The Anatomy Coloring Book

Kapit Elson
Fourth Edition

ISBN 978-1-29202-636-7

9 781292 026367

The Anatomy Coloring Book

Wynn Kapit Lawrence M. Elson
Fourth Edition

Pearson Education Limited

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ISBN 10: 1-292-02636-7

ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02636-7

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The neck is a complex tubular region of muscles, viscera, vessels,

and nerves surrounding the cervical vertebrae. The muscles of the
neck are arranged in superficial and deep groups. Here we will
concentrate on the superficial muscles. The trapezius is not to be
colored as it is not in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck;
it is, however, the most superficial posterior and posterolateral
muscle of the neck. The platysma is the most superficial anterior
muscle of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid muscle divides the
anterior and lateral muscle groups into triangular areas.
The anterior region of the neck is divided in the midline; each half
forms an anterior triangle. The borders of the anterior triangle
of superficial neck muscles are illustrated. The hyoid bone, suspended from the styloid processes of the skull by the stylohyoid
ligaments, divides each anterior triangle into upper suprahyoid
and lower infrahyoid regions.
The suprahyoid muscles arise from the tongue (glossus), mandible (mylo-, genio-, anterior digastric), and skull (stylo-, posterior digastric) and insert on the hyoid bone. They elevate the hyoid
bone, influencing the movements of the floor of the mouth and the
tongue, especially during swallowing. With a fixed hyoid, the suprahyoid muscles, especially the digastrics, depress the mandible.
The infrahyoid muscles generally arise from the sternum, thyroid
cartilage of the larynx, or the scapula (omo-) and insert on the
hyoid bone. These muscles partially resist elevation of the hyoid bone during swallowing. The thyrohyoid elevates the larynx
during production of high-pitched sounds; the sternohyoid depresses the larynx to assist in production of low-pitched sounds.
The posterior triangle consists of an array of muscles covered
by a layer of deep (investing) cervical fascia just under the skin
between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. The borders of
the triangle are illustrated. Muscles of this region arise from the
skull and cervical vertebrae; they descend to and insert upon the
upper two ribs (scalenes), the upper scapula (omohyoid, levator
scapulae), and the cervical/thoracic vertebral spines (splenius
capitis, semispinalis capitis). These muscles function becomes
clear when you visualize their attachments.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle, acting unilaterally, tilts the
head laterally on the same side while simultaneously rotating the
head and pulling the back of the head downward, lifting the chin,
and rotating the front of the head to the opposite side. Both muscle bellies acting together move the head forward (anteriorly) while
extending the upper cervical vertebrae, lifting the chin upward.

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muScular SyStem / neck

anterior & lateral muScleS
CN: Except for the hyoid bone, E, use your lightest colors throughout the
plate. (1) Begin with the diagrams of the triangles of the neck, A and C, and
the sternocleidomastoid, B. Color over all the muscles within the triangles.
(2) Then work top and bottom illustrations simultaneously, coloring each
muscle in as many views as you can find it. Note the relationship between
muscle name and attachment.

