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1. Define
Effective nuclear charge net attractive force of nucleus on
valence electrons
Electron affinity energy change which occurs when an electron
is added to a gaseous atom
Ionization energy- energy required to remove an electron from
the ground state of an isolated gaseous atom or ion
2. What is the effective nuclear charge of bromine, if the ionization
energy of the bromine atom is 272 kcal/mol?
272 Kcal/mol = (Zeff)2(313.6Kcal/mol)/42:Zeff =3.73
3. What is the average atomic radius of a silicon atom, if its ionization
energy is 188 kcal/mol?
188 Kcal/mol = (Zeff)2(313.6Kcal/mol)/32: Zeff =2.323
rave=(0.528)(n2/Zeff)[1.5-(L(L+1)/2n2)]
rave=(0.528)(32/2.323)[1.5-(1(1+1)/2(32))]=2.84 ang
4. What are the general trends in 1st ionization energy in the periodic
table? Explain the causes of these trends in terms of atomic structure.
1st ionization increases from left to right in a period. This is
because Zeff increases from left to right. Since Zeff is increasing,
the energy required to remove an electron also must be higher.
1st ionization energy decreases in a family as the period
increases (going down a group). With each step down in a family
the valence electron is in a higher energy level. At a higher
energy level the electron is farther from the nucleus. Since the
force between charges is inversely proportional to distance
squared, the force of the nucleus on the electron decreases as
the distance increases. That means less energy is required to
remove the electron as one goes down the family.
5. What are the trends in atomic radius in the periodic table? Explain the
causes of these trends in terms of atomic structure.
Atomic radius decreases from left to right in a period. This is
because Zeff increases from left to right. Since Zeff is increasing
and the distance of the electron from the nucleus (energy level)
is approximately the same, the force between the electron and
nucleus is greater. The greater force pulls the electron cloud
closer to the nucleus. Thus the atomic radius is smaller. Atomic
radius increases in a family as the period increases (going down
a group). With each step down in a family the valence electron is
in a higher energy level. At a higher energy level the electron is
farther from the nucleus.
6. List six characteristics of metals.
Shiny luster, solid at room temp, malleable, ductile, good
conductors of electricity and heat, form cations in aqueous