Experiment No.

06
Aim: Establishing direct Satellite communication link between Uplink Transmitter and
Downlink receiver using tone Signal.
Apparatus:-Satellite Trainer kit(Satellite uplink transmitter, satellite downlink receiver
and satellite link emulator), Antenna stands with connecting cables.
Theory:
The UP Link: In the uplink station, the signals have to be sent at a differing frequency, usually in
the higher 14 GHz band, to avoid interference with downlink signals. Another function
performed by the uplink station is to control tightly the internal functions of the satellite itself.
Uplinks are controlled so that the transmitted microwave power beam is extremely narrow, in
order not to interfere with adjacent satellites in the geo-are. The powers involved are several
hundred watts.
The transmitter power for the earth station is provided by high power amplifiers. The large
power can be supplied to these amplifiers. The transmitting antenna and amplifier units are
placed on the gound therefore there is no limitation on size, weight etc,Parameters. The
Transponders: Each satellite has a number of transponders with access to a pair of
receive/transmit antennas and associated electronics for each channel. The satellite
transponder receives uplink transmission from the earth station and retransmits the signal on
downlink. The uplink transmission is received by the antenna of the satellite. The front end
receiver increases the signal to noise ration of the signal received and provides amplification.
The power received at the antenna of satellite via uplink is very small. Therefore front end
receiver provides amplification to the signal. Carrier processing involves the demodulation of the
uplink carrier frequencies and demodulation of the information on downlink frequencies. It can
also change the modulation format for downlink.Transponders are normally of three types: 1.
Low power 2. Medium Power 3. High Power.
The downlink: the medium used to transmit signals from satellite to earth is microwave
electromagnetic radiation which is much higher in frequency than normal broadcast TV Signals
in the VHF/UHF bands. Microwaves still exhibit a wave link nature but inherit a tendency to
severe attenuation by water vapours or any obstruction in the line of sight of the antenna. The
transmitted microwave power is extremely weak by the time it reaches earth and unless well
designed equipment is used, and certain installation precautions are taken, the background noise
can ruin the signal. Televisions receive only (TVRO) site consists of an antenna designed to
collect and concentrate the signal to its focus where a feed horn is precisely located. This
channels microwave to an electronic component called a low noise block (LNB), which
amplifies and down-converts the signal to a more manageable frequency for onward
transmission, by cable, to the receiver located inside the dwelling.

Applications
Because uplink is used in all satellite-based applications, its use is seen in many different fields,
including telecommunications, deep space telemetry, GPS, and radio. Likewise, uplink can be
used to change satellite command processes and change physical properties of the satellite, such
as direction and zoom level.
Procedure:
Switch on the satellite transmitter and make the following settings
1. Switch on the transmitter and the welcome message will be displayed
2. Press menu key on the front panel of the satellite uplink transmitter the message for selection
from the menu options will be displayed
3. Select the uplink frequency band. The transmitting

frequency

2481 MHz

should

be

selected from available options

4. All frequencies displayed are PLL Locked. PLL mean that when both receiver and transmitter
are set at same frequency, they are accurate to less than 10KHz of each other and no further
tuning and repeated adjustments are required.
5. See that the cursor is in front of the AUDIO CH1 use left and right keys to select Analog,
similarly select Analog, TTL for CH2 and CH3
6. For audio and video Select Mic 1, Mic 2, Video for CH1 ,2,3 respectively
7. After the channels are selected, then press Enter key to the lock this settings
8. Similarly power on the Satellite Link Emulator and set the Uplink and Downlink
frequencies to 2481 MHz and 2400 MHz, and channel data as Video
9. Similarly power on the Satellite Receiver and set the down link frequency to 2400 MHz and
Analog, Analog, TTL for CH1, 2, 3 respectively, in case of the Video reception select the Mic 1,
Mic 2, Video for CH1, 2, 3 respectively
10. Switch on the function generator and select TTL Signal and observe this signal on the

DSO
11. With help of BNC to BNC connector apply this signal to TTL Input on the front panel
of the Satellite Transmitter
12. With the help of BNC to BNC connector observe the received TTL Signal on the
DSO at the satellite receiver
Conclusion: with the help of the satellite emulator trainer the concept of satellite communication
in the range of microwave band and satellite uplink and satellite downlink are studied.

Experiment no.7
To setup an active satellite link and demonstrate link fail operations
Aim:-To setup an active satellite link and demonstrate link fail operations
APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish antennas,
Transponder and connecting cables.
THEORY: - The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency, which is higher than
downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with active
satellite specially when distances between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

Procedure:
1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2. Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by up down switch. The frequency can be
changed from 2.4 to 2.481 GHz
4. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC BNC cable.
5. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum. Place downlink receiver at a distance
of 5-7 m.
6. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
7. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.

8. The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 2.4 Ghz to 2.481 Ghz
9. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
10. The downlink receiver on off switch will switch on off the receiver.
11. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC BNC cables.
12. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
13. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
14. Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
15. The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on off switch, which will switch off the
receiver of the satellite. Similarly on off switch on transmitter side will switch off
transmitter of satellite.
16. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2.4 GHz and transponder receiver frequency also
to 2.4 GHZ.
17. Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 2.481 GHz.
18. Now connect a tone output to tone input of the uplink transmitter by patch cord.
19. Keep downlink receiver voice switch in the on position and you will be able to hear tone
in the speaker of receiver.
20. This is a test link for Active satellite communication.
RESULT: -The above set up shows that a successful satellite communication link has been
set up between transmitter and receiver.