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The deep muscles of the back and posterior neck extend, rotate, or laterally flex one or more of the 24 paired facet joints and
the 22 intervertebral disc joints of the vertebral column. The long
muscles move several motion segments with one contraction,
while the short muscles can move one or two motion segments at
a time (see intrinsic movers).
The splenius muscles extend and rotate the neck and head
in concert with the opposite sternocleidomastoid muscle. The
splenius capitis covers the deeper muscles of the upper spine.
The erector spinae group comprises the principal extensors of
the vertebral motion segments. Oriented vertically along the longitudinal axis of the back, they are thick, quadrilateral muscles in
the lumbar region, splitting into smaller, thinner separate bundles
attaching to the ribs (iliocostalis), and upper vertebrae and head
(longissimus, spinalis). The erector spinae muscles arise from the
lower thoracic and lumbar spines, the sacrum, ilium, and intervening ligaments.
The transversospinalis group extends the motion segments of
the back, and rotates the thoracic and cervical vertebral joints.
These muscles generally run from the transverse processes of
one vertebra to the spine of the vertebra above, spanning three
or more vertebrae. The semispinales are the largest muscles of
this group, reaching from mid-thorax to the posterior skull; the
multifidi consist of deep fasciculi spanning 13 motion segments
from sacrum to C2; the rotatores are well defined only in the
thoracic region (the lumbar vertebrae, for the most part, do not
rotate).
These small, deep-lying (deepest) muscles cross the joints
of only one motion segment. They are collectively important
for making small adjustments among the cervical and lumbar
vertebrae. Electromyographic evidence has shown that these
short muscles remain in sustained contraction for long periods
of time during movement and standing/sitting postures. They
are most prominent in the cervical and lumbar regions. The small
muscles set deep in the posterior, suboccipital region (deep to
semispinalis and erector spinae) rotate and extend the joints
between the skull and C1 and C2 vertebrae.
Intrinsic movers are the small muscles that cross the joints of
one motion segment, and include the deepest muscles noted
above. These function in stabilization and facilitate getting proprioceptive information to the spinal cord and brain.

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muScular SyStem / torSo

deep muScleS of the Back
& poSterior neck
CN: Use very light colors on the vertical, BB3,
and oblique, CC3, muscle groups. Note that the
splenius, A, and semispinalis, C, each have more
than one part (e.g., cervicis, capitis); each is
identified in the illustration. (1) Color the muscles
of the main figure one group at a time. The function of these muscles is related to their orientation (vertical, oblique). (2) Color the suboccipital
muscle group, F, in the upper boxed inset along
with the sites of origin of the overlying muscles.
(3) Color the intrinsic movers and their names
below.

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The thoracic diaphragm is a broad, thin muscle spanning the thoracoabdominal cavity, arising posteriorly from the lumbar vertebrae as muscular crura and aponeurotic arches (lumbar part), from
the internal surfaces of the lower six ribs and costal cartilages
(costal part), and from the internal surface of the xiphoid process
(sternal part); these muscular fibers converge toward the center
forming a great musculotendinous oval dome of which the top is
the tendinous insertion known as the central tendon. At the level
of T12, the descending thoracic aorta courses posterior to the
diaphragm through the aortic hiatus (foramen) to become the abdominal aorta. The azygos vein and the thoracic duct have been
known to pass through this hiatus as well. The esophageal hiatus
can be found at the level of T10 among the fibers of the right
crus as it joins the central tendon. It transmits the right and left
vagal nerves as well as the esophagus. The inferior vena passes
through a tendinous hiatus/foramen in the central tendon.
The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve (C3C5). How is
it that the thoracic diaphragm is supplied by branches of the cervical plexus (of the neck)? Hint: look to embryology.
The intercostal muscles, primarily the external and internal
intercostals, alter the dimensions of the thoracic cavity by collectively moving the ribs, resulting in 25% of the total respiratory effort. The innermost intercostals are an inconstant layer and here
include the transversus thoracis and subcostal muscles.
Below the level of the 12th rib, the quadratus lumborum and the
psoas (so-az) major and minor muscles of the posterior abdominal wall span the posterior lumbar gap from the diaphragm to the
iliac crests bilaterally. The psoas major and minor are muscles of
the lower limb. The major arises from the transverse processes of
T12 and the lumbar vertebrae as well as the bodies of the lumbar
vertebrae; it passes under the inguinal ligament to join with the
fibers of the iliacus, converging to a single insertion (iliopsoas)
on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliacus primarily arises
from the iliac fossa. The iliopsoas, a strong flexor of the hip joint,
is a powerful flexor of the lumbar vertebrae; a weak psoas may
contribute to low back pain. The quadratus lumborum arises
from the posterior iliac crest and inserts on the lower part of the
12th rib and the transverse processes of the upper four lumbar
vertebrae. It is an extensor of the lumbar vertebrae bilaterally and
a lateral flexor unilaterally.

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