
Th Go d s of t h
PH N
AN
relig i on E g yp t n
6
3
3 9
Q
i n ue nce 3 8
C u neifor m Q A L A T SH E R Q AT Ann l of
P I CT UR E W RI T I N G
W rit i n g
S
nd 6 6
T gl t h p l
I d i scovered by
Port of At h e ns 3 8
P R E US
R w l nson 3 46 D And r s
B b n
nd
P
SI G N O F
e c v t o ns t 3 5 6
83
PL A CE V I CT O R Bott s w ork t
b d co nti nue d by 3 4
Kh
R
PL A N ET
I d enti e d W it h go d s
RA
W ors hip of in E gyp t
35
3
PL U T A R C H Is i s ( Ast rte ) nd 3 8 RA AT UM M A Th Gre t
PL U T O Referen ce to 3 3
Mot h er 3 3
P O ET R Y Ass y ri n 3 3
RA
U
A lur ki ng d em on 76
P h en ci n w or d
AR H
P
77
c i ty nd 33
R A CE S As i M i nor p eop le d wi th
G d
R ALE X A N D E R
d iverse 3 4
H
P
nd
R A C H EL Th s t olen i m ges nd
E
3
6 6 6 8
P O LYT H E IS M Se m t i c 3 3
Refere nce t 6
Refere nce to 97 RA M
P p l Vuh
R A M M A N 7S : e q u i v lent Rim
5
Pos D N Greek g d 3 5
m n ;
i d e n t e d wi t h H d d
n g d etc
or A d d 8 7 8 9 t h T blets
P R A YE R
T th
of Dest ny nd 95 ; p p u
67 68
l it y
n d fu nct i o ns
PRI E S T
Akk d i n to ngue p
;
7
w e p o ns of
8
serve d by B b ylo ni n 4
w ors h i p of
n d ys of
K h m m ur b nd
t h ose of L g s h bec me ki ngs
Nebuc h d rezz r I 9 ; Ass u
6 ; h i g h of Ass h ur too k title
SEP
ee
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K h m m ur b i
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Zn
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cult of n Assyri
3 ;
se e t h m o nt h s cre d to 3 6 ;
C n nitis h g d 3 5 N b n
d
nd
Th
gre t
3 77
i d ol of 49
S
RU I L U
O n of t h
lesser
B b ylo ni n go d s 9
SH A TT
EN
I
E c t o ns
lo ng b nk of by H y nes
365
S
A
T gl t h
Q U EE N O F
I I q u rrels W t h 3
p l
SH E PH E RD
Th
n th
of t h
st rs 3 6 En lil of t h d rk
h e d e d p eo p le
54
SH E PH E RD K I N G T
D o n of
P n t b bl n
SH I N A R
PL A I N O F B by lo n
b uilt n 5
SH U L G UR
V ri n t of Nin Cirsu
44
S
S n of U b r
T utu 7 3
C ity of 7 7 7 8
SH U T U
V ri n t of Sout h W nd
7
SI E I
8
Th g d
SI C I LY
W ors h i p of A h t t
( Is h t r ) t 3 7
SI D D A
Th te m p le 3 6
SI D O N
T yre nd n touc h w i t h
Assyri 3 7 ; A h t t or I h
t
te m p le of n 3 7 E hm n
w ors h i p p e d t 3 8
L eo V i rgo
SI G N
G m ni
T urus Scor p io 8 C p ri
co n us A q u rius Pisces 8 3
TO W E R S O F P
SI LE N CE
d e d nd t h
336
Th
S
( p er h p s p ro n S W )
m oo g d 94
3
4 ; rule d
t
U r 94 ; Sh m s h n of
8
9 ; Is h t r d ug h ter of
Gilg m es h d eli ere d by 7
Gilg m es h resorts to 8 ;
ecli p ses nd g d 5 6 ;
C
i tis h g d 3 5
PE N I N S U L A Se m it i c
S
religio n n 3 3
S N O N IS
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1
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T
A
Assyr n Em p ire com m e nce d U E S H U KE N N A ( or Up h k k in
co q uers B b ylo n
k )
W th
Th
bri lli nt Ch m ber
9;
sove
w h ere t h
nd is i n este d W it h t h
r se
un t kes h
Asi 3 6
gnt y of
T I G R I S Th r ver 6 3 4
U
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B b ni nd 9 6 3
n of t h
TO L TEC S Refere nce to Aztecs
s cre d w om en of t h
6
t e m p le of Is h t r
nd
63
7
TO N G U E S B by lo ni n tow ers U U MU ( Se zer) Atte nd nt
h ou nd of Mero d c h
q
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n of 4 7
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8
5
C e ntr l Am er c 4 8 ; m o ng
B b ni d esce nd s
36 ;
3
Afric n tr bes som e such m yt h
i nto 6 d escr p t i o n of in
VI I t h of Gilg m es h t blets
fou nd 49 ; cert i n A t h n
69
U R C it y from w h e ce Abr m
nd Mo n goli
p eop les p ossess
S i m il r tr d itio 4 9
c me
ne r
of
nei g h bour
TOO T H A C H E MYT H A
6
E ri d u colonize d by Ni p p ur 5
TO TE M IS M Signs of n B by l
f ll of t h d yn st y
N nn
n i n rel gio
th
f
m oo n g d
9
45
49
t h m oo n C t y
TO W E R O F B A B EL L ege nd o f
49 5
confusio n f to gues d 47 U R A Th legend of 6 8 7
UR
G A L 75
S
B b el
T R EE A d o ni s nd m yrrh 3 7 U R B A U B llu d e d to in in
D ms
d t m r sk
of 4 4 ; Z ikkur t
3 7 Attis
pt n
b uilt by t Ni p p ur 48
n d p i ne
37
3 8 ; T m m uz
nd ce d r
U R G A A to w n n Mesop ot m i
38
T R IA D S T ri i t y
e q uiv le nts C m t nd D i r
T R I B A L D I V I N I T I E S Th m ost
b ekr 5
U GU
K ng of Ass y i 3 5 9
outst nd i ng 94
T R I N I TY A T w t h Ap su nd
366
U NIN I B
Bel E
nd
Reference t p ve
M mm
74 ;
m e nt of 3 6 6
An
96
98 ;
9
97
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;
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97 ;
R m m n S n nd Sh m s h U U A A G G A B u s tem p le t
Ann nd Bu h l evolve d
9 E
45
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from d em ons 6 8
h u ter ;
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T
U
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C i lg
63
66
n i nscri p t o n s of
m es h E b ni nd
44
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I SH TI M.
ia
No h 6 6 ; h ero of B by
l n n d eluge m yt h gures n
Gilg m es h ep ic 5 5 5 8 6 ;
Gilg m es h s ncestor 7 7 3
Gilg m es h seeks secret of p
l h f fro m
p t
73
78 ; t h
d eluge m y t h
nd
73
78
U U
U
G h ost of E b n d
8 ;
n
l sp r t
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76
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G d w ors h p p e d u nd er form
of go t 93 9
J O N A T H A N B N Th
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t rgum of 6 7
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1 1
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W I ND
65
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a nd
pa
the
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6
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7
W I ND O W S No ne in N b h d
p l ce t B b ylo n 3 6 9
W I TC H
K now n
K
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6
nd n g
7
7 5 ; orgies
n F r n ce
93
Priestl y
W I Z A RD S
6 6 3
k no w n K p 6
P W
W O RD
T
Th
m g ci ns of C h l d e
nd
63
W O R S H I P Of go d s b y go d s 7 7 ;
f go d s u nd e r ni m l form s 9
93 : of Bel 98
; of Sh
m sh
of A
of
V
9;
;
ht r
Is
of
D
go
n
;
5 ;
4
V A MP I R S B bylo ni n 6 4 6 6
of
Mero
84
85 ;
of
d ch
V A N L ke 3 3
84
Ne
b
o
of
H
85
d d
n
V AS H T I Refere nce to 4 ;
Syr
8 8 ; of t h
S n g d n
F r zer n 43
C
n
nd
Ph n
9
VE D I C G O D S Refere nce to 7 7
d o or D d b y t h S i d e of
of
D
o
V E G ET A T I O N E n li l ( Bel ) g d
h eh
Y
9 ; of R m m n
9
of 96 ; Is h t r gre t m ot h er
of
Aztecs
d T oltecs
;
of 3 3 7 3 8 6 8 ; se e n
6
of
st
rs
B
b
ylo
ni n
7
g tes of Ar lu nd t h d ec y
3
3 8 ; lu n r
3 6 ; m oo n
of 3 7 ; T m m uz g d of
Se m tic
nd l m e nt
49 ;
A d o nis nd
38
37
4 ;
tio
ns
g
zelle
nd
5 3 ; of t h
A p h rod ite co nnecte d W it h 3 9
go
t
f gre t e rt h
9
94 ;
C eres
m m ot h er
39 ;
m ot h er 3 8 3 9
f ncestors
Proserp i ne s m e n ture 3 9
nites
C
of
Moloc
h
3 6 ;
O m
i ntro d uce d corn nto
8
C
rt
gi
i
h
n
n
;
3
3 9 33 ;
E gyp t 3 ; Mord ec i
g d
Z
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stri
n
of
re
33
336
of 4 4 H m m n n E l m ite
3 3 5 etc
g d of
44
W R I T I N G C UN E I F O R M R t
VE NU S St r ; A b r m nd 5 5 ;
tio
n of 6
6 7 ; Jos p h t B
te m p le of 5 8 ; Is h t r nd 4
b
ro nd 6 ; Pietro d ll
35
hn
V
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nd
6 ;
S
Jo
V I R GO SI G N O F Is h t r nd
h r d i n nd 6
C
Nie
b
u
h r nd
8
th
6
n
nd
6 ;
M n
; Ty h
ter nd 6 Georg G t f nd
6
d
Professor L sse n nd
W
63 ;
Bu nou t nd 6 3 ; M j or
W R Is h t r g o d d ess of
n
R
w
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li
so
6
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6 5 ; Mor is
3
4
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4 ;
g
R mm n
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n
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g d
H i ks
W R A W ork of L oftus
t
65 ;
nd
L
gp
nd
66 ;
origi of 6 6 6 7 ;
A TE R
Pu i c tio n by 7
n obe lisk of Sh l m neser I I
O F D E A T H Gilg m es h
VV
343
WR I T I N G
crosses 5 8 5 9
Religio ns of B by
,
KK
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pa g e s
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W i th m an y P la t e s i n Co l o u r
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By
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Imp o r tan t S ri
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20
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II